Journal articles: 'Down state'

1

Kane, Anne. "Breaking Down the State: Protestors Engaged." Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews 46, no. 2 (March 2017): 175–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094306117692573l.

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2

Harris, Kenneth D. "Top-Down Control of Cortical State." Neuron 79, no. 3 (August 2013): 408–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2013.07.034.

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3

Richards, John, Robert Bernier, and James Iain Gow. "Un état réduit? A Down-Sized State?" Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques 22, no. 1 (March 1996): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3551754.

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4

Pugliese, Gina, and Martin S. Favero. "Osterholm Steps Down as Minnesota State Epidemiologist." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 20, no. 03 (March 1999): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0195941700068211.

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5

Zhao, Jiaxin, and Farshid Sadeghi. "Analysis of EHL Circular Contact Shut Down." Journal of Tribology 125, no. 1 (December 31, 2002): 76–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1481366.

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In this paper, an isothermal study of the shut down process of elastohydrodynamic lubrication under a constant load is performed. The surface mean velocity is decreased linearly from the initial steady state value to zero. The details of the pressure and film thickness distributions in the contact area are discussed for the two stages of shut down process, namely the deceleration stage and the subsequent pure squeeze motion stage with zero entraining velocity. The nature of the balance between the pressure, the wedge and the squeeze terms in Reynolds equation enables an analytical prediction of the film thickness change on the symmetry line of the contact in the deceleration period, provided that the steady state central film thickness relationship with velocity is known. The results indicate that for a fixed deceleration rate, if the initial steady state surface mean velocity is large enough, the transient pressure and film thickness distributions in the deceleration period solely depend on the transient velocity. The pressure and film thickness at the end of the deceleration period are then the same and do not depend on the initial steady state velocity. From the same initial steady state velocity, larger deceleration rates provide higher central pressure increase, but also preserve a higher film thickness in the contact area at the end of the deceleration period. Later in the second stage when the axisymmetric pressure and film thickness patterns typical of pure squeeze motion form, the pressure distribution in the contact area resembles a Hertzian contact pressure profile with a higher maximum Hertzian pressure and a smaller Hertzian half contact width. As a result, the film thickness is close to a parabolic distribution in the contact area. The volume of the lubricant trapped in the contact area is then estimated using this parabolic film thickness profile.

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6

Nuryyev, Guych, and Charles Hickson. "Economics of trickle-down corruption." International Journal of Development Issues 19, no. 1 (March 18, 2020): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdi-09-2019-0164.

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Purpose This study aims to examine the effect of the crude oil price crash of 2014 on corruption decentralisation. In a corrupt state, a significant decrease in the state revenue might lead to concentration of power in the hands of the political elite who try to maintain their income, or to a weakening of the elite’s control as the bureaucrats compete for bribes. Design/methodology/approach Crude oil price crash provides a rare opportunity to test the effect of reduced state revenue on corruption decentralisation. This study constructs a measure for corruption decentralisation and analyses how it is affected by state income in 18 resource-rich and corrupt states. Findings The empirical model suggests that there is a positive relationship between corruption decentralisation and state oil and gas revenue, implying that as the revenue decreases, political elite in the exporting countries manage to maintain their control over the bureaucrats. Originality/value The results are important for academics as well as for policymakers, as they allow adjustment of anti-corruption efforts based on the level of corruption decentralisation.

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7

Johnson, Craig L. "State Government Credit Quality: Down, but Not Out!" Public Administration Review 59, no. 3 (May 1999): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3109952.

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8

Schow, Eric V., Alexandr Nizkorodov, J. Alfredo Freites, Stephen H. White, and Douglas J. Tobias. "Down-State Model of the KvAP Full Channel." Biophysical Journal 98, no. 3 (January 2010): 315a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2009.12.1709.

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9

Starling Emerald, B., and Stephen M. Cohen. "Limb development: Getting down to the ground state." Current Biology 11, no. 24 (December 2001): R1025—R1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-9822(01)00616-9.

