Relevant bibliographies by topics / Drainage systems

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Drainage systems'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 27 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Drainage systems"

1

Fay, Margaret F. "Drainage Systems." AORN Journal 46, no. 3 (September 1987): 442–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-2092(07)66456-4.

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Krutov, Denis A. "Repairing earth dam drainage systems." Vestnik MGSU, no. 7 (July 2019): 901–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2019.7.901-911.

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Introduction: when reconstructing or overhauling dams, great attention should be paid to drainage systems as the most critical components of the installations. The article describes the typical malfunctions of earth dam pipe drainages. The research considers geological and hydrogeological features that were not taken into account when developing projects. Materials and methods: control and measuring instrumentation (piezometer network), full-scale experiments on disabling pipe drainage and mathematical modelling were used as the filtration regime research methods. Results: analysis of the hydrogeological features of the base of the right-bank floodplain dam of the Nizhegorodskaya hydroelectric power plant and field filtration observations revealed a strong drainage effect of the base on the filtration flow at several areas of the dam body. At the other areas, a high groundwater level position at the dam downstream and its outlet into the pipe drainage at the downstream were recorded. Substantiated by filtration calculations, the proposed repair of the drainage system consisted in designing open drainage along the dam axis and backfilling the territory at the downstream by 2.0 m that excludes impoundment of the territory without the pipe drainage. Conclusions: the following engineering solutions can be recommended for repairing earth dam drainage systems: construction of backfill drainage trenches in the dam downstream, new pipe drainage at higher elevations or an open drainage channel in solid reinforced concrete arranged along the axis of the dam. The proposed version of the pipe drainage repair provides for constructing an open drainage channel in solid reinforced concrete on a reverse filter with an arrangement of gravel-filled asbestos-cement pipes in the dam slopes and bottom. Such a design solution allows repairing the drainage system without dewatering and, if necessary, completely refusing the existing pipe drainage.
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Hagen, Mark G., and George R. Cochran. "Comparison of Pavement Drainage Systems." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1519, no. 1 (January 1996): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196151900101.

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Pavement drainage systems have become a common addition to construction and reconstruction plans. Several types of transverse and longitudinal drains that vary in shape, size, and cost are often included in designs, although little is known about their performance. The drainage characteristics and pavement performance of four drainage systems under jointed portland cement concrete pavement are described and evaluated. Included are the Minnesota Department of Transportation (Mn/DOT) standard dense-graded base, two dense-graded base sections incorporating tranverse drains placed under the transverse joints, and permeable asphalt-stabilized base—a design that reflects current Mn/DOT drainable-base thinking. All sections contain longitudinal edge drains. Experiment variables include drainage flows, percent of rainfall drained, time to drain, base and subgrade moisture content, and pavement and joint durability. Two primary conclusions were reached. First, although all systems appear capable of removing drainable water from the pavement base, the permeable asphalt-stabilized base usually drained the most water within 2 hr after rainfall ended, while providing the driest pavement foundation and the least early pavement distress. Second, sealing the longitudinal and transverse joints temporarily reduced all rain inflow. After about 2 wk inflow resumed, although the joint sealants appeared to be intact.
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Scholz, Miklas. "Sustainable Drainage Systems." Water 7, no. 12 (May 15, 2015): 2272–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w7052272.

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KAM, A. C., M. O'BRIEN, and P. C. A. KAM. "Pleural drainage systems." Anaesthesia 48, no. 2 (February 22, 2007): 154–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1993.tb06859.x.

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Chu, Xuanxuan, Ivan Campos-Guereta, Andrew Dawson, and Nick Thom. "Sustainable pavement drainage systems: Subgrade moisture, subsurface drainage methods and drainage effectiveness." Construction and Building Materials 364 (January 2023): 129950. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129950.

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Strzelecki, Michał. "Numerical Three-Dimensional Model of Airport Terminal Drainage System." Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica 36, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sgem-2014-0013.

