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Journal articles on the topic 'Double letters'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Mariol, Marina, Corentin Jacques, Marie-Anne Schelstraete, and Bruno Rossion. "The Speed of Orthographic Processing during Lexical Decision: Electrophysiological Evidence for Independent Coding of Letter Identity and Letter Position in Visual Word Recognition." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 20, no. 7 (July 2008): 1283–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.20088.

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Adults can decide rapidly if a string of letters is a word or not. However, the exact time course of this discrimination is still an open question. Here we sought to track the time course of this discrimination and to determine how orthographic information—letter position and letter identity—is computed during reading. We used a go/no-go lexical decision task while recording event-related potentials (ERPs). Subjects were presented with single words (go trials) and pseudowords (no-go trials), which varied in orthographic conformation, presenting either a double consonant frequently doubled (i.e., “ss”) or never doubled (i.e., “zz”) (identity factor); and a position of the double consonant was which either legal or illegal (position factor), in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Words and pseudowords clearly differed as early as 230 msec. At this latency, ERP waveforms were modulated both by the identity and by the position of letters: The fronto-central no-go N2 was the smallest in amplitude and peaked the earliest to pseudowords presenting both an illegal double-letter position and an identity never encountered. At this stage, the two factors showed additive effects, suggesting an independent coding. The factors of identity and position of double letters interacted much later in the process, at the P3 level, around 300–400 msec on frontal and central sites, in line with the lexical decision data obtained in the behavioral study. Overall, these results show that the speed of lexical decision may depend on orthographic information coded independently by the identity and position of letters in a word.

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2

Lestari, Wiji, and Faiz Rafdhi. "Sistem Informasi Manajemen Arsip Surat Berbasis Desktop pada BP3TKI Jakarta." Jurnal CoSciTech (Computer Science and Information Technology) 1, no. 2 (October 31, 2020): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.37859/coscitech.v1i2.2183.

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At the BP3TKI Jakarta office, there are still some problems in processing incoming and outgoing letters including frequent double numbering errors in incoming and outgoing letters, relating to storage in this case archiving is only in the form of storing hardcopy documents which results in lost letters and a lot of use of paper so spend more in terms of company operations. So it was designed a Letter Filing Management Information System in Jakarta BP3TKI. In building a Letter Filing Management Information System in BP3TKI Jakarta using Vb.Net with visual studio 2010 software as a programming language and display design. MySQL as a database. This system development uses UML (Unfied Modeling Language) tools as an analysis of the running system. The research methodology uses a waterfall, with stages of analysis, design, manufacture, coding, testing. This study produces a Letter Archive Management Information System in BP3TKI Jakarta that can facilitate the management of incoming and outgoing mail data, the process of making reports, recording letters, storing letters properly so as to facilitate the search for data. Can change a manual mail archive management into a structured system.

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3

Tressler, Beth. "WAKING DREAMS: GEORGE ELIOT AND THE POETICS OF DOUBLE CONSCIOUSNESS." Victorian Literature and Culture 39, no. 2 (May 18, 2011): 483–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150311000106.

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In a letter that she wrote to her childhood governess and religious mentor Maria Lewis in 1839, George Eliot describes a pervading and distressful mental anxiety – one that would come to greatly influence both the constitution and development of her fiction. Still within the throes of her evangelical ardor, Eliot laments in this letter that the “disjointed specimens” of history, poetry, science, and philosophy have become “all arrested and petrified and smothered by the fast thickening every day accession of actual events, relative anxieties, and household cares and vexations” (Eliot, Letters 1: 29). The letter illustrates more the disjointed nature of Eliot's own mind than the disjointed nature of the things occupying it. Apparently under the weight of some religious guilt, she retracts this complaint and apologizes for it; but, then she immediately contradicts her retraction and defends her struggle by expanding her own individual failure into the larger realm of universal human failure: How deplorably and unaccountably evanescent are our frames of mind, as various as the forms and hues of the summer clouds. A single word is sometimes enough to give an entirely new mould to our thoughts; at least I find myself so constituted, and therefore to me it is pre-eminently important to be anchored within the veil, so that outward things may only act as winds to agitating sails, and be unable to send me adrift. (Letters 1: 30) Possibly fearing a rebuke from Lewis, Eliot finds it necessary to call upon the evanescence of “our frames of mind” to characterize her early struggle with the painful inconsistency of her own consciousness. On the one hand, Eliot feels a sense of evangelical guilt that her consciousness can be so influenced by “a single word” that her household duties and her spiritual life suffer. She equates this aspect of her mind to a deplorable, moral failing that threatens to set her adrift from her religious foundation. But on the other hand, Eliot contradicts this sense of failure with her resentment at the household anxieties and everyday vexations that are able to smother and petrify the extraordinary workings of her mind. To prevent herself from “saying anything still more discreditable to my head and heart,” she imagines herself as a child “wand'ring far alone, / That none might rouse me from my waking dream” (Letters 1: 30). But Eliot awakes from this dream to the disheartening revelation of “life's dull path and earth's deceitful hope” (Letters 1: 30). For a time, this painful deceit compels her to remain solidly within the confines of her duty and faith, but it simultaneously begins to unravel the binding that so ardently holds her.

