Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Drainage devices'

Urbanisation, a process associated with industrialisation and development has been characterised by unsustainable impacts such as increased impervious surfaces, increased air pollution, increased use of natural resources, increased volume of surface run-off, decreased quality of surface run-off, and depletion of biodiversity and habitats. The effects of these impacts on the environment include climate change, flooding, erosion, pollution of water bodies, and destruction of aquatic life and biodiversity. Studies have shown that sustainable designs such as Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS) would help mitigate some of these effects sustainably. SuDS are natural drainage systems that simulate the natural drainage of a site/catchment and work in harmony to achieve increase in ground infiltration and treatment of runoff; and reduction in flow rates and volume of surface runoff, thereby improving storm water quality, reducing erosion, recharging groundwater, improving biodiversity and ultimately improving sustainability. However, sustainability of SuDS devices are questionable because their component parts involve the use of natural resources i.e. topsoil and gravel. The overall aim of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of the application of recycled/waste materials in performing at least as well as topsoil and gravel in vegetative SuDS, thereby improving water quality and overall sustainability. The materials applied were compost and recycled aggregates. In assessing their efficacy in vegetative SuDS, the risk these materials could pose to water quality was not overlooked but was considered in establishing an ideal model for the treatment of pollutants in vegetative SuDS. Results of this research showed that overall compost and recycled aggregates were able to perform at least as well as gravel and topsoil in vegetative SuDS in terms of characterisation, biofilm and vegetative development, and remediation of runoff pollutants thereby improving the sustainability of vegetative SuDS. Compared to gravel and topsoil, characterisation of compost and recycled aggregates was shown to be less expensive, less time consuming (except for recycled aggregates) and more sustainable, in terms of conserving natural resources. It was deduced that compost would be able to biodegrade organic pollutants in vegetative SuDS in varying conditions, compared to topsoil, thereby improving water quality. Vegetative growth in profiles containing compost were more prolific than those with topsoil alone, indicating that vegetative SuDS containing compost would attenuate stormwater and remediate pollutants by phytoremediation, better than topsoil. Results showed that compost and recycled aggregates performed as well as gravel and topsoil in remediating pollutants, with >98% of pollutants being retained mostly within the growth media, confirming that most pollutants are treated within the growth media of vegetative SuDS devices. This research was able to establish that SuDS components can be as unsustainable as components of conventional drainage systems in terms of their social, economic and environmental impacts; and that recycled materials could perform just as well as conventional materials, whilst improving their sustainability. This research further established that compost and recycled aggregates can be used in vegetative SuDS, such as swales, as literature has shown that the use of compost and recycled aggregates in vegetative SuDS has been limited to compost blankets and socks and substrates for green roofs. Suggestions for other waste materials that can be used instead topsoil and gravel in vegetative SuDS were also made. Results from this research were applied in the development of a swale model for the treatment of pollutants in vegetative SuDS.

Ce travail s’intéresse au phénomène de colmatage créé par la précipitation de la calcite dans les dispositifs des systèmes de drainage du réseau ferroviaire en particulier des lignes à grande vitesse (LGV). En effet, le colmatage de ces drains peut indirectement affecter la tenue géométrique de la voie. Maintenir les équipements hydrauliques dans leur état de fonctionnement optimal est un enjeu fort pour SNCF Réseau. L’objectif de cette recherche est de déterminer les processus et causes de l’entartrage et sa cinétique, en intégrant l’environnement naturel (géologie) et ferroviaire (matériaux anthropiques) ainsi que les types de dispositifs de drainage. La finalité de cette recherche est un double enjeu industriel: préventif et curatif. Les dysfonctionnements de ces dispositifs que ce soit en pleine voie ou en tunnel entrainent en effet une présence d’eau dans les structures d’assise des voies ferrées pouvant provoquer une dégradation de leurs caractéristiques mécaniques, et à terme induire des défauts de nivellement de rail pouvant mener à des impacts sur les circulations. L’obstruction des dispositifs de drainage par des dépôts carbonatés précipités est une cause majeure de réduction de la fonctionnalité de ces dispositifs sur le RFN : 546,8 km de linéaire de LGV (LN1 à LN6) sont potentiellement sous cet impact. Sur certaines lignes, cet impact est important. Par exemple, on a estimé que sur 78 km (LN2) de linéaire de LGV drainée par un collecteur drainant (CD), que le colmatage des CD lié à la précipitation de dépôts carbonatés pouvait représenter jusqu’à 80 % des cas de dysfonctionnement de drainage. Les techniques actuelles utilisées sont l’hydrocurage ou le marteau piqueur pour les dépôts très durcis mais tous les deux de faible rentabilité au vu du linéaire potentiellement colmaté. Afin de proposer des solutions innovantes de conception ou de traitement adaptées, l’étude des mécanismes en jeu a fait l’objet d’une campagne de mesures de plus de deux ans sur un site pilote de LGV (Chauconin, 77) instrumenté à cet effet permettant l’analyse des paramètres physico-chimiques de l’eau drainée ainsi que celle des dépôts précipités dans leur contexte géologique, géotechnique et