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Published: 11 September 2023

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1

Keerthivasan, K. C., and S. Nandhakumar. "Fabrication and Testing of Downdraft Gasifier for Solid Biomass." Applied Mechanics and Materials 854 (October 2016): 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.854.142.

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Bio mass was the fuel used for combustion and produce thermal energy. Gasification was a thermo chemical process it convert solid fuel into gaseous fuel. Gasification is the operation used to produce the combustible gas by burning solid biomass, that combustible gas is also named as producer gas. We are using downdraft gasifier to generate producer gas, why because the down draft gasifier produce a lesser amount of tar content and minimum pressure drop. In our country, large amount of solid waste like coconut shell, groundnut shell, carpentry wastage, bagasse this kind of waste is easily combustible biomass. So we can use that combustible waste to run the down draft gasifier to produce the producer gas. We have fabricated the down draft gasifier with 3.5kW power generation. Performance of gasifier has been analysed in-terms of different zone temperatures and pressure drop, wood consumption this things would be experimentally investigated.

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2

N.A.KURESHI, N. A. KURESHI, V. H. MODI V.H.MODI, and S. D. RAJKOTIA S.D.RAJKOTIA. "Performance and Development of Down Draft Gasifier: a Review." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 5 (June 1, 2012): 139–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/may2013/49.

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3

Jangsawang, Woranuch. "Performance testing of a downdraft biomass gasifier stove for cooking applications." MATEC Web of Conferences 204 (2018): 04011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201820404011.

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A down draft biomass gasifier stove with four steps of cleaning gas system was developed to produce the producer gas for replacing LPG for cooking applications in lunch project for the student in rural school area. This project has been implemented at Bangrakam primary school that located at Pitsanuloke Province, Thailand. The biomass fuels used are Mimosa wood twigs. The gasifier stove was developed based on down draft fixed bed gasifier with the maximum fuel capacity of fourteen kilograms. The performance testing of the biomass gasifier stove showed that the heating value of the producer gas is 4.12 MJ/Nm3 with the thermal efficiency in the percentage of 85.49. The results from this study imply that it has high potential to replace LPG with producer gas.

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4

Bhattacharya, S. C., and A. K. Basak. "Performance of a down-draft charcoal gasifier." Applied Energy 26, no. 3 (1987): 193–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-2619(87)90019-5.

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5

Siva Kumar, S., K. Pitchandi, and E. Natarajan. "Modeling and Simulation of Down Draft Wood Gasifier." Journal of Applied Sciences 8, no. 2 (January 1, 2008): 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jas.2008.271.279.

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6

Radwan, Aly. "C++ Software Program for Downdraft Gasifier Design and Development." Journal of Technology Innovations and Energy 1, no. 2 (March 3, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.56556/jtie.v1i2.152.

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Biomass gasification is an important process of converting biomass into a gaseous fuel through a sequence processes of thermochemical reactions. Prototype of down draft gasifier was designed to generate synthesis gas for house hold applications. C++ Software Program for the design and development of downdraft gasification system was done.

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7

Kane, Moustapha, Candela De la Sota, Mar Viana, and Issakha Youm. "Laboratory estimation of elemental and organic carbon emissions from advanced biomass stoves in Senegal." Journal de Physique de la SOAPHYS 2, no. 1b (March 5, 2021): C20A11–1—C20A11–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.46411/jpsoaphys.2020.01.11.

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In this study, we tested a natural draft gasifier, currently implemented in Senegal and the traditional three stones fire (TSF) in the laboratory, using the protocol of water boiling test (WBT). Pollutants emissions from three types of biomass full were investigated in this work. Our results show that, burning the same wood (Cordyla Pinnata, dimb), the gasifier had a fuel consumption 37% lower than the traditional three stones, and decrease emissions factors of fine particulate matter (PM) by 74%, organic carbon (OC) by 59 % and elemental carbon (EC) by 55%. The gasifier has also shown to reduce fuel used and emissions compared with the three stones using Casuarina Equisetifolia (Filao) though to a minor extent: 24 % in fuel consumption and emissions reduction of 53% of PM, 55% of OC and 18% EC. The micro-gasifier using typha pellets is the cooking system the most efficient with a reduction 70% of fuel and more than 85% of emissions comparing to the 3-stones-dimb combination. Our results agree with other studies and confirm that gasifier have a very low fuel consumption and low emissions of climate forcing particles. Further field studies are needed to evaluate the adoption of these new stoves and fuels and to analyze fuel consumption and emissions under real-world cooking practice

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8

Stephenson, J. D., and G. M. Reistad. "Analysis of a Wood-Fueled Trimburner System for Use in a Combined-Cycle, Wood-Fired Power Plant." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 110, no. 2 (May 1, 1988): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3268249.

