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Journal articles on the topic 'Downstream changes'

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Published: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Hadley, Richard F., and William W. Emmett. "CHANNEL CHANGES DOWNSTREAM FROM A DAM." Journal of the American Water Resources Association 34, no. 3 (June 1998): 629–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1998.tb00960.x.

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2

Russo, Rachel A., Dawnelle Schatte, and J. Kathlene Trello-Rishel. "Downstream Effects of Grade Policy Changes." Academic Psychiatry 43, no. 6 (September 4, 2019): 654–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40596-019-01110-1.

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3

Milner, Alexander M., Kieran Khamis, Tom J. Battin, John E. Brittain, Nicholas E. Barrand, Leopold Füreder, Sophie Cauvy-Fraunié, et al. "Glacier shrinkage driving global changes in downstream systems." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 37 (September 5, 2017): 9770–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1619807114.

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Glaciers cover ∼10% of the Earth’s land surface, but they are shrinking rapidly across most parts of the world, leading to cascading impacts on downstream systems. Glaciers impart unique footprints on river flow at times when other water sources are low. Changes in river hydrology and morphology caused by climate-induced glacier loss are projected to be the greatest of any hydrological system, with major implications for riverine and near-shore marine environments. Here, we synthesize current evidence of how glacier shrinkage will alter hydrological regimes, sediment transport, and biogeochemical and contaminant fluxes from rivers to oceans. This will profoundly influence the natural environment, including many facets of biodiversity, and the ecosystem services that glacier-fed rivers provide to humans, particularly provision of water for agriculture, hydropower, and consumption. We conclude that human society must plan adaptation and mitigation measures for the full breadth of impacts in all affected regions caused by glacier shrinkage.

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4

Patel, Ravi K., Jessica D. West, Ya Jiang, Elizabeth A. Fogarty, and Andrew Grimson. "Robust partitioning of microRNA targets from downstream regulatory changes." Nucleic Acids Research 48, no. 17 (August 21, 2020): 9724–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkaa687.

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Abstract The biological impact of microRNAs (miRNAs) is determined by their targets, and robustly identifying direct miRNA targets remains challenging. Existing methods suffer from high false-positive rates and are unable to effectively differentiate direct miRNA targets from downstream regulatory changes. Here, we present an experimental and computational framework to deconvolute post-transcriptional and transcriptional changes using a combination of RNA-seq and PRO-seq. This novel approach allows us to systematically profile the regulatory impact of a miRNA. We refer to this approach as CARP: Combined Analysis of RNA-seq and PRO-seq. We apply CARP to multiple miRNAs and show that it robustly distinguishes direct targets from downstream changes, while greatly reducing false positives. We validate our approach using Argonaute eCLIP-seq and ribosome profiling, demonstrating that CARP defines a comprehensive repertoire of targets. Using this approach, we identify miRNA-specific activity of target sites within the open reading frame. Additionally, we show that CARP facilitates the dissection of complex changes in gene regulatory networks triggered by miRNAs and identification of transcription factors that mediate downstream regulatory changes. Given the robustness of the approach, CARP would be particularly suitable for dissecting miRNA regulatory networks in vivo.

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5

López, Raúl, Celso Garcia, Damià Vericat, and Ramon J. Batalla. "Downstream changes of particle entrainment in a hydropeaked river." Science of The Total Environment 745 (November 2020): 140952. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140952.

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6

Bendik, Marian. "Addressing challenges presented for downstream purification by changes upstream." Cell and Gene Therapy Insights 5, S2 (March 18, 2019): 197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.18609/cgti.2019.025.

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7

Twisa, Sekela, and Manfred F. Buchroithner. "Land-Use and Land-Cover (LULC) Change Detection in Wami River Basin, Tanzania." Land 8, no. 9 (September 8, 2019): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8090136.

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Anthropogenic activities have substantially changed natural landscapes, especially in regions which are extremely affected by population growth and climate change such as East African countries. Understanding the patterns of land-use and land-cover (LULC) change is important for efficient environmental management, including effective water management practice. Using remote sensing techniques and geographic information systems (GIS), this study focused on changes in LULC patterns of the upstream and downstream Wami River Basin over 16 years. Multitemporal satellite imagery of the Landsat series was used to map LULC changes and was divided into three stages (2000–2006, 2006–2011, and 2011–2016). The results for the change-detection analysis and the change matrix table from 2000 to 2016 show the extent of LULC changes occurring in different LULC classes, while most of the grassland, bushland, and woodland were intensively changed to cultivated land both upstream and downstream. These changes indicate that the increase of cultivated land was the result of population growth, especially downstream, while the primary socioeconomic activity remains agriculture both upstream and downstream. In general, net gain and net loss were observed downstream, which indicate that it was more affected compared to upstream. Hence, proper management of the basin, including land use planning, is required to avoid resources-use conflict between upstream and downstream users.

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8

Choi, Sijung, Seongkyu Kang, and Dongryul Lee. "Evaluation of Water Supply Stability According to Changes in Instream Flow." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 21, no. 6 (December 31, 2021): 369–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2021.21.6.369.

