Relevant bibliographies by topics / DRAT

Academic literature on the topic 'DRAT'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 11 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "DRAT"

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Zhang, Yaoping, Edward L. Pohlmann, Cale M. Halbleib, Paul W. Ludden, and Gary P. Roberts. "Effect of PII and Its Homolog GlnK on Reversible ADP-Ribosylation of Dinitrogenase Reductase by Heterologous Expression of the Rhodospirillum rubrum Dinitrogenase Reductase ADP-Ribosyl Transferase–Dinitrogenase Reductase-Activating Glycohydrolase Regulatory System inKlebsiella pneumoniae." Journal of Bacteriology 183, no. 5 (March 1, 2001): 1610–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.183.5.1610-1620.2001.

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ABSTRACT Reversible ADP-ribosylation of dinitrogenase reductase, catalyzed by the dinitrogenase reductase ADP-ribosyl transferase–dinitrogenase reductase-activating glycohydrolase (DRAT-DRAG) regulatory system, has been characterized in Rhodospirillum rubrum and other nitrogen-fixing bacteria. To investigate the mechanisms for the regulation of DRAT and DRAG activities, we studied the heterologous expression of R. rubrum draTG in Klebsiella pneumoniae glnB and glnK mutants. In K. pneumoniae wild type, the regulation of both DRAT and DRAG activity appears to be comparable to that seen in R. rubrum. However, the regulation of both DRAT and DRAG activities is altered in a glnB background. Some DRAT escapes regulation and becomes active under N-limiting conditions. The regulation of DRAG activity is also altered in a glnBmutant, with DRAG being inactivated more slowly in response to NH4 + treatment than is seen in wild type, resulting in a high residual nitrogenase activity. In aglnK background, the regulation of DRAT activity is similar to that seen in wild type. However, the regulation of DRAG activity is completely abolished in the glnK mutant; DRAG remains active even after NH4 + addition, so there is no loss of nitrogenase activity. The results with this heterologous expression system have implications for DRAT-DRAG regulation inR. rubrum.
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Oetjen, Janina, and Barbara Reinhold-Hurek. "Characterization of the DraT/DraG System for Posttranslational Regulation of Nitrogenase in the Endophytic Betaproteobacterium Azoarcus sp. Strain BH72." Journal of Bacteriology 191, no. 11 (April 3, 2009): 3726–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01720-08.

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ABSTRACT DraT/DraG-mediated posttranslational regulation of the nitrogenase Fe protein by ADP-ribosylation has been described for a few diazotrophic bacteria belonging to the class Alphaproteobacteria. Here we present for the first time the DraT/DraG system of a betaproteobacterium, Azoarcus sp. strain BH72, a diazotrophic grass endophyte. Its genome harbors one draT ortholog and two physically unlinked genes coding for ADP-ribosylhydrolases. Northern blot analysis revealed cotranscription of draT with two genes encoding hypothetical proteins. Furthermore, draT and draG2 were expressed under all studied conditions, whereas draG1 expression was nitrogen regulated. By using Western blot analysis of deletion mutants and nitrogenase assays in vivo, we demonstrated that DraT is required for the nitrogenase Fe protein modification but not for the physiological inactivation of nitrogenase activity. A second mechanism responsible for nitrogenase inactivation must operate in this bacterium, which is independent of DraT. Fe protein demodification was dependent mainly on DraG1, corroborating the assumption from phylogenetic analysis that DraG2 might be mostly involved in processes other than the posttranslational regulation of nitrogenase. Nitrogenase in vivo reactivation was impaired in a draG1 mutant and a mutant lacking both draG alleles after anaerobiosis shifts and subsequent adjustment to microaerobic conditions, suggesting that modified dinitrogenase reductase was inactive. Our results demonstrate that the DraT/DraG system, despite some differences, is functionally conserved in diazotrophic proteobacteria.
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Wang, H., and A. Norén. "Metabolic regulation of nitrogen fixation in Rhodospirillum rubrum." Biochemical Society Transactions 34, no. 1 (January 20, 2006): 160–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0340160.

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Nitrogenase activity in Rhodospirillum rubrum is post-translationally regulated by DRAG (dinitrogenase reductase glycohydrolase) and DRAT (dinitrogenase reductase ADP-ribosylation transferase). When a sudden increase in fixed nitrogen concentration or energy depletion is sensed by the cells, DRAG is inactivated and DRAT activated. We propose that the regulation of DRAG is dependent on its location in the cell and the presence of an ammonium-sensing protein.
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Shinbrot, Troy. "Drat such custard!" Nature 438, no. 7070 (December 2005): 922–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/438922a.

