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Academic literature on the topic 'Drainage rate'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Drainage rate"

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Suharyatun, Siti, Bambang Purwantana, Abdul Rozaq, and Muhjidin Mawardi. "THE CLAY CONTENT EFFECT ON THE FORMATION OF SHALLOW MOLE DRAINAGE AND THE RATE OF LOWERING SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT." Jurnal Agritech 34, no. 03 (October 24, 2014): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/agritech.9464.

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Installing shallow mole drainage in the soil is infl uenced by various factors, namely; the physical properties of soil and tools which are used. One of the physical properties of soil that infl uences the formation of the mole drainage is the clay content of soil. This study aimed to explore the condition of the mole drainage formed in paddy soil with different clay contents. The study was conducted in a laboratory scale using a soil bin, a model of mole plough, and soil which was kept homogeneous in the boxes. The experiment was conducted at the Laboratory for Energy andAgricultural Engineering, Agricultural Engineering Department, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta. Mole drainage was installed in 3 paddy soils with different clay content, namely; 13.12% (soil A; loam soil), 41.17% (soil B; clay soil) and 53.36% (soil C; clay soil). The study was conducted by analyzing the geometry of the mole drainage and observingthe soil deformation which occurred due to the formation of the mole drainage. The study showed that perfect mole drainages were installed in all of those three types of soil. The mole drainages were quite good and stable with little cracks. Based on the soil crack and fi ssuring of soil, the largest soil deformation has occurred in soil with the highestclay content and the smallest one in soil with the lowest clay content. The characteristics of those three installed mole drainages were almost the same, but they had different effect on the rate of lowering soil moisture content. Here, the mole drainage installed in loam soil is different from which of installed in clay soil. The mole drainage installed in theloam soil did not infl uence the rate of lowering soil moisture content. Contrary, the mole drainage installed in clay soil has effected to increase the rate of lowering soil moisture content.Keywords: Mole drainage, soil moisture content, clay content
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Matjakriandi, Matjakriandi, Alfiansyah Yulianur, and Muhammad Isya. "EVALUASI DRAINASE JALAN PONDOK BARU – PERMATA KABUPATEN BENER MERIAH KM. 4+200 SAMPAI DENGAN KM. 10+522." Jurnal Teknik Sipil 1, no. 4 (February 28, 2018): 929–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/jts.v1i4.10054.

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Abstract: The road is a transportation infrastructure that is essential for humans. The road connects a community of people in a region with other regions, one important aspect for highway construction was securing the road from the water, either from rain or from a side-street drainage impact on the road surface damage. Bener Meriah district, a mountainous region with an altitude of 100 meters above sea level up to 2,500 meters, with a fairly high rainfall. Road conditions on the slopes and foothills affect the slope of the road longitudinal slope and drainage in the rainy season the road so much going drainage is not functioning properly. Water flows and puddles on the pavement as well as the water flows out of the drainage caused by slope which was great so happens scouring the drainage, plus more water falling from the slopes directly to the pavement without any treatment, for it was necessary to do research that aims to identify capacity of the existing road drainage network, knowing and planning network capacity as well as the road drainage slope drainage is needed so that the roads are not inundated by rain water discharge. The research was conducted on roads Pondok Baru - Permata on Sta.4 + 200 s / d Sta10 + 522. The method used in this research was the average algebra as well as to get a discharge plan and dimension using numerical equations rational modification with a system of trial and error, to come to the rain plan period of 5 years is 184 mm. Existing drainage conditions based on calculations obtained an average drainage discharge 1.52 m3 / sec and the discharge count 0.52 m3 / sec flow rate of water drainage on average at 7.54 m / sec speeds exceeding 1.5 license m / sec. Having calculated back then obtained an average discharge chute 0.519 m3 / sec and the discharge count 0,517 m3 / sec at the speed of average water flow of 1.31 m / sec, drainage on roads Pondok Baru - Permata diredesign necessary. Abstrak: Jalan merupakan infrastruktur transportasi yang sangat penting bagi manusia. Jalan menghubungkan suatu komunitas masyarakat di suatu wilayah dengan wilayah lain, salah satu aspek penting untuk konstruksi jalan raya adalah mengamankan jalan dari air, baik dari air hujan maupun dari drainase samping jalan yang berdampak terhadap kerusakan permukaan jalan. Kabupaten Bener Meriah merupakan daerah pegunungan dengan ketinggian dari permukaan laut 100 meter sampai dengan 2.500 meter, dengan curah hujan yang cukup tinggi. Kondisi jalan yang berada di lereng dan kaki gunung mempengaruhi terhadap kemiringan memanjang jalan dan kemiringan drainase jalan sehingga pada musim hujan banyak terjadi drainase tidak berfungsi dengan baik. Air mengalir dan tergenang di perkerasan jalan serta air mengalir dengan cepat pada drainase yang disebabkan oleh slope yang besar sehingga terjadi gerusan pada drainase, ditambah lagi air jatuh dari lereng langsung ke perkerasan jalan tanpa ada penanganan, untuk hal itu perlu dilakukan penelitian yang bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi kapasitas jaringan drainase jalan yang ada, mengetahui dan merencanakan kapasitas jaringan drainase jalan serta drainase lereng yang dibutuhkan agar jalan tidak tergenang oleh debit air hujan. Penelitian ini di lakukan pada ruas jalan Pondok Baru – Permata pada Sta.4+200 s/d Sta10+522. Metode yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini adalah metode rata-rata aljabar serta untuk mendapatkan debit rencana dan dimensi menggunakan metode rasional modifikasi persamaan numeris dengan sistem trial and error, didapat untuk hujan rencana periode 5 tahun yaitu 184 mm. Kondisi drainase eksisting berdasarkan perhitungan didapat debit drainase rata-rata QS 1,52 m3/detik dan debit hitung QT 0,52 m3/detik dengan kecepatan aliran air rata-rata pada drainase 7,54 m/detik yang melebihi kecepatan izin 1,5 m/detik. Setelah dihitung kembali maka didapatkan debit saluran rata-rata QS 0,519 m3/detik dan debit hitung QT 0,517 m3/det dengan kecepatan aliran air rata-rata 1,31 m/detik, drainase pada ruas jalan Pondok Baru – Permata perlu dilakukan desain.
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Saadat, Samaneh, Laura Bowling, Jane Frankenberger, and Kyle Brooks. "Effects of Controlled Drainage on Water Table Recession Rate." Transactions of the ASABE 60, no. 3 (2017): 813–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.11922.