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4

Park, Joonkoo, Andrew Hebrank, Thad A. Polk, and Denise C. Park. "Neural Dissociation of Number from Letter Recognition and Its Relationship to Parietal Numerical Processing." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 24, no. 1 (January 2012): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00085.

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The visual recognition of letters dissociates from the recognition of numbers at both the behavioral and neural level. In this article, using fMRI, we investigate whether the visual recognition of numbers dissociates from letters, thereby establishing a double dissociation. In Experiment 1, participants viewed strings of consonants and Arabic numerals. We found that letters activated the left midfusiform and inferior temporal gyri more than numbers, replicating previous studies, whereas numbers activated a right lateral occipital area more than letters at the group level. Because the distinction between letters and numbers is culturally defined and relatively arbitrary, this double dissociation provides some of the strongest evidence to date that a neural dissociation can emerge as a result of experience. We then investigated a potential source of the observed neural dissociation. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that lateralization of visual number recognition depends on lateralization of higher-order numerical processing. In Experiment 2, the same participants performed addition, subtraction, and counting on arrays of nonsymbolic stimuli varying in numerosity, which produced neural activity in and around the intraparietal sulcus, a region associated with higher-order numerical processing. We found that individual differences in the lateralization of number activity in visual cortex could be explained by individual differences in the lateralization of numerical processing in parietal cortex, suggesting a functional relationship between the two regions. Together, these results demonstrate a neural double dissociation between letter and number recognition and suggest that higher-level numerical processing in parietal cortex may influence the neural organization of number processing in visual cortex.

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5

payne, Philip B. "MS. 88 as Evidence for a Text without 1 Cor 14.34–5." New Testament Studies 44, no. 1 (January 1998): 152–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0028688500016428.

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This critical note explains the most likely origin of the dislocated text at the end of 1 Corinthians 14 in the Greek twelfth century AD minuscule 88.1 There are four distinctive features of this passage in ms. 88.1) Cor 14.36 follows immediately after 14.33.2) Cor 14.34–5 follows 14.40.3) Cor 14.34—5 is a distinct unit separated from v. 40 by a double slash on the base line in the space normally occupied by letters. The words on each side of this double slash are much farther apart than any other adjacent words on this page, so the original scribe must have inserted the double slash before writing w. 34–5. (See line 15 of the enlarged photograph, p. 158.) The end of v. 35 coincides with the end of a line. (See line 22 of the enlarged photograph.) Nothing follows on this line after its closing punctuation dot,2 even though each of the remaining three lines on this page extends one or two more letters beyond this dot. The next line, which begins chapter 15, is the only line on this page to be indented.34) There is a corresponding but smaller double slash above the last letter of 14.33.4 (See line 6 of the enlarged photograph.) It is placed at a sharper angle than the double slash before vv. 34–5 to help it fit between the lines of text. Another larger double slash, at the same level as the Greek letters on the last line of v. 33, is in the right margin where it is easy to see.

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6

Miceli, Gabriele, Barbara Benvegnù, Rita Capasso, and Alfonso Caramazza. "Selective Deficit in Processing Double Letters." Cortex 31, no. 1 (March 1995): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-9452(13)80114-1.

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7

Warren, Matthew. "Four new DNA letters double life’s alphabet." Nature 566, no. 7745 (February 2019): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-019-00650-8.

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8

Sokolović-Perović, Mirjana, Bene Bassetti, and Susannah Dillon. "English orthographic forms affect L2 English speech production in native users of a non-alphabetic writing system." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 23, no. 3 (July 12, 2019): 591–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136672891900035x.

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AbstractThere is growing evidence that the orthographic forms (spellings) of second language words affect second language (L2) speech production, but it is not known whether orthography affects L2 phonology in native users of a non-alphabetic writing system. To answer this question, this study tested the effects of number of letters on the duration of consonants and vowels in the EnglishL2 speech production of Japanese–English sequential bilinguals. JapaneseL1–EnglishL2 bilinguals and English native speakers (both n = 16) performed a delayed word repetition task, producing 16 English word pairs in which the same consonant or vowel was spelled either with a single letter or with double letters, as in city-kitty. The bilinguals produced the same English sound as longer or shorter depending on the number of letters in its spelling, confirming that L2 orthographic forms affect L2 speakers’ phonological representations of L2 words even when their L1 writing system is not alphabetical.

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9

Chan, Elisa K., Christine Wilson, Scott Tyldesley, Ivo A. Olivotto, Anky Lai, Janette Sam, Ritinder Harry, and Alan Nichol. "Signed family physician reminder letters to women overdue for screening mammography: A randomized clinical trial." Journal of Medical Screening 25, no. 3 (November 20, 2017): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969141317719921.