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Abstract During the construction of an airport terminal it was found that as a result of the hydrostatic pressure of underground water the foundation plate of the building had dangerously shifted in the direction opposite to that of the gravitational forces. The only effective measure was to introduce a drainage system on the site. The complex geology of the area indicated that two independent drainage systems, i.e., a horizontal system in the Quaternary beds and a vertical system in the Tertiary water-bearing levels, were necessary. This paper presents numerical FEM calculations of the two drainage systems being part of the airport terminal drainaged esign. The computer simulation which was carried out took into consideration the actual effect of the drainage systems and their impact on the depression cone being formed in the two aquifers.
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Cooke, R. A., S. Badiger, and A. M. Garcı́a. "Drainage equations for random and irregular tile drainage systems." Agricultural Water Management 48, no. 3 (June 2001): 207–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-3774(00)00136-0.

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Dierickx, W. "Land drainage. Planning and design of agricultural drainage systems." Agricultural Water Management 10, no. 2 (September 1985): 183–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3774(85)90006-x.

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Parsons, J. E., R. W. Skaggs, and C. W. Doty. "Simulation of controlled drainage in open-ditch drainage systems." Agricultural Water Management 18, no. 4 (November 1990): 301–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3774(90)90013-o.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Drainage systems"

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Nie, Linmei. "Flooding Analysis of Urban Drainage Systems." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-308.

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- Description of the problems

Throughout history floods have been one of the most severe natural catastrophes, which brought about loss of lives and huge economic losses in addition to the influence on community activities and adverse effects on the environment. We have witnessed enormous flood events almost all over the world, even in the early years of 21st century. The cruel lesson learnt is that we have not coped well with floods.

Studying the risk of flooding is the goal of this thesis. The focus is given to flooding of urban drainage systems. Urban climate, human activities and land use vary quickly and greatly with time. These variations modify the features of both urban hydrology and hydraulics, and change the distribution of water. It may lead to dual adverse effects in one region: the severe water shortage in one period and the increasing risk of flooding in another period. Therefore, finding appropriate solutions for these problems has been being a great challenge for the whole world.

- Aims of this study

This study aims to contribute ideal approaches and models to understand deeply urban flooding problems, i.e. to find the causes of flooding, to analyze their propagations and on this basis to evaluate the risk of flooding, and finally to search for solutions for flood mitigation.

- Study contents and methodologies

Distinguishing the potential hazards of urban flooding, delineating the changes of urban lands, developing models to simulate flooding and examining different measures to mitigate the risk of flooding constitute the main contents of this study. It is carried out by both qualitative analysis and quantitative simulations in a stepwise manner. Regarding the stochastic characteristics of flooding, a risk analysis initiates the study, which aims to formulate flooding scenarios in general urban environment through procedures of system definition, hazard identification, causal analysis, frequency analysis, consequence estimation and mitigation. A Norwegian case study illustrates the whole process.

Following the risk analysis, GIS technology is introduced to delineate the variation of topography. GIS hydrological modeling is applied to delineate the basic hydrological elements from a Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The accuracy of grid DEM and the influence of buildings are studied.

Two urban flooding models, the "basin" model and the dual drainage model, are developed on the basis of the MOUSE program (DHI, 2000). The three models, i.e. the MOUSE model, the “basin” model and the dual drainage model, are examined through two case studies, and the flow capacities of the existing sewers in these two case studies are then checked. Following the flooding simulation, the effectiveness of four flooding mitigation measures is tested.

- Main results

Sixty-eight (68) potential flooding hazards are identified by risk analysis in Chapter three. In combination with Trondheim case study, the frequencies of several flooding scenarios are studied, and it is indicated that the flooding of urban drainage systems happens more frequently than river flooding. When it happens, urban flooding disturbs very much the activities in flooding areas. Therefore management attentions should be paid to urban flooding in addition to large river flooding.

GIS is used as a bridge between digital data and numerical flooding simulation. Two important hydrological elements, watersheds and surface stream networks, are derived from grid DEM in Chapter four. The preliminary flood risk zones are delineated in combination with two case studies. They provide useful information for flood management.

The three flooding models are calibrated through two case studies: Trondheim- Fredlybekken catchment in Norway and Beijing-Baiwanzhuang (BWZ) catchment in China. Flooding checking of the existing sewer systems in these two case studies indicates that the current flow capacities of sewers are less than the designed capacities. Consequently, flood mitigation measures are examined in the following Chapter six. The study indicates that the combination of structural and non-structural flood mitigation measures are regarded as the comprehensive solution for flood control.