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Abstract. Controlled drainage is a best management practice that decreases nitrate loads from subsurface drainage, but questions remain about optimal operation strategies. One unanswered question is whether the outlet should be lowered prior to or directly after a rainfall event to reduce the amount of time that the water table is at a level that would be detrimental to either trafficability or crop yield. The objective of this study was to determine how much controlled drainage lengthens the time needed for the water table to fall after a rainfall event, to inform possible improvement in the management of controlled drainage systems. This objective was addressed using water table recession rates from two pairs of controlled and free-draining fields located at the Davis Purdue Agricultural Center in Indiana over a period of nine years (2006-2014). At each pair, comparison of mean recession rates from the two fields indicated that controlled drainage reduced recession rate. The significance of the relationship between paired observations and the effect of controlled drainage was determined by a paired watershed approach using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and covariance (ANCOVA). Raising the outlet of the subsurface drainage system decreased the mean rate of water table recession by 29% to 62%, increasing the time needed for the water table level to fall from the surface to 30 and 60 cm depths by approximately 12 to 26 h and 24 to 53 h, respectively. Based on these results, it can be concluded that lowering the outlet before storm events would reduce the amount of time that the water table is at a detrimental level for either crop growth or trafficability. However, the trade-off between costs and benefits of active management depends on the sensitivity of the crop and probability of a severe storm. Keywords: Drainage water management, Managed drainage, Paired watershed approach, Tile drainage, Water table drawdown.
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Sahlin, Sven, Carl-Gustaf Laurell, Enping Chen, and Bo Philipson. "Lacrimal drainage capacity, age and blink rate." Orbit 17, no. 3 (January 1998): 155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/orbi.17.3.155.2757.

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SAHLIN, SVEN, and ENPING CHEN. "Gravity, Blink Rate, and Lacrimal Drainage Capacity." American Journal of Ophthalmology 124, no. 6 (December 1997): 758–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9394(14)71692-7.

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Kaupuža, Renāte, and Gotfrīds Noviks. "DETERMINATION OF HABITAT 6270*_3 PERMITTED DRAINAGE RATE." HUMAN. ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES. Proceedings of the Students International Scientific and Practical Conference, no. 23 (April 24, 2019): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/het2019.23.4403.

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Amelioration has dramatically altered the distribution of semi-natural grasslands in Latvia and as a result of the drainage, and the ocurrance of humid grassland habitats has decreased sharply. The aim of the paper was to identify drainage rate for habitat 6270*_3 ecohydrological requirements which is necessary for its successful management and long-term existence. The work looked at 15 equally managed (extensively grazed and/or mowed) perennial, natural grasslands at different levels of drainage resulting in various quality states. To reveal the most habitat-preserving drainage rate, for each site of the habitat 6270*_3 a decrease of groundwater table was identified. As a result a rate that meets ecohydrological requiremets is procured.
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Levytska, V., and P. Khoruzhiy. "INFLUENCE OF DRAINAGE WELLS IN ANTIFILTRATION DRAINAGE SYSTEM." Visnyk of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geology, no. 3 (90) (2020): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2713.90.13.

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The decrease of water levels in the drainage wells of the coastal anti-filtration drainage system with the siphon method of water intake from them was analyzed. The interaction of water-lowering wells with different depths and located at variable distances from each other is considered, which makes it possible to ensure uniform drainage from each well and to achieve a steady decrease in the level of groundwater over the entire length of the antifiltration drainage system.The results of the performed analytical studies are presented. The example of the Kamyanka-Dniprovska's anti-filtration drainage system shows that the decrease in water levels in wells at the same flow rate of pumped water depends on their hydraulic interaction, hydrogeological conditions of water filtration from the aquifer and the distance of the antifiltration drainage system from the bank-side. The results obtained indicate that the highest level of water depletion of the coastal vertical anti-filtration drainage system line with siphon drainage from wells is achieved at a distance of a number of wells from the Kakhovsky reservoir bank-side a = 100 m, at the same water flow rate from each of the drainage wells (Q = 604,8 m3 /day), located at different distances from each other. The highest rate of additional reduction of water obtained through mutual hydraulic action was obtained in the 7th well, which has a depth of 14,9 m, and it is located at a distance of 100 m from the 6th well and at a distance of 110 m from the 8th well. The lowest indicator of the level of groundwater reductions at different indicators of the distance of a number of drainage wells to the bank-side a (30, 50, 80, 100 m) is observed in the first well, farthest from the water collection well.
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David Suits, L., TC Sheahan, TH Seah, and T. Juirnarongrit. "Constant Rate of Strain Consolidation with Radial Drainage." Geotechnical Testing Journal 26, no. 4 (2003): 10173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/gtj11251j.

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Criddle, Richard S., Thimmappa S. Anekonda, Sharon Tong, John N. Church, F. Thomas Ledig, and Lee D. Hansen. "Effects of climate on growth traits of river red gum are determined by respiration parameters." Functional Plant Biology 27, no. 5 (2000): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp98057.

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Temperature is the major uncontrollable climate variable in plantation forestry. Matching plants to climate is essential for optimizing growth. Matching is usually done with field trials because of the lack of a predictive relation between laboratory measurements of physiological responses and climatic factors affecting growth. This paper evaluates the potential of using respiration parameters for selection of appropriate drainage or seed sources within a drainage for superior growth in a particular climate. The growth traits measured are tree height, stem diameter and stem volume. The respiratory parameters measured are respiratory heat rate, rate of CO2 production, and temperature dependence of respiratory heat rate. Five open-pollinated families from each of nine seed sources of river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.) were studied following selection from a larger set of seed sources planted at three plantations in California. The three plantations differ in climate, particularly in extreme temperatures, diurnal temperature variability and total rainfall. Within each plantation, growth and respiration parameters show high genetic variation [overall coefficient of variation (CV) = 14–58%, family CV = 11–33%], with at least one of these traits showing significant (P < 0.10) difference due to drainage, or source within drainage, or families within source. The relationship of growth to respiration for each trait differs, depending on testplantation, origin drainage, source or family, suggesting a unique pattern for each trait. Correlation of drainage level averages between growth and respiration were strongly negative and significant (P = 0.10–0.01). Rankings for drainages between paired plantations were strong and significant (P = 0.10–0.05) only for respiration, but not for growth traits.
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Jiao, Pingjin, Yingduo Yu, and Di Xu. "Effect of Drainage Water Reuse on Supplementary Irrigation and Drainage Reduction." Transactions of the ASABE 61, no. 5 (2018): 1619–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12697.

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Drainage water reuse has the potential to supplement irrigation, reduce drainage, and alleviate the area source pollution caused by agricultural drainage. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of influencing factors of drainage water reuse on supplementary irrigation and drainage reduction rates. To evaluate the effects, a water balance model was constructed to describe the irrigation water requirement and drainage water storage of a pond. The irrigation water requirement was calculated using the Penman-Monteith equation and the crop coefficient method while considering field leakage and effective rainfall; the drainage water volume was calculated using the improved Soil Conservation Service (SCS) model. The model was applied to the rice planting area in the Zhanghe Reservoir Irrigation District. Simulation results show that the supplementary irrigation and drainage reduction rates are primarily affected by the ratio of irrigation to drainage areas (RID), the pond volume ratio (PV), and the initial storage ratio (PSi); interactions among the three parameters are also observed. The RID, PV, and PSi contribute approximately 4:3:1 to the average variations in the supplementary irrigation rate. The supplementary irrigation rate increases with the values of PV and PSi but decreases with the increases of RID. For the drainage reduction rate variation, the average contribution percentages of PV and RID are 70% and 10%, respectively. Increasing PV and RID or reducing PSi enhances the drainage reduction rate. Adjusting the combination of parameters PV and RID can simultaneously maximize the supplementary irrigation and drainage reduction rates. Keywords: Drainage reduction, Drainage water reuse, Pond, Supplementary irrigation, Water balance model.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Drainage rate"

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ATTIALLAH, BENSABBAH FATIMA. "Abces bacteriens et fungiques spleniques non traumatiques : 8 observations; interet du drainage percutane." Reims, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993REIMM069.