hydrométéorologique. Cette approche a été complétée par l’étude de 8 sites complémentaires choisis en pleine voie et en tunnels à l’échelle de RFN et présentant une diversité de contextes environnementaux et ferroviaires. Le modèle hydrogéochimique développé ensuite sur cette base offre la possibilité de reproduire les processus observés sur le site de Chauconin: processus physique (Pluie-Débit) et processus physico-chimique (Modèle Transfert-Réaction), et de quantifier les quantités de dépôts prévisibles à terme dans les dispositifs. Ce modèle conceptuel est basé sur un modèle hydrologique empirique de deux réservoir de terrain en couplant les processus transport et réaction (dissolution – précipitation). Les premières analyses d’eau et de matériaux encaissants sur le site de Chauconin montrent que, en absence d’une nappe drainée, celle-ci est riche en calcium et sulfates. L’analyse fine des matériaux montre qu’une partie des matériaux rapportés utilisés dans la fondation de la plateforme ferroviaire contient du gypse dont la dissolution par l’eau d’infiltration pourrait expliquer la composition de l’eau du drainage. Les eaux sur les sites supplémentaires que soit avec une présence de nappe permanent ou temporelle, sont essentiellement calcium carbonate. La composition de ces eaux est cohérente avec la géologie calcaire. Le modèle développé peut être extensible à d’autres sites ferroviaires comme tunnels. A ce stade de notre travail de recherche, nous proposons donc un outil d’aide à la décision à double objectif : diagnostic du risque de précipitation de calcite et justification du choix des typologies de solutions techniques préventives ou curatives
This thesis focuses on the clogging phenomenon linked to the precipitation of calcite in high-speed line drainage systems (HSL). Indeed, the clogging of these drains can affect the geometric behavior of the track. Maintaining hydraulic devices in its optimal operating condition is a major challenge for SNCF Réseau. The objective of this research is to determine the processes and causes of calcite formation and its kinetics, by integrating the natural environment (geology) and railway context (anthropogenic materials) as well as the types of drainage devices. The purpose of this research has double industrial goals: preventive and curative. The dysfunction of the devices of the HSL drainage systems, whether along the track or in the tunnel, cause the presence of water in the foundation of the tracks, which can lead to a degradation of their mechanical characteristics, and in the long term induce rail levelling that can lead to impacts on traffic. The clogging of drainage devices by precipitated carbonate deposits is a major cause of reducing the functionality of these devices on the French Railway Networks (RFN): 546.8 km of HSL (Line 1 to 6) are potentially under this impact. In some ways, this impact is essential. For example, it has been estimated that over 78 km (HSL 2) of HSL equipped with draining collector, that the clogging of the devices related to the precipitation of carbonate deposits could represent up to 80% of cases of drainage dysfunction. The curent techniques used are the hydrocuring or the jackhammer for very hardened deposits but both of low profitability in view of the potentially clogged kilometers. In order to propose innovative design or treatment solutions adapted to the different site contexts, the study of the mechanisms involved was the subject of a site monitoring lasting more than two years at a HSL pilot site (Chauconin, 77) instrumented for this purpose allowing the analysis of the physico-chemical parameters of the drained water as well as that of precipitated deposits in their geological, geotechnical and hydrometeorological context. This approach was complemented by the study of 8 other complementary sites selected in full-scale of RFN including tunnels under variant geology as well as covering all existing drainage devices in the railway infrastructure.The hydrogeochemical model developed on this basis offers the possibility of reproducing the processes observed on the Chauconin site: the physical process (Rain-Flow) and the physicochemical process (Transfer-Reaction Model) according to their context in order to quantify predictably the deposits in the drainages devices. This conceptual model is based on an empirical hydrology model of two ground reservoir by coupling the processes of transfer and reaction (dissolution - precipitation). The first analysis of water and surrounding materials on the Chauconin site show that, in the absence of a drained aquifer, this drained water is rich in calcium and sulphates. The detailed analysis of the materials shows that some of the reported materials used in the foundation of the railway platform contain gypsum whose dissolution by infiltration water could explain the composition of the drained water. The waters on the additional sites with a presence of permanent or temporal aquifer are essentially calcium carbonate. These drained waters are consistent with their calcareous or Gypsums geology.The developed conceptual model could be expanded to other railway sites as tunnel. At this stage of our research work, we propose a conceptual decision-making tool with two objectives: diagnosis the calcite precipitation and justification of the choice of typologies of solutions