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The Daap intake plant located downstream of the Seomjin River was relocated in 2005, and the amount of intake increased. Accordingly, it significantly influenced the change in the flow rate downstream of the Seomjin River. After relocating the Daap intake plant, the production of Corbicula in the downstream of the Seomjin River decreased; there is a demand for investigation into the damage to the downstream fishermen and preparation of countermeasures. An increase in instream flow to increase the production of Corbicula downstream of the Seomjin River may cause difficulties in the stable water supply of the Seomjin River basin; therefore, a preliminary review is necessary. In this study, the supply stability was evaluated through water budget analysis after setting several instream flow at the downstream of the Seomjin River in Gurye-gun (Songjeong-ri). In addition, the supply stability of the water resource system in the Seomjin River according to the instream flow rate was evaluated. It was intended to suggest an alternative to the supply of instream flow. If the instream flow is set large to increase the production of Corbicula, it may cause difficulties in supplying instream flow and problems in supplying water necessary for human activities; therefore, related information must be provided through various analyses.

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9

Quail, A., D. Cottee, D. McLeod, R. Blake, R. Bishop, S. McIlveen, and S. White. "Analysis of Bronchovascular Downstream Blood Pressure Changes in Exercising Sheep." Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry 111, no. 4 (January 2003): 309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13813450312331337469.

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10

A., Quail, Cottee D., McLeod D., Blake R., Bishop R., McIlveen S., and White S. "Analysis of Bronchovascular Downstream Blood Pressure Changes in Exercising Sheep." Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry 111, no. 4 (April 1, 2003): 309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13813450312331337469.

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11

Haggard, Brian E., and Leslie D. Bartsch. "Net Changes in Antibiotic Concentrations Downstream from an Effluent Discharge." Journal of Environmental Quality 38, no. 1 (January 2009): 343–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2007.0540.

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12

Kim, Kyu-Tae, Obdulio Piloto, and Donald Small. "FLT3 Inhibitor Resistant Cells Show Different Downstream Signaling Pathway Changes." Blood 106, no. 11 (November 16, 2005): 4381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.4381.4381.

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Abstract Receptor tyrosine kinase FLT3 plays an important role in leukemogenesis, especially in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) targeting wild-type and mutant FLT3 have been developed and shown to have activity in clinical trials. However, as seen with Gleevac in CML, prolonged incubation with TKIs can select for resistant clones that may contribute to disease progression. To study resistance to TKIs against FLT3 we developed FLT3 inhibitor resistant cell lines by co-culturing MOLM14 and BaF3/ITD cells, expressing FLT3/ITD mutants with increasing concentrations of the FLT3 inhibitor CEP-701. The resulting cell lines, MOLM14(R) and BaF3/ITD(R) are resistant to CEP-701 induced cytotoxicity. MOLM14(R) is also resistant to other selective FLT3 TKIs including CEP-5214 and PKC412. In contrast, BaF3/ITD(R) cells were still sensitive to CEP5214 and PKC412. Western blot analysis reveals that CEP-701, CEP-5214 and PKC412 all still inhibit FLT3 in MOLM14(R) cells implying selection of a clone no longer dependent on FLT3 signaling. FLT3 phosphorylation is not inhibited by CEP-701 in BaF3/ITD(R) cells but is still inhibited by CEP-5214 and PKC412. Thus the BaF3/ITD(R) cells appear to remain FLT3-dependent. Sequencing of FLT3 from the resistant clones showed that the resistance was not the result of drug resistance mutations in FLT3/ITD. To investigate possible mechanisms of resistance in FLT3-dependent and FLT3-independent FLT3 inhibitor resistant cells, we examined pathways downstream of FLT3. Previously, we and others reported that constitutive FLT3 activation results in specific changes in gene expression in myeloid leukemic cells. As expected for cells with continued FLT3/ITD activation, Western blot analysis of BaF3/ITD(R) cells treated with CEP-701 show that they maintain activation of Erk/MAPK, Akt, and STAT5 pathways and induction of FLT3 dependent genes including Pim-1 and cMyc. In the apparently FLT3-independent MOLM-14(R) clones, inhibition of FLT3 activity resulted in decreased phosphorylation of downstream Akt and Stat5. However, we found Erk/MAPK phosphorylation and cMyc expression were not decreased in response to FLT3 TKI. This implies that whatever pathway has been selected for the ability to grow in this inhibitor is still feeding into this part of the downstream signaling pathway normally activated by FLT3/ITD. Thus, BaF3/ITD(R) FLT3-dependent and MOLM-14(R) FLT3 independent cells differ in response to several FLT3 inhibitors that results from the differences in their mechanisms of resistance.

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13

Lecce, Scott A. "Nonlinear Downstream Changes in Stream Power on Wisconsin's Blue River." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 87, no. 3 (September 1997): 471–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8306.00064.

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14

Camargo, Julio A. "Changes in a hydropsychid guild downstream from a eutrophic impoundment." Hydrobiologia 239, no. 1 (September 1992): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00027526.