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Objective To determine whether signed family physician reminder letters to women overdue for screening mammography prompts rescreening. Methods A randomized double-blind trial conducted in 2013 among women aged 51–73 and overdue for screening by 6–24 months. The study was carried out by the publicly funded British Columbia Cancer Agency Screening Mammography Program, which routinely sends standard reminder postcards to women who are due for mammography. Participating family physicians signed letters for the overdue women in their practices. The overdue women were mailed either the signed reminder letter and the standard reminder postcard, or the standard reminder postcard alone. The primary endpoint was the proportion of overdue women that attended a screening mammogram appointment within six months of mailing the study letters. The analysis was by intention to treat. Results In total, 822 family physicians participated and 5638 women were randomized. Mammography attendance by six months after mailing the reminders was 34.4% (947/2749) for women in the signed family physician letter arm, compared with 24.0% (660/2749) for women in the control arm (p < 0.0001). Adjusting for age, number of previous screening mammograms, and months overdue, women in the signed letter arm were significantly more likely to return for screening than women in the control arm (RR 1.41; 95% confidence interval: 1.30–1.54). Conclusion A signed family physician reminder letter improved mammography attendance for women who were overdue for screening mammography.

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10

Shaked, S., and J. Naveh. "Three Aramaic seals of the Achaemenid period." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 118, no. 1 (January 1986): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0035869x00139073.

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This seal, of unknown provenance, has an Aramaic inscription which is engraved on a scaraboid hematite pierced lengthwise. It measures 17×13 mm, with 9 mm of thickness. The oval surface, which is slightly damaged at one point, is divided by a double line into two registers. Six letters are engraved in the upper, and five in the lower register, giving the following reading:The letters are fairly large and fill the whole space. All the letters in the upper register stand at the same height on the double line. Normally, however, lamed is higher than the ceiling line of the other letters, while nun and taw are usually drawn with a stroke which goes below the bottom line formed by the other letters. In the lower register the taw and the two nuns seem to go farther down than the alef and the dalet.

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11

Tainturier, Marie-Josèphe, and Alfonso Caramazza. "The Status of Double Letters in Graphemic Representations." Journal of Memory and Language 35, no. 1 (February 1996): 53–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1996.0003.

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12

Meyer, Ronald A., and Robert W. Wiseman. "Letters to the Editor." Journal of Applied Physiology 83, no. 6 (December 1, 1997): 2169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1997.83.6.2169.

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The following is the abstract of the article discussed in the subsequent letter: Nevill, Alan M., David A. Jones, David McIntyre, Gregory C. Bogdanis, and Mary E. Nevill. A model for phosphocreatine resynthesis. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(1): 329–335, 1997.—A model for phosphocreatine (PCr) resynthesis is proposed based on a simple electric circuit, where the PCr store in muscle is likened to the stored charge on the capacitor. The solution to the second-order differential equation that describes the potential around the circuit suggests the model for PCr resynthesis is given by PCr( t) = R − [ d 1 ⋅ exp(− k 1 ⋅ t) ± d 2 ⋅ exp(− k 2 ⋅ t)], where R is PCr concentration at rest, d 1, d 2, k 1, and k 2 are constants, and t is time. By using nonlinear least squares regression, this double-exponential model was shown to fit the PCr recovery data taken from two studies involving maximal exercise accurately. In study 1, when the muscle was electrically stimulated while occluded, PCr concentrations rose during the recovery phase to a level above that observed at rest. In study 2, after intensive dynamic exercise, PCr recovered monotonically to resting concentrations. The second exponential term in the double-exponential model was found to make a significant additional contribution to the quality of fit in both study 1( P < 0.05) and study 2 ( P < 0.01).

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13

Ntokli, Maria. "A Xicanista (Re)Vision of a Contemporary Malinche in Ana Castillo’s The Mixquiahuala Letters (1986)." Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses, no. 81 (2020): 241–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.25145/j.recaesin.2020.81.16.

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This article investigates how Ana Castillo revisits the archetype of La Malinche as a female traitor in her epistolary novel The Mixquiahuala Letters. Castillo unravels her feminist perspective in order to subvert the sexist connotations associated with La Malinche, and draws from this specific female figure in the creation of her Chicana protagonist, narrator and letter-writer. Teresa represents a contemporary reinvention of La Malinche, a character who exposes the sexist double standards Chicanas are subjected to. In this way, Castillo delves into the Chicana experience and proposes a Xicanista vision that emphasizes the understanding of the past in order to be able to envision a better future.

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14

Döring, Tobias. "Double exposure: uses of photography in Ted Hughes'sBirthday Letters." Textual Practice 22, no. 4 (December 2008): 679–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09502360802457442.

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15

Venneri, A., R. Cubelli, and P. Caffarra. "Perseverative dysgraphia: A selective disorder in writing double letters." Neuropsychologia 32, no. 8 (August 1994): 923–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0028-3932(94)90043-4.