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Moure, Vivian R., Karamatullah Danyal, Zhi-Yong Yang, Shannon Wendroth, Marcelo Müller-Santos, Fabio O. Pedrosa, Marcelo Scarduelli, et al. "The Nitrogenase Regulatory Enzyme Dinitrogenase Reductase ADP-Ribosyltransferase (DraT) Is Activated by Direct Interaction with the Signal Transduction Protein GlnB." Journal of Bacteriology 195, no. 2 (November 9, 2012): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01517-12.

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ABSTRACTFe protein (dinitrogenase reductase) activity is reversibly inactivated by dinitrogenase reductase ADP-ribosyltransferase (DraT) in response to an increase in the ammonium concentration or a decrease in cellular energy inAzospirillum brasilense,Rhodospirillum rubrum, andRhodobacter capsulatus. The ADP-ribosyl is removed by the dinitrogenase reductase-activating glycohydrolase (DraG), promoting Fe protein reactivation. The signaling pathway leading to DraT activation by ammonium is still not completely understood, but the available evidence shows the involvement of direct interaction between the enzyme and the nitrogen-signaling PIIproteins. InA. brasilense, two PIIproteins, GlnB and GlnZ, were identified. We used Fe protein fromAzotobacter vinelandiias the substrate to assess the activity ofA. brasilenseDraTin vitrocomplexed or not with PIIproteins. Under our conditions, GlnB was necessary for DraT activity in the presence of Mg-ADP. The PIIeffector 2-oxoglutarate, in the presence of Mg-ATP, inhibited DraT-GlnB activity, possibly by inducing complex dissociation. DraT was also activated by GlnZ and by both uridylylated PIIproteins, but not by a GlnB variant carrying a partial deletion of the T loop. Kinetics studies revealed that theA. brasilenseDraT-GlnB complex was at least 18-fold more efficient than DraT purified fromR. rubrum, but with a similarKmvalue for NAD+. Our results showed that ADP-ribosylation of the Fe protein does not affect the electronic state of its metal cluster and prevents association between the Fe and MoFe proteins, thus inhibiting electron transfer.
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Yakunin, Alexander F., Alexander S. Fedorov, Tatyana V. Laurinavichene, Vadim M. Glaser, Nikolay S. Egorov, Anatoly A. Tsygankov, Vladislav V. Zinchenko, and Patrick C. Hallenbeck. "Regulation of nitrogenase in the photosynthetic bacteriumRhodobacter sphaeroidescontainingdraTGandnifHDKgenes fromRhodobacter capsulatus." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 47, no. 3 (March 1, 2001): 206–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w00-144.

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The photosynthetic bacteria Rhodobacter capsulatus and Rhodospirillum rubrum regulate their nitrogenase activity by the reversible ADP-ribosylation of nitrogenase Fe-protein in response to ammonium addition or darkness. This regulation is mediated by two enzymes, dinitrogenase reductase ADP-ribosyl transferase (DRAT) and dinitrogenase reductase activating glycohydrolase (DRAG). Recently, we demonstrated that another photosynthetic bacterium, Rhodobacter sphaeroides, appears to have no draTG genes, and no evidence of Fe-protein ADP-ribosylation was found in this bacterium under a variety of growth and incubation conditions. Here we show that four different strains of Rba. sphaeroides are incapable of modifying Fe-protein, whereas four out of five Rba. capsulatus strains possess this ability. Introduction of Rba. capsulatus draTG and nifHDK (structural genes for nitrogenase proteins) into Rba. sphaeroides had no effect on in vivo nitrogenase activity and on nitrogenase switch-off by ammonium. However, transfer of draTG from Rba. capsulatus was sufficient to confer on Rba. sphaeroides the ability to reversibly modify the nitrogenase Fe-protein in response to either ammonium addition or darkness. These data suggest that Rba. sphaeroides, which lacks DRAT and DRAG, possesses all the elements necessary for the transduction of signals generated by ammonium or darkness to these proteins.Key words: nitrogenase regulation, nitrogenase modification, photosynthetic bacteria.
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Zalewska, Beata, Rafał Piątek, Katarzyna Bury, Alfred Samet, Bogdan Nowicki, Stella Nowicki, and Józef Kur. "A surface-exposed DraD protein of uropathogenic Escherichia coli bearing Dr fimbriae may be expressed and secreted independently from DraC usher and DraE adhesin." Microbiology 151, no. 7 (July 1, 2005): 2477–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.28083-0.