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15

Borden, D. Scott, Scott I. Cohn, and Christopher Gooderham. "Transitioning “Upward” When “Downstream” Efforts Are Insufficient." Social Marketing Quarterly 24, no. 3 (March 5, 2018): 151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524500418761625.

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This article presents the results of a social marketing campaign to encourage individuals to compost at a university dining facility. Downstream efforts were less effective than desired in changing behavior and instead, changes to patron’s environmental surroundings were instituted, leading to greater impacts. Patrons were first surveyed on their knowledge, attitudes, and stated behaviors and barriers. Cluster analysis revealed three distinct types of composters: “engaged,” “needing assistance,” and “uninterested.” Subsequent interventions were developed, primarily targeting the cluster, needing assistance. Downstream efforts to reach individuals such as modeling the desired behavior and educational interventions were not significantly beneficial. While education showed some encouraging results, a potential diminishing effect overtime was observed. Efforts to change the patrons’ environment were then implemented with changes to the systems of the facility, an individual to ask patrons to compost. A significant increase in behavior was observed. Return on investment and increased public relations were used to leverage this institutional change. Additionally, this campaign created opportunities for securing grants to improve technological infrastructure, further encouraging behavior through additional environmental changes aiming to alleviate barriers of inconvenience. Recommendations for similar campaigns aiming to transition “upward” are provided.

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16

Syaf, Hasbullah. "Analysis of Changes in Land Function and Social Culture of Community In Benggaila Watershed." Jurnal Ilmiah Membangun Desa dan Pertanian 5, no. 6 (December 31, 2020): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.37149/jimdp.v5i6.15530.

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The Benggaila watershed disembogues into Kendari Bay, the upper part was dominated by forest areas and the middle and downstream parts were dominated by residential areas. Its location in the capital city of Southeast Sulawesi causes a very high change in land use and social culture in the watershed. This study aimed to determine changes in land use and community socio-cultural activities in the period 2004 to 2019. The results showed that changes in land use during that year range were very high. Changes from agricultural land and forest to the settlement were 67.4% dominate the other changes. This condition causes a shift in the socio-cultural pattern of society. The people of origin who lived in the downstream and middle of the watershed were moved to the upstream, while the immigrants stayed downstream of the watershed. These changes have also changed the patterns and methods of farming as well as behavior in utilizing forests. Soil and water conservation efforts were carried out by integrating changes in land use and the current social conditions of the community through adequate land planning and the community's mindset in utilizing the land.

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17

Can, Murat, Emre Çalışır, and Adem Akpınar. "Spatio-temporal Changes in Downstream River Bed during a Dam Construction." KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 26, no. 5 (February 12, 2022): 2160–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12205-022-1404-7.

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18

Kara, Ferhat, Edward F. LOEWENSTEIN, and Latif Kalin. "Changes in Sediment and Water Yield Downstream on a Small Watershed." Ekoloji 21, no. 84 (September 30, 2012): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5053/ekoloji.2012.844.

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19

Farthing, Lance, and Dale Toetz. "Downstream Changes in Nutrients in an Ozark Stream, Peacheater Creek, Oklahoma." Journal of Freshwater Ecology 15, no. 2 (June 2000): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2000.9663734.

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20

Barone, Ines, Lauren Brusco, and Suzanne A. W. Fuqua. "Estrogen Receptor Mutations and Changes in Downstream Gene Expression and Signaling." Clinical Cancer Research 16, no. 10 (April 28, 2010): 2702–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-1753.

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21

Aslinda, Nindy, and Syartinilia. "KAJIAN PERUBAHAN LAHAN MENJADI PERMUKIMAN DAN KARAKTERISTIKNYA DI DAERAH ALIRAN SUNGAI (DAS) CILIWUNG BAGIAN HILIR." Jurnal Lanskap Indonesia 8, no. 1 (May 31, 2017): 38–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jli.v8i1.16610.

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Ciliwung Watershed is one of watershed that across the Jakarta capital region. Ciliwung Watershed is categorized as super-priority watershed in Indonesia. The study was conducted in downstream of Ciliwung Watershed in Jakarta. This study aimed to analyze land cover changes from greenery open space to build up area in period of 1993-2013 and to analyze the distribution of settlement and its characteristics in the downstream of Ciliwung Watershed. LANDSAT images data of 1993 and 2013 were classified using supervised classification method to produce land cover map. The results of the map are analyzed spatially and descriptively to determine the changes. The greenery open space have changed into built up area about 70.07% during 20 years in the downstream of Ciliwung watershed. While, the settlement is dominated by the unplanned settlement (87.23%). Meanwhile, the settlements were dominated by unplanned settlements (87.23%) which characterized by linier settlement patterns, very lage size of settlement, low to medium building density, and good condition of insfrastructure. Five recommendations have provided for landscape managing of settlement in downstream of Ciliwung Watershed.

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22

Song, Yang, Yan-qiu Liu, Qi Sun, Hai-tao Xu, and Ming-fei Chen. "Uncertain Optimization of Discrete Supply Networks with Order Delivery Disruption and Risk Preference in the Postepidemic Era." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2021 (October 21, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1910611.