A field study of the feasibility and the performance of a sustainable drainage technique combined with a renewable energy device to provide heating in a domestic setting was carried out from March 2008 to November 2010 to acquire practical data about the system’s operation. Among all the sustainable drainage techniques, permeable pavement system (PPS) was selected to be applied in this project since this particular technique can be used for driveways and car-parking hard standings, but more specially they can be designed as a tanked system whereby an impermeable membrane is installed at the bottom of the tank in order to hold the rainwater collected as runoff from hard areas and roofs before releasing it in a controlled manner. The renewable energy device applied in this study is a ground source heat pump system (GSHP), which has been found in previous studies to provide a better performance when installed in wet conditions. Based on this, the PPS and the GSHP with horizontal ground heat exchanger (GHE) were integrated in a 350mm deep reservoir under ‘real life’ conditins. The combined system operated in heating mode in a family–sized, three bedrooms detached EcoHouse at the Building Research Establishment Innovation Park, Watford, UK. Monitoring the combined system included taking measurements of the temperature of the conditioned space, the ground around the PPS/GSHP system, and of the ambient air every 10 minutes. Assessing the performance of the PPS/GSHP system involved investigating the effect of extracting heat via the GHE on the ground temperature, the impact of the PPS/GSHP on the thermal profile of the air above the surface of the reservoir, and computing the PPS/GSHP coefficient of performance (CoP). The thesis includes information about the design of the PPS/GSHP system including the structure of the sub-base, types and size of the used aggregate and stone, the depth of the excavated reservoir amongst others, also the technical problems that materialized, largely due to the fact that the PPS/GSHP was installed and operating under real-life circumstances. Results obtained from the study provided evidence for the workability of the combined system in regards of stormwater management and of providing heat to the EcoHouse. However, monitoring the rainwater stored in the reservoir showed that, due to leakage, the top part of the buried coil was not covered with water. The monitoring also revealed that the rainwater surrounding parts of the coil was, in severe weather, frozen. Moreover, highly significant correlations (p<0.01) were calculated for the ambient air and the ground temperature relationships with the CoP. All of these factors resulted in a 1.8 coefficient of performance being obtained. This low figure was related to the shallow depth of the reservoir since it became clear that its ground temperature was greatly influenced by the ambient air temperature. The study also revealed that the evaporation process was prevented from occurring due to the Inbitex™ composite layer, as a result there was no significant effect on cooling the thermal profile of the air near the surface of the pavement. Furthermore, it was concluded that continuous heat extraction from the ground contributed to an underground temperature drop.

Glaucoma is a group of optic neuropathies that is the leading cause of irreversible visual impairment worldwide. Studies in the literature have demonstrated that reducing the intraocular pressure (IOP) to ten mmHg or less via medical, laser or surgical approaches can reduce the risk of glaucoma progression. Glaucoma drainage devices (GDDs) that shunt aqueous humour to the subconjunctival space suffer from complications including hypotony (< 5 mmHg), require expertise to insert and are at risk of failure due to fibrous encapsulation around the device which prevents aqueous humour drainage (at a rate of 10% per year). There is therefore a need for a device that can control IOP adequately to reduce glaucoma progression, has a lower failure rate than conventional devices and is easy to insert even by novice surgeons. The aim of this body of work is to develop a novel GDD, the BioChannel® that may fulfil these criteria. This thesis encompasses work performed to assess in vitro protein adsorption and cell adhesion to 3D-printed and hydrogel materials that could potentially be used with our device versus materials used in existing ophthalmic devices. We assessed flow control approaches and mechanisms of outflow resistance that may affect the IOP control of our device using novel microfluidic testing methods. We compared our prototype device to a biocompatible silicone tube used in current GDDs in an in vivo rabbit study. We demonstrated no significant difference in IOP control or inflammatory response on histological analysis between materials assessed. Future developments will revolve around optimising our device design, assessing the biocompatibility response of our preclinical device in a long-term in vivo study before preparation to assess the device in a clinical trial in human subjects.

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The main purpose of this work was to identify and to estimate the rainfall derived infiltration and inflow (IADP) into the sewer in a small city and to do an analysis of their influence on this collection system. This work was composed by field measurements on the sewage flowrate output and volume arriving to the Sewage Pumping Plant Station, simultaneously to the collection and measurement of rainfall on the corresponding same urban watershed area of the Borborema, in São Paulo State. The existing methodologies were divided in the follow steps: choosing and characterization of the working field; data collection of the sewage volume and flowrate; collection of the rainfall data; choosing and characterization of the data collected; employment of existing models and methodologies useful to the present available data, in order to derive the underground water infiltration rate and the overflow occurring in the sewage colletion network. The volumetric and percentile IADP were quantified. The constant unitary rate (TUC) was also estimated, by several ways. The results allowed obtaining mathematical formulations to derive the IADP and TUC of the Borborema s sewage network. Such mathematical formulations are suitable to be applied in urban areas of cities of a similar to that of Borborema. It was estimated that the IADP can generate flowrates 2,5 times greater than the sewage flows in dry weather and infiltration rates in the sewage network similar to those adopted for system design. The work allowed to estimate how complex are the infiltration and inflow of stormwater in the sewer network. The methodologies applied were quite simple and may be easily applied in other cities.