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10

McKittrick, Joanna, and Lauren E. Shea-Rohwer. "Review: Down Conversion Materials for Solid-State Lighting." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 97, no. 5 (April 16, 2014): 1327–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jace.12943.

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11

Marsh, David D., and Gregory A. Bowman. "State-Initiated Top-Down Versus Bottom-Up Reform." Educational Policy 3, no. 3 (September 1989): 195–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0895904889003003001.

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12

Wang, Xi, Thomas Moor, and Zhiwu Li. "Top-Down Nested Supervisory Control of State-Tree Structures Based on State Aggregations." IFAC-PapersOnLine 53, no. 2 (2020): 11175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2020.12.300.

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13

Otto, John S. "Down in Arkansas: A State in the Popular Media." Journal of Cultural Geography 8, no. 1 (September 1987): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08873638709478493.

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14

RAWLS, REBECCA. "Fire in Cal State chem lab shuts down building." Chemical & Engineering News 76, no. 34 (August 24, 1998): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v076n034.p012a.

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15

Schow, Eric V., Karun Gogna, J. Alfredo Freites, Douglas J. Tobias, and Stephen H. White. "Down-State Model of the KvAP Voltage-Sensing Domain." Biophysical Journal 96, no. 3 (February 2009): 484a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2008.12.2497.

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16

Duncan, C. J., and W. R. Epps. "GIS and the role of the state ‘down under’." Political Geography 12, no. 1 (January 1993): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0962-6298(93)90021-x.

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17

Andro-Vasko, James, and Wolfgang Bein. "Evaluation of Continuous Power-Down Schemes." Information 13, no. 1 (January 13, 2022): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info13010037.

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We consider a power-down system with two states—“on” and “off”—and a continuous set of power states. The system has to respond to requests for service in the “on” state and, after service, the system can power off or switch to any of the intermediate power-saving states. The choice of states determines the cost to power on for subsequent requests. The protocol for requests is “online”, which means that the decision as to which intermediate state (or the off-state) the system will switch has to be made without knowledge of future requests. We model a linear and a non-linear system, and we consider different online strategies, namely piece-wise linear, logarithmic and exponential. We provide results under online competitive analysis, which have relevance for the integration of renewable energy sources into the smart grid. Our analysis shows that while piece-wise linear systems are not specific for any type of system, logarithmic strategies work well for slack systems, whereas exponential systems are better suited for busy systems.

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18

PRUDÊNCIO, THIAGO. "PARAMETRIC DOWN CONVERSION OF A BOSONIC THERMOFIELD VACUUM." International Journal of Modern Physics A 27, no. 22 (August 30, 2012): 1250124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x12501242.

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We consider a process of parametric down conversion where the input state is a bosonic thermofield vacuum. This state leads to a parametric down conversion, generating an output of two excited photons. Following a thermofield dynamics scheme, the input state, initially in a bosonic thermofield vacuum, and the output states, initially in vacuum states, evolve under a Liouville–von Neumann equation.

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19

Biondi, Andrea. "State aid is falling down, falling down: An analysis of the case law on the notion of aid." Common Market Law Review 50, Issue 6 (December 1, 2013): 1719–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2013164.

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The article looks at the definition of State aid, in the light of recent case law of the EU Courts. There are claims that this case law shows serious shortcomings, is too complex, and reveals a rift between the General Court and the ECJ. In particular the interpretation of the substantive elements forming the notion of aid such 'granted by the state or through state resources' and 'selectivity' is far from clear. The question arises whether State aid control is then possible at all, given the underlying political objectives. Despite some shortcomings the Courts are somehow still managing to maintain a formal approach, in order to meet predictability requirements and legal certainty and at the same allowing a certain degree of flexibility. The case law reaffirms that the interpretation of the notion of aid still aims to preserve free movement and fair competition between States, and to ensure that Member States comply with EU law in terms of transparent economic governance. The efforts by the Courts and the European Institutions, in particular the Commission, in developing consensual rules on policy may still be the best we have so far.

