Relevant bibliographies by topics / Double yielding

Academic literature on the topic 'Double yielding'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Double yielding"

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Cruz, Daniel A., Margherita Maria Ferrari, Nataša Jonoska, Lukas Nabergall, and Masahico Saito. "Insertions Yielding Equivalent Double Occurrence Words." Fundamenta Informaticae 171, no. 1-4 (October 23, 2019): 113–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/fi-2020-1875.

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Matsuda, Takahiro, Tasuku Nakajima, Yuki Fukuda, Wei Hong, Takamasa Sakai, Takayuki Kurokawa, Ung-il Chung, and Jian Ping Gong. "Yielding Criteria of Double Network Hydrogels." Macromolecules 49, no. 5 (February 12, 2016): 1865–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02592.

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Fernández, Esther, Rafaela Pérez, and Jesús Ruiz. "Optimal green tax reforms yielding double dividend." Energy Policy 39, no. 7 (July 2011): 4253–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.04.041.

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Razavi, Masoud, and Shi‐Qing Wang. "Double Yielding in Deformation of Semicrystalline Polymers." Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 221, no. 19 (September 13, 2020): 2000151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.202000151.

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Razavi, Masoud, and Shi‐Qing Wang. "Double Yielding in Deformation of Semicrystalline Polymers." Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 221, no. 19 (October 2020): 2070043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.202070043.

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Pan, Peng, Yingri Cao, Haishen Wang, and Jiangbo Sun. "Development of double-stage yielding coupling beam damper." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 172 (September 2020): 106147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2020.106147.

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Feijoo, J. L., J. J. Sánchez, and A. J. Müller. "The phenomenon of double yielding in blown polyethylene films." Polymer Bulletin 39, no. 1 (July 1997): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002890050129.

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Adhikari, Rameshwar, Matthias Buschnakowski, Sven Henning, Sylvia Goerlitz, Trinh An Huy, Werner Lebek, Reinhold Godehardt, et al. "Double Yielding in a Styrene/Butadiene Star Block Copolymer." Macromolecular Rapid Communications 25, no. 5 (February 25, 2004): 653–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.200300186.

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Tanaka, Yoshimi, Yasunori Kawauchi, Takayuki Kurokawa, Hidemitsu Furukawa, Takaharu Okajima, and Jian Ping Gong. "Localized Yielding Around Crack Tips of Double-Network Gels." Macromolecular Rapid Communications 29, no. 18 (September 17, 2008): 1514–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.200800227.

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Yan, Bin, and Peng Liu. "Study on Seismic Performance of Double Spherical Bearing." Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (May 2011): 2488–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.2488.

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Continuous Beam Bridge was widely used, while seismic problem of it was prominent in meizoseismal area. According to mechanism of DSB, seismic performance of DSB was studied and the parameters of DSB were analyzed later, based on non-navigable bridge of Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge in deep water. It was found that DSB was an effective seismic-isolation device which could significantly reduce the seismic force although seismic displacement of bridge was increased. Yielding force and post-yielding stiffness were two main parameters of DSB.
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Book chapters on the topic "Double yielding"

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Maluszynski, M., I. Szarejko, P. Barriga, and A. Balcerzyk. "Heterosis in crop mutant crosses and production of high yielding lines using doubled haploid systems." In Mutations, In Vitro and Molecular Techniques for Environmentally Sustainable Crop Improvement, 55–73. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9996-2_6.

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Yasin, S., and F. Tatsuoka. "New strain energy hardening functions for sand based on the double yielding concept." In Deformation Characteristics of Geomaterials / Comportement Des Sols Et Des Roches Tendres. Taylor & Francis, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/noe9058096043.ch143.

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Cruel Sigüenza, Joseph, Carla Bernal Villavicencio, María Elizabeth Canchingre, Christie Durán García, and Juan E. Tacoronte. "Eco-Sustainable Catalytic System for Green Oxidation of Spirostanic Alcohols Using Hypervalent Iodine (III) Tempo-4-n-Acetoxyamine System." In Green Chemistry - New Perspectives. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.103855.