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This paper investigates the use of wood to fuel a trimburner incorporated in a combined-cycle, wood-fired power plant. The trimburner is designed to boost the temperature of the air stream entering the gas turbine. Wood conversion processes capable of producing a clean synthetic fuel were investigated since direct wood combustion products are too “dirty” to be allowed to pass through the turbine blading. Of the three wood conversion processes considered (pyrolysis, gasification, methanol production), gasification was selected as the most applicable process for the trimburner concept. Three wood-fired trimburner systems employing an up-draft gasifier design were developed and simulated. These subsystems differ in the way the producer gas, formed in the gasifier, was compressed to the trimburner operating pressure. The effects of changing system variables, such as wood moisture content and gasifier air/fuel equivalence ratio, on the performance of the subsystems and the overall system were evaluated. It was determined that the most efficient operation of all the trimburner subsystems occurred at the lowest allowable operating gasifier equivalence ratio, about 0.275. Increasing the wood moisture content from 15 percent to 50 percent decreased the efficiency of the overall system about 3 percentage points, regardless of the specific trimburner system. At the usual wood moisture content of 50 percent, the best trimburner system, operating at the optimum equivalence ratio, increased the overall system performance about 8 percent (1.7 percentage points) relative to the equivalent metallic heat exchanger based system with no trimburner. The system that used air from the gas turbine compressor in a pressurized gasifier exhibited slightly superior performance (approximately 0.5 percentage points) relative to the system using the other trimburner designs. However, this performance superiority must be tempered since the pressurized gasifier system is more sensitive to the efficiency of the heat exchanger used to recover energy from the dirty producer gas.

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9

Gumino, Brian, Nicholas A. Pohlman, Jonathan Barnes, and Paul Wever. "Design Features and Performance Evaluation of Natural-Draft, Continuous Operation Gasifier Cookstove." Clean Technologies 2, no. 3 (July 15, 2020): 252–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol2030017.

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Biomass cookstoves are used as a common source of heating and cooking in developing countries with most improved cookstove design focusing on developing efficiency in thermal conversion of fuels and safer operation than open flame fires. A top-lit-up-draft (TLUD) cookstove utilizes a gasification process similar to pyrolysis where the solid biomass fuels are heated within a oxygen-limited environment and the syngas are burned which reduces carbon content and particulate matter being introduced into the air. The new continuous-operation design is described to have features for: (1) safe addition of solid fuels during combustion of syngas, (2) removal of biochar at the primary air inlet to manage gasification location, and (3) temperature control of the cooksurface through adjustable exhaust paths. The designed cookstove is found to have a diameter to height ratio 0.42-0.47 in order to offer the cleanest burning of the biofuel. The cooking surface is experimentally studied and the thermal gradient is found for compressed wood pellets. Tracking of the coal-bed is studied as a function of time in order to better understand when additional fuel should be added to ensure constant cooking temperature and operation. Numerous exhaust paths explore the cookstove user’s ability to control the temperature contour of the cooksurface.

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10

Patil, K. N., R. N. Singh, and S. U. Saiyed. "Case study of SPRERI natural draft gasifier installation at a ceramic industry." Biomass and Bioenergy 22, no. 6 (June 2002): 497–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0961-9534(02)00009-0.

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11

Panwar, N. L. "Performance of open core down draft gasifier with densified agro residue fuel." International Journal of Sustainable Energy 30, no. 5 (October 2011): 302–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1478646x.2010.509505.

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12

Sanjaya, Ari Susandy, S. Suhartono, and Herri Susanto. "Pemanfaatan gasifikasi batubara untuk unit pengeringan teh." Jurnal Teknik Kimia Indonesia 5, no. 2 (October 2, 2018): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/jtki.2006.5.2.6.