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20

Blum Moyse, Lisa, and Hugues Berry. "Modelling the modulation of cortical Up-Down state switching by astrocytes." PLOS Computational Biology 18, no. 7 (July 21, 2022): e1010296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010296.

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Up-Down synchronization in neuronal networks refers to spontaneous switches between periods of high collective firing activity (Up state) and periods of silence (Down state). Recent experimental reports have shown that astrocytes can control the emergence of such Up-Down regimes in neural networks, although the molecular or cellular mechanisms that are involved are still uncertain. Here we propose neural network models made of three populations of cells: excitatory neurons, inhibitory neurons and astrocytes, interconnected by synaptic and gliotransmission events, to explore how astrocytes can control this phenomenon. The presence of astrocytes in the models is indeed observed to promote the emergence of Up-Down regimes with realistic characteristics. Our models show that the difference of signalling timescales between astrocytes and neurons (seconds versus milliseconds) can induce a regime where the frequency of gliotransmission events released by the astrocytes does not synchronize with the Up and Down phases of the neurons, but remains essentially stable. However, these gliotransmission events are found to change the localization of the bifurcations in the parameter space so that with the addition of astrocytes, the network enters a bistability region of the dynamics that corresponds to Up-Down synchronization. Taken together, our work provides a theoretical framework to test scenarios and hypotheses on the modulation of Up-Down dynamics by gliotransmission from astrocytes.

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21

van Kempen, Jochem, Marc A. Gieselmann, Michael Boyd, Nicholas A. Steinmetz, Tirin Moore, Tatiana A. Engel, and Alexander Thiele. "Top-down coordination of local cortical state during selective attention." Neuron 109, no. 5 (March 2021): 894–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2020.12.013.

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22

Valero, Manuel, Tim J. Viney, Robert Machold, Sara Mederos, Ipshita Zutshi, Benjamin Schuman, Yuta Senzai, Bernardo Rudy, and György Buzsáki. "Sleep down state-active ID2/Nkx2.1 interneurons in the neocortex." Nature Neuroscience 24, no. 3 (February 22, 2021): 401–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41593-021-00797-6.

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23

Kamada, Akira, Taichi Sugai, Akira Tokuchi, and Weihua Jiang. "Step-Down DC-DC Converter for Solid-State Marx Generator." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 49, no. 10 (October 2021): 3149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2021.3114320.

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Kamada, Akira, Taichi Sugai, Akira Tokuchi, and Weihua Jiang. "Step-Down DC-DC Converter for Solid-State Marx Generator." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 49, no. 10 (October 2021): 3149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2021.3114320.

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25

Uhlmeyer, Jeff S., Kim Willoughby, Linda M. Pierce, and Joe P. Mahoney. "Top-Down Cracking in Washington State Asphalt Concrete Wearing Courses." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1730, no. 1 (January 2000): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1730-13.

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For years, pavement engineers within the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) have observed that longitudinal and fatigue (multiple-interconnected) cracks in their thicker asphalt concrete (AC) pavements appeared to crack from the top of the wearing course downward. Often, the cracks stop at the interface between the wearing course and the underlying bituminous layers (a depth of about 50 mm). Studies done elsewhere in the United States and internationally have reported similar results. The results of extensive coring that WSDOT routinely collects in its pavement rehabilitation process were compared in a study. WSDOT normally cores AC pavements to determine thickness for use in mechanistic-empirical design. In addition to coring for AC thickness, specific information noting surface-initiated (top-down) cracking with the crack depth or full-depth cracking was noted. WSDOT observed top-down cracking occurring in the thicker sections, with thinner sections cracking full depth. Top-down cracking generally started within 3 to 8 years of paving for pavement sections that were structurally adequate and were designed for adequate equivalent single-axle loads.

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26

Parris, Thomas M. "Bytes of note: Tracking Down State of the Environment Reports." Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development 42, no. 3 (April 2000): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00139150009604869.