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The oxidation of the 3β-hydroxy group in the steroidal substrates obtained from naturally occurring sources, i.e., solanaceae steroidal sapogenins, is an important process in the preparation of ecdysteroid analogs. The need for selective green oxidation methodologies for steroidal alcohols (spirostenols, diosgenine, and derivatives) avoid the use of toxic Cr (VI) derivatives, without the isomerization of the double bond at 5,6 position and also without the oxidative cleavage of the spirocetal moiety is of great methodological significance. Herein, we report the oxidation of spirostanic steroidal alcohols to their carbonyl analogs using hypervalent iodine (III)/TEMPO-4-N-acetoxyamine system. The present method is simple, eco-sustainable, efficient, and high-yielding process for the oxidative transformation of secondary steroidal alcohols without any over-oxidation, isomerization of the double bond, or oxidative cleavage of spirocetalic fragment in different substrates. Therefore, this method does not involve toxic heavy metals and is expected to have wide utility in the oxidation process of these compounds.
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Zinn-Justin, Jean. "Renormalization group approach to matrix models." In From Random Walks to Random Matrices, 493–500. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787754.003.0025.

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Chapter 25 discusses how, in the mid–1980s, it was realized that some ensembles of random matrices in the large size and double scaling limit could be used as toy models for two–dimensional quantum gravity coupled to conformal matter and string theory, or as examples of critical statistical models (like the critical Ising model) on continuum random surfaces. The method is based on a perturbative expansion in terms of fat Feynman diagrams associated with tessalated surfaces, organized as a topological expansion. A tremendous development of random matrix theory followed, and a number of matrix models have been solved exactly. The solutions exhibit a universal behaviour with respect to changes of the matrix potential. Therefore, it is tempting to use renormalization group (RG) ideas to determine universal properties, without solving models explicitly. Approximate RG equations have been derived, yielding interesting results, but a strategy for systematic improvement is lacking.
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Gianollo, Chiara. "Feature reanalysis and the Latin origin of Romance Negative Concord." In Syntactic Features and the Limits of Syntactic Change, 113–38. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198832584.003.0006.

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This chapter investigates the sequence of changes leading from the Latin system of negation to the various Romance outcomes. While Classical Latin is a Double Negation language, the earliest Romance varieties show a Negative Concord grammar. In the proposed analysis, this seemingly paradoxical development is explained by situating the prerequisites for Negative Concord already at the Late Latin stage. In Late Latin, a featural and structural reanalysis of the negative marker entails the activation of a projection in the clause where sentential negation has to be identified. This, in turn, triggers the grammaticalization of new negatively marked indefinites licensed in the scope of negation. These indefinites establish a syntactic relation first with the Focus Phrase (as negation strengtheners) and subsequently with the Negation Phrase, yielding a Negative Concord system. This study highlights the importance of generative research on the nature and format of syntactic features for our understanding of diachrony.
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Mancosu, Paolo, Sergio Galvan, and Richard Zach. "Normal deductions." In An Introduction to Proof Theory, 101–67. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192895936.003.0004.

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The concept of a normal deduction is introduced as a way to capture the notion of a “direct” proof, i.e., one that makes no detours. The latter happens, e.g., when a formula is introduced first by a rule of introduction (say, starting from A and B to introduce the conjunction A ∧ B) and is followed immediately by an elimination of the same connective (yielding, for instance, A). A normalization theorem proves that if one has a proof with detours then there is a proof without detours. Proving such more advanced results in proof theory requires more complex proof methods than simple induction. A first step to more complex proofs is the use of double induction. A first application of double induction is the proof of normalization for a fragment of minimal logic containing conjunction, implication, negation, and the universal quantifier. The result is extended to full intuitionistic logic, followed by a discussion of the structure of normal deductions. Normal deductions have the sub-formula property, and so cannot be proofs of contradictions. This shows that natural deduction is consistent. Normalization can also be used to show that certain formulas cannot be proved, e.g., that the principle of excluded middle cannot be proved in intuitionistic logic. Finally, a full proof of normalization for full classical logic is given.
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Becker, Richard C., and Frederick A. Spencer. "Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis." In Fibrinolytic and Antithrombotic Therapy. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195155648.003.0030.