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Coal gasification utilization for tea drying unit. Anticipating the rise of fuel oil, the management of a tea plantation and drying plant has considered to substitute its oil consumption with producer gas (gaseous fuel obtained from gasification process). A tea drying unit normally consumes 70 L/h of industrial diesel oil and is operated 10 hours per day. The gasification unit consisted of a down draft fixed bed gasifier (designed capacity of about 100 kg/h), gas cooling and cleaning systems. The gas producer was delivered to the tea processing unit and burned to heat the drying oil: Low calorific value coal (4500 kcal/kg) and wood waste (4000 kcal/kg) have been used as fuel. The gasification unit could be operated as long as 8 hours without refueled since the coal hopper on the toppart of gasifier has a capacity of 1000 kg. Sometimes, the gasification process must be stopped before coal completely consumed due to ash melting inside the gasifier. Combustion of producer gas produced a pale-blue flame, probably due to a lower calorific value of the producer gas or too much excess air. Temperature of heating-air heated by combustion of this producer gas was only up to 96 oC. To achieve the target temperature of 102 oC, a small oil burner must he operated at a rate ofabout 15 L/h. Thus the oil replacement was about 78%.Keywords: Fuel oil, Producer gas, Downdraft gasifier, Dual fuel, Calorific value, Burner. AbstrakKenaikan harga bahan bakar minyak untuk industri pada awal 2006 telah mendorong berbagai pemikiran dan upaya pemanfaatan bahan bakar alternatif. Sebuah unit gasifikasi telah dipasang di pabrik teh sebagai penyedia bahan bakar alternatif. Unit gasifikasi tersebut terdiri dari gasifier, pendingin, pembersih gas, dan blower. Unit gasifikasi ini ditargetkan untuk dapat menggantikan konsumsi minyak bakar 70 L/jam. Gasifier dirancang untuk kapasitas 120 kg/jam batubara, dan memiliki spesifikasi sebagai berikut: downdraft gasifier; diameter tenggorokan 40 cm, diameter zona reduksi 80 cm. Bunker di bagian atas gasifier memiliki kapasitas sekitar 1000 kg batubara agar gasifier dapat dioperasikan selama 8 jam tanpa pengisian-ulang. Bahan baku gasifikasi yang telah diuji-coba adalah batuhara kalori rendah (4500 kcal/kg) dan limbah kayu (4000 kcal/kg). Gas produser (hasil gasifikasi) dibakar pada burner untuk memanaskan udara pengering teh sampai temperatur target 102 oC. Pembakaran gas produser ternyata menghasilkan api biru pucat yang mungkin disebabkan oleh rendahnya kalor bakar gas dan tingginya udara-lebih. Temperatur udara pengering hasil pemanasan dengan api gas produser hanya mencapai 96 oC. Dan untuk mencapai temperatur udara pengering 102 oC, burner gas prod user harus dibantu dengan burner minyak 15 L/jam. Jadi operasi dual fued ini dapat memberi penghematan minyak bakar 78%.Kata kunci: Minyak bakar, Gas produser, Downdraft gasifier, Dual fuel, Kalor bakar, Burner.

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13

Pane, Erlanda Augupta, Leopold O. Nelwan, and Dyah Wulandani. "Development of Bio-Char Gasifier Stove Natural Draft Gasification Using Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis (CFD)." Jurnal Keteknikan Pertanian 02, no. 2 (October 1, 2014): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.19028/jtep.02.2.117-124.

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14

JIN, LIU YUE, and HATATE YASUO. "COAL GASIFICATION AND THERMODYNAMIC CALCULATION OF MOVING BED COAL GASIFIER WITH DRAFT TUBE." Chemical Engineering Communications 183, no. 1 (December 2000): 141–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00986440008960506.

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15

Hatate, Yasuo, Hisamasa Mihara, Kazuya Ijichi, Takahiro Yoshimi, Shinichi Arimizu, Yoshimitsu Uemura, and Desmond F. King. "Process Systems Engineering. Catalytic Coal Gasification Using a Draft Tube Spouted Bed Gasifier." KAGAKU KOGAKU RONBUNSHU 22, no. 5 (1996): 1180–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/kakoronbunshu.22.1180.

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16

Saravanakumar, A., T. M. Haridasan, and Thomas B. Reed. "Flaming pyrolysis model of the fixed bed cross draft long-stick wood gasifier." Fuel Processing Technology 91, no. 6 (June 2010): 669–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2010.01.016.

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17

Syahrir, Muhamad Ashar, Lukas Kano Mangalla, and Al Ichlas Imran. "Pengembangan Desain Kompor Gasifikasi Top Lith Up Draft (TLUD)." Enthalpy : Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Teknik Mesin 6, no. 3 (October 7, 2021): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.55679/enthalpy.v6i3.20972.

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The use of environmentally friendly stoves in the household sector can be an alternative to overcome the limited use of kerosene and the constrained supply of LPG. The purpose of the study was to develop a gasification stove design with the concept of Top Lith Up Draft on several variations of the column, namely without columns, column 2 holes and column 4 holes using cashew shell fuel which produces optimal gas fuel. The research method is the Top Lith Up Draft method, which is a gasification process semi-gasifier technology method that can produce fewer emissions that can harm human health. The results obtained indicate that the development of the TLUD gasification stove design from several variations of the column functions well. The gasification testing process carried out for the three variations of the column used resulted in good temperature values, namely for variations without a temperature column of 829 , column 2 holes of 935 , and column 4 holes of 934 . The best column variation is the 2 hole column with the highest temperature value of 935. Kata kunci: Gasification, TLUD, cashew shell, efficiency.