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27

Reville, Patrick J. "Supreme Court Guns Down State Firearm Restrictions, The Chicago Way." Journal of Business Case Studies (JBCS) 7, no. 3 (April 28, 2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jbcs.v7i3.4258.

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It was February 14, 1929. The United States was still experiencing the Roaring Twenties. The stock market had not yet crashed, and Prohibition, that noble experiment, was nearing the end of a tumultuous decade. A group of five apparent law enforcement personnel, some in uniform, some not, paid a visit to a warehouse on the north side of Chicago. Illegal/bootlegged booze trafficking was the ostensible target. When the visit was over, 6 men lay dead, and the apparent lone survivor, rushed to the hospital where he declined to elaborate on the incident, promptly passed away. The departed were part of the George Bugs Moran organization, while the visiting police contingent was actually made up of members of the Al Scarface Capone mob. The event would go down in history as The St. Valentines Day Massacre, and the main method of communication at the warehouse was the Thompson submachine gun. In the aftermath of that notorious gangland rubout, and other instances of outlaw use of machine guns, the automatic weapon was virtually taxed and legislated out of legal existence. Along with the abolishment of legal automatic weapons, restrictions on all types of firearms became a cause and a reality. Yet, in 2008, a group of five black-robed members of a Washington, D.C., organization took aim at the outright restriction on handguns in the District of Columbia. The result was a rubout of the D.C. restrictions.(1) Then, two years later, the same Gang of Five donned their black robes, and, in essence, paid the City of Chicago a visit regarding its ban of firearms. The outcome was a bloodbath that may end up being remembered by Gun Control enthusiasts on the same level as the St. Valentines Day Massacre.(2)

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28

Loulakis, Michael C., and Lauren P. McLaughlin. "State Agency’s Use of Best Value Design/Build Struck Down." Civil Engineering Magazine Archive 81, no. 5 (May 2011): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/ciegag.0000698.

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29

Arik, Mehmet, Rajdeep Sharma, Jennifer Jackson, Satish Prabhakaran, Char Seeley, Yogen Utturkar, Stan Weaver, Glenn Kuenzler, and Bongtae Han. "Development of a High-Lumen Solid State Down Light Application." IEEE Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies 33, no. 4 (December 2010): 668–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcapt.2010.2055565.

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30

Auzelle, Thomas, Xavier Biquard, Edith Bellet-Amalric, Zhihua Fang, Hervé Roussel, Ana Cros, and Bruno Daudin. "Unraveling the strain state of GaN down to single nanowires." Journal of Applied Physics 120, no. 22 (December 14, 2016): 225701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4971967.

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31

Clausen, J., H. Hansen, L. Knöll, J. Mlynek, and D. G. Welsch. "Conditional quantum-state engineering in repeated 2-photon down-conversion." Applied Physics B 72, no. 1 (January 2001): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003400000480.

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32

Cash, S. S., E. Halgren, N. Dehghani, A. O. Rossetti, T. Thesen, C. Wang, O. Devinsky, et al. "The Human K-Complex Represents an Isolated Cortical Down-State." Science 324, no. 5930 (May 21, 2009): 1084–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1169626.

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33

McCann, Pamela J. Clouser, Charles R. Shipan, and Craig Volden. "Top-Down Federalism: State Policy Responses to National Government Discussions." Publius: The Journal of Federalism 45, no. 4 (April 2, 2015): 495–525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/publius/pjv013.

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34

Zhang, Hengbin, Qing Zhao, Zhipeng Tang, Song Liu, Qingtao Li, Zhongchao Fan, Fuhua Yang, et al. "Slowing Down DNA Translocation Through Solid-State Nanopores by Pressure." Small 9, no. 24 (July 5, 2013): 4112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smll.201301263.

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35

Hemmati, Sahel, Mehran Ahmadlou, Masoud Gharib, Roshanak Vameghi, and Firoozeh Sajedi. "Down syndrome’s brain dynamics: analysis of fractality in resting state." Cognitive Neurodynamics 7, no. 4 (March 27, 2013): 333–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11571-013-9248-y.