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Jerz, Jeanette K. "Geochemical Reactions in Unsaturated Mine Wastes." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27246.

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Although mining is essential to life in our modern society, it generates huge amounts of waste that can lead to acid mine drainage (AMD). Most of these mine wastes occur as large piles that are open to the atmosphere so that air and water vapor can circulate through them. This study addresses the reactions and transformations of the minerals that occur in humid air in the pore spaces in the waste piles. The rate of pyrite oxidation in moist air was determined by measuring over time the change in pressure between a sealed chamber containing pyrite plus oxygen and a control. The experiments carried out at 25?C, 96.8% fixed relative humidity, and oxygen partial pressures of 0.21, 0.61, and 1.00 showed that the rate of oxygen consumption is a function of oxygen partial pressure and time. The rates of oxygen consumption fit the expression (dn/dt=(3.31x10^-7)(P^0.5)(t^-0.5) It appears that the rate slows with time because a thin layer of ferrous sulfate + sulfuric acid solution grows on pyrite and retards oxygen transport to the pyrite surface. The transformation of efflorescent sulfate minerals (the reaction products of iron sulfide oxidation) from a pyrrhotite-rich massive sulfide is explained using a systematic analysis of their stoichiometry and thermodynamics. Their stabilities are controlled by oxygen partial pressure, relative humidity, and activity of sulfuric acid and can be visualized using log activity of oxygen-log activity of water and log acitvity of sulfuric acid-log activity of water diagrams developed during this study. Samples from the field site were analyzed in the laboratory to determine mineralogy, equilibrium relative humidity, chemical composition, and acid generation potential. Dissolution experiments showed that fibroferrite-rich samples had the highest acid producing potential, followed by copiapite-rich samples and then halotrichite-rich samples. The most abundant metals in solutions produced by dissolving the salts were magnesium, aluminum, zinc, copper, calcium, and lead. The molar concentrations of the metals varied with mineralogy. However, all of these minerals release metals and acid when they dissolve and therefore represent a significant environmental threat.
Ph. D.
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Garcia, Martinez Maria Fernanda <1986&gt. "Geotechnical characterization of mixed sandy and silty soils using piezocone tests: Analysis of partial drainage phenomena and rate effects on the experimental soil response." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6622/.

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The cone penetration test (CPT), together with its recent variation (CPTU), has become the most widely used in-situ testing technique for soil profiling and geotechnical characterization. The knowledge gained over the last decades on the interpretation procedures in sands and clays is certainly wide, whilst very few contributions can be found as regards the analysis of CPT(u) data in intermediate soils. Indeed, it is widely accepted that at the standard rate of penetration (v = 20 mm/s), drained penetration occurs in sands while undrained penetration occurs in clays. However, a problem arise when the available interpretation approaches are applied to cone measurements in silts, sandy silts, silty or clayey sands, since such intermediate geomaterials are often characterized by permeability values within the range in which partial drainage is very likely to occur. Hence, the application of the available and well-established interpretation procedures, developed for ‘standard’ clays and sands, may result in invalid estimates of soil parameters. This study aims at providing a better understanding on the interpretation of CPTU data in natural sand and silt mixtures, by taking into account two main aspects, as specified below: 1)Investigating the effect of penetration rate on piezocone measurements, with the aim of identifying drainage conditions when cone penetration is performed at a standard rate. This part of the thesis has been carried out with reference to a specific CPTU database recently collected in a liquefaction-prone area (Emilia-Romagna Region, Italy). 2)Providing a better insight into the interpretation of piezocone tests in the widely studied silty sediments of the Venetian lagoon (Italy). Research has focused on the calibration and verification of some site-specific correlations, with special reference to the estimate of compressibility parameters for the assessment of long-term settlements of the Venetian coastal defences.
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Gauer, Emanuele Amanda. "Efeitos de velocidade em ensaios de palheta." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/130156.