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16

Bolton, Carol. "Through Spanish Eyes: Robert Southey's Double Vision in Letters from England: By Don Manuel Alvarez Espriella (1807)." Victoriographies 2, no. 1 (May 2012): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/vic.2012.0056.

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In Letters from England, written ostensibly from Don Manuel Espriella to his family at home in Spain, Southey declares he will also incorporate ‘what I think respecting this country and these times’ (‘Letter to Charles Watkin Williams Wynn’). One of the aspects of society that concerned Southey was the state of the labouring classes and the detrimental effect of industrialisation on rural life. His Spanish tourist, who is ‘bigoted to his religion, and willing to discover such faults and such symptoms of declining power here as may soothe or gratify [his] natural inferiority’, makes a comparative study of the treatment of the poor in England and Spain (‘Letter to Charles Watkin Williams Wynn’). Espriella comments negatively on the growth of manufacturing industries, the effects of the enclosure acts, and the migration of rural communities to the cities. He suggests that the English nation has lost its once stable social order, when landowners and religious institutions felt a moral obligation for the welfare of the peasantry. And, despite Southey's antipathy towards the Catholic faith after his visits to Spain (in 1795–6 and 1800–1), he states Espriella's conviction that shared religious belief is a cohesive force that binds hierarchical society together. With the help of his Spanish alter-ego, Southey invokes an idealised, English feudal past to oppose contemporary legislative solutions to rural poverty, such as workhouses and poor laws. Espriella's reverence for ancient historical sites, his criticism of commercialism, and his concern that new religious sects will imperil the religious and social order, would seem to belie his nationality and his youth. However, they complement Southey's argument that the treatment of the rural poor is one more symptom of how far England has travelled from its Arcadian past. In this article, the ‘double vision’ of Letters from England is examined to demonstrate how Southey interweaves the observations of his European commentator into the British social politics that he seeks to present.

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17

Price, John S. "Evolutionary Psychiatry." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 90, no. 8 (August 1997): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107689709000821.

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18

Pilowsky, I. "Intractable Pain: A Neglected Area of Medical Education in the UK." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 82, no. 6 (June 1989): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107688908200629.

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Vickers, M. D. "Wind of Change. III. The Royal Colleges." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 82, no. 7 (July 1989): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107688908200730.

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20

Porzuczek, Andrzej, and Arkadiusz Rojczyk. "Gemination Strategies in L1 and English Pronunciation of Polish Learners." Research in Language 12, no. 3 (September 30, 2014): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rela-2014-0020.

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Polish is a language where true geminates appear and the occurrence of a double consonant letter in spelling corresponds with double or at least prolonged consonant articulation regardless of the morphological structure of the word. The above principle also concerns most borrowings, such as the English word ‘hobby’, for instance. In English, true geminates do not occur and a morpheme-internal double consonant letter is only a fairly reliable indication of the way the preceding vowel should be pronounced. This discrepancy may lead to negative transfer in Polish learners of English. Our recent research of native Polish speech (Rojczyk and Porzuczek, in press) generally confirmed the results reported by Ladefoged and Maddieson (1996), among others, who found geminates to be 1.5-3 times longer than singletons. In our study we investigate the influence of double consonant letters on L1 and English pronunciation of Polish learners. They read trochaic family names containing intervocalic <nn>. Each name is preceded by a first name suggesting the nationality (Polish, English, German or Italian) of the person mentioned. By placing each tested item in a Polish and an English semantically and rhythmically equivalent sentences (This is .../To jest...), we measure the level of consonant length variation with respect to the language in which the potential geminates appear, the language context and the learning experience of the students. In this way we collect evidence and formulate observations concerning the learners’ awareness of the status of geminates in various languages and the probability of transfer in EFL learning.

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21

Hutchinson, G. O. "Rhythm, style, and meaning in Cicero's prose." Classical Quarterly 45, no. 2 (December 1995): 485–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838800043548.

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This article has a double purpose: to argue for some specific points on Cicero's rhythm, and to show how the significance of rhythm for literary understanding is larger than has perhaps been perceived. The piece is based on a reading of the whole of Cicero; but it will make only occasional reference to the letters. The question of rhythm in the letters is particularly involved, and it will be best handled elsewhere.

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22

Park, Joonkoo, Crystal Chiang, Elizabeth M. Brannon, and Marty G. Woldorff. "Experience-dependent Hemispheric Specialization of Letters and Numbers Is Revealed in Early Visual Processing." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 26, no. 10 (October 2014): 2239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00621.