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36

Li, Song-Song. "Generation of Dicke Squeezed State in Kerr-Down Conversion System." International Journal of Theoretical Physics 54, no. 10 (March 25, 2015): 3503–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10773-015-2591-5.

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37

Finney, Joan. "California State Mandated MRSA Screening: Healthcare Dollars Down the Drain!" American Journal of Infection Control 40, no. 5 (June 2012): e119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2012.04.209.

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38

Elder, Catherine. "California's Status: State Begins Possible Future Natural Gas Wind‐Down." Natural Gas & Electricity 35, no. 6 (December 13, 2018): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.22098.

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39

Rožman, Marko, and Simon J. Gaskell. "Charge state dependent top-down characterisation using electron transfer dissociation." Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 26, no. 3 (December 22, 2011): 282–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rcm.5330.

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40

Tjendera, Mariaman, and Siti Iqbalwanty. "FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH DOWN SYNDROME INCIDENCE IN BATAM CITY STATE SPECIAL SCHOOL." Zona Kedokteran: Program Studi Pendidikan Dokter Universitas Batam 11, no. 2 (May 9, 2021): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37776/zked.v11i2.601.

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Background : Down Syndrome is a type of mental retardation caused by genetic material on chromosome 21. This syndrome can occur due to a process called nondisjunction or failure to separate. The purpose of this study was to determine the description of the factors associated with the incidence of Down Syndrome in Batam City State Special School. Method :The research design was carried out descriptively. The sampling technique was total sampling, with a sample size of 200 students. The univariate analysis is presented in the frequency distribution table. Result :The results showed that the factors associated with the incidence of Down syndrome were 184 children (92.0%) who did not have Down syndrome, 20 people (10.0%), the mother's age> 35 years. conclusion : The conclusion is that the majority is in the factor of maternal age. The suggestion of this research is that it can be used as input for more intensive counseling to the public about the factors that will cause Down syndrome by paying attention to the lifestyle of good mothers and fathers. So that it can be detected early and can reduce chromosomal abnormalities in the incidence of Down syndrome.

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41

Pugh, P. G. "Working Top-Down: Cost Estimating before Development Begins." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 206, no. 2 (July 1992): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1992_206_251_02.

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The present state of the art of cost estimating is reviewed with particular reference to its employment in connection with strategic decisions such as whether to launch a major project or not and, hence, when information concerning the project is limited and/or incomplete. The processes of ‘top-down’ cost estimating are described in sequence, starting with the gathering of data and its analysis followed by the formulation of costing assumptions and the derivation of cost-estimating relationships and ending in the application of those to yield cost estimates for the project in question. At each stage, the description is accompanied by practical advice and warnings of some common pitfalls.

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42

Halberstadt, Jamin B., Paula M. Niedenthal, and Julia Kushner. "Resolution of Lexical Ambiguity by Emotional State." Psychological Science 6, no. 5 (September 1995): 278–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1995.tb00511.x.

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The role of emotion in the resolution of lexical ambiguity was investigated Happy and sad subjects listened to a list of words that included homophones that had happy and neutral meanings (e g, presents-presence) and homophones that had sad and neutral meanings (e g, mourning-morning) Words were presented every 3 s, and subjects wrote down the words as they heard them (Meaning could be identified by spelling in all cases) An interaction between emotional state and homophone category was observed Sad subjects were more likely to write down sad meanings than were happy subjects Results are discussed with reference to the literatures on both emotion and lexical access

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43

Sachdev, Robert N. S., Ford F. Ebner, and Charles J. Wilson. "Effect of Subthreshold Up and Down States on the Whisker-Evoked Response in Somatosensory Cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 92, no. 6 (December 2004): 3511–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00347.2004.