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Epidemic blockade leads to increased uncertainty and dynamic supply network disruption. This study considers an uncertain optimization of dynamic supply networks with risk preference and order delivery disruption. Taking the subjective utility of downstream enterprises as a reference point for the utility measurement of order delivery disruption and risk preference, this study constructs a biobjective optimization model with the goal of maximizing the downstream firm’s subjective utility and minimizing the manufacturer’s cost. The influence of each parameter in the downstream firm’s subjective utility function on the integrated optimization was analysed. The research found that the uncertain optimization model with the risk preference of downstream firms for order delivery disruption better controls the actual manufacturer’s order allocation and distribution problems when considering the downstream firms’ behaviour preference characteristics under bounded rationality. When allocating orders, manufacturers should consider that changes in order delivery disruption will cause changes in the subjective utility of downstream enterprises. In the process of multiperiod cooperation between manufacturers and downstream firms, they can obtain downstream firm risk preferences through repeated investigations.

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23

WRIGHT, PATRICIA, TOM HEMING, and DAVID RANDALL. "Downstream pH Changes in Water Flowing Over the Gills of Rainbow Trout." Journal of Experimental Biology 126, no. 1 (November 1, 1986): 499–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.126.1.499.

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We investigated the pH of interlamellar water of trout (Salmo gairdneri) by following changes in the downstream pH of expired water using a stopped-flow method. As water flowed over the gills of control fish, there was a significant decrease in water pH. Acetazolamide added to the water increased the CO2 disequilibrium, while carbonic anhydrase (CA) eliminated the CO2 disequilibrium relative to control water. Mucus excreted by the fish was found to contain CA activity by the pH-stat technique. We conclude water acidification is due to the conversion of excreted CO2 to HCO3− and H+ at the gill surface.

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24

Wallat, Eric M., Antonia E. Wuschner, Mattison J. Flakus, Gary E. Christensen, Joseph M. Reinhardt, Dhanansayan Shanmuganayagam, and John E. Bayouth. "Radiation-induced airway changes and downstream ventilation decline in a swine model." Biomedical Physics & Engineering Express 7, no. 6 (October 29, 2021): 065039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2057-1976/ac3197.

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Abstract Purpose. To investigate indirect radiation-induced changes in airways as precursors to atelectasis post radiation therapy (RT). Methods. Three Wisconsin Miniature Swine (WMS TM ) underwent a research course of 60 Gy in 5 fractions delivered to a targeted airway/vessel in the inferior left lung. The right lung received a max point dose <5 Gy. Airway segmentation was performed on the pre- and three months post-RT maximum inhale phase of the four-dimensional (4D) computed tomography (CT) scans. Changes in luminal area (Ai) and square root of wall area ( WA ) for each airway were investigated. Changes in ventilation were assessed using the Jacobian ratio and were measured in three different regions: the inferior left lung <5 Gy (ILL), the superior left lung <5 Gy (SLL), and the contralateral right lung <5 Gy (RL). Results. Airways (n = 25) in the right lung for all swine showed no significant changes (p = 0.48) in Ai post-RT compared to pre-RT. Airways (n = 28) in the left lung of all swine were found to have a significant decrease (p < 0.001) in Ai post-RT compared to pre-RT, correlated (Pearson R = −0.97) with airway dose. Additionally, WA decreased significantly (p < 0.001) with airway dose. Lastly, the Jacobian ratio of the ILL (0.883) was lower than that of the SLL (0.932) and the RL (0.955). Conclusions. This work shows that for the swine analyzed, there were significant correlations between Ai and WA change with radiation dose. Additionally, there was a decrease in lung function in the regions of the lung supplied by the irradiated airways compared to the regions supplied by unirradiated airways. These results support the hypothesis that airway dose should be considered during treatment planning in order to potentially preserve functional lung and reduce lung toxicities.

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25

Choi, Ho, Chang-Soo Rim, and Jae-Wook Jung. "Numerical Analysis of Riverbed Changes at the Downstream of the Ji-Cheon." Journal of Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 11, no. 3 (June 30, 2011): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2011.11.3.117.

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26

Kolumam Parameswaran, Praveen, Daying Dai, Yong-Hong Ding, Matthew W. Urban, Logan Manlove, Venkatachalem Sathish, Juan R. Cebral, David F. Kallmes, and Ramanathan Kadirvel. "Downstream vascular changes after flow-diverting device deployment in a rabbit model." Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery 11, no. 5 (November 10, 2018): 523–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2018-014123.