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Os ensaios de palheta são frequentemente utilizados na estimativa da resistência não-drenada de depósitos de argilas moles devido à simplicidade do equipamento, rapidez de execução e baixo custo. A velocidade de deformação em ensaios de palheta de campo é, geralmente, de 6º/min. Contudo, os resultados destes ensaios são influenciados por vários fatores e, dentre eles, a velocidade de rotação pode ser considerada um dos mais importantes. Sob condições não-drenadas, os materiais argilosos apresentam ganho de resistência não-drenada com o aumento da velocidade de cisalhamento, resultante da viscosidade da água adsorvida nas partículas de solo. Como o ensaio de palheta tem sido cada vez mais utilizado para estimar a resistência não-drenada de outros solos de granulometria fina, como siltes, resíduos de mineração entre outros, é preciso ter cautela na interpretação dos resultados nestes materiais, pois a utilização da velocidade padrão de campo pode levar à ocorrência de drenagem parcial durante o cisalhamento e, nestes casos, os solos apresentam resistência e rigidez maiores que sob condições não-drenadas. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho consiste na avaliação da influência da velocidade de rotação do ensaio de palheta na resistência dos solos. Foram realizados ensaios de palheta, utilizando palhetas de 20,2, 25,5 e 40,0 mm de diâmetro e com relação altura-diâmetro igual a 2 a velocidades de rotação de 0,68 a 10800o/min, utilizando três misturas compostas por 85% caulim e 15% bentonita com 100, 130% e 160% de umidade (argilosas), uma mistura composta por caulim puro a 50% de umidade (silte) e uma mistura composta por 60% caulim e 40% areia com 40% de umidade (silte). A partir dos resultados dos ensaios de palheta, observou-se que a resistência não-drenada aumenta com a velocidade, sob condições não-drenadas, tanto para os solos argilosos quanto para os siltosos. A resistência não-drenada também é influenciada pelo diâmetro da palheta e pelo índice de vazios do solo, e consequentemente pelo seu teor de umidade. A resposta viscosa dos ensaios de palheta ao longo de toda a faixa não-drenada pode ser descrita por uma equação potencial (para valores de velocidade adimensional maiores que 10). Os solos siltosos, especialmente a argila misturada com areia, também apresentam aumento de resistência com o aumento da velocidade, sob condições não-drenadas, mais pronunciado que para os solos argilosos. Entretanto, a pequenas velocidades, uma parcela do excesso de poro pressão gerado durante a rotação da palheta foi dissipado, ocasionando efeitos de drenagem parcial durante o cisalhamento. O torque medido durante os ensaios é influenciado pelas dimensões da palheta. Porém, não foi verificada qualquer tendência de variação na resistência normalizada (T/Tref) decorrente das dimensões da palheta. A velocidade normalizada (V) considera diretamente, além da velocidade, a geometria da palheta e o coeficiente de adensamento do solo e reflete os efeitos de permeabilidade, rigidez e velocidade de cisalhamento, fatores que também controlam a viscosidade. Desta forma, os efeitos viscosos dos ensaios de palheta são representados com precisão no espaço normalizado. Além da avaliação dos efeitos de velocidade devido a viscosidade, a normalização dos resultados no espaço T/Tref versus V possibilita também a avaliação dos efeitos de drenagem parcial. Ou seja, dois fenômenos físicos distintos podem ser identificados e interpretados utilizando a mesma abordagem.
Vane tests are frequently used to estimate the undrained shear strength of soft clays deposits because of the equipment simplicity, speed and low costs. The strain rate used in vane shear tests is generally of 6o/min. However, vane tests results are influenced by many factors and rate of shear can be considered one of the most important. Under undrained conditions, undrained shear strength of clayey soils increases with shear velocity. This increase on undrained shear strength occurs due to viscous effects. Furthermore, this method has been used to estimate the undrained shear strength of other fine-grained materials such as silts, tailings, among others. Tests results interpretation must to be careful on these materials, because partial drainage can occur during shear tests conducted at the standard field shear rate. In this cases, soil strength and stiffness are higher than under undrained conditions. Thus, this research is aimed to evaluate the influence of the vane shear velocity in soils strength. Vane tests were conducted using vanes with 20.2, 25.5 and 40.0 mm in diameter and with aspect ratio of 2, at rotation rates from 0.68 to 1800o/min using three kaolin-bentonite mixtures composed by 85% kaolin and 15% bentonite with a water content of 100, 130 and 160% (clay), a mixture composed just by kaolin with a 50% water content (silt) and a mixture composed by 60% kaolin and 40% Osório sand with a 40% water content (silt). Tests results shows that clay and silt strength increases with shear rate, under undrained conditions. Undrained shear strength is also influenced by vane diameter and soil void ratio, and consequently by water content. Viscous response on vane tests throughout the undrained range of velocities can be described by a power law (for normalized velocity values further than 10). Silty soils, especially clay-sand mixtures under undrained conditions, exhibited a greater increase on strength than the increased observed for clayey soils. Neverthless, in some tests conducted at low shear velocities, part of pore pressure excess generated during vane rotation was dissipated, occasioning partial drainage effects during shear. The measured torque has been influenced by vane blade dimensions, but any variation on normalized resistance (T/Tref) wasn’t found as a result of vane dimensions. Normalized velocity considers directly peripheral velocity, vane geometry and soil coeficient of consolidation and reflects permeability, stifness and shear rate effects, factors that also control viscous effects. Thus, viscous effects in vane tests are accurately represented on normalized space. In addiction to rate effects due to viscosity evaluation, results normalization on T/Tref versus V space enable partial drainage effects assessment. It shows that the two distinct physical phenomena can be identified and interpreted using one single approach.
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Hessam, Schapoor [Verfasser], Waldemar [Gutachter] Uhl, and Matthias [Gutachter] Kemen. "Einfluss der präoperativen biliären Drainage auf die Rate an Gallenwegsinfektionen mit resistenten Mikroorganismen und deren Einfluss auf die postoperative Morbidität und Mortalität / Schapoor Hessam ; Gutachter: Waldemar Uhl, Matthias Kemen ; Medizinische Fakultät." Bochum : Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1221368354/34.

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Hessam, Schapoor Verfasser], Waldemar [Gutachter] [Uhl, and Matthias [Gutachter] Kemen. "Einfluss der präoperativen biliären Drainage auf die Rate an Gallenwegsinfektionen mit resistenten Mikroorganismen und deren Einfluss auf die postoperative Morbidität und Mortalität / Schapoor Hessam ; Gutachter: Waldemar Uhl, Matthias Kemen ; Medizinische Fakultät." Bochum : Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1221368354/34.

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Larsson, Philip. "Tryckfall och avskiljningsgrader av aerosola oljepartiklar i platt- och veckat material : Experimentella mätningar och modellering." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-85590.