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18

Rameshkumar, R., and K. Mayilsamy. "A Novel Compact Bio-filter System for a Down-draft Gasifier: An Experimental Study." AASRI Procedia 3 (2012): 700–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aasri.2012.11.111.

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19

K.Sivakumar, N. Krishna Mohan, and B. Sivaraman. "Performance Analysis on Briquetting Bio Mass with Different Size in 10kW Down Draft Gasifier." Procedia Engineering 38 (2012): 3824–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2012.06.438.

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20

Ramasamy, Rameshkumar, and Mayilsamy Kavandappa Gounder. "Performance of hybrid compact filter system in a down-draft gasifier: An experimental study." Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy 5, no. 1 (January 2013): 013116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4791590.

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21

Thuchayapong, Nat, and Nattawut Tharawadee. "The Effect of Dolomite Addictive Ratio on Torrified Cassava Rhizome in the Biomass Combustion Process." Defect and Diffusion Forum 407 (March 2021): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.407.113.

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This research studies on the effect of additive (Dolomite) on Biomass powder (Cassava rhizome) which passes Torrefied process and fixed bed at 250 degrees Celsius for one hour and a half. The gasifier with up-draft type was used in this experiment. Air pressure was fixed at 0.1 Bar. The useful heat (Quseful) and Low heating valves (LHV) was investigated by using an Automatic Bomb Calorimeter. Moreover, the dolomite was varied 0, 10 and 15% by weight mixed with Cassava rhizome achieved with Torrefied process. When Low heating valves (LHV) slightly decreases from 21.96±0.22 MJ/kg to 18.15±0.50 MJ/kg, Quseful heat from the burning from gasifier sharply increase when it is mixed with dolomite from 753.34±39.18 to 1,003.97±33.49KJ respectively. The loading of dolomite has significance affecting the useful heat. The present study reveals that low heating valves (LHV) decreases and Quseful heat increase result from dolomite which gives a clean gas product and the Tar molecule can be easily broken. The CO2 gas from the combustion process was absorbed by CaO, which is the main component in dolomite. The cost of mixing 8.9% of Dolomite with Cassava rhizome is the optimum ratio for the biomass combustion process.

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22

Parsons, Stephanie, Ky Tanner, Wyatt Champion, and Andrew Grieshop. "The effects of modified operation on emissions from a pellet-fed, forced-draft gasifier stove." Energy for Sustainable Development 70 (October 2022): 259–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2022.08.004.

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23

Le, Phung Thi Kim, Viet Tan Tran, Thien Luu Minh Nguyen, Viet Vuong Pham, Truc Thanh Nguyen, Kien Anh Le, Nghiep Quoc Pham, and Duyen Khac Le. "CFD researched on rice husk gasification in a pilot fixed bed up-draft system." Science and Technology Development Journal 19, no. 3 (September 30, 2016): 96–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v19i3.571.

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Finding alternative energy sources for fossil fuels was a global matter of concern, especially in developing countries. Rice husk, an abundant biomass in Viet Nam, was used to partially replace fossil fuels by gasification process. The study was conducted on the pilot plant fixed bed up-draft gasifier with two kind of gasification agents, pure air and air-steam mixture. Mathematical modeling and computer simulations were also used to describe and optimize the gasification processes. Mathematical modeling was based on Computational Fluid Dynamics method and simulation was carried by using Ansys Fluent software. Changes in outlet composition of syngas components (CO, CO2, CH4, H2O, H2) and temperature of process, in relation with ratio of steam in gasification agents, were presented. Obtained results indicated concentration of CH4, H2 in outlet was increased significantly when using air-steam gasification agents than pure air. The discrepancies among the gasification agents were determined to improve the actual process.

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24

Safarian, Sahar, Runar Unnthorsson, and Christiaan Richter. "Simulation of small-scale waste biomass gasification integrated power production: acomparative performance analysis for timber and wood waste." International Journal of Applied Power Engineering (IJAPE) 9, no. 2 (August 1, 2020): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijape.v9.i2.pp147-152.