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BackgroundFlow diverters (FDs) are increasingly used in the treatment of intracranial aneurysms, and carry the risk of thromboembolic complications, even in patients treated with dual antiplatelet therapy. The effect of FDs on the downstream vascular is unknown. The aim of the study was to investigate vascular wall pulse wave velocity (PWV) and contractility changes following FD treatment in a rabbit model.MethodsFDs (Pipeline Embolic Device, Medtronic Inc., Irvine, California, USA) were implanted in the aorta of normal rabbits and sham-operated aorta were used as controls (n=6 per group). Pulse wave imaging with ultra-fast ultrasound at 1600 frames per second (Vantage, Verasonics, Inc., Kirkland, WA) was performed in the vessel wall distal to FD prior to device implantation and at 8- week follow-up to measure the PWV. Force contraction vascular reactivity studies were conducted in the aortic rings using an organ bath.ResultsThe difference in mean PWV in the follow-up compared with pre-implantation was significantly higher in the distal vessels compared with sham controls (1.18 m/s [SD=0.54] vs. 0.37 m/s [SD=1.09], P=0.03). Conversely, the aortic segments distal to the FD exhibited a 55% increase in vascular contractility compared with proximal segments (P=0.002). We observed a significant positive correlation between mean PWV and mean vascular contractility.ConclusionImplantation of FD was associated with increased PWV and vascular contractility, suggesting that FD implantation causes changes to the vascular wall. Further studies are needed to understand the clinical implication of changes in vascular PWV and contractility.

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27

Ko, Dongwoo, and Joongu Kang. "Analysis on River Bed Changes in Weir Downstream by Real-Scale Experiment." Engineering 10, no. 08 (2018): 505–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/eng.2018.108036.

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28

Brandt, Sven Anders. "Prediction of Downstream Geomorphological Changes after Dam Construction: A Stream Power Approach." International Journal of Water Resources Development 16, no. 3 (September 2000): 343–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713672510.

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29

Kemp, Justine. "Downstream channel changes on a contracting, anabranching river: The Lachlan, southeastern Australia." Geomorphology 121, no. 3-4 (September 2010): 231–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.04.018.

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30

Pitlick, John, and Robert Cress. "Downstream changes in the channel geometry of a large gravel bed river." Water Resources Research 38, no. 10 (October 2002): 34–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001wr000898.

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31

Tiwari, Tejshree, Hjalmar Laudon, Keith Beven, and Anneli M. Ågren. "Downstream changes in DOC: Inferring contributions in the face of model uncertainties." Water Resources Research 50, no. 1 (January 2014): 514–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2013wr014275.

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32

Erfeng, Zhang, Chen Xiqing, and Wang Xiaoli. "Water discharge changes of the Changjiang River downstream Datong during dry season." Journal of Geographical Sciences 13, no. 3 (July 2003): 355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02837511.

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33

Abbas, Ghulam, Seifeddine Jomaa, Axel Bronstert, and Michael Rode. "Downstream changes in riverbank sediment sources and the effect of catchment size." Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies 46 (April 2023): 101340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101340.

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34

Ling, Teck-Yee, Norliza Gerunsin, Chen-Lin Soo, Lee Nyanti, Siong-Fong Sim, and Jongkar Grinang. "Seasonal Changes and Spatial Variation in Water Quality of a Large Young Tropical Reservoir and Its Downstream River." Journal of Chemistry 2017 (2017): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8153246.

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This study examined the water quality of the large young tropical Bakun hydroelectric reservoir in Sarawak, Malaysia, and the influence of the outflow on the downstream river during wet and dry seasons. Water quality was determined at five stations in the reservoir at three different depths and one downstream station. The results show that seasons impacted the water quality of the Bakun Reservoir, particularly in the deeper water column. Significantly lower turbidity, SRP, and TP were found during the wet season. At 3–6 m, the oxygen content fell below 5 mg/L and hypoxia was also recorded. Low NO2--N, NO3--N, and SRP and high BOD5, OKN, and TP were observed in the reservoir indicating organic pollution. Active logging activities and the dam construction upstream resulted in water quality deterioration. The outflow decreased the temperature, DO, and pH and increased the turbidity and TSS downstream. Elevated organic matter and nutrients downstream are attributable to domestic discharge along the river. This study shows that the downstream river was affected by the discharge through the turbines, the spillway operations, and domestic waste. Therefore, all these factors should be taken into consideration in the downstream river management for the health of the aquatic organisms.

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35

Iyer, Shama, Christopher Ward, Joseph Stains, Alice Ryan, Eric Folker, and Richard Lovering. "Age-Dependent Changes in Nuclear Mechanotransduction as a Driver of Sarcopenia." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.424.

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Abstract Informed by evidence that dysregulated nuclear dynamics and nuclear transport may contribute to atrophy in diseased skeletal muscle, the purpose of this study was to assess nuclear deformability, permeability, transport, and mechano-signaling outputs (YAP/TAZ, a marker of mechano-responsiveness, and their downstream genes) in aging skeletal muscle. We hypothesized that aging muscle would show changes in: proteins within LINC (linker of the nucleus to the cytoskeleton) complex, lamina and nuclear pore complex (NPC), and mechano-signaling outputs, with consequent decreased nuclear deformability and increased permeability. We further expected an increase in nuclear strain would increase nuclear YAP/TAZ and downstream indicators of YAP activity (Ankrd1, Cyr61). We used young, adult and aged C57BL6 mice (~4, 14, and 26 months, respectively). Nuclei were less deformable to passive mechanical stretch ex-vivo in adult muscle fibers compared to young muscle fibers. LINC protein gene expression, YAP/TAZ protein, and expression of their downstream genes were significantly increased in adult muscles compared to young muscles. YAP/TAZ protein and their downstream genes were further increased in aged muscles, indicating hyperactivation of YAP/TAZ in aging muscle. Changes with aging in the lamina and NPC included a loss of lamin β1, Nup107 and POM 121, which could underlie the increased nuclear permeability we found in nuclei of aged muscle. In summary, these data highlight a possible role for LINC, lamina and NPC in changes of aging-related nuclear dynamics and mechano-sensing, and may represent therapeutic targets for sarcopenia. Future studies will examine how altering these components affects muscle function during aging.