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The dra gene cluster, expressed by uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains, determines bacterial attachment and invasion. The Dr fimbrial structures formed at the bacterial cell surface are composed of DraE subunits. The Dr fimbriae-coding cluster contains six open reading frames – draA, draB, draC, draD, draP and draE – among which the draE gene encodes the structural fimbrial subunit DraE. Very little is known about E. coli surface expression of the draD gene product. The expression of DraD and its role in the biogenesis of Dr fimbriae were determined by constructing mutants in the dra operon and by immunoblot and immunofluorescence experiments. In this study, DraD was found to be a surface-exposed protein. The expression of DraD was independent of the DraC usher and DraE fimbrial subunits. Polymerization of DraE fimbrial subunits into fimbrial structures did not require expression of the DraD protein.
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Kim, Kitai, Yaoping Zhang, and Gary P. Roberts. "Correlation of Activity Regulation and Substrate Recognition of the ADP-Ribosyltransferase That Regulates Nitrogenase Activity in Rhodospirillum rubrum." Journal of Bacteriology 181, no. 5 (March 1, 1999): 1698–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.181.5.1698-1702.1999.

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ABSTRACT In Rhodospirillum rubrum, nitrogenase activity is regulated posttranslationally through the ADP-ribosylation of dinitrogenase reductase by dinitrogenase reductase ADP-ribosyltransferase (DRAT). Several DRAT variants that are altered both in the posttranslational regulation of DRAT activity and in the ability to recognize variants of dinitrogenase reductase have been found. This correlation suggests that these two properties are biochemically connected.
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Kiesl, Benjamin, Adrián Rebola-Pardo, Marijn J. H. Heule, and Armin Biere. "Simulating Strong Practical Proof Systems with Extended Resolution." Journal of Automated Reasoning 64, no. 7 (July 31, 2020): 1247–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10817-020-09554-z.

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Abstract Proof systems for propositional logic provide the basis for decision procedures that determine the satisfiability status of logical formulas. While the well-known proof system of extended resolution—introduced by Tseitin in the sixties—allows for the compact representation of proofs, modern SAT solvers (i.e., tools for deciding propositional logic) are based on different proof systems that capture practical solving techniques in an elegant way. The most popular of these proof systems is likely DRAT, which is considered the de-facto standard in SAT solving. Moreover, just recently, the proof system DPR has been proposed as a generalization of DRAT that allows for short proofs without the need of new variables. Since every extended-resolution proof can be regarded as a DRAT proof and since every DRAT proof is also a DPR proof, it was clear that both DRAT and DPR generalize extended resolution. In this paper, we show that—from the viewpoint of proof complexity—these two systems are no stronger than extended resolution. We do so by showing that (1) extended resolution polynomially simulates DRAT and (2) DRAT polynomially simulates DPR. We implemented our simulations as proof-transformation tools and evaluated them to observe their behavior in practice. Finally, as a side note, we show how Kullmann’s proof system based on blocked clauses (another generalization of extended resolution) is related to the other systems.
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Grunwald, Sandra K., Matthew J. Ryle, William N. Lanzilotta, and Paul W. Ludden. "ADP-Ribosylation of Variants of Azotobacter vinelandiiDinitrogenase Reductase by Rhodospirillum rubrumDinitrogenase Reductase ADP-Ribosyltransferase." Journal of Bacteriology 182, no. 9 (May 1, 2000): 2597–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.182.9.2597-2603.2000.

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ABSTRACT In a number of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, nitrogenase is posttranslationally regulated by reversible ADP-ribosylation of dinitrogenase reductase. The structure of the dinitrogenase reductase from Azotobacter vinelandii is known. In this study, mutant forms of dinitrogenase reductase from A. vinelandii that are affected in various protein activities were tested for their ability to be ADP-ribosylated or to form a complex with dinitrogenase reductase ADP-ribosyltransferase (DRAT) fromRhodospirillum rubrum. R140Q dinitrogenase reductase could not be ADP-ribosylated by DRAT, although it still formed a cross-linkable complex with DRAT. Thus, the Arg 140 residue of dinitrogenase reductase plays a critical role in the ADP-ribosylation reaction. Conformational changes in dinitrogenase reductase induced by an F135Y substitution or by removal of the Fe4S4 cluster resulted in dinitrogenase reductase not being a substrate for ADP-ribosylation. Through cross-linking studies it was also shown that these changes decreased the ability of dinitrogenase reductase to form a cross-linkable complex with DRAT. Substitution of D129E or deletion of Leu 127, which result in altered nucleotide binding regions of these dinitrogenase reductases, did not significantly change the interaction between dinitrogenase reductase and DRAT. Previous results showed that changing Lys 143 to Gln decreased the binding between dinitrogenase reductase and dinitrogenase (L. C. Seefeldt, Protein Sci. 3:2073–2081, 1994); however, this change did not have a substantial effect on the interaction between dinitrogenase reductase and DRAT.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "DRAT"

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Selao, Tiago. "Regulation of nitrogen fixation in Rhodospirillum rubrum : Through proteomics and beyond." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för biokemi och biofysik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-42101.