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Changes in spontaneous activity within the cortex recognized by subthreshold fluctuations of the membrane potential of cortical neurons modified the response of cortical neurons to sensory stimuli. Sensory stimuli occurring in the hyperpolarized “down” state evoked a larger depolarization and were more effective in evoking action potentials than stimuli occurring in the depolarized “up” state. Direct electrical stimulation of the thalamus showed the same dependence on the cell's state at the time of the stimulus, ruling out a strictly thalamic mechanism. Stimuli were more effective at triggering action potentials in the down state even during moderate de- or hyperpolarization of the somatic membrane potential. The postsynaptic potential (PSP) evoked from the down state was larger than the up state PSP but achieved about the same peak membrane potential, which was also near the reversal potential of the PSP (about –51 mV). Chloride loading shifted the reversal potentials of both the up state and the whisker-evoked PSP toward a more depolarized membrane potential. In addition, the threshold for action potentials evoked from the down state was lower than for spikes evoked in the up state. Thus the larger PSP from the down state may be caused by its larger driving force, and the state dependence of action potential generation in response to whisker stimulation may in part be related to a shift in threshold. Different mechanisms are therefore responsible for the state-dependence of PSP amplitude and the spike frequency response to the whisker stimulus.

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44

Ratcliffe, Jerry H., Amber Perenzin, and Evan T. Sorg. "Operation Thumbs Down." Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 40, no. 2 (May 15, 2017): 442–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-01-2016-0004.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the violence-reduction effects following an FBI-led gang takedown in South Central Los Angeles. Design/methodology/approach The time series impact of the intervention was estimated using a Bayesian diffusion-regression state-space model designed to infer a causal effect of an intervention using data from a similar (non-targeted) gang area as a control. Findings A statistically significant 22 percent reduction in violent crime was observed, a reduction that lasted at least nine months after the interdiction. Research limitations/implications The research method does make assumptions about the equivalency of the control area, though statistical checks are employed to confirm the control area crime rate trended similarly to the target area prior to the intervention. Practical implications The paper demonstrates a minimum nine-month benefit to a gang takedown in the target area, suggesting that relatively long-term benefits from focused law enforcement activity are possible. Social implications Longer-term crime reduction beyond just the day of the intervention can aid communities struggling with high crime and rampant gang activity. Originality/value Few FBI-led gang task force interventions have been studied for their crime reduction benefit at the neighborhood level. This study adds to that limited literature. It also introduces a methodology that can incorporate crime rates from a control area into the analysis, and overcome some limitations imposed by ARIMA modeling.

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45

Bentele, K. G., R. Sager, S. A. Soule,, and G. Adler,. "Breaking Down the Wall between Church and State: State Adoption of Religious Inclusion Legislation, 1995-2009." Journal of Church and State 56, no. 3 (January 29, 2013): 503–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcs/css145.

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46

Raaed Faleh Hassan, Dr. "Design and software implementation of solid state transformer." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3 (August 21, 2018): 1776. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.16423.

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The work presented in this paper concerned with the analysis, design and software implementation of the Solid State Transformer as an alternative to the conventional power transformer. The proposed transformer aims to perform the same task as the conventional one with additional facilities and advantages. Three stages are considered to configure the Solid State Transformer. The first stage which is known as input stage and implemented using Vienna rectifier which converts the AC voltage of the main supply to a DC voltage. The second stage (isolation stage) step down the DC voltage to a lower level DC voltage. This stage consists of a single – phase five-level diode clamped inverter, 1 KHz step – down transformer and fully controlled bridge rectifier. The output stage (third stage) is a three-phase three-level diode clamped inverter which converts the low level DC voltage to a three-phase, 50 Hz AC voltage. Model Predictive Current Control has been employed for driving transformer’s stages. The gating signal is produced directly when the given cost function is minimized, therefore there is no need of any modulator. Behavior of the proposed structure is achieved by simulation which shows high quality power conversion with low Total Harmonic Distortion.