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Recent fMRI research has demonstrated that letters and numbers are preferentially processed in distinct regions and hemispheres in the visual cortex. In particular, the left visual cortex preferentially processes letters compared with numbers, whereas the right visual cortex preferentially processes numbers compared with letters. Because letters and numbers are cultural inventions and are otherwise physically arbitrary, such a double dissociation is strong evidence for experiential effects on neural architecture. Here, we use the high temporal resolution of ERPs to investigate the temporal dynamics of the neural dissociation between letters and numbers. We show that the divergence between ERP traces to letters and numbers emerges very early in processing. Letters evoked greater N1 waves (latencies 140–170 msec) than did numbers over left occipital channels, whereas numbers evoked greater N1s than letters over the right, suggesting letters and numbers are preferentially processed in opposite hemispheres early in visual encoding. Moreover, strings of letters, but not single letters, elicited greater P2 ERP waves (starting around 250 msec) than numbers did over the left hemisphere, suggesting that the visual cortex is tuned to selectively process combinations of letters, but not numbers, further along in the visual processing stream. Additionally, the processing of both of these culturally defined stimulus types differentiated from similar but unfamiliar visual stimulus forms (false fonts) even earlier in the processing stream (the P1 at 100 msec). These findings imply major cortical specialization processes within the visual system driven by experience with reading and mathematics.

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23

Ra'ad, Basem L., and Paula McDowell. "Defoe's History of the Alphabet." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 131, no. 3 (May 2016): 787–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2016.131.3.787.

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PMLA invites members of the association to submit letters that comment on articles in previous issues or on matters of general scholarly or critical interest. The editor reserves the right to reject or edit Forum contributions and offers the PMLA authors discussed in published letters an opportunity to reply. Submissions of more than one thousand words are not considered. The journal omits titles before persons' names and discourages endnotes and works-cited lists in the Forum. Letters should be e-mailed to pmlaforum@mla.org or be printed double-spaced and mailed to PMLA Forum, Modern Language Association, 85 Broad Street, suite 500, New York, NY 10004-2434.

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STERN, TIFFANY. "LETTERS, VERSES AND DOUBLE SPEECH-PREFIXES IN THE MERCHANT OF VENICE." Notes and Queries 46, no. 2 (June 1, 1999): 231–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nq/46-2-231.

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STERN, TIFFANY. "LETTERS, VERSES AND DOUBLE SPEECH-PREFIXES IN THE MERCHANT OF VENICE." Notes and Queries 46, no. 2 (1999): 231–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nq/46.2.231.

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26

Julianto, Julianto. "Pesona Form Driven dari Tipografi pada Kemasan Makanan dan Minuman." Humaniora 1, no. 2 (October 31, 2010): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/humaniora.v1i2.2909.

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Letters or widely known in the designer community design as typography, is the most essential design element, because it has a double function, as both the language of verbal and also visual language. Its presence in the design world often dominates the portion of the design. It is also often evident in many information media, and capable of persuading its audience through the enchanting beauty (form driven), both types of letter itself and its well-ordered structure, designed by a designer. This also occur in food and beverage packaging, which when people make very careful decisions, since it involves preferences or consumption of their own choice, is an added value if their favorite food/drink is packed with a cool typography design.

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Jonoska, Nataša, Masahico Saito, Hwee Kim, and Brad Mostowski. "Symbol Separation in Double Occurrence Words." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 31, no. 07 (November 2020): 915–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054120500343.

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A double occurrence word (DOW) is a word in which every symbol appears exactly twice. We define the symbol separation of a DOW [Formula: see text] to be the number of letters between the two copies of a symbol, and the separation of [Formula: see text] to be the sum of separations over all symbols in [Formula: see text]. We then analyze relationship among size, reducibility and separation of DOWs. Specifically, we provide tight bounds of separations of DOWs with a given size and characterize the words that attain those bounds. We show that all separation numbers within the bounds can be realized. We present recursive formulas for counting the numbers of DOWs with a given separation under various restrictions, such as the number of irreducible factors. These formulas can be obtained by inductive construction of all DOWs with the given separation.

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Hall, Joshua M. "Double Characters: James and Stevens on Poetry-Philosophy." Research in Phenomenology 44, no. 3 (October 9, 2014): 405–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691640-12341295.

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In this paper, I will explore how the work of Wallace Stevens constitutes a phenomenology that resonates strongly with that of William James. I will, first, explore two explicit references to James in the essays of Stevens that constitute a misrepresentation of a rather duplicitous quote from James’ personal letters. Second, I will consider Stevens’ little known lecture-turned-essay, “A Collect of Philosophy,” and the (conventional) poem, “Large Red Man Reading,” as texts that are both about a conception of poetryphilosophy as well as being performances of poetry-philosophy. Finally, I will compare James’ and Stevens’ thought on the imagination, highlighting both form and content and the poetic-philosophical union or blend that makes possible (or virtual) those similarities.

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Hykin, Philip, A. Toby Prevost, Sobha Sivaprasad, Joana C. Vasconcelos, Caroline Murphy, Joanna Kelly, Jayashree Ramu, et al. "Intravitreal ranibizumab versus aflibercept versus bevacizumab for macular oedema due to central retinal vein occlusion: the LEAVO non-inferiority three-arm RCT." Health Technology Assessment 25, no. 38 (June 2021): 1–196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/hta25380.