O objetivo precípuo desta pesquisa foi identificar e estimar a infiltração e o afluxo devidos da precipitação (IADP) na rede de esgoto sanitário em município de pequeno porte e efetuar uma análise da sua influência no sistema de esgotamento sanitário. Este trabalho foi realizado através da medição em campo de vazão e volume de esgoto sanitário a montante da EEE Estação Elevatória de Esgoto, simultaneamente com a coleta e medição da chuva precipitada na correspondente área urbanizada da bacia hidrográfica da cidade de Borborema/SP. As metodologias empregadas foram divididas nas seguintes fases: escolha e caracterização do local da pesquisa; coleta de dados de vazão e volume dos efluentes de esgotos sanitários e coleta de dados de precipitação de chuva no local do estudo; seleção e caracterização dos dados coletados; aplicação das metodologias e modelagens existentes possíveis de aplicar em função dos dados disponíveis, para a obtenção da taxa de infiltração das águas subterrâneas e da sobrecarga na rede de esgoto sanitário. Quantificou-se o IADP volumétrica e percentualmente. Calculou-se também a taxa unitária constante (TUC), sob diferentes formatos. Os resultados desta pesquisa permitiram a obtenção de equações matemáticas para avaliação da IADP e da TUC do sistema de esgoto da cidade de Borborema que possivelmente poderão ser aplicadas em áreas urbanizadas de outras cidades do mesmo porte. Estimou-se que a IADP pode gerar volumes 2,5 vezes maiores que o volume de esgotos em tempo seco, bem como taxas de infiltração na rede coletora próximas àquelas adotadas para cálculo da rede. O trabalho possibilitou avaliar quão complexos são a infiltração e o afluxo de águas de chuva na rede de esgoto sanitário. Os métodos empregados, tanto de coleta quanto de modelagem, foram muito simples e podem ser aplicados em outras cidades com certa facilidade.

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Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado de S?o Paulo - FAPESP
In view of the large volume of waste generated by the construction industry coupled with the growing understanding of environmental preservation by the population, it was necessary to carry out studies with the firm intention of reusing these wastes. This work focuses on the residues generated in the area of road pavement construction, especially those resulting from the maintenance, restoration and improvement of roads paved with asphalt concrete. As the use of this material is not always carried out in a technical and adequate way, even though several studies are directed to the good technique of using recycled asphalt pavement, this work intends to present another technical form for the application of this important residue, to use in the construction of rigid concrete barriers and in gutters, half wire and gutters. These services normally run within the road works, that is, it aims to keep the material generated within the limits of the generating source. In order to achieve this, studies focused on meeting the technical specifications of the National Department of Infrastructure and Transport (DNIT) and the Department of Roads of the State of S?o Paulo (DER-SP), minimizing the output of milling from the generating source, considering that these public agencies are the main sources of this waste and performers of the services for which it is intended. This study compared the physical characteristics of conventional concrete and concrete with embedded asphalt milling, thus evaluating its technical, economic feasibility and environmental. The study was carried out in concrete with a characteristic compressive strength of 25MPa, intended for road safety elements, and at 20MPa for surface drainage elements. It was observed that the increase of recycled asphalt pavement in the concrete mixture directly influences the mechanical resistance, reducing its resistant capacity. When analyzing the substitution content of recycled asphalt pavement in the mix, it was found that percentages higher than 15% substantially affect the concrete's strength properties. The concrete with recycled asphalt pavement presents less rise and absorption of water by capillarity, as well as less absorption in the test of immersion, important qualities for mixtures that will be destined to the manufacture of structures that will be exposed to the elements or the contact with the water. The use of this residue in the concrete generates reduction in the cost of manufacture, besides providing reduction of the emission of greenhouse gases (CO2). In Brazil, it can be estimated that the use of asphalt milling in the concretes studied, can generate the approximate annual reduction of 270 thousand tCO2, besides saving approximately US$ 97 million/year through the sale of CO2 ("green" income) And the reduction of costs with the acquisition of natural raw materials extracted from deposits (sand and crushed stone), as well as to finance with this amount the construction of approximately 23 thousand popular residences of 40m2.