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<div data-canvas-width="75.53283108244308">A simulation model for integrated waste biomass gasification with cogeneration heat and power has been developed using Aspen Plus. The model can be used as a predictive tool for optimization of the gasifier performance. The system has been modeled in four stages. Firstly, moisture content of biomass is reduced. Secondly biomass is decomposed into its elements by specifying yield distribution. Then gasification reactions have been modeled using Gibbs free energy minimization approach. Finally, power is generated through the internal combustion engine as well as heat recovery system generator. In simulation study, the operating parameters like temperature, equivalence ratio (ER) and biomass moisture content are varied over wide range and their effect on syngas composition, low heating value (LHV) and electrical efficiency (EE) are investigated. Overally, increasing temperature and decreasing ER and MC lead to improvement of the gasification performance. However, for maximum electrical efficiency, it is important to find the optimal values of operating conditions.</div><div data-canvas-width="156.02508062890539">The optimum temperature, ER and MC of the down draft gasifier for timber and wood waste are 800 ̊C, 0.2- 0.3 and 5%. At such optimum conditions, CO and H</div><div>2 reach to the highest production and LHV and EE are around 7.064 MJ Nm-3 and 45%, respectively.</div>

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25

Saputro, Herman, Imam Muttaqin, Supriyadi Supriyadi, Vani Fadlullah, Laila Fitriana, Tutuko Firdani, Riyadi Muslim, et al. "The performance of up-draft gasifier with various of air flow rate in gasification palm starch waste." MATEC Web of Conferences 197 (2018): 08007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819708007.

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Conversion of palm starch waste biomass into energy sources through gasification process could be done to meet the energy requirement in palm noodle industry. This research used the Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF-5) based on the palm Starch waste. This is due to the how to overcome the solid waste around the home industry of noodle in Jawa Tengah. This study was conducted to determine the performance of up-draft gasifier with variations of air flow rate, i.e., 72 lpm, 95 lpm, and 123 lpm. The results showed that the variation of air flow rate has affected to the gasification product. The optimum LHV value occurred at 122 l/m air flow rate, where the LHV value increased with the increase of air flow rate, but after passing 122 l/m, the LHV value was continually decreasing.

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26

Sharma, Monikankana, Suresh Attanoor, and S. Dasappa. "Investigation into co-gasifying Indian coal and biomass in a down draft gasifier — Experiments and analysis." Fuel Processing Technology 138 (October 2015): 435–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2015.06.015.

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27

Pathak, B. S., S. R. Patel, A. G. Bhave, P. R. Bhoi, A. M. Sharma, and N. P. Shah. "Performance evaluation of an agricultural residue-based modular throat-type down-draft gasifier for thermal application." Biomass and Bioenergy 32, no. 1 (January 2008): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2007.06.006.

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28

Enomoto, Hiroshi, and Ryo Nakagawa. "Reduction in CO Emission from Small Reciprocating Engine Operated with Wood Gasifier by Mixture LHV Changing." Energies 16, no. 6 (March 8, 2023): 2563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16062563.

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In order to exchange the wood biomass energy for electric power with small capacity and high efficiency, it is most effective to use a reciprocating engine operated with a wood gasifier. On the other hand, such a small-capacity system is often installed in urban areas. Therefore, strict emission regulation should be observed. Normally, as the low heating value (LHV) of bio-syngas is small, the engine should be operated with a stoichiometric mixture to achieve a maximum power density. However, the emission with a stoichiometric mixture contains much unburned CO. This means that a stoichiometric mixture operation shows low efficiency and can’t observe the regulations. In this report, a mechanism of the unburned CO is considered, and a method to reduce the unburned CO ratio is shown with experimental results. In the experiment, a commercial reciprocating engine (4-stroke, modified single cylinder) is used. The bio-syngas, a producer gas from a fixed bed gasifier, is produced by a self-made wood pellet gasifier (fixed bed, auto thermal down-draft). The bio-syngas flow rate is calculated with the nitrogen ratio between input air and bio-syngas. The LHV is adjusted with the city gas (as an alternative to methane) and hydrogen. The CO volume ratio of the exhaust from the engine is more than 3 v% when the excess air ratio of bio-syngas/air mixture is 1.3, as the LHV of bio-syngas is less than 5.0 MJ/m3-LHV. On the other hand, the CO volume ratio of the exhaust under operation of the mixture, the bio-syngas, and methane with more than 7.0 MJ/m3-LHV was less than 0.2 v%. The CO in the exhaust with low LHV fuel means that the combustion is not finished in the chamber. The unburned ratio could be predicted in consideration of the gap/clearance as crevice, the temperature boundary layer, and the quenching distance.

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29

Nwakaire, J. N., and B. O. Ugwuishiwu. "Development of a Natural Cross Draft Gasifier Stove for Application in Rural Communities in Sub-Saharan Africa." Journal of Applied Sciences 15, no. 9 (August 15, 2015): 1149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jas.2015.1149.1157.