- Restrictions of the developed models

The developed flood models are restricted to summer and autumn flooding situations. In other words, the snowmelt routine is not included in the hydrological model applied. However, if a hydrological model that is able to simulate snowmelt could be connected to the developed models, then the hydraulic analysis would be carried out similarly.

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Riley, Kyle Dean. "Hydrological modification of subsurface drainage systems." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2006.

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Roberts, Alexandra Helen. "Sediments in urban stormwater drainage systems." Thesis, Middlesex University, 1985. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/13634/.

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Suspended sediment, transported in urban stormwater sewers, is examined in order to determine its source, size, mineralogy, form and surface texture characteristics. The transport history is studied in relation to the hydrological parameters of rainfall and discharge in one catchment. The catchment is situated in North West London where field sampling was carried out over the period from March 1980 to December 1981. A Coulter Counter is used for particle size determinations; methods of sampling and the choice of dispersant and electrolyte are discussed. Particle surface texture analysis employs Scanning Electron Microscopy and preparation methods are discussed. Elemental composition is examined by energy dispersive x-ray analysis. Particle textures are described and quantified using a detailed surface area method and the Fuzzy Technique is employed in the analysis of a large number of particles. Sediment sources in the catchment include roads, buildings, open spaces and airborne material. Sediment is washed off land surfaces during rainfall and transported along the storm sewer to the outfall. Suspended sediment sampled at the outfall is commonly in the size range 1 to 40 mm and predominantly consists of quartz particles from roads tone erosion which have undergone considerable alteration by abrasion, silica precipitation and solution during drain transport. Storms and their sediment load fall into four groups : I. Intense rainfall of short duration generates moderately high total rainfall and discharge. Sediment comprises fresh-faced, angular, particles rapidly entrained from the land surface and of unimodal size distribution. II. Long periods of rainfall of moderate intensity create high rainfall totals and moderately high discharge. Drain deposited aggregates and surface particles are transported first; silica precipitates develop later, leading to aggregation as the discharge falls: size distributions are bimodal. III. Moderate rainfall and discharge transport sediment of similar characteristics to Group II but of moderated form. IV. Low rainfall and discharge for short period transports severly altered drain sediment of bimodal size distributions. Progressive sediment alteration along the storm sewer was simulated in a flume.
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Watkins, David Christopher. "The hydraulic design of infiltration drainage systems." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249074.

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Al-Azerji, Sherien Fadhel Weshah. "Climate change impacts on urban drainage systems." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2017. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.730842.

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Nandela, V. K. Reddy. "Clogging of drainage material in leachate collection systems." Ohio : Ohio University, 1992. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1172864667.

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Bastien, Charlotte. "Pesticide levels in agricultural drainage systems in Quebec." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60528.

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A study was conducted to measure pesticide concentrations from two tile-drained potato fields in Saint-Leonard d'Aston, Quebec. Soil and water samples were analysed for the pesticides metribuzin, fenvalerate and aldicarb in 1989, and for metribuzin and phorate in 1990.
Metribuzin concentrations up to 3.47 $ mu$g/l were detected in the tile drain water. Surface runoff samples had metribuzin concentrations up to 47.086 $ mu$g/l. Aldicarb was not detected in any of the water samples. Fenvalerate was detected in surface runoff at a level of 0.05 $ mu$g/l during the 1989 growing season. Phorate was not detected in subsurface drain water in the 1990 growing season.
Pesticide levels were higher in the surface soil layer (0-5 cm), than at 25 cm depth. Fenvalerate was detected at a level of 0.013 $ mu$g/g in the surface (0-5 cm) soil samples. Phorate concentrations of up to 0.020 $ mu$g/g were detected in soil samples. Aldicarb was not detected in the soil samples. Metribuzin was found mostly in the soil surface layer with concentrations of up to 0.23 $ mu$g/g during the 1990 growing season.
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Swift, Darrel A. "Provenance of suspended sediment in subglacial drainage systems." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.272930.

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Davies, Robin Stanley. "Stabilisation of soil in drainage systems with polyacrylamide." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.278925.

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Argialas, Demetre P. "A structural approach towards drainage pattern recognition /." The Ohio State University, 1985. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu148726155305775.

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Books on the topic "Drainage systems"

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Javaid, Muhammad Salik. Drainage systems. Rijeka: InTech, 2012.

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R, Christopher Barry. Pavement subsurface drainage systems. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1997.