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Adaptability is one of the reasons for the success of bacteria, allowing them to survive in conditions where no other organisms would be able to thrive. Nitrogen deficiency, for example, can be a limiting factor for the growth of micro-organisms, as this element is an essential part of almost all types of biomolecules. As such, some bacteria have evolved specific mechanisms to overcome nitrogen limitation. Nitrogen fixing bacteria, or diazotrophs, use a specific enzyme complex, nitrogenase, in order to harness this element from the enormous reservoir that is the Earth’s atmosphere. However, nitrogen fixation is a demanding process for the cells, requiring vast amounts of energy and tight regulation. In this thesis we explore the mechanisms regulating nitrogen fixation in Rhodospirillum rubrum, a purple non-sulphur photosynthetic bacterium. Using proteomics tools, we show how the regulation of both the nitrogen and carbon fixation processes is interconnected, possibly in order to maintain the intracellular redox balance. Using a new detergent molecule, we also demonstrate how nitrogen availability affects the chromatophore membrane proteome. Our studies have revealed the crucial role of the cellular pool of 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) for adequate signaling through the PII proteins and the effects resulting from artificially manipulating this metabolite’s concentration. In R. rubrum nitrogenase is also subjected to post-translational control (the “switch-off” effect) and this work shows for the first time that the enzyme modifying nitrogenase (Dinitrogenase Reductase ADP-ribsosyl Transferase or DRAT) forms a complex with the PII protein GlnB. This complex allows DRAT activation and its formation – and, therefore, DRAT activity – is regulated by binding of ADP:ATP and 2OG to GlnB. Upon light withdrawal, nitrogenase activity anaerobically in the dark is also here demonstrated to be dependent on the activity of the pathway starting in pyruvate formate-lyase and we show how different nitrogen sources influence the switch-off response. This response can, in some conditions, be modified by addition of pyruvate and we have studied how this metabolite influences nitrogenase activity and switch-off regulation. This study allows a better understanding of the underlying processes controlling the metabolic routes in R. rubrum and also provides new insights into regulation of enzyme activity, paving the road for the complete establishment of the mechanisms regulating nitrogenase switch-off.

At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: In press. Paper 3: Submitted. Paper 4: Manuscript. Paper 5: Submitted.

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Kesavan, Ajay, and not supplied. "Embedded Intelligence In Structural Health Monitoring Using Artificial Neural Networks." RMIT University. Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, 2007. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080226.122746.

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The use of composite structures in engineering applications has proliferated over the past few decades due to its distinct advantages namely: high structural performance, corrosion resistance, and high strength/weight ratio. However, they also come with a set of disadvantages, i.e. they are prone to fibre breakage, matrix cracking and delaminations. These types of damage are often invisible and if undetected, could lead to catastrophic failures of structures. Although there are systems to detect such damage, the criticality assessment and prognosis of the damage is often much more difficult to achieve. The research study conducted here resulted in the development of a Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) system for a 2D polymeric composite T-joint, used in maritime structures. The SHM system was found to be capable of not only detecting the presence of multiple delaminations in a composite structure, but also capable of determining the location and extent of all t he delaminations present in the T-joint structure, regardless of the load (angle and magnitude) acting on the structure. The system developed relies on the examination of the strain distribution of the structure under operational loading. This SHM system necessitated the development of a novel pre-processing algorithm - Damage Relativity Assessment Technique (DRAT) along with a pattern recognition tool, Artificial Neural Network (ANN), to predict and estimate the damage. Another program developed - the Global Neural network Algorithm for Sequential Processing of Internal sub Networks (GNAISPIN) uses multiple ANNs to render the SHM system independent to variations in structural loading and capable of estimating multiple delaminations in composite T-joint structures. Upto 82% improvement in detection accuracy was observed when GNAISPIN was invoked. The Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was also conducted by placing delaminations of different sizes at various locations in two structures, a composite beam and a T-joint. Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer T-joints were then manufactured and tested, thereby verifying the accuracy of the FEA results experimentally. The resulting strain distribution from the FEA was pre-processed by the DRAT and used to trai n the ANN to predict and estimate damage in the structures. Finally, on testing the SHM system developed with strain signatures of composite T-joint structures, subjected to variable loading, embedded with all possible damage configurations (including multiple damage scenarios), an overall damage (location & extent) prediction accuracy of 94.1% was achieved. These results are presented and discussed in detail in this study.
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Jenkins, Floyd Thomas III. "Draft." NCSU, 2007. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-12032006-191428/.

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The Man Behind the Man is a novel that explores identity, creativity, and how people come to understand what is important in life. The setting is the future and certain technological advances in the future become important plot and thematic tools for unraveling the mystery of personal identity. This is also a work that deals heavily with country music and how country music speaks to commonalities of the human experience.
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Joranson, Kathryn M. "Sift-drag." The Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1328893773.