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36

Ge, Hua, Lingling Zhu, Chunyan Deng, Ling Jiang, and Rui Long. "Decadal Hydro-Morphodynamic Evolution of a Sandy Meander Bend Downstream of the Three Gorges Dam and Impact on Waterway Navigation." Water 14, no. 19 (October 4, 2022): 3126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14193126.

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The Three Gorges Dam (TGD) in the Yangtze River profoundly regulates the downstream river discharge and sediment load, causing significant river morphodynamic changes since 2003. Understanding such changes is vital for managing the navigational waterway. Using the Wakouzi waterway 190 km downstream from TGD as an example, we examined its decadal hydro-morphodynamic evolution based on hydrological and topographical data collected from the 1990s onwards. The results showed that the suspended sediment load has reduced by 85.8% downstream of TGD, although the annual runoff has not changed. The suspended sediment has become coarser due to depletion of the fine sediment source. As a result, the river channel has been substantially eroded, particularly the deep-water parts of the channel. Erosion of the elongated sand bars has emerged as well, even in the presence of channel regulation works. Consequently, channel degradation has led to a lower river stage under the same river discharge compared with the pre-TGD condition, particularly in the dry season with a lower river discharge. These changes imply worsened navigability of the examined riverbend. The results of this study have implications for management of other river reaches in the middle Yangtze River and other rivers undergoing similar changes worldwide.

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Wang, Yuansheng, Xiaojing Wu, Juqin Shen, Chen Chi, and Xin Gao. "Analysis on Decision-Making Changes of Multilevel Governments and Influencing Factors in Watershed Ecological Compensation." Complexity 2021 (December 9, 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6860754.

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Watershed ecological compensation has been widely accepted as a system to promote the cooperation of various stakeholders to solve the problem of transboundary water pollution, but the existing research does not fully consider the impact of compensation fee paid by different governments on stakeholders’ decision-making. Therefore, this paper constructs a tripartite game model between upstream governments, downstream governments, and the central government by using evolutionary game theory and determines the influence of different factors on the decision-making process of each player through simulation. The results show the following: (1) the initial probability significantly affects the decision-making behavior of each player; (2) daily supervision of the central government and the reduction of the environmental protection cost can promote the implementation of watershed ecological compensation; (3) the fine to downstream governments makes the decisions of the central government and downstream governments change periodically; and (4) the increase of ecological compensation fee urges downstream governments to choose noncompensation, and compensation fee paid by the central government has a critical value.

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Basnayaka, Vindhya, Jayanga T. Samarasinghe, Miyuru B. Gunathilake, Nitin Muttil, and Upaka Rathnayake. "Planform Changes in the Lower Mahaweli River, Sri Lanka Using Landsat Satellite Data." Land 11, no. 10 (October 3, 2022): 1716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11101716.

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Major development projects along rivers, like reservoirs and other hydraulic structures, have changed not only river discharges but also sediment transport. Thus, changes in river planforms can be observed in such rivers. In addition, river centerline migrations can be witnessed. The Mahaweli River is the longest in Sri Lanka, having the largest catchment area among the 103 major river basins in the country. The river has been subjected to many development projects over the last 50 years, causing significant changes in the river discharge and sediment transport. However, no research has been carried out to evaluate the temporal and spatial changes in planforms. The current seeks to qualitatively analyze the river planform changes of the Lower Mahaweli River (downstream to Damanewewa) over the past 30 years (from 1991 to 2021) and identify the major planform features and their spatiotemporal changes in the lower Mahaweli River. Analyzing the changes in rivers requires long-term data with high spatial resolution. Therefore, in this research, remotely sensed Landsat satellite data were used to analyze the planform changes of Lower Mahaweli River with a considerably high resolution (30 m). These Landsat satellite images were processed and analyzed using the QGIS mapping tool and a semi-automated digitizing tool. The results show that major changes in river Mahaweli occurred mainly in the most downstream sections of the selected river segment. Further, the river curvature was also comparatively high downstream of the river. An oxbow lake formation was observed over time in the most downstream part of the Mahaweli River after 2011. Centerline migration rates were also calculated with the generated river centerlines. It was found that the rates were generally lower than about 30 m per year, except for at locations where river meandering was observed. The main limitations of this study were the possible misclassifications due to the resolution of images and obstructions caused by cloud cover in the Landsat images. To achieve more accurate estimates, this study could be developed further with quantitative mathematical analysis by also considering the sediment dynamics of the Mahaweli River.