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Venous thromboembolism represents a true worldwide medical problem that is encountered within all realms of practice. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) occurs in approximately 100 patients per 100,000 population yearly in the United States and increases exponentially with each decade of life (White, 2003). Approximately one-third of patients with symptomatic deep vein thrombosis (DVT) experience a pulmonary embolism (PE). Death occurs within 1 month in 6% of patients with DVT and 12% of those with PE. Early mortality is associated strongly with presentation as PE, advanced age, malignancy, and underlying cardiovascular disease. An experience dating back several decades has provided a better understanding of disease states and conditions associated with VTE (Anderson and Spencer, 2003). Given the potential morbidity and mortality associated with VTE, it is apparent that prophylaxis represents an important goal in clinical practice. A variety of anticoagulants including unfractionated heparin, low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), and warfarin have been studied. More recently, two new agents have been developed that warrant discussion. Fondaparinux underwent a worldwide development program in orthopedic surgery for the prophylaxis of VTE. The program consisted mainly of four large, randomized, double-blind phase II studies comparing fondaparinux (SC), at a dose of 2.5 mg starting 6 hours postoperatively, with the two enoxaparin regimens approved for VTE prophylaxis—40 mg qd or 30 mg twice daily beginning 12 hours postoperatively. The results support a greater protective effect with fondaparinux, yielding a 55.2% relative risk reduction of VTE (Bauer et al., 2001; Eriksson et al., 2001; Lassen et al., 2002; Turpie et al., 2001, 2002; ). A European program of three large-scale clinical trials (MElagatran for THRombin inhibition in Orthopedic surgery [METHRO] I, II, and III, and EXpanded PRophylaxis Evaluation Surgery Study [EXPRESS]) (Eriksson et al., 2002a, b, 2003a, b) evaluated the safety and efficacy of subcutaneous melagatran followed by oral ximelagatran compared with LMWH for thromboprophylaxis following total hip replacement (THR) and total knee replacement (TKR) surgery.
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Evans, L. T. "Greater Crop Production Whence and Whither?" In Feeding a World Population of More Than Eight Billion People. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195113129.003.0013.

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Crop physiology has been called “the retrospective science” by one plant breeder because we physiologists elucidate what the breeders have already achieved. Indeed, such explanations occupy the first part of this chapter, the whence of greater crop production. We shall also peer ahead, the whither in my title. But physiologists have learned that past increases in crop productivity have often come from unexpected and initially unrecognized directions, in many cases driven by developments in agronomy, mechanization, and demand. The integrating power of empirical selection for yield potential has, so far, proved more effective than ideological selection for specific physiological characteristics, presumably because yield is the integrated end result of a great variety of processes that must act in a balanced and coordinated way. Crop production can be increased in several ways, such as by extending the arable area, by increasing yield per hectare per crop or the number of crops per hectare per year (called intensification), by displacement of lower by higher yielding crops, and by reducing postharvest losses. Until the 1960s the major contribution for the world as a whole came from increases in the area of arable land and in the proportion of it under crop. Since then, however, the limited increases in arable area, in South America and Africa mostly, have largely been matched —though not in land quality —by losses to urbanization, transport, and degradation. The proportion of rainfed arable land under crop continues to increase slowly, currently being about three quarters for the developing countries as a whole. The intensification of arable land use is most important in warmer and wetter climates, particularly under irrigation. Double cropping of rice has been prominent in China since Sung times. Cropping intensity in the Punjab now approaches 200%, and FAO projects that 13% of the increase in crop production in developing countries by A.D. 2010 will come from intensification, compared with 21% from extension of the arable (Alexandratos, 1995). Further intensification will depend heavily on extension of the irrigated area, but much can also be achieved by the breeding of earlier maturing varieties coupled with improvements in fertilizer use and minimum tillage procedures.
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Turna, Fatma, Nihan Kurtulmaz, and Burak Kozali. "A Comparative Study of the Central Administration Budget Preparation Process in Turkey and Sweden." In Transcontinental Strategies for Industrial Development and Economic Growth, 1–14. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2160-0.ch001.