Tendo em vista o grande volume gerado de res?duos pela ind?stria da constru??o aliado ao fato do crescente entendimento pela popula??o da preserva??o ambiental, fez-se necess?ria a realiza??o de estudos com o firme prop?sito de reutiliz?-los. Este trabalho foca no res?duo gerado na ?rea da constru??o de pavimenta??o vi?ria, principalmente naqueles advindos das obras de manuten??o, restaura??o e melhoria do leito vi?rio pavimentado revestido com concreto asf?ltico. Como a utiliza??o deste material ? realizada nem sempre de forma t?cnica e adequada, mesmo tendo diversos estudos direcionados ? boa t?cnica de utiliza??o do fresado asf?ltico, este trabalho tem a pretens?o de apresentar mais uma forma t?cnica para a aplica??o deste importante res?duo, o de utilizar na constru??o de barreiras r?gidas de concreto e em canaletas, meios fio e sarjetas. Servi?os estes normalmente executados dentro das obras vi?rias, ou seja, visa manter o material gerado dentro dos limites da fonte geradora. Para isso, foram realizados estudos focados em atender as especifica??es t?cnicas do Departamento Nacional de Infraestrutura e Transporte (DNIT) e do Departamento de Estradas de Rodagem do Estado de S?o Paulo (DER-SP) em parte das obras de seguran?a vi?ria e drenagem, tendo em vista que estes ?rg?os p?blicos tem o dom?nio das principais fontes geradoras deste res?duo e s?o executores dos servi?os ao qual se destina. Este estudo comparou as caracter?sticas f?sicas do concreto convencional e do concreto com fresado asf?ltico incorporado, avaliando assim a sua viabilidade t?cnica, econ?mica e ambiental. O estudo foi realizado em concreto com resist?ncia caracter?stica ? compress?o de 25MPa, destinado a elementos de seguran?a vi?ria, e com 20MPa, para os elementos de drenagem superficial. Foi constatado que o incremento de fresado asf?ltico na mistura do concreto influencia diretamente nas resist?ncias mec?nicas, reduzindo sua capacidade resistente. Ao analisar o teor de substitui??o de fresado asf?ltico na mistura, foi constatado que percentuais superiores a 15% afetam substancialmente as propriedades mec?nicas do concreto. O concreto com fresado asf?ltico apresenta menor ascens?o e absor??o de ?gua por capilaridade, bem como menor absor??o no ensaio de imers?o, qualidades importantes para misturas que ser?o destinadas ? fabrica??o de estruturas que ficar?o expostas ?s intemp?ries ou ao contato com a ?gua. O uso deste res?duo no concreto gera redu??o no custo de fabrica??o, al?m de proporcionar redu??o da emiss?o de gases do efeito estufa (CO2). No Brasil, pode-se estimar que o uso do fresado asf?ltico nos concretos estudados, pode gerar a redu??o anual aproximada de 270mil tCO2, al?m de possibilitar economia aproximada de US$ 97 milh?es/ano atrav?s da comercializa??o do CO2 (renda ?verde?) e da redu??o de custos com a aquisi??o de mat?rias primas naturais extra?das de jazidas (areia e pedra britada), bem como financiar com este valor a constru??o de aproximadamente 23mil resid?ncias populares de 40m?.

This diploma thesis deals with health-technical and gas piping in the asylum building. The topic Rain Water Handling is the theoretical part where the usage of water is discussed according to the legal regulations and its functionality. The computational and project part deals with sewerage, water and gas distribution system in this two floors non-cellar asylum building. This bachelor thesis is written according to Czech and European regulations

碩士
國立清華大學
化學工程學系
89
Silicone rubber (SR) membranes were modified via plasma-induced graft copolymerization of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) to enhance the biocompatibility. The chemical composition of the surface of the pMPC-grafted SR was analyzed using ATR-FTIR and ESCA, while the surface morphologies and cross-sections of the membranes were examined by SEM. The SR surface appeared homogeneously grafted with pMPC. Contact angle analysis revealed that the pMPC-grafted SR films organized more hydrophilic surfaces than the controlled film. The contact angle decreased from 100 degrees to around 20 degrees at last. Tensile tests revealed that the plasma-induced polymerization of pMPC could modify the surface properties of SR without altering its bulk mechanical properties. Furthermore, in vitro tests were performed to evaluate the biocompatibility of the modified SR membranes. In contrast to the controlled SR membrane, the surfaces of the pMPC-grafted SR membranes tend to effectively reduce the adsorption of bovine serum albumin (BSA), suppress the adhesion of platelets and blood cells, and effectively suppress the attachment and proliferation of fibroblasts when the grafted pMPC reaches a certain value (P/Si = 0.034). After then, the pMPC-grafted SR membranes were implanted into the sclera using Zelanian rabbits as animal model. Pathological studies showed a large number of migratory cells tended to embrace the controlled SR membrane. After implanted for three weeks, there was a thick layer of fibrotic tissue ensheathing the Ar-plasma-treated SR membrane, and the thickness of which was about 12.5μm. Marvelously, there was little inflammatory lymphocytes or white blood cells gathering around the pMPC-grafted SR (P/Si = 0.035, 0.067 and 0.096) membranes. The thickness of fibrotic capsule surrounding the pMPC-grafted SR(P/Si = 0.035 and 0.067) membranes was reduced to about 2.6μm, and inapparent fibrosis was observed around the pMPC-grafted SR(P/Si = 0.096) membrane in three weeks. The interaction between the surface of the pMPC-grafted SR and the tissue of the subconjunctiva remained gentle in six weeks. The pMPC-grafted SR (P/Si >0.035) materials are highly promising for the drainage devices in the treatment of glaucoma.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