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Li, Jian, Rucong Yu, and Tianjun Zhou. "Teleconnection between NAO and Climate Downstream of the Tibetan Plateau." Journal of Climate 21, no. 18 (September 15, 2008): 4680–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2053.1.

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Abstract Analysis of the monthly NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data and station data reveals a teleconnection pattern (NAULEA) that links climate changes over the North Atlantic and Eurasia. The NAULEA pattern has five action centers. It extends from the North Atlantic to northwestern Europe, and then stretches eastward to the Urals, with its eastern end over North China. Certain climate changes over East Asia, such as the cooling changes in both the upper troposphere and surface in the last few decades of the twentieth century, can be attributed to the NAULEA pattern anomalies and traced upstream to the North Atlantic. The NAULEA pattern is suggested to be another NAO-related teleconnection pattern. Compared with the pattern with the Asian jet waveguide path, which leads to temperature anomalies over northeastern Asia, the NAULEA pattern with a high-latitude path exerts stronger influences on the climate of southwestern China.

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Tomaszewski, Edmund. "River minimum flow changes under dammed reservoir conditions." Limnological Review 21, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/limre-2021-0006.

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Abstract The main aim of this study was to assess what range of downstream low flow changes is caused by dam construction directly. An investigation was based on the assumption that the difference in change ratio of flow between gauging cross-sections located downstream and upstream position of dammed reservoir identifies the scope of changes determined by dam construction. Three dammed reservoirs located on Polish rivers were selected for analysis. They were different in size, hydrological regime and water management purposes. For each reservoir pair of water, gauges were selected. The input data were daily discharge series collected by the Polish Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. For each time series 20-year period before and after dam construction was established. Comparison of annual minimum flow ratios for these peri-ods as well as analysis of low flow dynamics and inertia allowed to identify range and direction of changes caused by investigated reservoirs.

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Ojunga, Salome, Frank O. Masese, Julius O. Manyala, Lazare Etiegni, Augustino O. Onkware, Kingiri Senelwa, Phillip O. Raburu, Bekuta K. Balozi, and Elijah S. Omutange. "Impact of a Kraft Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent on Phytoplankton and Macroinvertebrates in River Nzoia, Kenya." Water Quality Research Journal 45, no. 2 (May 1, 2010): 235–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2010.026.

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Abstract Phytoplankton and macroinvertebrate assemblages were used to assess the impact of a kraft pulp and paper mill effluent in Kenya, on River Nzoia downstream of the discharge point in relation to changes in water quality during May to June and November 2008 (rainy and dry seasons, respectively). Total phosphorus concentration increased from 0.027 mg.L-1 upstream to 0.04 mg.L-1 downstream. Ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) concentration was 0.51 mg.L-1 upstream and 0.86 mg.L- 1 downstream. Nitrate concentration stood at 1.18 mg.L-1 upstream compared with the 2.23 mg.L-1 downstream. The pH changed from 4.5 to 5.0 upstream to 5.5 to 6.0 downstream, while DO increased from 6.57 to 7.03 mg.L-1 downstream. The BOD5 (biochemical oxygen demand after five days) values remained almost unchanged from 4.63 mg.L-1 upstream to 4.67 mg.L-1 downstream. Taxon composition of phytoplankton and macroinvertebrates correlated with adverse environmental gradients resulting from the mill's effluent discharge. Overall, there was a shift in composition and abundance of both phytoplankton and macroinvertebrates, with the downstream site recording high numbers of tolerant taxa (i.e., Microcystis sp. and Chironomus sp.). It was recommended that water quality monitoring with effluents of this nature be done using a combination of chemical analysis and biological indicators such as phytoplankton and macroinvertebrates.

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42

Twisa, Sekela, Mohamed Mwabumba, Mathew Kurian, and Manfred F. Buchroithner. "Impact of Land-Use/Land-Cover Change on Drinking Water Ecosystem Services in Wami River Basin, Tanzania." Resources 9, no. 4 (April 2, 2020): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources9040037.

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Land-use/land-cover changes are considered the dominant form of anthropogenic pressure on the environment, causing changes in ecosystem service patterns and affecting water supply services. Using the spatial econometric technique, we analysed the impact of land-use/land-cover change on water ecosystem services for domestic use upstream and downstream of the Wami River Basin. The results in terms of land-use/land-cover classes during the study period (2011–2016) indicate that cultivated land showed maximum positive changes in both sub-catchments, while bushland and woodland showed maximum negative changes upstream and downstream. The results showed that bushland, woodland, cultivated land, and grassland were significantly correlated with water point characteristics in both sub-catchments. For functionality characteristics, a significant effect was observed in bushland and grassland upstream and downstream, respectively, while sufficient water was found in woodland upstream and grassland downstream. Moreover, bushland was observed to have a significant number of water points with poor quality of water upstream, and a substantial number of water points with good quality of water were found in grassland downstream. We found that all measured land-use/land-cover changes and water point characteristic correlations were statistically significant; therefore, we concluded that land-use/land-cover change affects the water ecosystem in the basin. These results could facilitate decision-making and development of related policies and might support finding sustainable strategies for water ecosystem services for domestic use.