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Everard, Mark. Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS). Cheltenham: Natural Step, 2001.

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Mines, USDI Bureau of. Passive mine drainage treatment systems. S.l: s.n, 1992.

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Swaffield, J. A. Transient airflow in building drainage systems. Abingdon, Oxon: Spon Press, 2010.

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Roberts, Alexandra Helen. Sediments in urban stormwater drainage systems. [Enfield]: Middlesex Polytechnic, 1985.

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Swaffield, J. A. Transient airflow in building drainage systems. London: Spon Press, 2010.

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Transient airflow in building drainage systems. Abingdon, Oxon: Spon Press, 2010.

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L. C. P. M. Stuyt. Materials for subsurface land drainage systems. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2000.

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Scotland. Scottish Executive. Development Department. Planning and sustainable urban drainage systems. [Edinburgh]: Scottish Executive Development Dept., 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "Drainage systems"

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Ellis, J. "River systems." In Drainage Design, 169–94. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5027-0_7.

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Kolsky, Pete. "1. Drainage systems, flooding, and performance." In Storm Drainage, 5–18. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780446059.001.

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Kolsky, Pete. "9. Studying drainage systems in action." In Storm Drainage, 118–25. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780446059.009.

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Haq, Syed Azizul. "Sanitary drainage systems." In Plumbing Principles and Practice, 275–310. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003172239-10.

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Qian, Qin, and Saeid Eslamian. "Closed Drainage Systems." In Flood Handbook, 435–56. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003262640-26.

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Hergarten, Stefan. "Drainage Networks." In Self-Organized Criticality in Earth Systems, 189–234. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04390-5_9.

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Waller, Peter, and Muluneh Yitayew. "Landscape Irrigation Systems." In Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 259–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05699-9_15.

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Waller, Peter, and Muluneh Yitayew. "Hydroponic Irrigation Systems." In Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 369–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05699-9_21.

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Hamill, Les. "Sustainable Drainage Systems (SUDS)." In Understanding Hydraulics, 551–68. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-34586-7_14.

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Larry G. King and Lyman S. Willardson. "Chapter 9. Drainage Systems." In Design and Operation of Farm Irrigation Systems, 2nd Edition, 289–319. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.23692.

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Conference papers on the topic "Drainage systems"

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Vincent Machabee. "Drainage Control Systems (DCS)." In 9th International Drainage Symposium held jointly with CIGR and CSBE/SCGAB Proceedings, 13-16 June 2010, Québec City Convention Centre, Quebec City, Canada. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.32185.

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"Dual RTK-GPS Systems on Drainage Plows." In 2016 10th International Drainage Symposium. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/ids.20162523106.

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"Monitoring Tile Systems in Iowa: Overview and Results." In 2016 10th International Drainage Symposium. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/ids.20162490464.

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"Soybean Grain Yield Variability Associated with Drainage and Subirrigation Systems in a Claypan Soil." In 2016 10th International Drainage Symposium. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/ids.20162493034.

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Andoh, Robert Y. G., and Kenneth O. Iwugo. "Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems: A UK Perspective." In Ninth International Conference on Urban Drainage (9ICUD). Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40644(2002)19.

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"Estimating the Hydrological Performance of On-Site Wastewater (Leachbed) Treatment Systems in Poorly Drained Soil." In 2016 10th International Drainage Symposium. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/ids.20162493457.

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"2. Drainage Water Management: A Practice for Reducing Nitrate Loads from Subsurface Drainage Systems." In Final Report: Gulf Hypoxia and Local Water Quality Concerns Workshop. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.24241.

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"The Minnesota Public Drainage Manual - a guide to administrating Minnesota Statutes, Chapter 103E publically administered privately owned drainage systems." In 2016 10th International Drainage Symposium. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/ids.20162490660.

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Cardoso, Maria Adriana, Sérgio T. Coelho, Paulo Praça, Rita S. Brito, and José Matos. "Technical Performance Assessment of Urban Sewer Systems." In Ninth International Conference on Urban Drainage (9ICUD). Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40644(2002)119.

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Boomgaard, Marcel E., Jeroen G. Langeveld, and François H. L. R. Clemens. "Optimization of Wastewater Systems: A Stepwise Approach." In Ninth International Conference on Urban Drainage (9ICUD). Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40644(2002)143.