機械工程系機電整合碩士班
106
The purpose of this study was to design a novel lymphatic drainage device and verify the safety and the effectiveness of this device. According to the statistics, there are about 140 million patients have been suffering from lymphedema in the world. Lymphedema is caused by the slow circulation of the lymphatic system, that leads to the body tissue accumulate excessive lymph fluid. Currently, lymphedema is a long-term chronic disease and that is no cure for current medical technology. Most of the patients could reduce the symptoms of lymphedema through the corresponding treatment at different stages. The treatments include wearing pressure-clothes or pressure-pants or pressure-gloves、physical therapy、medical therapy、even surgery etc. Therefore, this study was to design a novel lymphatic drainage device for the patients of lymphedema. Its expected that the device could replace the function which autonomous lymph nodes and that could filter excessive lymph liquid returned to the patients vein. Its so as to relieve symptoms of the disease. The structure of the novel lymphatic drainage device includes micro-pump、membrane、filter、tube and controller. First, the micro-pump assessed the working principle of three types:rotary-pump、reciprocating-pump and piezoelectric-pump and tested the work effective and biocompatibility. Besides, the Nylon membrane that the pore size including 40 μm、0.8 μm、0.22 μm and the Polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membrane that the pore size including 5 μm、0.65 μm、0.22 μm to assess the effective and the reusable, and the design of filter included size、exterior、material and the way of placement. The experiment result showed the device integrated the piezoelectric-pump and filter and controller to obtain the drainage efficiency of design optimization, and whether the device has filter to compare the work effectiveness of the micro-pump. Finally in vitro rat experiment in Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and it successfully validated the novel lymphatic drainage device that could drain lymph fluid to return to the vein. The next stage of research will improve the device’s size and reliable, for preparing the development of the micro-implantable lymphatic drainage device.

碩士
國立成功大學
水利及海洋工程學系碩士在職專班
107
Quick draining of rainfall in backfill around behind retaining wall by retaining wall drainage holes is critical for the soil and water preservation conservation performance of retaining wall. However, retaining wall drainage hole is commonly clogged by lacking adequate drainage filter or drainage device. Clogged drainage leads to structural overload, even failure of retaining wall. The failure of retaining wall worsens landslide disaster. With laboratory experiment, this paper first examined the turbid water drainage and sediment drainage of hemisphere type drainage device and old sheet type drainage device under conditions with or without graded boulder in backfill around. Then, for various seepage dip angle, the theoretical maximum turbid water drainage and sediment drainage (hollowing) of drainage holes of plum blossom type (staggered) configuration are derived. The experiment results show that without graded boulder in backfill around, old sheet type drainage device has turbid water drainage ratio of 7.09% and sediment drainage ratio of 61.54%; with graded boulder in backfill around, old sheet type drainage device has turbid water drainage ratio of 51.75% and sediment drainage ratio of 12.88%. In both cases, sediment drainage ratio increases rapid seriously because of turbid water drainage ratio increase. Without graded boulder in backfill around, hemisphere type drainage device has turbid water drainage ratio of 6.36% and sediment drainage ratio of 22.86%; with graded boulder in backfill around, hemisphere type drainage device has turbid water drainage ratio of 45.24% and sediment drainage ratio of 2.81%. By experiment results, the 12.88% sediment drainage ratio of old sheet type drainage device is about 4.58 times of the 2.81% sediment drainage ratio of hemisphere type drainage device. Hence, it is verified that the hemisphere type drainage device (plastic filter stones in hemisphere) has less sediment drainage and will not hollow backfill behind retaining wall. Conclusion of this paper provided a reference to department of designing and planning and engineering, those who designed always depend on the designing by empirical, because of bother in lack of proper criterion. To avoid from the reinforce concrete over designed, or lack of filter layer of retaining wall happened repeatedly.