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Industriella processer genererar utsläpp i form av bland annat luftföroreningar via processluften som i sin tur försämrar arbetsmiljön för industrins anställda. Enligt arbetsmiljölagen är arbetsgivaren skyldig att skydda de anställdas hälsa via en god arbetsmiljö och måste därmed rena processluften. Luftföroreningar består av aerosoler och definieras som en samling solida- eller vätskepartiklar svävandes i en gas. I rapporten behandlades aerosoler i form av oljepartiklar som genereras från källor som till exempel industriella processer som gjutning, slipning och värmebehandling. En sådan process kan släppa ut sex fat olja i luften per år och utan partikelavskiljning ökar processernas olje- och energiförbrukning markant. Avskiljning av aerosola oljepartiklar samlar upp oljan så den kan återanvändas samt minskar exponering som kan ge cancer och Hodgkins disease. Aerosol olja bör därför avskiljas ur processluften på grund av hälsoaspekter. Oljepartiklar avskiljs ur processluften via porösa material. Materialet ansluts till processen med skräddarsydda kanalsystem där processluften ventileras bort med undertryck via en fläktmotor. Oljepartiklar avskiljs i det porösa materialet och därmed ökar materialets mättnadsgrad, det vill säga att ackumulerad olja minskar materialets porositet. Materialets dräneringskapacitet ser till att mättnadsgraden begränsas och att oljan kan återanvändas. Ett effektivt material har lågt tryckfall och hög avskiljningsgrad. Dessa varierar med materialets struktur som fiberdiameter, fibermattans tjocklek samt antal veckningar av materialet. Ett material veckas för att öka materialarean och dess avskiljningsgrad men tryckfallet ökas också, därför är balans mellan tryckfall och avskiljningsgrad viktigt vid konstruktion av materialet. Ett icke veckat material benämns som platt material i rapporten. Utvärdering av tryckfall och avskiljningsgrad i ett veckat material är kostsamt både ekonomiskt och tidsmässigt medan platta material är effektivt ur båda aspekterna och därför är ett bättre alternativ med avseende på utvärdering. Syftet med examensarbetet var att öka kunskapen kring avskiljning av aerosola oljepartiklar i porösa material. Målet var att modellera veckade material utifrån experimentella tester av platta- och veckade material. I rapporten testades porösa material med olika fiberdiametrar experimentellt som både platta- och veckade material. Experimentella tester innebar att materialen testades praktiskt för tryckfall och avskiljningsgrader. Avskiljningsgrader mättes vid tre intervall av partikeldiametrar enligt 0,25–0,60 μm, 0,931–1,075 μm och 1,911–2,207 μm. Platta material testades vid fyra lufthastigheter för att illustrera ökningen av lufthastighet inom veckat material på grund av en ökande mättnadsgrad. Modellering innebar att en beräkningsmodell för veckat material byggdes och gavs indata utifrån experimentella tester av platta- och veckade material. Regressionsanalyser utfördes på mätresultaten från platta material och gav matematiska funktioner som användes i modellering av veckade material. Antal veckningar och mättnadsgrader modellerades utifrån experimentella resultat från veckade material. Mät- och modelleringsresultat varierade med materialets struktur. Det gav att tryckfall, avskiljnings- och mättnadsgrader ökade med minskande fiberdiameter och ökande mattjocklek för både platt- och veckat material. Modellering av tryckfall i veckat material avvek från praktiken med -30 % och -6 % för fiberdiameter 8 μm respektive 6 μm. Modellering av avskiljningsgrader i veckat material hade störst avvikelse på +30 % för partikeldiameter 0,25–0,60 μm i material med fiberdiameter 6 μm. Modelleringsresultat av veckat material varierade över materialets struktur och avvek därmed olika mycket från praktiken. Avvikelser i modellerat tryckfall och avskiljningsgrader i veckade material var på grund av luftens dynamiska tryck. Trycket på oljepartiklarna påverkade dräneringskapacitet och oljefördelning inom materialet. Oljefördelningen är därmed heterogen i praktiken vilket påverkar tryckfall och avskiljning i både praktik och modellering. Detta skapade osäkerheter och gjorde modelleringen mindre tillförlitlig. Därför kunde tryckfall och avskiljning inte modelleras i veckat material endast utifrån platta material. Förbättrad modellering kräver vidare studier angående oljefördelning inom materialet samt inverkan av luftflödets dynamiska tryck på dräneringskapacitet för att förbättra modellering av veckade material.
Industrial processes generate emissions in the form of, among other things, air pollution via the process air, which in turn degrades the working environment for industrial employees. According to the Work Environment Act, the employer is obliged to protect the health of the employees via a good work environment and must therefore clean the process air. Air pollutants consist of aerosols and are defined as a collection of solid or liquid particles floating in a gas. The report dealt with aerosols in the form of oil particles generated from sources such as industrial processes such as molding, grinding and heat treatment. Such a process can release six barrels of oil into the air per year and without particle separation, the processes' oil and energy consumption increases markedly. Separation of aerosol oil particles collects the oil so that it can be reused and reduces exposure that can cause cancer and Hodgkin's disease. Aerosol oil should therefore be separated from the process air due to health aspects. Oil particles are separated from the process air via porous materials. The material is connected to the process with tailor-made duct systems where the process air is ventilated away with negative pressure via a fan motor. Oil particles are separated in the porous material and thus the degree of saturation of the material increases, that is accumulated oil reduces the porosity of the material. The drainage capacity of the material ensures that the degree of saturation is limited and that the oil can be reused. An efficient material has a low pressure drop and a high separation rate. These vary with the structure of the material such as fiber diameter, the thickness of the fiber carpet and the number of folds of the material. A material is folded to increase the material area and its separation rate, but the pressure drop is also increased, therefore a balance between pressure drop and separation rate is important when designing the material. A non-pleated material is referred to as flat material in the report. Evaluation of pressure drop and separation rate in a pleated material is costly both financially and in terms of time, while flat materials are effective from both aspects and are therefore a better alternative regarding evaluation. The purpose of the thesis was to increase knowledge about the separation of aerosol oil particles in porous materials. The goal was to model pleated materials based on experimental tests of flat and pleated materials. In the report, porous materials with different fiber diameters were tested experimentally as both flat and pleated materials. Experimental tests meant that the materials were tested practically for pressure drops and separation rate. Separation rate was measured at three ranges of particle diameters according to 0.25–0.60 μm, 0.931–1.075 μm and 1.911–2.207 μm. Flat materials were tested at four air velocities to illustrate the increase in air velocity within pleated material due to an increasing degree of saturation. Modeling meant that a calculation model for pleated material was built and input data was given based on experimental tests of plate and pleated materials. Regression analyzes were performed on the measurement results from flat materials and gave mathematical functions that were used in modeling of pleated materials. The number of folds and degrees of saturation were modeled based on experimental results from pleated materials. Measurement and modeling results varied with the structure of the material. As a result, pressure drops, separation rate and degree of saturation increased with decreasing fiber diameter and increasing carpet thickness for both flat and pleated materials. Modeling of pressure drop in pleated material deviated from praxis by -30% and -6% for fiber diameters of 8 μm and 6μm, respectively. Modeling of separation rates in pleated material had the largest deviation of + 30% for particle diameter 0.25–0.60 μm in material with fiber diameter 6 μm. Modeling results of pleated material varied across the structure of the material and thus deviated differently from praxis. Deviations in modeled pressure drop and separation rates in pleated materials were due to the dynamic pressure of the air. The pressure on the oil particles affected drainage capacity and oil distribution within the material. The oil distribution is thus heterogeneous in praxis, which affects pressure drop and separation rate in both praxis and modeling. This created uncertainties and made modeling less reliable. Therefore, pressure drop and separation rate could not be modeled in pleated material based solely on flat materials. Improved modeling further requires studies regarding oil distribution within the material as well as the impact of the dynamic pressure of the air flow on drainage capacity to improve modeling of pleated materials.
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Csobi, Atila. "Amortecimento superficial nos sistemas de micro-drenagem em regiões de baixa declividade." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3147/tde-11082011-121115/.

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O presente trabalho desenvolve uma proposta para a avaliação da redução da vazão de pico do hidrograma do método racional, no contexto de bacias hidrográficas topograficamente planas. Entendem-se como planas aquelas localidades, cujas declividades médias características e/ou projetadas são inferiores a 0,5%. Pretende-se também neste trabalho apresentar metodologias e práticas de projeto de drenagem usualmente adotadas em regiões de características topográficas semelhantes. No desenvolvimento do estudo, foram discutidas as bases teóricas do Método Racional e outros métodos de avaliação hidrológica que procuram levar em conta o amortecimento da vazão durante o seu escoamento sobre o leito das vias. Apresentam-se também as bases científicas para a criação de um modelo hidrodinâmico a ser usado no estudo para a determinação do fator de redução da vazão de pico do hidrograma racional. A capacidade de escoamento em vias urbanas é então discutida, de forma a se justificar as relações criadas como conclusão do trabalho. O resultado final apresentado é o estabelecimento de uma relação entre a variação do pico da vazão do Método Racional, com a capacidade de armazenamento ou amortecimento de cheias existente nessas vias. Relações estas que, para fins práticos, significam tanto o incremento positivo no período de retorno do projeto, quanto a redução da vazão para efeito de dimensionamento de galerias. Tais resultados são demonstrados de forma prática por meio do estudo de caso no município de Praia Grande, o litoral sul paulista.
This work presents a proposal for estimating the reduction of the Peak Flow Rate determined by the Rational Method, considering flat basins as a main characteristic. It is considered flat, all of those basins in which the average slope on the streets are smaller than 0,5 %. It is also intentions of this work discuss methods and practices adopted to flat areas as urban drainage solutions and best management practices. Within this work, we also present all the theoretical basis of the Rational Method, among others, that try to fuse the street storm water storage capacity whit the conveyance capacity of a usual street. It is also presented theoretical basis of hydrodynamic models to be used as the main tool to determine de peak flow reduction factor of the Rational Method Hydrogram. Conveyance capacity of a usual street is discussed, street storm water conveyance capacity is also discussed in order to justify the relations proposed as a conclusion of this work. As a result of this work it is established a relationship between the Peak flow rate determined by the Rational Method and the street storm water storage capacity. In addition, this peak reduction can be used as a positive increment on the Recurrence Interval or as flow rate reduction when designing the sewerage system, which means implementation costs reduction. An application to the city of Praia Grande, located the Sao Paulo State, is presented and used as a case of study.
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Lozano, Letellier Alba. "Geochemistry of rare earth elements in acid mine drainage precipitates." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668458.