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Curtiss, Richard Andrew. "It's a Drag: Finding the Divine in Drag Performance." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2018. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7420.

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For over the thirty years, drag performance has been examined for its utility to subvert or reinforce traditional gender roles. Many of these examinations have focused on performances that emphasize subversion and separated drag into two categories: the progressive drag that subverts, and the regressive drag that reinforces. While this approach has provided a wealth of understanding about drag performance and gender roles, drag can be examined without separating its subverting/reinforcing aspects. If drag is seen as the consideration of a given gender performing the not given gender, then another consideration can be made to the subverting performing the reinforcing. This new consideration, referred to here as the divine, can provide new utility for drag performance and its role in understanding gender.
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Mestre, i. Mestre Ruth María. "Feminisme, dret i immigració: una crítica feminista al dret d'estrangeria." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de València, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/9855.

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L'arribada a l'estat espanyol de població immigrant ha plantejat unasèrie de qüestions al voltant de la titularitat i el subjecte de drets. Si béla vinculació entre els drets dels estrangers i els dels ciutadans es posade manifest, quan es parla de les dones els problemes dels dretsdesapareixen: parlar de dones immigrades sembla implicar parlar del'estatut de la dona a les diferents cultures, però no a la nostra.L'anàlisi jurídica i política de les implicacions de la llei d'estrangeria desd'una perspectiva feminista crítica està poc desenvolupada, per més queles qüestions que aquest tipus d'anàlisi revela són importants, tant pera les persones estrangeres com per als ciutadans i ciutadanes.L'estrangeria és un espill de la societat: els models d'home i dona quereflecteix la llei no són importats pels immigrants sinó imposats pernosaltres.Les qüestions i crítiques suscitades pels diferents feminismes sóncentrals per a aquest debat des de la filosofia política i jurídica: ladiscussió és el subjecte de drets, de quina manera es defineix i quinmarc d'actuació dissenyem en funció d'aqueixa manera d'entendre elsubjecte particular. He volgut examinar què pot significar fer unaanàlisi feminista crítica del dret i el sistema polític i en quina mesura eldret construeix a la dona immigrada com a subjecte subordinat;presentant aquesta construcció com la punta de l'iceberg del nostrecontracte social.La tesi consta de tres parts. La primera, dedicada a la teoria feministadesenvolupada les darreres dècades, assenyala dues grans etapes: elprojecte antisexista i el projecte de reconstrucció teòrica i social. Lateoria feminista crítica recull tots dos i és el punt de partida ja quereformula el projecte i el subjecte del feminisme en institucionalitzar ladiferència entre dones. Aquesta reformulació permet incloure les donesimmigrades a l'anàlisi a partir del desplaçament del sistemasexe/gènere i creuar-lo amb l'estrangeria (un altre sistema de creació jurídica de la diferència).La segona part analitza els instruments d'anàlisi amb què podemcomptar des d'una perspectiva feminista per apropar-nos al dretd'estrangeria. Per tal de minar i modificar els espais de poder, lesestratègies i discursos que conformen les relacions socials excloents calconéixer els instruments (conceptes i categories) que s'utilitzen o queimpedeixen que les relacions es produesquen en un marc d'igualtat illibertat. En el cas de les dones immigrants, em sembla especialmentimportant analitzar dos aspectes o desenvolupar dos perspectives queen faciliten la interpretació: la divisió públic/privat i la masculinitat deldret.La tercera part és una crítica feminista del dret d'estrangeria. Ambl'estrangeria ens posem davant dels problemes del nostre sistema idavant les raons de l'exclusió. La clau de lectura de la llei ha estat elsistema d'accés als drets: el contracte de treball, el reagrupamentfamiliar, l'empadronament i el permís especial de col·laboració amb lajustícia. L'objectiu és posar de manifest com el sistema sexe/gèneretravessa l'estrangeria a partir de tres situacions protagonitzades perdones immigrants: l'accés desigual als drets per la via del treball alinserir-se en treballs feminitzats; l'accés subordinat als dretsmitjançant el reagrupament familiar amb la qual es renova la ideologiade l'espai de la dona, i la necessitat de negar-se dues vegades lestreballadores del sexe per poder accedir als drets. Així, els criteris quefem servir per reconéixer una persona subjecte de drets han estatconstruïts sobre la base de l'exclusió de les dones. Si el dret ésinstrument d'exclusió i construeix subjectes exclosos; si la donaimmigrada és un no-subjecte de drets, això ens afecta a tots i no sols aelles.
The thesis considers two subjects: (1) the significance of a critical feministanalysis of law and the political system, and the possible liberatingconsequences derived from reflecting on matters such as citizenship, therecognition of rights and the end of systems of oppression and (2) theevaluation of the degree to which the law constructs the immigrant womanas a subordinate subject, presenting this exclusionary construction as thetip of the iceberg of our social contract, our juridical and political system,which permits the reinforced exclusion of immigrant women and itssilencing. The study, thus, politicizes the situation of immigrant womenand tries to explain the reasons for their exclusion, and, in addition,includes a revision of the limitations surrounding gender and citizenship.The work consists of three parts: the starting point is a review of the"stages" of feminist thought, not only does this aim to clarify debates andpositions later considered, but it also acts as a revision of how and fromwhich point immigrant women can be considered in the intended method.The second part presents the instruments of analysis developed by feministtheory with regard to politics and law. The third part applies theseinstruments to the analysis of the legislation relating to foreigners, showingthat the different levels of access to rights by immigrant women is evidenceof an incomplete (gendered) citizenship, unequal for women. The analysisproves that law is one of the structures responsible for creating genderdifference resulting in a significant difference in the establishment ofhierarchies with regards to the enjoyment of rights. This is this can bewitnessed in three different situations in which women have a leading role:family reunification, domestic service and prostitution (sex work).
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Winberg, Ulf. "DRAM Controller Benchmarking." Thesis, Computer Engineering, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-19190.