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Background Licensed ranibizumab (0.5 mg/0.05 ml Lucentis®; Novartis International AG, Basel, Switzerland) and aflibercept (2 mg/0.05 ml Eylea®; Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany) and unlicensed bevacizumab (1.25 mg/0.05 ml Avastin®; F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland) are used to treat macula oedema due to central retinal vein occlusion, but their relative clinical effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and impact on the UK NHS and Personal Social Services have never been directly compared over the typical disease treatment period. Objective The objective was to compare the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of three intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factor agents for the management of macula oedema due to central retinal vein occlusion. Design This was a three-arm, double-masked, randomised controlled non-inferiority trial. Setting The trial was set in 44 UK NHS ophthalmology departments, between 2014 and 2018. Participants A total of 463 patients with visual impairment due to macula oedema secondary to central retinal vein occlusion were included in the trial. Interventions The participants were treated with repeated intravitreal injections of ranibizumab (n = 155), aflibercept (n = 154) or bevacizumab (n = 154). Main outcome measures The primary outcome was an increase in the best corrected visual acuity letter score from baseline to 100 weeks in the trial eye. The null hypothesis that aflibercept and bevacizumab are each inferior to ranibizumab was tested with a non-inferiority margin of –5 visual acuity letters over 100 weeks. Secondary outcomes included additional visual acuity, and imaging outcomes, Visual Function Questionnaire-25, EuroQol-5 Dimensions with and without a vision bolt-on, and drug side effects. Cost-effectiveness was estimated using treatment costs and Visual Function Questionnaire-Utility Index to measure quality-adjusted life-years. Results The adjusted mean changes at 100 weeks in the best corrected visual acuity letter scores were as follows – ranibizumab, 12.5 letters (standard deviation 21.1 letters); aflibercept, 15.1 letters (standard deviation 18.7 letters); and bevacizumab, 9.8 letters (standard deviation 21.4 letters). Aflibercept was non-inferior to ranibizumab in the intention-to-treat population (adjusted mean best corrected visual acuity difference 2.23 letters, 95% confidence interval –2.17 to 6.63 letters; p = 0.0006), but not superior. The study was unable to demonstrate that bevacizumab was non-inferior to ranibizumab in the intention-to-treat population (adjusted mean best corrected visual acuity difference –1.73 letters, 95% confidence interval –6.12 to 2.67 letters; p = 0.071). A post hoc analysis was unable to demonstrate that bevacizumab was non-inferior to aflibercept in the intention-to-treat population (adjusted mean best corrected visual acuity difference was –3.96 letters, 95% confidence interval –8.34 to 0.42 letters; p = 0.32). All per-protocol population results were the same. Fewer injections were required with aflibercept (10.0) than with ranibizumab (11.8) (difference in means –1.8, 95% confidence interval –2.9 to –0.8). A post hoc analysis showed that more bevacizumab than aflibercept injections were required (difference in means 1.6, 95% confidence interval 0.5 to 2.7). There were no new safety concerns. The model- and trial-based cost-effectiveness analyses estimated that bevacizumab was the most cost-effective treatment at a threshold of £20,000–30,000 per quality-adjusted life-year. Limitations The comparison of aflibercept and bevacizumab was a post hoc analysis. Conclusion The study showed aflibercept to be non-inferior to ranibizumab. However, the possibility that bevacizumab is worse than ranibizumab and aflibercept by 5 visual acuity letters cannot be ruled out. Bevacizumab is an economically attractive treatment alternative and would lead to substantial cost savings to the NHS and other health-care systems. However, uncertainty about its relative effectiveness should be discussed comprehensively with patients, their representatives and funders before treatment is considered. Future work To obtain extensive patient feedback and discuss with all stakeholders future bevacizumab NHS use. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN13623634. Funding This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 25, No. 38. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.

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Bassetti, Bene. "Orthography affects second language speech: Double letters and geminate production in English." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 43, no. 11 (November 2017): 1835–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000417.

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Cassar, Marie, and Rebecca Treiman. "The beginnings of orthographic knowledge: Children's knowledge of double letters in words." Journal of Educational Psychology 89, no. 4 (December 1997): 631–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.89.4.631.

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Haris, Tawalinuddin. "Bendera Macan Ali Koleksi Museum Tekstil Jakarta." Paradigma, Jurnal Kajian Budaya 1, no. 1 (March 4, 2016): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17510/paradigma.v1i1.7.

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<span lang="IN">The Textile Museum of Jakarta in Tanah Abang preserves a ragged animal calligraphy embroidered in indigo banner framed in white silk cloth of the Cirebon Sultanate made in 1797. The old bunting has three pictures of “Ali” Tiger painted in Arabic letters, a double-edged Sword of Zulfakar, four magical square boxes decorated with Arabic inscription, and Arabic letters quoted from the Quran on five-cornered stars. The paper describes the significance of the regalia: it does not only function as the symbol of sovereignty of the Cirebon Sultanate, but it also has a magical power to protect the kingdom.</span>

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Demana, Franklin, and Bert K. Waits. "Soundoff: A Computer for All Students." Mathematics Teacher 85, no. 2 (February 1992): 94–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.85.2.0094.