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Rare earth elements (REE) are known as the lanthanide series (La-Lu) plus yttrium (Y) and scandium (Sc). REE are essential materials for modern industries and especially for green technologies (wind turbines, batteries, lasers, catalysts, etc.). However, despite their high global demand, their supply is limited such that the EU has cataloged it as critical raw materials. In order to ensure the supply of REE in the future, the search for alternative sources of these elements worldwide has been promoted in recent years. Acid mine drainage (AMD) produced by the Fe-sulphide weathering can effectively leach Fe, Al, SO4, and REE from the host rock. This can lead to high concentrations of these liberated species in the affected waters. Thus, the REE concentrations in AMD can be between two and three orders of magnitude higher than natural waters, as such it can be considered as a complementary source of REE recovery. The increase of pH in AMD by mixing neutral waters results in the precipitation of iron oxy-hydroxysulfate (schwertmannite) from pH 3-3.5, and aluminum (basaluminite) from pH 4-4.5 in the river channels. This process may be accompanied by REE scavenging. Due to its acidity and high metal load, acid mine drainage presents a major environmental problem worldwide, therefore, different treatment systems have been developed to minimize its impact. Disperse Alkaline Substrate (DAS) passive remediation system neutralizes AMD by dissolving calcite, and allowing the sequential precipitation of schwertmannite and basaluminite in separated layers, where REE are preferably retained in the basaluminite-enriched waste. Despite this, there are still no studies describing the adsorption of REE on both basaluminite and schwertmannite in these environments. The REE scavenging mechanism is studied by adsorption on synthetic minerals of basaluminite and schwertmannite as a result of variation to the both the pH and sulfate concentration. A thermodynamic adsorption model is proposed based on experimental results in order to predict and explain the REE mobility in AMD mixtures with neutral waters and in a passive treatment system. Basaluminite and schwertmannite have a nanocrystalline character. Further, schwertmannite has been observed to transform into goethite on weekly timescales, resulting in sulfate release. However, there is a gap of knowledge about basaluminite stability at variable sulfate concentration and pH and its possible transformation to other more crystalline Al-minerals. In this study, basaluminite local order at different pH values and dissolved sulfate concentrations was characterized. Results demonstrate that basaluminite can transform to nanoboehmite in weeks under circumneutral pH. However, the presence of sulfate can inhibit this transformation. Separate adsorption experiments on both basaluminite and schwertmannite were performed with two different concentrations of SO4 while varying the pH (3-7). Results show that the adsorption is strongly dependent on pH, and to a lesser extent on sulfate concentration. Lanthanide and yttrium adsorption is most effective near pH 5 and higher, while that of scandium begins around pH 4. Due to the high concentrations of sulfate in acidic waters, the predominant aqueous REE species are sulfate complexes (MSO4+). Notably, Sc(OH)2+ represents a significant proportion of aqueous Sc. , A surface complexation model is proposed in which predominant aqueous species (Mz+) adsorb on the mineral surface, XOH, following the reaction: The adsorption of the lanthanides and yttrium occurs through the exchange of one and two protons from the basaluminite and schwertmannite surface, respectively, with the aqueous sulfate complexes. The sorbed species form monodentate surface complexes with the aluminum mineral and bidentate with the iron mineral. In the case of Sc, the aqueous species ScSO4+ and Sc(OH)2+ form bidentate surface complexes with both minerals. EXAFS analysis of the YSO4+ complex adsorbed on the basaluminite surface suggests the formation of a monodentate inner sphere complex, in agreement with the proposed thermodynamic model. Once the surface complexation model was validated, it was used to asses and predict the REE mobility in passive remediation systems and acidic water mixing zones with alkaline inputs from the field. The REE are preferentially retained in basaluminite-rich waste during passive remediation due to its sorption capacity between pH 5-6. In contrast, schwertmannite waste contains very little REE because the formation of this mineral occurs at pH lower than 4, which prevents REE adsorption. Further, Sc may be scavenged during schwertmannite precipitation as a result of this low pH The model correctly predicts the absence of REE in schwertmannite precipitates and the enrichment of the heavy and intermediate REE with respect to the light REE in basaluminite precipitates collected in the water mixing zones. However, there is a systematic overestimation of the fractionation of rare earths in basaluminite precipitate. This inaccuracy is mainly due to the fact that the mineral precipitation and adsorption are not synchronous process, while basaluminite precipitates from pH 4, REE adsorption occurs at higher pH values, between 5 and 7, when the water mixture reaches these values and a fraction of the particles have been dispersed.
Las tierras raras (en inglés rare earth elements, REE) son conocidas como el conjunto de la serie de los lantánidos (La-Lu), itrio (Y) y escandio(Sc). Las tierras raras son materiales indispensables para las industrias modernas y en especial para las tecnologías verdes (aerogeneradores, baterías, láseres, catalizadores, etc.). Sin embargo a pesar de su gran demanda mundial, su abastecimiento es limitado, por lo que han sido catalogadas por la UE como materias primas críticas (Critical Raw Materials). Con el objetivo de asegurar el abastecimiento de REE en el futuro, en los últimos años se ha promovido la búsqueda de fuentes alternativas de estos elementos en todo el mundo. El drenaje ácido de mina (en inglés acid mine drainage, AMD) producido por la meteorización de sulfuros de Fe, tiene un alto poder de lixiviación de las rocas, por lo que las aguas afectadas adquieren elevadas concentraciones en disolución de Fe, Al, SO4 y otros metales, como las REE. Así, las concentraciones de REE en AMD son entre dos y tres órdenes de magnitud superiores al resto de las aguas naturales y pueden suponer una fuente complementaria de recuperación de REE. El aumento de pH del AMD por mezcla con aguas neutras da lugar a la precipitación en los cauces de los ríos de oxy-hidroxisulfatos de hierro (schwertmannita), a partir de pH 3-3.5, y de aluminio (basaluminita), a partir de pH 4-4.5; acompañado de la eliminación de las tierras raras. Debido a su acidez y carga metálica, el drenaje ácido de mina presenta un problema medioambiental de primera magnitud, por lo que se han desarrollado diferentes sistemas de tratamiento para minimizar su impacto. El sistema de tratamiento pasivo Disperse Alkaline Substrate (DAS) produce la neutralización de las aguas ácidas por la disolución de la calcita presente en el sistema, permitiendo la precipitación secuencial, de schwertmannita y basaluminita. Las tierras raras quedan retenidas preferentemente en el residuo enriquecido en basaluminita. A pesar de ello, aún no existen estudios que describan la adsorción de tierras raras tanto en basaluminita como schwertmannita en estos ambientes. En esta tesis se estudia el mecanismo de retención de las tierras raras mediante adsorción en minerales sintéticos de basaluminita y schwertmannita, en función del pH y del contenido de sulfato disuelto. Con los resultados experimentales obtenidos, se propone un modelo termodinámico de adsorción para predecir y explicar la movilidad de las tierras raras observada en mezclas de AMD con aguas neutras y en un sistema de tratamiento pasivo. La basaluminita y la schwertmannita presentan un carácter nanocristalino. Es conocido que la schwertmannita se transforma en goethita en semanas, liberando sulfato. Sin embargo, nada se sabe de la basaluminita y su posible transformación a otros minerales de Al más cristalinos. De este modo, la caracterización del orden local de la basaluminita a diferentes valores de pH y sulfato se expone en primer lugar. Dependiendo del pH y el sulfato en disolución, la basaluminita se transforma en diferentes grados a nanoboehmita en semanas, pero tiende a estabilizarse con la presencia de sulfato en solución. Los experimentos de adsorción en basaluminita y schwertmannita con diferentes concentraciones de SO4 realizados para cada mineral y en rangos de 3-7 de pH han demostrado que la adsorción es fuertemente dependiente del pH, y en menor medida del sulfato. La adsorción de los lantánidos y del itrio es efectiva a pH 5, mientras que la del escandio comienza a pH 4. Debido a las altas concentraciones de sulfato en aguas ácidas, las especies acuosas predominantes de las tierras raras son los complejos con sulfato, MSO4+. Además del complejo sulfato, el Sc presenta importantes proporciones de Sc(OH)2+ en solución. En función de la dependencia del pH y de la importancia de la especiación acuosa, se propone un modelo de complejación superficial donde la especie acuosa predominante (Mz+) se adsorbe a la superficie libre el mineral, XOH, cumpliendo la siguiente reacción: La adsorción de los lantánidos y del itrio se produce a través del intercambio de uno o dos protones de la superficie de la basaluminita o de la schwertmannita, respectivamente, con los complejos sulfato acuoso, formando complejos superficiales monodentados con el mineral de aluminio y bidentados con el de hierro. En el caso del Sc, las especies acuosas ScSO4+ y Sc(OH)2+ forman complejos superficiales bidentados con ambos minerales. Complementando el modelo propuesto, el análisis de EXAFS del complejo YSO4+ adsorbido en la superficie basaluminita sugiere la formación de un complejo monodentado de esfera interna, coincidiendo con el modelo termodinámico propuesto. El modelo de complejación superficial, una vez validado, ha permitido evaluar y predecir la movilidad de REE en los sistemas de tratamiento pasivos y en zonas de mezcla de aguas ácidas con aportes alcalinos estudiados en el campo. La preferente retención de las tierras raras en la zona de la basaluminita precipitada en los sistemas de tratamiento pasivo ocurre por adsorción de las mismas a pH entre 5-6. La ausencia de tierras raras en la zona de schwertmannita se debe al bajo pH de su formación, inferior a 4, que impide la adsorción de las mismas. Sin embargo, debido a su menor pH de adsorción, una fracción de Sc puede quedar retenida en la schwertmannita. El modelo también predice correctamente la ausencia de REE en los precipitados de schwertmannita y el enriquecimiento de las tierras raras pesadas e intermedias respecto a las ligeras en los precipitados de basaluminita recogidos en el campo en las zonas de mezcla de aguas. Sin embargo, se ha observado una sistemática sobreestimación del fraccionamiento de las tierras raras en los precipitados de basaluminita. Este hecho se debe principalmente a que la precipitación del mineral no ocurre de forma síncrona con la adsorción, precipitando la basaluminita a partir de pH 4 y adsorbiendo tierras raras a pH más altos, entre 5 y 7, cuando las partículas sólidas han sido parcialmente dispersadas.
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10