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30

Armansyah, Dian Hadi. "PEMANFAATAN PANAS PADA DINDING KOMPOR GASIFIKASI BIOMASSA UNTUK PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK DC MENGGUNAKAN THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR." Journal of Renewable Energy and Mechanics 3, no. 02 (September 29, 2020): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/rem.2020.vol3.no02.4287.

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The stove is one technology that plays an important role in the utilization of energy at the household scale. The biomass stove studied was a blower system gasification stove. In the blower system, oxygen entering the combustion chamber flows continuously according to the needs of combustion. In this biomass gasification stove study, researchers will also use the biomass stove wall or thermal energy into kinetic energy for grinding blowers and charging systems. This study aims to obtain fuel by utilizing biomass or organic waste as biomass stove fuel and get the energy driving the blower and charging system by utilizing a thermoelectric generator system. biomass stoves used in this study use the principle method of Top-Lif Up Draft (T-LUD) Gasifier, a type of gasifier that matches the characteristics of biomass that has high volatile matter, where the stove is designed intended for biomass fuel from agricultural waste products and industry, boiling 1 kg of water is done using wood chips by varying the area of the air flow door, which is 50%, 75%, and 100%. Can be analyzed Comparison of the performance of the biomass cooker stove and the power generated by the thermoelectric generator, at each door width of the air flow results are different, this is due to the mass of fuel consumption and fire temperature. After calculating the highest thermal efficiency results obtained in the area of 50% air flow ventilation and obtained power generated 1.83 watts with 100% ventilation flow door area using wood chips.

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31

Kazimierski, Paweł, Paulina Hercel, and Dariusz Kardaś. "Determining the bed settling rate in down-draft biomass gasifier using the radioisotope X-ray fluorescence – Measurement methodology." Biomass and Bioenergy 127 (August 2019): 105285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2019.105285.

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32

Janajreh, Isam, Syed Shabbar Raza, and Sherien Elagroudy. "Co-Firing of Enteromorpha Prolifera Algae and RTC Coal in a Down Draft Gasifier: Material Characterization and Flow Simulation." Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 41, no. 1 (February 1, 2015): 68–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5276/jswtm.2015.68.

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33

Perna, Alessandra, Mariagiovanna Minutillo, Elio Jannelli, Viviana Cigolotti, Suk Woo Nam, and Kyung Joong Yoon. "Performance assessment of a hybrid SOFC/MGT cogeneration power plant fed by syngas from a biomass down-draft gasifier." Applied Energy 227 (October 2018): 80–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.08.077.

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Tryner, Jessica, Bryan D. Willson, and Anthony J. Marchese. "The effects of fuel type and stove design on emissions and efficiency of natural-draft semi-gasifier biomass cookstoves." Energy for Sustainable Development 23 (December 2014): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2014.07.009.

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35

Barontini, Federica, Stefano Frigo, Roberto Gabbrielli, and Pietro Sica. "Co-gasification of woody biomass with organic and waste matrices in a down-draft gasifier: An experimental and modeling approach." Energy Conversion and Management 245 (October 2021): 114566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114566.

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36

Thamizhvel, R., N. Sethuraman, M. Sakthivel, and R. Prabhakaran. "Experimental Investigation of Diesel Engine by using Paper Cup Waste as the Producer Gas with help of Down-Draft Gasifier." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 988 (December 16, 2020): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/988/1/012015.

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37

Deng, Mengsi, Pengchao Li, Ming Shan, and Xudong Yang. "Characterizing dynamic relationships between burning rate and pollutant emission rates in a forced-draft gasifier stove consuming biomass pellet fuels." Environmental Pollution 255 (December 2019): 113338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113338.

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38

Stasiek, Jan A., Jacek Baranski, Marcin Jewartowski, and Jan Wajs. "Gasification of Densified Biomass (DB) and Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) Using HTA/SG Technology." Processes 9, no. 12 (December 2, 2021): 2178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9122178.