The mining that gave rise to Johannesburg as a city has left in its wake pieces of geologically disturbed, disused, and unusable land. These leftover fragments of landscape carry with them, not only memory of the city’s foundations, but scars of the mining processes that now render them unusable - Not only do these vaguescapes have potential for the memory within them to be unearthed, but they are highly polluted, and seek to be reimagined as productive city spaces. The chosen site, an abandoned piece of mineland with a concealed old mine shaft; on the edge of a highway on the fringe of the CBD, is simultaneously highly visible to the city, but forgotten to it. Its positioning is unique in that it allows for the potential for the extraction of the mine pollutants and site remediation to become a highly visible process. Understanding and uncovering layers and traces of the site as means of understanding what is possible on this highly polluted landscape became an important architectural and design generator. The architecture consolidates and reimagines the fragments of ruin, both physical and ephemeral, contained on the site, and curates the users experience through these forgotten traces. Its programme - a colour plant, which extracts useful metallic colour pigments from the contaminated earth, becomes a visceral reminder of these past traces ;and a recording device for the current consequences of past mining activity. The approach is an almost critical speculation. The age of the picturesque landscape is no more. Our effects on the land have depleted the earth and diseased its rhythms. But these unstable consequences hold possibilities that can be engaged with imaginatively; rather than merely re-mediated. How can architecture engage with this instability? The project accepts the presence of rising acid mine water; and imagines a new reality emerging from it. The project is a comment on our own epoch; one where waste, toxicity and radiation are so rife, that they are now a quiet, sinister backdrop to our world. More than an apocalyptic future, this project deals with a dystopian present. The precarious site conditions pose questions for an architecture which can engage with the instability, and not merely withstand it. The architectural concern is to render visible and intensify a consciousness of these traces, to investigate a palimpsest infrastructure. Colour, like architecture is a link between the conscious and the subconscious. It is a mediator between the realms. It holds possibilities for suggesting and molding atmospheres and perceptions. The architecture negotiates all the realms, concerned with past, present and future. It consolidates and makes apparent the traces but it is also developed with an awareness that it becomes part of these traces. It is an intervention which aims to heighten an awareness of the presence of the past in the life of the city; and also as palimpsest infrastructure; as a recording device for the geological happenings of the earth.

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Biomédica
Em Portugal, anualmente, cerca de 6000 novos casos de cancro da mama são detetados e cerca de 25% a 50%, desses casos, desenvolverão edema linfático, devido à interação, consequente, entre o tratamento e os gânglios linfáticos, pelo que devem recorrer a especialistas para evitar ou abrandar este desenvolvimento e fazer exercícios de reabilitação para o membro afetado. Para tal, os terapeutas podem recorrer a várias técnicas, uma das quais, a drenagem linfática manual (DLM), que, contudo, devido a vários fatores, como a minuciosidade dos movimentos, é um pouco desvalorizada. O objetivo primordial desta dissertação foi realizar um estudo sobre esta técnica e os dispositivos a ela relacionados. Este estudo iniciou-se por compreender o funcionamento do sistema linfático e do surgimento dos edemas, onde, posteriormente, se abordou a drenagem linfática manual, especialmente, as manobras nela envolvidas. Por outro lado, procurou-se a existência de dispositivos médicos, neste âmbito. Esta primeira investigação comprovou a nossa teoria/hipótese de que esta ainda é uma área pouco explorada no que diz respeito a haver consenso nos métodos apropriados para a realização da técnica, assim como a dispositivos médicos capazes de os reproduzir. Devido à complexidade dos movimentos constituintes, houve a necessidade de focar, o dispositivo, num grupo de manobras, as manobras de chamada, nas faces posteriores, do braço e antebraço, pelo que foi essencial um estudo antropométrico que revelasse os comprimentos e larguras dos braços, tanto saudáveis como edematosos, assim como avaliar a área de contacto entre o terapeuta e o braço lesionado para compreender em que medida, estes valores, poderiam influenciar as dimensões do dispositivo. O segundo objetivo focou-se, então, no design e, posteriormente, no protótipo, recorrendo ao software SolidWorks® 2018. Todas as escolhas referentes à forma e dimensões de cada uma das componentes, deste modelo, foram devidamente justificadas, assim como o material que as compõe. Foi, também, explicado o funcionamento do dispositivo, a partir da ótica do utilizador, promovendo a compreensão de todas as etapas que este deve cumprir para que o tratamento decorra sem problemas, assim como da ótica do mecanismo, que pretende elucidar sobre as funções que este deve realizar, determinando, explicitamente, o tipo, orientação, velocidade e duração dos movimentos a serem executados. Finalmente, este é um projeto pioneiro que irá, certamente, promover o envolvimento da drenagem linfática no mercado dos dispositivos médicos. Apesar de alguns estudos serem necessários, para colmatar algumas falhas deste modelo, com certeza a existência de um protótipo irá incentivar a sociedade a apostar nesta área.