Nandela, V. K. Reddy. "Clogging of drainage material in leachate collection systems." Ohio : Ohio University, 1992. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1172864667.

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Books on the topic "Drainage rate"

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Budni snevac Rade Drainac. Niš: Gradina, 1992.

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Hoos, Anne B. Recharge rates and aquifer hydraulic characteristics for selected drainage basins in middle and east Tennessee. Nashville, Tenn: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1990.

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Vanderhorst, James P. Sensitive plant survey in the Horse Prairie Creek drainage, Beaverhead County, Montana, Butte District, Bureau of Land Management. Helena, Mont: Montana Natural Heritage Program, 1995.

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Kimball, Briant A. Comparison of rates of hydrologic and chemical processes in a stream affected by acid mine drainage. S.l: s.n, 1991.

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Drainac između četnika i partizana: Egzegeza romana "Crni dani Rake Drainca". Beograd: Astimbo, 2002.

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Roe, Lisa Schassberger. Sensitive plant surveys in the Bull River and adjacent drainages, U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Region 1, Kootenai National Forest, Montana. Helena, Mont: Montana Natural Heritage Program, 1990.

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Porter, Anjeanette. Summary of southwestern willow flycatcher (Empidonax trailii extimus) surveys conducted in the Virgin River drainage, Washington County, Utah in 2000. Cedar City, UT: Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, 2000.

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Peterson, L. Cordell. Southwestern willow flycatcher occurrence and habitat in the Escalante River, Kanab Creek, and Paria River drainages in 1997. Cedar City, UT: Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, 1997.

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Flynn, Robert H. Generalized estimates from streamflow data of annual and seasonal ground-water-recharge rates for drainage basins in New Hampshire. Pembroke, N.H: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2004.

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Flynn, Robert H. Generalized estimates from streamflow data of annual and seasonal ground-water-recharge rates for drainage basins in New Hampshire. Pembroke, N.H: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Drainage rate"

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Wichelns, Dennis. "Increasing Block-Rate Prices for Irrigation Water Motivate Drain Water Reduction." In The Economics and Management of Water and Drainage in Agriculture, 275–94. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4028-1_14.

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Gichuhi, Getrude, and Stephen Gitahi. "Sustainable Urban Drainage Practices and Their Effects on Aquifer Recharge." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42091-8_67-1.

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AbstractBetween 1994 and 2006, an 18% increase of freshwater flow into the earth’s ocean was recorded, as well as extreme weather events such as prolonged drought and intense floods. Following this period was an era of increased evaporation from oceans and seas, which heightened global warming in Africa. This chapter proposes the use of man-made aquifers recharge processes as methods of draining water into the soil before the runoff water reaches water bodies. Source control involves controlling the volume of water entering drainage systems or rivers by cutting off runoff water through storing for reuse or evapotranspiration as seen in green roofs. Pre-treatment is the use of trenches to filter and remove contaminants from water before getting to water bodies. Retention systems on the other hand is controlling the rate at which water is discharged to waterways by providing water storage areas such as ponds, water retention areas, etc., while Infiltration Systems are areas that allow natural soaking of stormwater runoff to the ground naturally recharging the water table. The proposed methods will see replenishing of the water table, a great leap in the efforts of curbing global warming. This practice can easily be adopted by both individuals and government as we build more and more buildings creating a balance between the need for human settlement and the natural way of water replenishing itself. The methods do not introduce extra costs to an already existing budget. In some cases, the methods help to reduce the costs of projects especially in urban areas. Africa which hosts many of the growing countries sees and will continue to experience surges in urbanization. For such, these methods presented in this topic will be, if implemented, a best method to solve the urban drainage problems before this even occurs.
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Gichuhi, Getrude, and Stephen Gitahi. "Sustainable Urban Drainage Practices and Their Effects on Aquifer Recharge." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 809–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_67.