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The necessity of economical and rational use of natural energy sources caused a rapid development of research on the possibilities of using non-conventional energy resources. Taking the above into account, a new technological process of thermochemical conversion of biomass and communal waste, commonly known as High Temperature Air/Steam Gasification (HTA/SG) and Multi-Staged Enthalpy Extraction Technology (HTAG-MEET), was developed. In relation to traditional techniques of gasification or combustion of hydrocarbon fuels, the presented concept is characterized by higher thermal efficiency of the process, low emission of harmful compounds of carbon, sulfur, nitrogen, dioxins, furans and heavy metals. The use of a high-temperature gasification factor causes an increased thermochemical decomposition of solid fuels, biomass and municipal waste into gaseous fuel (syngas), also with increased hydrogen content and Lower Calorific Value (LCV). In this study, the possibility of using a batch type reactor (countercurrent gasifier) was analyzed for gasification of biomass and municipal waste in terms of energy recovery and environmental protection. The proposed research topic was aimed at examining the possibility of using the thermal utilization of biomass and municipal waste through their high-temperature decomposition in the presence of air, a mixture of air and steam. The main goals of the research were achieved during the implementation of several parallel stages of the schedule, which included, primarily: (a) study of the possibility of using thermal utilization of biomass and municipal waste through their high-temperature gasification in the presence of air or a mixture of air and steam and, secondary (b) analytical and numerical modeling of high-temperature gasification of biomass and municipal waste with the use of ANSYS CFD Fluent 6.3 software. Selected results of the experimental and numerical studies are properly presented. The higher temperature gasification concept shows the capability of this technology for maximizing the gaseous product yield in an up-draft fixed bed gasifier. It was also observed that at a high temperature, steam addition contributed to the thermal conversion of biofuels to gas with higher production of hydrogen.

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39

Aliyu, S. J., E. L. Kucha, and S. J. Ibrahim. "Modelling and simulation of a Single Cyclone for Optimal Efficiency for a Batch-Type Fixed-Bed Down-Draft Gasifier using CFD." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1107, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 012038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1107/1/012038.

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40

RILEY, R. K., and M. R. JUDD. "THE MEASUREMENT OF CHAR-STEAM GASIFICATION KINETICS FOR THE DESIGN OF A FLUIDISED BED COAL GASIFIER WHICH CONTAINS A DRAFT TUBE." Chemical Engineering Communications 62, no. 1-6 (December 1987): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00986448708912057.

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41

Chen, Yuanchen, Guofeng Shen, Shu Su, Wei Du, Yibo Huangfu, Guangqing Liu, Xilong Wang, Baoshan Xing, Kirk R. Smith, and Shu Tao. "Efficiencies and pollutant emissions from forced-draft biomass-pellet semi-gasifier stoves: Comparison of International and Chinese water boiling test protocols." Energy for Sustainable Development 32 (June 2016): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2016.02.008.

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42

Hyder, A. H. M. G., Shamim A. Begum, and Nosa O. Egiebor. "Sorption studies of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution using bio-char as an adsorbent." Water Science and Technology 69, no. 11 (March 22, 2014): 2265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.143.

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The characteristics of sorption of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) onto bio-char derived from wood chips (spruce, pine, and fir) were evaluated as a function of pH, initial Cr(VI) concentration and bio-char dosage using synthetic wastewater in batch tests. The initial Cr(VI) concentrations were varied between 10 and 500 mg/L to investigate equilibrium, kinetics, and isotherms of the sorption process. About 100% of Cr(VI) was removed at pH 2 with initial Cr(VI) concentration of 10 mg/L using 4 g of bio-char after 5 hours of sorption reaction. The maximum sorption capacity of the bio-char was 1.717 mg/g for an initial Cr(VI) concentration of 500 mg/L after 5 hours. The sorption kinetics of total Cr onto bio-char followed the second-order kinetic model. The Langmuir isotherm model provided the best fit for total Cr sorption onto bio-char. The bio-char used is a co-product of a down draft gasifier that uses the derived syngas to produce electricity. Bio-char as a low cost adsorbent demonstrated promising results for removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution. The findings of this study would be useful in designing a filtration unit with bio-char in a full-scale water and wastewater treatment plant for the Cr(VI) removal from contaminated waters.

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Cotton, A., K. N. Finney, K. Patchigolla, R. E. A. Eatwell-Hall, J. E. Oakey, J. Swithenbank, and V. Sharifi. "Quantification of trace element emissions from low-carbon emission energy sources: (I) Ca-looping cycle for post-combustion CO2 capture and (II) fixed bed, air blown down-draft gasifier." Chemical Engineering Science 107 (April 2014): 13–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2013.11.035.

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44

Glover, Graham, Tjaart J. van der Walt, David Glasser, Nico M. Prinsloo, and Diane Hildebrandt. "DRIFT spectroscopy and optical reflectance of heat-treated coal from a quenched gasifier." Fuel 74, no. 8 (August 1995): 1216–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(95)00029-5.

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45

Cau, Giorgio, Vittorio Tola, and Alberto Pettinau. "A steady state model for predicting performance of small-scale up-draft coal gasifiers." Fuel 152 (July 2015): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.03.047.