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47

Peters, Michael H., Oscar Bastidas, Daniel S. Kokron, and Christopher E. Henze. "Static all-atom energetic mappings of the SARS-Cov-2 spike protein and dynamic stability analysis of “Up” versus “Down” protomer states." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 10, 2020): e0241168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241168.

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The SARS-CoV-2 virion responsible for the current world-wide pandemic COVID-19 has a characteristic Spike protein (S) on its surface that embellishes both a prefusion state and fusion state. The prefusion Spike protein (S) is a large trimeric protein where each protomer may be in a so-called Up state or Down state, depending on the configuration of its receptor binding domain (RBD) within its distal, prefusion S1 domain. The Up state is believed to allow binding of the virion to ACE-2 receptors on human epithelial cells, whereas the Down state is believed to be relatively inactive or reduced in its binding behavior. We have performed detailed all-atom, dominant energy landscape mappings for noncovalent interactions (charge, partial charge, and van der Waals) of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein in its static prefusion state based on two recent and independent experimental structure publications. We included both interchain interactions and intrachain (domain) interactions in our mappings in order to determine any telling differences (different so-called “glue” points) between residues in the Up and Down state protomers. The S2 proximal, fusion domain demonstrated no appreciable energetic differences between Up and Down protomers, including interchain as well as each protomer’s intrachain, S1-S2 interactions. However, the S1 domain interactions across neighboring protomers, which include the RBD-NTD cross chain interactions, showed significant energetic differences between Up-Down and Down-Down neighboring protomers. This included, for example, a key RBD residue ARG357 in the Up-Down interaction and a three residue sequence ALA520-PRO521-ALA522, associated with a turn structure in the RBD of the Up state protomer, acting as a stabilizing interaction with the NTD of its neighbor protomer. Additionally, our intra chain dominant energy mappings within each protomer, identified a significant “glue” point or possible “latch” for the Down state protomer between the S1 subdomain, SD1, and the RBD domain of the same protomer that was completely missing in the Up state protomer analysis. Ironically, this dominant energetic interaction in the Down state protomer involved the backbone atoms of the same three residue sequence ALA520-PRO521-ALA522 of the RBD with the amino acid R-group of GLN564 in the SD1 domain. Thus, this same three residue sequence acts as a stabilizer of the RBD in the Up conformation through its interactions with its neighboring NTD chain and a kind of latch in the Down state conformation through its interactions with its own SD1 domain. The dominant interaction energy residues identified here are also conserved across reported variations of SARS-CoV-2, as well as the closely related virions SARS-Cov and the bat corona virus RatG13. We conducted preliminary molecular dynamics simulations across 0.1 μ seconds to see if this latch provided structural stability and indeed found that a single point mutation (Q564G) resulted in the latch releasing transforming the protomer from the Down to the Up state conformation. Full trimeric Spike protein studies of the same mutation across all protomers, however, did not exhibit latch release demonstrating the critical importance of interchain interactions across the S1 domain, including RBD-NTD neighboring chain interactions. Therapies aimed at disrupting these noncovalent interactions could be a viable route for the physico-chemical mitigation of this deadly virion.

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Ryakhovskaya, A. N., and D. I. Ryakhovskiy. "Complex approach for state anti-crisis management in a down economy." Bulletin of "Turan" University, no. 4 (December 29, 2020): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.46914/1562-2959-2020-1-4-19-26.

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Belger, M., S. De Nigris, and X. Leoncini. "Slowing Down of So-called Chaotic States: “Freezing” the Initial State." Interdisciplinary journal of Discontinuity, Nonlinearity, and Complexity 5, no. 4 (December 2016): 447–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5890/dnc.2016.12.009.

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Hay, Y. Audrey, Nicolas Deperrois, Tanja Fuchsberger, Thomas Matthew Quarrell, Anna-Lucia Koerling, and Ole Paulsen. "Thalamus mediates neocortical Down state transition via GABAB-receptor-targeting interneurons." Neuron 109, no. 17 (September 2021): 2682–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2021.06.030.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Down state'

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