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AbstractBetween 1994 and 2006, an 18% increase of freshwater flow into the earth’s ocean was recorded, as well as extreme weather events such as prolonged drought and intense floods. Following this period was an era of increased evaporation from oceans and seas, which heightened global warming in Africa. This chapter proposes the use of man-made aquifers recharge processes as methods of draining water into the soil before the runoff water reaches water bodies. Source control involves controlling the volume of water entering drainage systems or rivers by cutting off runoff water through storing for reuse or evapotranspiration as seen in green roofs. Pre-treatment is the use of trenches to filter and remove contaminants from water before getting to water bodies. Retention systems on the other hand is controlling the rate at which water is discharged to waterways by providing water storage areas such as ponds, water retention areas, etc., while Infiltration Systems are areas that allow natural soaking of stormwater runoff to the ground naturally recharging the water table. The proposed methods will see replenishing of the water table, a great leap in the efforts of curbing global warming. This practice can easily be adopted by both individuals and government as we build more and more buildings creating a balance between the need for human settlement and the natural way of water replenishing itself. The methods do not introduce extra costs to an already existing budget. In some cases, the methods help to reduce the costs of projects especially in urban areas. Africa which hosts many of the growing countries sees and will continue to experience surges in urbanization. For such, these methods presented in this topic will be, if implemented, a best method to solve the urban drainage problems before this even occurs.
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Müller, G. H., A. Wunderlich, W. Schareck, U. T. Hopt, and H. Bockhorn. "Do Transplants with Venous Drainage into the Portal System Undergo Delayed Rejection?" In Microsurgical Models in Rats for Transplantation Research, 273–74. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61657-0_46.

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Gugenheim, J., D. Houssin, E. Martin, and H. Bismuth. "Decreased Graft Versus Host Reaction After Portal Venous Drainage of Spleen Grafts in Inbred Strains of Rats." In Microsurgical Models in Rats for Transplantation Research, 269–72. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61657-0_45.

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Sun, Bao-liang, Fang-min Xie, Ming-feng Yang, Ming-zhi Cao, Hui Yuan, Hai-tao Wang, Jing-ru Wang, and Li Jia. "Blocking Cerebral Lymphatic Drainage Deteriorates Cerebral Oxidative Injury in Rats with Subarachnoid Hemorrhage." In Early Brain Injury or Cerebral Vasospasm, 49–53. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0356-2_10.

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Merten, Dirk, Jörn Geletneky, Kathrin Lahl, and Georg Büchel. "Delineation of contamination flows produced by acid mine drainage in a former uranium mining site (Ronneburg, Eastern Thuringia, Germany) by the use of rare earth elements as tracers." In Uranium in the Aquatic Environment, 685–92. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55668-5_80.

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"drainage rate." In Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik, 413. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6_43485.

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"to deprive of rate for drainage." In Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik, 358. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6_41219.

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Mortimer, Peter S. "Chronic peripheral oedema and lymphoedema." In Oxford Textbook of Medicine, 3083–92. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199204854.003.1618_update_001.

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Abstract:
Lymph transport, not venous reabsorption, is the main process responsible for interstitial fluid drainage. All peripheral oedema is either absolute or relative lymph drainage failure. Oedema develops when the microvascular filtration rate exceeds lymph drainage for a sufficient period, either because the filtration rate is high or because lymph flow is low, or a combination of the two. Lymphoedema is strictly peripheral oedema due solely to a failure of lymph drainage. Most peripheral oedema arises from microvascular fluid filtration overwhelming lymph drainage, e.g. heart failure, but lymphoedema supervenes as lymph function declines if high filtration is sustained....
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Conference papers on the topic "Drainage rate"

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Noguchi, Masato, Yoshinobu Mizuno, and Sawami Nomura. "Estimation of the Runoff Rates from Non-Point Pollutant Sources Considering the Detachment Rate." In Ninth International Conference on Urban Drainage (9ICUD). Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40644(2002)225.

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Wojtenko, Izabela, Mary K. Stinson, and Richard Field. "High-Rate Disinfection of Combined Sewer Overflow." In Ninth International Conference on Urban Drainage (9ICUD). Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40644(2002)140.

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Skauge, Arne, and Susanne Poulsen. "Rate Effects on Centrifuge Drainage Relative Permeability." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/63145-ms.

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Stinson, Mary K., and John E. Schenk. "Verification Testing of High-Rate Mechanical Induction Mixers for Chemical Disinfectants." In Ninth International Conference on Urban Drainage (9ICUD). Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40644(2002)6.

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Di Donato, G., H. Lu, Z. Tavassoli, and M. J. Blunt. "Multi-Rate Transfer Dual Porosity Modeling of Gravity Drainage Imbibition." In SPE Reservoir Simulation Symposium. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/93144-ms.

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Yazdani, Ali, and Brij B. Maini. "Further Investigation of Drainage Height Effect on Oil Production Rate in Vapex." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/101684-ms.

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Timothy Krause and Marc E. Groenleer. "Expansion of a Hydraulically Limited Slow Rate Treatment System by Installing Subsurface Drainage." In 2005 Tampa, FL July 17-20, 2005. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.18897.

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Ahmadi, Hossein, Hamidreza Hamdi, and Christopher R. Clarkson. "Rate-Transient Analysis of Communicating Wells Using the Dynamic Drainage Area (DDA) Concept." In Unconventional Resources Technology Conference. Tulsa, OK, USA: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15530/urtec-2021-5443.

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Al Rabaani, Abdul Sallam, Martin Julian Blunt, and Ann Muggeridge. "Calculation of a Critical Steam Injection Rate for Thermally-Assisted Gas-Oil Gravity Drainage." In SPE Symposium on Improved Oil Recovery. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/113351-ms.

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Irani, Mazda, and Sahar Ghannadi. "Introduction of Steam-Assisted Gravity-Drainage Oil Rate Prediction Using the 5-LINE Model." In SPE Canada Heavy Oil Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/199933-ms.

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Reports on the topic "Drainage rate"

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Altschaeffl, A., and Sabanayagam Thevanayagam. Placement Rates for Highway Embankments with Vertical and Horizontal Drainage : Informational Report. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314135.

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Hendren, Zachary, and Gyu Dong Kim. Low Cost Rare Earth Element (REE) Recovery from Acid Mine Drainage Sludge. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1580053.

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Fayer, M. J., M. C. Richmond, M. S. Wigmosta, and M. E. Kelley. Estimates of deep drainage rates at the U.S. Department of Energy Pantex Plant, Amarillo, Texas. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/658180.

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Paterson, L., and J. Woollett. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Pre-project Rare Plant and Wildlife Surveys For the Pit 7 Drainage Diversion and Groundwater Extraction and Treatment Facility. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/920875.

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Werdon, M. B., and M. J. Blessington. Analyses of historic U.S. Bureau of Mines samples for geochemical trace-element and rare-earth-element data from the Porcupine River drainage, northeastern Alaska. Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, June 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.14509/27298.

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Recharge rates and aquifer hydraulic characteristics for selected drainage basins in middle and east Tennessee. US Geological Survey, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri904015.

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