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46

Quiñones-Reveles, Miguel Alfonso, Víctor Manuel Ruiz-García, Sarai Ramos-Vargas, Benedicto Vargas-Larreta, Omar Masera-Cerutti, Maginot Ngangyo-Heya, and Artemio Carrillo-Parra. "Assessment of Pellets from Three Forest Species: From Raw Material to End Use." Forests 12, no. 4 (April 7, 2021): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12040447.

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This study aimed to evaluate and compare the relationship between chemical properties, energy efficiency, and emissions of wood and pellets from madroño Arbutus xalapensis Kunth, tázcate Juniperus deppeana Steud, and encino colorado Quercus sideroxyla Humb. & Bonpl. in two gasifiers (top-lit-up-draft (T-LUD) and electricity generation wood camp stove (EGWCS)) in order to determine the reduction of footprint carbon. In accordance with conventional methodologies, we determined the extracts and chemical components (lignin, cellulose, holocellulose), and the immediate analyses were carried out (volatile materials, fixed carbon, ash content and microanalysis of said ash), as well as the evaluation of emission factors (total suspended particulate matter (PM2.5), CO, CO2, CH4, black carbon (BC), elemental carbon (EC), and organic carbon (OC)). The results were statistically analyzed to compare each variable among species and gasifiers. The raw material analyzed showed how the pH ranged from 5.01 to 5.57, and the ash content ranged between 0.39 and 0.53%. The content values of Cu, Zn, Fe, Mg, and Ca ranged from 0.08 to 0.22, 0.18 to 0.19, 0.38 to 0.84, 1.75 to 1.90, and 3.62 to 3.74 mg kg−1, respectively. The extractive ranges from cyclohexane were 2.48–4.79%, acetone 2.42–4.08%, methanol 3.17–7.99%, and hot water 2.12–4.83%. The range of lignin was 18.08–28.60%. The cellulose content ranged from 43.30 to 53.90%, and holocellulose from 53.50 to 64.02%. The volatile material range was 81.2–87.42%, while fixed carbon was 11.30–17.48%; the higher heating value (HHV) of raw material and pellets presented the ranges 17.68–20.21 and 19.72–21.81 MJ kg−1, respectively. Thermal efficiency showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between pellets and gasifiers, with an average of 31% Tier 3 in ISO (International Organization for Standardization) for the T-LUD and 14% (ISO Tier 1) for EGWCS, with Arbutus xalapensis being the species with the highest energy yield. The use of improved combustion devices, as well as that of selected raw material species, can reduce the impact of global warming by up to 33% on a cooking task compared to the three-stone burner.

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47

Abatzoglou, Nick, Nick Barker, Philipp Hasler, and Harrie Knoef. "The development of a draft protocol for the sampling and analysis of particulate and organic contaminants in the gas from small biomass gasifiers." Biomass and Bioenergy 18, no. 1 (January 2000): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0961-9534(99)00065-3.

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48

Simanjuntak, J. P., K. A. Al-attab, and Z. A. Zainal. "Hydrodynamic Flow Characteristics in an Internally Circulating Fluidized Bed Gasifier." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 141, no. 3 (September 14, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4041092.

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In this paper, the hydrodynamic flow inside an internally circulating fluidized bed (ICFBG) was characterized using experimental and three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models. Eulerian-Eulerian model (EEM) incorporating the kinetic theory of granular flow was implemented in order to simulate the gas–solid flow. A full-scale plexiglass cold flow experimental model was built to verify simulation results prior to the fabrication of the gasifier. Six parameters were manipulated to achieve the optimum design geometry: fluidization flow rate of the draft tube (Qdt), aeration flow rate of the annulus (Qan), initial bed static height (Hbs), draft tube height (Hdt), draft tube diameter (Ddt), and orifice diameter (Dor). The investigated parameters showed strong effect on the particle flow characteristics in terms of the pressure difference (ΔP) and solid circulation rate (Gs). The predicted results by simulation for the optimum case were in close agreement with experimental measurements with about 5% deviation. The results show that the ICFBG operated stably with the maximum Gs value of 86.6 kg/h at Qdt of 350 LPM, Qan of 150 LPM, Hbs of 280 mm, Hdt of 320 mm, Ddt of 100 mm, and Dor of 20 mm.

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Walsh. "Practical Experience with Woody Biomass in a Down-Draft Gasifier." Journal of Technology Innovations in Renewable Energy, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-6002.2013.02.01.6.

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50

Vidian, Fajri, Hery Prabowo, Yulianto ., Adi Surjosatyo, and Yulianto Sulistyo Nugroho. "Simulasi dan Eksperimental Isothermal Aliran Eksternal Resirkulasi pada Up-Draft Gasifier." Jurnal Teknik Mesin 13, no. 1 (October 6, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/jtm.13.1.7-12.

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