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The views expressed in “Soundoff” do not necessarily reflect the views of the Editorial Panel of the Mathematics Teacher or the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. Readers are encouraged to respond to this editorial by sending double-spaced letters to the Mathematics Teacher for possible publication in “Reader Reflections.” Editorials from readers are welcomed.

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Arthur Steen, Lynn. "Soundoff: Does Everybody Need to Study Algebra?" Mathematics Teacher 85, no. 4 (April 1992): 258–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.85.4.0258.

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The views expressed in “Soundoff” do not necessarily reflect the views of the Editorial Panel of the Mathematics Teacher or the National Council of Teacher of Mathematics. Readers are encouraged to respond to this editorial by sending double-spaced letters to the Mathematics Teacher for possible publication in “Reader Reflections.” Editorials from readers are welcomed.

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Sinha, Mr Anurag, and Mr Amrit Kumar Bhadani. "Double Layer Cryptography using Multiplicative Cipher and Chemical Periodic Table." Indian Journal of Data Communication and Networking 1, no. 2 (April 10, 2021): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijdcn.b5008.041221.

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According to the present communication system one of the main concerns is secured transformation of data. In this paper we be inclined to propose a two-level encryption in this paper in the first level encryption we use the multiplicative ciphers and Cesar cipher in this level the plain text letters, we shall multiply the key numbers in this level and the second layer encryption we use periodic table exploitation the properties if the quality table, and thus use it for encrypting and decrypting in the same manners. For the information of network security in the second level encryption we will differently types of periodic table properties like atomic no, mass no, IUPAC name, chemical formula, and their properties.

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Cooper, Barry. "Rehearsal Letters, Rhythmic Modes and Structural Issues in Beethoven’s Grosse Fuge." Nineteenth-Century Music Review 14, no. 2 (July 26, 2016): 177–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479409816000069.

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Beethoven’s Grosse Fuge, published in 1827 after being detached from his string quartet Op. 130, appears to be the first work ever to have been allocated rehearsal letters. These were added by Beethoven’s friend Karl Holz at the request of the composer and his publisher Mathias Artaria. The rehearsal letters can be compared with the work’s structure, which is best perceived as dividing into three main ‘movements’, the third being much the longest. A different approach is necessary for analysing each of the three. In the first, reference to medieval rhythmic modes helps to clarify Beethoven’s procedure. The second is essentially a fugue, albeit unusually homophonic. The third is multi-partite but mainly in $$\raster="rg4"$$ , and includes a 32-bar theme that returns intact – the only substantial exact reprise of material. This movement also include two fugal expositions. Thus there are four full fugal expositions altogether, and each is a double fugue in which the exposition is more or less regular. Holz’s letters match up well but not perfectly with the structure of the work.

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Atanasov, Atanas, and Angel Lengerov. "INCREASING THE EFFECIENCY OF LASER MARKING OFALUMINUM ALLOYS BY DOUBLE WRITING OF THE SYMBOLS." ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES. RESOURCES. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 3 (June 16, 2021): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2021vol3.6550.

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A comparison is made between samples marked by writing letters and symbols once, with these marked by twice but writing with two times greater velocity. As a consequence of the sharp decreasing of the main characteristic of the material –its reflective index, in the second case we received an enhancement of the effectiveness of the laser marking, decreasing energy use at the same time. Experimental studies have been carried out with a CuBr (copper bromide vapour) laser for specific mechanical engineering details.

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Kasprzak, Włodzimierz, Artur Wilkowski, and Karol Czapnik. "Hand gesture recognition based on free-form contours and probabilistic inference." International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science 22, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 437–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10006-012-0033-6.

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Hand gesture recognition based on free-form contours and probabilistic inference A computer vision system is described that captures color image sequences, detects and recognizes static hand poses (i.e., "letters") and interprets pose sequences in terms of gestures (i.e., "words"). The hand object is detected with a double-active contour-based method. A tracking of the hand pose in a short sequence allows detecting "modified poses", like diacritic letters in national alphabets. The static hand pose set corresponds to hand signs of a thumb alphabet. Finally, by tracking hand poses in a longer image sequence, the pose sequence is interpreted in terms of gestures. Dynamic Bayesian models and their inference methods (particle filter and Viterbi search) are applied at this stage, allowing a bi-driven control of the entire system.

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Paul, Clyde A. "Soundoff: Some Cautions on Short-Term Solutions." Mathematics Teacher 78, no. 2 (February 1985): 82–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.78.2.0082.

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The views expressed in the “Roundoff” editorials do not necessarily reflect the views of the Editorial Panel of the Mathematics Teacher or the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. Readers are encouraged to react to these editorials by writing to the author, with copies to the Mathematics Teacher for consideration in “Reader Reflections.” Please double-space all letters that are to be considered for publication. Editorials from readers are welcomed.