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Since a few years, flat screen TVs, such as LCD and plasma, has come to completelydominate the market of televisions. In a SoC solution for digital TVs, severalprocessors are used to obtain a decent image quality. Some of the processorsneed temporal information, which means that whole frames need to be storedin memory, which in turn motivates the use of SDRAM memory. When higherdemands of resolution and image quality arrives, greater pressure is put on theperformance of the SoC memory subsystem, to not become a bottleneck of thesystem.

In this master thesis project, a model of an existing SoC for digital TVs is usedto benchmark and evaluate the performance of an SDRAM memory controllerarchitecture study. The two major features are the ability to reorder transactionsand the compatibility with DDR3. By introducing reordering of transactions, thechoice is given to the memory controller to service memory requests in an orderthat decreases bank conflicts and read/write turn arounds. Measurements showthat a utilization of 86.5 % of the total available bandwidth can be achieved, whichis 18.5 percentage points more, compared to an existing nonreordering memorycontroller developed by NXP.

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Hilbert, Dirk. "Näher dran: Grussworte." SLUB Dresden, 2017. https://slub.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A16559.

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Geschafft! Nach dem Theaterbau Kraftwerk Mitte, der Ende letzten Jahres viel beachtet an den Start ging, ist nun der Kulturpalast-Umbau abgeschlossen. Dresden schulterte gleich zwei kulturelle Großprojekte auf einmal. Dies ist ohne Beispiel in der Stadtgeschichte und umso erfreulicher für alle, die daran Anteil haben.
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Ma, Weixi. "THE DRAG LANGUAGE." UKnowledge, 2016. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/cs_etds/41.

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This thesis describes the Drag language. Drag is a general purpose, gradually typed, lexically scoped, and multi-paradigm pro- gramming language. The essence of Drag is to build the abstract syntax trees of the programs directly and interactively. Our work includes the language specification and a prototype program. The language specification focuses on the syntax, the semantic model, and the type system. The prototype consists of an interactive editor and a compiler that targets several plat- forms, among which we focus on the LLVM platform in this thesis.
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Lattauschke, Gerald. "Gurken am »Hohen Draht«." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-38193.

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Anbauverfahren von Gurken am »Hohen Draht« mit einer Spanndrahthöhe von 3,40 m werden hinsichtlich Ertragsleistung, Arbeitszeitaufwand und Wirtschaftlichkeit mit Standardanbauverfahren (Spanndrahthöhe 2,20 m) verglichen. Die Ergebnisse des vierjährigen Forschungsprojektes zeigen, dass Gurken im Gewächshaus auf Substrat am »Hohen Draht« mit 200 bis 220 Gurken/m² deutlich höhere Erträge als die Standardverfahren erzielen. Pflege und Arbeitszeitaufwand sind allerdings eindeutig höher. Der Anbau von Gurken am »Hohen Draht« führte dennoch zu einer Verbesserung der Deckungsbeiträge um fast ein Drittel. Die Investitionskosten für die Umstellung von 1 ha Standardverfahren auf den Gurkenanbau am »Hohen Draht« betragen 70.000 bis 80.000 Euro. Bei steigenden Energiekosten ist das Verfahren am »Hohen Draht« eine wirtschaftliche Alternative zu den gegenwärtigen Standardverfahren. Allerdings mangelt es an guten Spezialsorten. Problematisch ist das Risiko von Ertragsausfällen durch Stängelbotrytis.
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Books on the topic "DRAT"

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Krulik, Nancy E. Drat! You copycat!: Katie Kazoo Switcheroo #7. New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 2003.