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Sweden was one of the countries among the OECD states yielding maximum budget surplus at the end of 1980s and became one of the countries yielding maximum budget deficits in the first years of the 1990s. The budget deficit almost doubled in five years. During that period, the government decided the most important reason of the budget deficits was the budget process itself and commenced studies to reform the budget process and enhance its consistency and reliability. Basic steps were taken to grant budget surplus for whole public sector, to set an allowance cap for whole public sector and create equivalent budget structure for all municipalities and a series of studies were conducted. In this study, the stage of the budget preparation process in Turkey and Sweden will be reviewed and compared to the budget preparation process in Sweden with the budget preparation process in Turkey.
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Matzat, Wolfgang. "La fuerza de la sangre cervantina en el espejo de una novela de Kleist." In Admiración del mundo Actas selectas del XIV Coloquio Internacional de la Asociación de Cervantistas. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-579-7/011.

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In 1808, the German author Heinrich von Kleist published the novella The Marquise of O., which bears an obvious resemblance to The Force of Blood from Cervantes’s Exemplary Novels. In both cases, the female protagonist marries a man after being raped by him. At first sight, Kleist’s text seems to testify to a degree of progress in female emancipation because the victim has doubts about accepting the rapist as her husband. Other aspects of his novella are less conducive to proving such a progress. Kleist stresses the pressures of family honour more than Cervantes does, and he does not restrict himself merely to qualifying rape as a sin or crime. He also hints at the possibility of an unconscious yielding to bodily needs, questioning thus the power of reason to govern sexual desires.
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Conference papers on the topic "Double yielding"

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Zhu, Xian-Kui. "Determination of Pipeline Yielding Occurred in Hydrostatic Pressure Testing." In ASME 2019 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2019-93087.

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Abstract The pipeline industry has traditionally utilized the “double stroke” concept to define line pipe yielding for limiting plastic deformation of the pipeline during hydrostatic pressure testing. Practice showed that double stroke may define a nominal yield point lying between the elastic limit and the offset yield strength. Recently, a set of field hydrostatic tests were conducted on an X70 pipeline at Enterprise Products, and the test pressure at double stroke was as high as 129% of SMYS, but the von Mises stress was less than the actual yield strength. The entire pipeline was thought in the elastic conditions at double stroke during the hydrostatic testing. It is well recognized that the classical Tresca and von Mises yield criteria determines a lower and an upper bound of the limit load at yielding, and a newly proposed Zhu-Leis yield criterion determines a medium result of the two classical solutions. Extensive full-scale tests have confirmed that the Zhu-Leis yield solution is the best prediction of experimental data on average. This paper attempts to use the more accurate Zhu-Leis yield criterion to reanalyze the real-world hydrostatic tests of the X70 pipeline to see if pipe yielding occurs and to determine pipe diameter expansion at double stroke during the hydrostatic pressure testing.
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Estevez, H., P. Lopez, J. A. Rodriguez, F. Ares, and E. Moreno. "Design of a circular aperture yielding a double-difference beam with sidelobes of individually arbitrary heights." In 30th European Microwave Conference, 2000. IEEE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/euma.2000.338817.

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Zhou, Changyu, Jian Li, and Xiaohua He. "Study on Limit Load of Double Pipe Bend Combined Fittings." In ASME 2015 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2015-45124.

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Pipe bends and double pipe bends combined fittings including Back-to-back pipe combination (BB) and Face-to-face pipe combination (FF) play an important role in pressure pipeline system. Their carrying capacity will affect the integrity and safe operation of whole piping system directly. In this paper plastic limit loads for double pipe bends combined fittings (BB and FF) are analyzed by finite element method with elastic-perfect-plastic constitutive relation and the corresponding limit load equations are proposed which extends the range of pipe geometry λ Results show that the limit load equations available in references fail to be used for double pipe bends combined fittings and are unsafe, especially for FF combination. The limit loads increase with pipe thickness and bend radius in the meantime. The value of r/t is the main factor affecting limit load solutions. Detailed analysis also demonstrates that with applied load increasing, initial yielding appears in the FF combination firstly and finally overall yielding will happen. While the stress situation of BB combination is close to that of a single pipe bend. Eventually these proposed finite element based results are validated with experiment data and shows that finite element based solutions are believable.
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Asselin, Daniel, and Henri H. Arsenault. "Rotation invariant pattern recognition using a double coordinate transform." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1992.wd5.