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Castro, DMP, RM Hughes, and M. Callisto. "Influence of peak flow changes on the macroinvertebrate drift downstream of a Brazilian hydroelectric dam." Brazilian Journal of Biology 73, no. 4 (November 2013): 775–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842013000400013.

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Successive daily peak flows from hydropower plants can disrupt aquatic ecosystems and alter the composition and structure of macroinvertebrates downstream. We evaluated the influence of peak flow changes on macroinvertebrate drift downstream of a hydroelectric plant as a basis for determining ecological flows that might reduce the disturbance of aquatic biota. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of flow fluctuations on the seasonal and daily drift patterns of macroinvertebrates. We collected macroinvertebrates during fixed flow rates (323 m3.s–1 in the wet season and 111 m3.s–1 in the dry season) and when peak flows fluctuated (378 to 481 m3.s–1 in the wet season, and 109 to 173 m3.s–1 in the dry season) in 2010. We collected 31,924 organisms belonging to 46 taxa in the four sampling periods. Taxonomic composition and densities of drifting invertebrates differed between fixed and fluctuating flows, in both wet and dry seasons, but family richness varied insignificantly. We conclude that macroinvertebrate assemblages downstream of dams are influenced by daily peak flow fluctuations. When making environmental flow decisions for dams, it would be wise to consider drifting macroinvertebrates because they reflect ecological changes in downstream biological assemblages.

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Reynolds, Carolyn A., Melinda S. Peng, and Jan-Huey Chen. "Recurving Tropical Cyclones: Singular Vector Sensitivity and Downstream Impacts." Monthly Weather Review 137, no. 4 (April 1, 2009): 1320–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008mwr2652.1.

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Abstract Singular vectors (SVs) are used to study the sensitivity of 2-day forecasts of recurving tropical cyclones (TCs) in the western North Pacific to changes in the initial state. The SVs are calculated using the tangent and adjoint models of the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS) for 72 forecasts for 18 TCs in the western North Pacific during 2006. In addition to the linear SV calculation, nonlinear perturbation experiments are also performed in order to examine 1) the similarity between nonlinear and linear perturbation growth and 2) the downstream impacts over the North Pacific and North America that result from changes to the 2-day TC forecast. Both nonrecurving and recurving 2-day storm forecasts are sensitive to changes in the initial state in the near-storm environment (in an annulus approximately 500 km from the storm center). During recurvature, sensitivity develops to the northwest of the storm, usually associated with a trough moving in from the west. These upstream sensitivities can occur as far as 4000 km to the northwest of the storm, over the Asian mainland, which has implications for adaptive observations. Nonlinear perturbation experiments indicate that the linear calculations reflect case-to-case variability in actual nonlinear perturbation growth fairly well, especially when the growth is large. The nonlinear perturbations show that for recurving tropical cyclones, small initial perturbations optimized to change the 2-day TC forecast can grow and propagate downstream quickly, reaching North America in 5 days. The fastest 5-day perturbation growth is associated with recurving storm forecasts that occur when the baroclinic instability over the North Pacific is relatively large. These results suggest that nonlinear forecasts perturbed using TC SVs may have utility for predicting the downstream impact of TC forecast errors over the North Pacific and North America.

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45

Tsakiris, Eric T., and Charles R. Randklev. "Structural Changes in Freshwater Mussel (Bivalvia: Unionidae) Assemblages Downstream of Lake Somerville, Texas." American Midland Naturalist 175, no. 1 (January 2016): 120–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1674/amid-175-01-120-127.1.

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Dawson, J. J. C., D. Hope, M. S. Cresser, and M. F. Billett. "Downstream Changes in Free Carbon Dioxide in an Upland Catchment from Northeastern Scotland." Journal of Environmental Quality 24, no. 4 (July 1995): 699–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1995.00472425002400040022x.

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47

de Ruyter van Steveninck, E. D., W. Admiraal, L. Breebaart, G. M. J. Tubbing, and B. van Zanten. "Plankton in the River Rhine: structural and functional changes observed during downstream transport." Journal of Plankton Research 14, no. 10 (1992): 1351–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/14.10.1351.

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48

Tooth, Stephen. "Downstream changes in dryland river channels: the Northern Plains of arid central Australia." Geomorphology 34, no. 1-2 (August 2000): 33–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-555x(99)00130-0.

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Morón, Sara, and Kathryn J. Amos. "Downstream grain‐size changes associated with a transition from single channel to anabranching." Sedimentology 65, no. 5 (March 25, 2018): 1590–610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sed.12439.

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李, 刘安. "Analysis on Transboundary Runoff Changes at Downstream of Jinghong Hydropower Station, Lancang River." Journal of Water Resources Research 08, no. 03 (2019): 242–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/jwrr.2019.83029.

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