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Krulik, Nancy E. Drat! You Copycat! New York: Penguin USA, Inc., 2009.

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ill, Watts James 1955, ed. Drat these brats! New York: M.K. McElderry Books, 1993.

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ill, Busby Ailie, ed. Drat that fat cat! New York, N.Y: Arthur A. Levine Books, 2003.

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Ailie, Busby, ed. Drat that fat cat! London: Scholastic Press, 2003.

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Drat! mythed again: Second thoughts on Utah. West Valley City, Utah: Altair Pub. Co., 1986.

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United States Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, northern region. Drat environmental impact statement for the Curlew National Grassland. [Pocatello, ID]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, 2000.

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Draw or drag. Thorndike, Me: Center Point Pub., 2002.

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Draw. [Columbus, NC]: Peel Productions, 1997.

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Draw! New York: Simon & Schuster, 2014.

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Book chapters on the topic "DRAT"

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Kiesl, Benjamin, Adrián Rebola-Pardo, and Marijn J. H. Heule. "Extended Resolution Simulates DRAT." In Automated Reasoning, 516–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94205-6_34.

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Philipp, Tobias, and Adrián Rebola-Pardo. "DRAT Proofs for XOR Reasoning." In Logics in Artificial Intelligence, 415–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48758-8_27.

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Manthey, Norbert, and Tobias Philipp. "Formula Simplifications as DRAT Derivations." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 111–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11206-0_12.

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Heule, Marijn J. H., Warren A. Hunt, and Nathan Wetzler. "Expressing Symmetry Breaking in DRAT Proofs." In Automated Deduction - CADE-25, 591–606. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21401-6_40.

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Ozdemir, Alex, Aina Niemetz, Mathias Preiner, Yoni Zohar, and Clark Barrett. "DRAT-based Bit-Vector Proofs in CVC4." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 298–305. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24258-9_21.

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Buss, Sam, and Neil Thapen. "DRAT Proofs, Propagation Redundancy, and Extended Resolution." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 71–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-24258-9_5.

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Wetzler, Nathan, Marijn J. H. Heule, and Warren A. Hunt. "DRAT-trim: Efficient Checking and Trimming Using Expressive Clausal Proofs." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 422–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09284-3_31.

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Zhang, Y., K. Kim, R. H. Burris, P. W. Ludden, and G. P. Roberts. "PCR Random Mutagenesis of draTG from Rhodospirillum rubrum and the Characterization of Some Mutants That Have Altered the Regulation of DRAT and DRAG Activities." In Biological Nitrogen Fixation for the 21st Century, 152. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5159-7_56.

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Zhang, Y. P., S. K. Grunwald, D. Lies, C. Halbleib, Y. Ma, G. P. Roberts, R. H. Burris, and P. W. Ludden. "Posttranslational Regulation of Nitrogenase Activity by Reversible ADP-Ribosylation; How are the Regulatory Enzymes Drat and Drag Regulated?" In Nitrogen Fixation: Fundamentals and Applications, 177–82. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0379-4_24.

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Aaltonen, Sirkku. "Drama translation." In Handbook of Translation Studies, 105–10. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hts.1.dra1.

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Conference papers on the topic "DRAT"

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bin Mohammad Fadilah, Mohammad Shameel, Vivek Balachandran, Peter Loh, and Melissa Chua. "DRAT." In CODASPY '20: Tenth ACM Conference on Data and Application Security and Privacy. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3374664.3379529.

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Rebola-Pardo, Adrian, and Luis Cruz-Filipe. "Complete and Efficient DRAT Proof Checking." In 2018 Formal Methods in Computer Aided Design (FMCAD). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/fmcad.2018.8602993.

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Veerappan, Chandra Sekar, Peter Loh Kok Keong, Vivek Balachandran, and Mohammad Shameel Bin Mohammad Fadilah. "DRAT :A Penetration Testing Framework for Drones." In 2021 IEEE 16th Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciea51954.2021.9516363.

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Mattmann, Chris A., Ji-Hyun Oh, Tyler Palsulich, Lewis John McGibbney, Yolanda Gil, and Varun Ratnakar. "DRAT: An Unobtrusive, Scalable Approach to Large Scale Software License Analysis." In 2015 30th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering Workshop (ASEW). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/asew.2015.14.

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Altmanninger, Johannes, and Adrián Rebola Pardo. "Frying the egg, roasting the chicken: unit deletions in DRAT proofs." In POPL '20: 47th Annual ACM SIGPLAN Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3372885.3373821.