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We use an optical rectangular-to-polar coordinate transformation system to accomplish rotation-invariant pattern recognition. The coordinate transforming device is a special computer-generated hologram. The output of the device is optically Fourier transformed, yielding a rotation-invariant output. However, the performance of the system is degraded by a wraparound effect due to the coordinate transformation. We show how the performance may be significantly improved by superimposing two coordinate transforms. The all-optical system includes the coordinate transforming device and a liquid-crystal light valve. At this time the final recognition is done by computer, but we will show how to incorporate this system into an all-optical invariant pattern recognition system.
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Xu, Li, Jaewon Chung, and Costas P. Grigoropoulos. "Double Laser Crystallization (DLC) of Pre-Patterned Amorphous Silicon Film and Amorphous Silicon Film With a Patterned Assisting SiO2 Layer." In ASME 2004 Heat Transfer/Fluids Engineering Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht-fed2004-56729.

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In this study, pre-patterned amorphous silicon films are crystallized by the double laser crystallization (DLC) technique. Temperature distribution upon laser irradiation is modified by patterning the a-Si film, thus controlling the crystal growth. Patterns with a flattened concave feature is found to be favorable for large crystal growth with high localization, yielding grains with the size of 1.5 μm × 4 μm. As an alternate method (to pre-patterning the amorphous silicon film) for obtaining large crystal growth, double laser crystallization of amorphous silicon film with patterned SiO2 cap layer is proposed. The SiO2 layer assists the lateral growth of the crystals by acting as a thermal reservoir and slowing down the cooling rate, and additionally helps reduce the roughness of the polycrystalline surface to about 3nm (R.M.S.). With this alternate method, the grain width is increased from 0.5 μm to 1.5μm.
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Warman, David J., Nicholas J. Gruzdowich, Harold E. Kleeman, Sean C. Boardman, and Ugochukwu N. Duruike. "De Facto Hydrostatic Test Pressures: A Study in Double Stroking." In 2016 11th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2016-64363.

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The pipeline industry has traditionally utilized the double stroke method to limit pipe yielding during pressure testing. Yet few case studies are available which indicate the actual state of stress in a pipeline segment where the pressure — volume plot indicates that the double stroke point has been reached. Examination of a typical stress-strain curve of pipeline steel indicates that the double stroke point typically occurs midway between the elastic limit and the defined yield strength and that the elastic limit can occur at 80% of the defined yield stress. The purpose of this paper is to develop a model to better understand the actual stresses a pipeline experiences during a hydrostatic test. For analysis, the double stroke point is used as the test case, which results in insights about the actual stresses seen on the pipeline and an understanding about what double stroking actually means. The double stroke point was chosen for analysis since it is commonly used as a ceiling on hydrostatic test pressure and, although literature provides clarity on its definition, few experiments and tests have been performed to gain a practical understanding of its affect on a pipeline. Analysis was done on a real world example and the results were compared to a Monte Carlo simulation to model the sensitivity of the various parameters. The results of the real world test case of known pipe attributes indicated that the strains in all pipe joints would stay below 0.5% at the double stroke point. When a Monte Carlo simulation was applied to the pipe variables of the same test section, 0.5% strain was exceeded on several outlying joints, but in those cases the hoop stress utilizing Barlow’s equation was in-excess of 125% SMYS. The analysis in this paper provides a tool for predicting the range of actual stresses the pipeline is experiencing when hydrostatically tested, and in doing so, also provides a firmer grasp on what double stroking actually means for a pipeline.
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Zˇiha, Kalman, and Branko Blagojevic´. "Fatigue Yield of Ship Structures." In ASME 2009 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2009-80222.

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The paper on the first place summarizes the fatigue yield approach as a cause-effect interaction between fatigue damage progression and fatigue endurance. Secondly it investigates the fatigue strength worsening on experimental S-N data and the load variability effects in shipbuilding. Next it applies the Classification Society’s rule-based procedure for fatigue analysis of ship’s structure that uses a simplified fatigue strength assessment method. The example elaborates fatigue yield effect on the seagoing operation of a double hull 47400 tdw tanker. At the end the paper recommends the procedure for assessment of ship lifetime shortening due to the fatigue yielding under constant and variable amplitude block loadings.
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Kane, S., J. V. Rudd, A. C. Tien, J. Squier, G. Korn, G. Mourou, and P. Tournois. "Hybrid grating-prism compressor with cubic phase tunability and decreased alignment sensitivity." In International Conference on Ultrafast Phenomena. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/up.1994.thd.1.