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Reports on the topic "Drainage systems"

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Espinoza, Reynaldo, Philippe Bourdeau, and Thomas White. Pavement Drainage and Pavement Shoulder Joint Evaluation Numerical Analysis of Infiltration and Drainage in Pavement Systems. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314208.

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Hastings, Rachel, Meghan Quinn, Andrew Bernier, and Craig Rutland. A review of airfield pavement drainage guidance. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45720.

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Inadequate drainage conditions may lead to airfield pavement deterioration. A thorough review of existing pavement drainage guidance and literature was necessary to identify key drainage considerations such as surface drainage infrastructure, pavement drainage layer thickness, use of geotextiles, and performance in freeze–thaw climates. Existing airport drainage guidance is provided by the Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC), the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and the Tri-Service Pavements Working Group (TSPWG). Pavement drainage guidance is buried within regulations for pavement de-sign and can, at times, be split awkwardly to accommodate pavement guidance that is split between rigid and flexible designs. Most airfield pavement guidance has been adapted from guidance for highway design. Most guidance is also strength based, with little to no attention paid to material erodibility (a potential cause of pavement deterioration). This review also found very little reference to repairing, rather than completely replacing, damaged subsurface drainage layers. Further research is needed to assess the use of geofabrics and moisture in freeze–thaw conditions on drainage layers and surface structures. With further research, the retrofit and repair of existing subpavement systems might become a more economical solution to drainage-caused pavement deterioration issues than complete reconstruction.
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Helmers, Matt, Carl H. Pederson, Matt Liebman, and Michael Thompson. Nitrate-N Loss with Drainage from Corn-Based and Prairie Bioenergy Cropping Systems. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1740.

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Haghighi, M., B. Xu, and Y. C. Yortsos. Visualization and simulation of immiscible displacement in fractured systems using micromodels: 1, Drainage. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10169556.

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Haq, Mazhar Ul, Antonio P. Mallarino, Carl H. Pederson, Matthew J. Helmers, Rameshwar S. Kanwar, and Kenneth T. Pecinovsky. Fertilizer and Swine Manure Management Systems Impacts on Phosphorus in Soil and Subsurface Tile Drainage. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1164.

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Helmers, Matthew J., Carl H. Pederson, Ann K. Staudt, Reid Christianson, and Antonio P. Mallarino. Impacts of Crop, Biomass Harvest Systems, and Nutrient Management on Yield and Subsurface Drainage Water Quality. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1880.

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Kanwar, Rameshwar S., Carl H. Pederson, James L. Baker, Antonio P. Mallarino, John E. Sawyer, and Kenneth T. Pecinovsky. Fertilizer and Swine Manure Management Systems: Impacts on Crop Production and Nitrate-Nitrogen Leaching with Subsurface Drainage. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-208.

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Mallarino, Antonio P., John E. Sawyer, Jeremy Klatt, Rameshwar S. Kanwar, Carl H. Pederson, James L. Baker, and Kenneth T. Pecinovsky. Fertilizer and Swine Manure Management Systems: Impacts on Agronomic and Environmental Soil Phosphorus Tests and on Phosphorus Loss with Subsurface Drainage. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-9.

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Habib, Ayman, Darcy M. Bullock, Yi-Chun Lin, and Raja Manish. Road Ditch Line Mapping with Mobile LiDAR. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317354.