Annually, in Portugal, about 6000 new cases of breast cancer are detected and about 25% to 50% of these cases will develop lymphatic edema due to the consequent interaction between the treatments and the lymph nodes. As so, patients need to seek the help of specialists to prevent or slow down this development and to do rehabilitation exercises for the affected limb. To this end, therapists can use distinct techniques, one of which is manual lymphatic drainage (MLD). MLD is somewhat undervalued technique due to various factors, such as the thoroughness of movements. One of the goals of this dissertation was to conduct a study on this technique and the devices related to it. In a first instance, this thesis allows to understand how the lymphatic system works and how edemas appear. Then, the focus was on manual lymphatic drainage and, especially, the maneuvers involved in this technique. On the other hand, we looked for the existence of medical devices in this area. This first stage helped proving that this is still an unexplored area, nor there is consensus on the appropriate methods for performing the technique, as well as medical devices capable of reproducing them. Because of the complexity of the constituent movements, there was a need to focus the device on a group of maneuvers, the posterior arm and forearm call maneuvers. So, an anthropometric study that revealed the lengths and widths of both the healthy and edematous arms was essential. On the same note, it was also important to evaluate the contact area between the therapist and the injured arm to understand to what extent these values could influence the dimensions of the device. The second objective then focused on the design and the prototyping of a device to fulfill the still existing void regarding the lymphatic drainage. The prototype was design resorting to the SolidWorks® 2018 software. All the choices regarding the shape and dimensions of each of the components of this model were duly justified, as well as the materials composing them. The operation of the device was also explained from the user's point of view, promoting the understanding of all the steps that it must follow for the treatment to run smoothly. Also, a full disclosure from the mechanism's point of view is provided, which aims to elucidate the functions that it must perform, explicitly determining the type, orientation, speed and duration of the movements to be performed. Finally, this is a pioneering project that will certainly promote the involvement of lymphatic drainage in the medical devices market. By offering a first prototype, this thesis aims at the usage of medical devices to leverage manual techniques to more approachable ones. Nevertheless, it is important to emphasize that additional studies are needed to bring this prototype to production.

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Civil
Os sistemas de aproveitamento de águas pluviais permitem substituir a água de uso doméstico, sem exigência de potabilidade, por água pluvial devidamente recolhida, tratada e fornecida. Para que um sistema de aproveitamento de águas pluviais seja considerado sustentável, é preciso que seja: ecologicamente correto, economicamente viável, socialmente justo, e culturalmente diverso. O elemento chave num sistema de aproveitamento de águas pluviais é o dispositivo first-flush, que permite desviar as primeiras chuvas, que transportam consigo uma carga significativa de elementos poluentes e não são adequadas sequer para usos não potáveis. Esta dissertação apresenta um estudo teórico e experimental da problemática do aproveitamento das águas pluviais em habitações unifamiliares. Tem como objetivo específico adaptar um sistema de aproveitamento de águas pluviais instalado em laboratório, incorporando um dispositivo first-flush, e descrever o seu funcionamento hidráulico em sistemas de drenagem sifónica. Efetuaram-se ensaios experimentais para determinar os volumes de água rejeitada e armazenada em função do período de funcionamento das válvulas. Optou-se, na realização dos ensaios, por um igual caudal debitado próximo de 3,5 Ls-1, por diversas durações de precipitação (4, 5 e 6 min) e diversos períodos de funcionamento do dispositivo first-flush (aproximadamente o valor de 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5 min). Observou-se, igualmente, o escoamento no interior das condutas, utilizando um corante (azulde- metileno). Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que o modelo experimental utilizado apresenta, já transposto para a realidade, uma área de cobertura próxima de 150 m2, segundo a ETA 0701. Relativamente ao período de tempo em que ocorre o desvio de água a rejeitar, este deve ser sempre inferior a 3 minutos e 18 segundos. Os maiores níveis de água alcançados na cobertura são no momento de entrada em pressão devido ao aumento do volume de água existente na tubagem. Por fim, em relação à visualização do escoamento verificou-se que o movimento da água ocorre sem qualquer retorno, evitando a possível contaminação de água mais limpa, e a sua velocidade é elevada e uniforme para tubagem de igual diâmetro.
Rainwater harvesting systems allows the use of properly collected, treated and supplied rainwater for domestic use in situations without good water quality requirement. To be sustainable, a rainwater harvesting system must be truly ecological, economically viable, socially fair and culturally diverse. The key element for this system is the first-flush device, which allows the deviation of the collected rainwater during the first few min of a major rainfall event, which carry a significant load of pollutants and are not suitable even for non potable use. This dissertation presents a theoretical and experimental study of rainwater harvesting in single family dwellings. The main aims are to adapt a rainwater harvesting system installed in a laboratory, by incorporating a first-flush device, and to describe the hydraulic operation of siphonic drainage systems. Experiments were carried out in order to determine the volumes of stored and discarded water, according to the period of valves operation. It was chosen, during the experiments, an equal water flow rate around 3,5 Ls-1 and different rainfall durations (4, 5 and 6 min), as well as different periods of operation of the first-flush device (about 1 2, 3, 4 and 5 min). The flow inside the pipelines was observed by means of a tracer (methylene blue). The results from the experimental model used show (transposed into reality) a coverage area around 150 m2. Relating to the period of time in which the rejected water diversion occurs, this should be always less than 3 minutes and 18 seconds. The higher water levels in the coverage were achieved instant when the system becomes pressurized due to the increase of water volume into pipes and because it was a free surface flow. Finally, in relation to the visualization of the flow, it was found that the movement of water occurs without any feedback, avoiding possible contaminations of the clean water, and its velocity is high and uniform for pipes with the same diameter.