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Traditional pulse stretcher/compressor systems [1,2] have relied on high-groove-density gratings (~2000 l/mm) for systems operating in the 800-nm wavelength regime. These highly dispersive gratings provide significant stretching and compressing of >100-fs pulses in a relatively compact system. In addition, high-groove-density gratings are very efficient, typically yielding a 70% net throughput for a double-passed compressor. However, while these gratings work well for stretching and compressing >100-fs pulses, the alignment sensitivity of traditional high-groove systems makes them almost unusable for pulses shorter than 100 fs. Here we present a novel high-groove-density grating compressor which has relaxed alignment tolerances and can be used with ultrashort pulses.
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Bowker, J. T., J. A. Gianetto, G. Shen, W. Tyson, and D. Horsley. "Cross-Weld Tensile Properties of Girth Welds for Strain-Based Designed Pipelines." In 2006 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2006-10400.

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For strain-based designed pipelines it is important to understand the relative tensile properties of both weld metal and pipe material in the pipe axial direction. The evaluation of weld metal tensile properties has typically involved extracting all-weld-metal tensile samples in the direction of the weld. In this study an evaluation of the application of “waisted” tensile samples to generate data has been conducted. Initial studies focused on finite element analysis to generate geometry factors for a range of specimen configurations to correct for the level of stress triaxiality. These factors were then applied to samples extracted from X70 and X100 pipe material to establish the validity of this approach. It was shown that, regardless of the radius of waisted specimens, very good agreement was obtained between the geometry-factor-corrected stress-strain curves and those generated from standard test specimens at true strains above 0.02. To achieve a better agreement between the corrected and standard tensile curves in and around yield it was necessary to use samples with a large radius (9 mm) where the stress concentration was low. Finite element analysis provided supporting evidence with respect to the effect of stress concentration associated with different specimen radii on the yielding pattern. These waisted samples were used to measure the tensile properties in all-weld-metal and cross-weld-metal directions for an X70 double joint (DJ) weld and an X100 mechanized pulsed gas metal arc (P-GMA) weld. Waisted samples taken from the double joint weld on X70 with radii of 3 mm and 9 mm showed no difference with respect to their orientation. Once stress-strain behaviour was corrected for geometry, the curves were in excellent agreement with the standard test specimens above 0.01 true strain in the case of the sample of radius 3 mm and for the whole curve for the sample with radius 9 mm. An assessment of the X100 weld identified a small difference between all-weld-metal and cross-weld-metal directions, with the latter displaying a lower stress between yielding and 0.03 true strain. The use of waisted samples of larger radius generated much better agreement with the standard specimens associated with their lower stress concentration. Because of the finite weld width, consideration needs to be given to the extent to which the reduced section may extend beyond the weld and the potential effect of mismatch in strength.
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Wu, Yan, M. Basar Karacor, Shaurya Prakash, and Mark A. Shannon. "Solid/Water Interface of Functionalized Silica Surfaces Studied by Dynamic Force Measurements." In ASME 2010 8th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels collocated with 3rd Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm-icnmm2010-30851.

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In this study, silica surfaces were chemically modified yielding dissimilar surfaces with –Br, –NH2, and –CH3 functional group terminations. The dynamic response of an oscillating micro-cantilever with a gold-coated tip interacting with the functionalized silica surfaces was studied in electrolyte solutions with pH ranging from 4 to 9. The amplitude and phase of the cantilever oscillation were monitored and used to calculate the effective stiffness of the AFM cantilever, which relates to the double layer interactions and the hydrodynamic damping at the solid/water interface. The data for the dynamic response of the AFM over silica surfaces as a function of chemical functionalization and electrolyte pH show that the effective stiffness has distinctive dependence on the surface charge of functionalized silica surfaces. The hydrodynamic damping also correlates strongly with the relative hydrophobicity of the surface, suggesting a dependence on interfacial characteristics including effective slip lengths. It is hoped that the experimental data reported here will provide insights for development of more theoretical models explaining the underlying mechanisms.
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