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Maintenance of roadside ditches is important to avoid localized flooding and premature failure of pavements. Scheduling effective preventative maintenance requires mapping of the ditch profile to identify areas requiring excavation of long-term sediment accumulation. High-resolution, high-quality point clouds collected by mobile LiDAR mapping systems (MLMS) provide an opportunity for effective monitoring of roadside ditches and performing hydrological analyses. This study evaluated the applicability of mobile LiDAR for mapping roadside ditches for slope and drainage analyses. The performance of alternative MLMS units was performed. These MLMS included an unmanned ground vehicle, an unmanned aerial vehicle, a portable backpack system along with its vehicle-mounted version, a medium-grade wheel-based system, and a high-grade wheel-based system. Point cloud from all the MLMS units were in agreement in the vertical direction within the ±3 cm range for solid surfaces, such as paved roads, and ±7 cm range for surfaces with vegetation. The portable backpack system that could be carried by a surveyor or mounted on a vehicle and was the most flexible MLMS. The report concludes that due to flexibility and cost effectiveness of the portable backpack system, it is the preferred platform for mapping roadside ditches, followed by the medium-grade wheel-based system. Furthermore, a framework for ditch line characterization is proposed and tested using datasets acquired by the medium-grade wheel-based and vehicle-mounted portable systems over a state highway. An existing ground filtering approach is modified to handle variations in point density of mobile LiDAR data. Hydrological analyses, including flow direction and flow accumulation, are applied to extract the drainage network from the digital terrain model (DTM). Cross-sectional/longitudinal profiles of the ditch are automatically extracted from LiDAR data and visualized in 3D point clouds and 2D images. The slope derived from the LiDAR data was found to be very close to highway cross slope design standards of 2% on driving lanes, 4% on shoulders, as well as 6-by-1 slope for ditch lines. Potential flooded regions are identified by detecting areas with no LiDAR return and a recall score of 54% and 92% was achieved by the medium-grade wheel-based and vehicle-mounted portable systems, respectively. Furthermore, a framework for ditch line characterization is proposed and tested using datasets acquired by the medium-grade wheel-based and vehicle-mounted portable systems over a state highway. An existing ground filtering approach is modified to handle variations in point density of mobile LiDAR data. Hydrological analyses, including flow direction and flow accumulation, are applied to extract the drainage network from the digital terrain model (DTM). Cross-sectional/longitudinal profiles of the ditch are automatically extracted from LiDAR data, and visualized in 3D point clouds and 2D images. The slope derived from the LiDAR data was found to be very close to highway cross slope design standards of 2% on driving lanes, 4% on shoulder, as well as 6-by-1 slope for ditch lines. Potential flooded regions are identified by detecting areas with no LiDAR return and a recall score of 54% and 92% was achieved by the medium-grade wheel-based and vehicle-mounted portable systems, respectively.
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10

Bedford, Philip, Alexis Long, Thomas Long, Erin Milliken, Lauren Thomas, and Alexis Yelvington. Legal Mechanisms for Mitigating Flood Impacts in Texas Coastal Communities. Edited by Gabriel Eckstein. Texas A&M University School of Law Program in Natural Resources Systems, May 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/eenrs.mitigatingfloodimpactstx.

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Flooding is a major source of concern for Texas’ coastal communities. It affects the quality of infrastructure, the lives of citizens, and the ecological systems upon which coastal communities in Texas rely. To plan for and mitigate the impacts of flooding, Texas coastal communities may implement land use tools such as zoning, drainage utility systems, eminent domain, exactions, and easements. Additionally, these communities can benefit from understanding how flooding affects water quality and the tools available to restore water bodies to healthy water quality levels. Finally, implementing additional programs for education and ecotourism will help citizens develop knowledge of the impacts of flooding and ways to plan and mitigate for coastal flooding. Land use tools can help communities plan for and mitigate flooding. Section III addresses zoning, a land use tool that most municipalities already utilize to organize development. Zoning can help mitigate flooding, drainage, and water quality issues, which, Texas coastal communities continually battle. Section IV discusses municipal drainage utility systems, which are a mechanism available to municipalities to generate dedicated funds that can help offset costs associated with providing stormwater management. Section V addresses land use and revenue-building tools such as easements, eminent domain, and exactions, which are vital for maintaining existing and new developments in Texas coastal communities. Additionally, Section VI addresses conservation easements, which are a flexible tool that can enhance community resilience through increasing purchase power, establishing protected legal rights, and minimizing hazardous flood impacts. Maintaining good water quality is important for sustaining the diverse ecosystems located within and around Texas coastal communities. Water quality is regulated at the federal level through the Clean Water Act. As discussed in Section VII, the state of Texas is authorized to implement and enforce these regulations by implementing point source and nonpoint source pollutants programs, issuing permits, implementing stormwater discharge programs, collecting water quality data, and setting water quality standards. The state of Texas also assists local communities with implementing restorative programs, such as Watershed Protection Programs, to help local stakeholders restore impaired water bodies. Section VIII addresses ecotourism and how these distinct economic initiatives can help highlight the importance of ecosystem services to local communities. Section VIX discusses the role of education in improving awareness within the community and among visitors, and how making conscious decisions can allow coastal communities to protect their ecosystem and protect against flooding.
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