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M. Pittman, Jason. "DRAT - A Dynamic Resource Allocation Tool for Estimating Compute Power in a Cybersecurity Engineering Learning Facility." In CEP '21: Computing Education Practice 2021. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3437914.3437980.

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Bright, Curtis, Kevin K. H. Cheung, Brett Stevens, Ilias Kotsireas, and Vijay Ganesh. "Unsatisfiability Proofs for Weight 16 Codewords in Lam's Problem." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/203.

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In the 1970s and 1980s, searches performed by L. Carter, C. Lam, L. Thiel, and S. Swiercz showed that projective planes of order ten with weight 16 codewords do not exist. These searches required highly specialized and optimized computer programs and required about 2,000 hours of computing time on mainframe and supermini computers. In 2010, these searches were verified by D. Roy using an optimized C program and 16,000 hours on a cluster of desktop machines. We performed a verification of these searches by reducing the problem to the Boolean satisfiability problem (SAT). Our verification uses the cube-and-conquer SAT solving paradigm, symmetry breaking techniques using the computer algebra system Maple, and a result of Carter that there are ten nonisomorphic cases to check. Our searches completed in about 30 hours on a desktop machine and produced nonexistence proofs of about 1 terabyte in the DRAT (deletion resolution asymmetric tautology) format.
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Dreher, W. Reid, Ray Johnston, Peter Lauzon, and Joey Pierce. "New Heavy Crude Oil Flow Improver Increases Production: Application Scenarios." In 2008 7th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2008-64024.

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As worldwide heavy crude oil production increases, pipelines are faced with challenges to transport these higher viscosity fluids. Historically, heavy crude oil has been a challenge for existing commercially available DRAs. As crude oil gravities fall below ∼23 °API, existing DRAs become ineffective. ConocoPhillips Specialty Products Inc. (CSPI) developed a new class of DRAs to address this need. CSPI’s new heavy crude oil DRA technology, ExtremePower™ Flow Improvers, is proven to increase deliveries of produced heavy crude oil to market. In this paper we will discuss the mechanism of drag reduction, how a heavy crude oil DRA works, and two scenarios in which value is created by utilizing the product.
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Guan, Zhongyuan, and Biyuan Shui. "The New Progress of Drag Reducing Agents in World Research." In 2006 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2006-10025.

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Frictional pressure drop (or drag) restricts the flow of liquid in a pipeline, limiting throughput and requiring greater amounts of energy for pumping. Flow improvers used for reducing drag are commonly referred to in the industry as drag reduction agents (DRA). This article presents the latest achievements in research related to DRA’s mechanism and production. A higher molecular weight of polyalpha-olefin will be obtained by bulk polymerization. There are breakthroughs either in research of solution polymerization of alpha-olefin. The DRA’s post-treating processes become better and approach perfection day and day. Recently non-aqueous drag reducing suspensions have been developed, providing significant advantages over previous water-based suspensions and gel-like solution DRAs. Microencapsulated drag reducing agents should be developed in the future because of its advantages in production, transportation, application and post-treating process. In addition, Reynolds number is the first indication to determine whether drag reducer could work or not in fluid flow in a pipeline system. And dependable injection equipment is an important element in the success of DRA application.
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Gao, Mingyu, Christina Delimitrou, Dimin Niu, Krishna T. Malladi, Hongzhong Zheng, Bob Brennan, and Christos Kozyrakis. "DRAF: A Low-Power DRAM-Based Reconfigurable Acceleration Fabric." In 2016 ACM/IEEE 43rd Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isca.2016.51.

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Reports on the topic "DRAT"

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Braase, Lori. DRAFT: Accident Tolerant Fuels Draft Implementation Plan. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1482990.

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Karl, Frank. Survey Draft. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1439803.

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Taylor, Lafe, Robert Wilson, and Bruce Hilbert. Hydrodynamic Drag Reduction. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada618198.

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de Vries, Wim. Cubesat Drag Calculations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1124870.

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Harris, James, Christopher Young, John Burns, Benjamin Hamlet, Rudy Sandoval, and James Vickers. Draft Data Model. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1762021.

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Harris, James, Christopher Young, John Burns, Benjamin Hamlet, Rudy Sandoval, and James Vickers. Draft Data Model. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1762022.

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Decker, Robert K. Viscous Drag Measurement and Its Application to Base Drag Reduction. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada403228.

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Voskuilen, Tyler, Lindsay Crowl Erickson, and Robert C. Knaus. Aerodynamic Drag Scoping Work. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1423524.

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Rubinstein, Francis M., Mehry Yazdanian, and James Galvin. Draft photosensor characterization report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/927011.

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Katzman, Danny, and William Joseph Foley. Draft Discharge Permit 1132. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1583134.

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