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Cuoco, Albert A. "Soundoff: Some Thoughts on Merit Pay." Mathematics Teacher 78, no. 3 (March 1985): 158–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.78.3.0158.

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The views expressed in the “Soundoff” editorials do not necessarily reflect the views of the Editorial Panel of the Mathematics Teacher or the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. Readers are encouraged to react to these editorials by writing to the author with copies to the Mathematics Teacher for consideration in “Reader Reflections.” Please double-space all letters that are to be considered for publication. Editorials from readers are welcomed.

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Sherman, Helene J. "Soundoff: Attention and Interest—are You Teaching Without Them?" Mathematics Teacher 78, no. 4 (April 1985): 232–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.78.4.0232.

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The views expressed in the “Soundoff” editorials do not necessarily reflect the views of the Editorial Panel of the Mathematics Teacher or the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. Readers are encouraged to react to these editorials by writing to the author, with copies to the Mathematics Teacher for consideration in “Reader Reflections.” Please double-space all letters that are to be considered for publication. Editorials from readers are welcomed.

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Lichtenberg, Donovan R. "Soundoff: Teachers’ Salaries Should be Based on Supply and Demand." Mathematics Teacher 78, no. 5 (May 1985): 322–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.78.5.0322.

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The views expressed in the “Sound off” editorials do not necessarily reflect the views of the Editorial Panel of the Mathematics Teacher or the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. Headers are encouraged to react to these editorials by writing to the author with copies to the Mathematics Teacher for consideration in “Reader Reflections.” Please double-space all letters that are to be considered for publication. Editorials from readers are welcomed.

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Williams, James R. "The Effects of Case and Spacing on Menu Option Search Time." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 32, no. 5 (October 1988): 341–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128803200523.

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of spacing and case (use of upper- or lowercase letters) on search time for menus presented on a contemporary high resolution PC display. Twenty Bellcore staff members, all experienced computer users, were presented two sets of four menus each (representing the combinations of case and spacing). Search time was recorded and participants were asked for their preferences among the four menu styles. Analysis of variance results indicated that double-spacing yielded significantly shorter search times in both menu sets. Although case was significant only for the first menu set, a significant case by spacing interaction for the second set indicated that double-spacing had more effect on search time for uppercase options than for lowercase options. Preference data also indicated that 85% of the participants preferred the double-spaced menus.

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Susannah Wilson. "Gender, Genius, and the Artist's Double Bind: The Letters of Camille Claudel, 1880–1910." Modern Language Review 112, no. 2 (2017): 362. http://dx.doi.org/10.5699/modelangrevi.112.2.0362.

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Kandel, Sonia, Ronald Peereman, and Anna Ghimenton. "How do we code the letters of a word when we have to write it? Investigating double letter representation in French." Acta Psychologica 148 (May 2014): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2014.01.002.

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McCue Gill, Amyrose. "Fraught Relations in the Letters of Laura Cereta: Marriage, Friendship, and Humanist Epistolarity*." Renaissance Quarterly 62, no. 4 (2009): 1098–129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/650024.

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AbstractLaura Cereta is unique among Quattrocento female humanists in directly addressing the position of women as wives and as friends in her substantial corpus of erudite Latin epistolary prose. Questioning the ideals that governed intellectual, social, and personal expectations of matrimony, Cereta's letters reflect her self-consciously double status as humanist and spouse. Her fierce critique of marriage as a site of female oppression and complicity implies an alternative that requires of humanists, husbands, and wives a radical rethinking of marriage in terms of friendship, as well as of the very project of humanist epistolarity.

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Uspenskij, Boris A. "An Enigmatic Form in the Title of Russian Tsars." Slovene 9, no. 1 (2020): 163–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2305-6754.2020.9.1.6.

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The article deals with the spelling of the word обладатель (‘dominator, possessor’), an important component of the title of Russian Tsars (e. g. многихъ земель обладатель or отчичь и дѣдичь наслѣдникъ и обладатель, etc.). This word was written in the title in a special manner, namely with two letters a, as ОБЛААДАТЕЛЬ. It is demonstrated in the article that the form with double a reflects the sacralization of the Tsar and his title.

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Ahmad, Muhammad, and Paul T. Rose. "Letters to the EditorsRe: Two-step, double-action recipient site creationRe: Coronal vs. sagittal incisions." International Society of Hair Restoration Surgery 30, no. 3 (May 2020): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.33589/30.3.104.

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Vinckier, Fabien, Lionel Naccache, Caroline Papeix, Joaquim Forget, Valerie Hahn-Barma, Stanislas Dehaene, and Laurent Cohen. "“What” and “Where” in Word Reading: Ventral Coding of Written Words Revealed by Parietal Atrophy." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18, no. 12 (December 2006): 1998–2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2006.18.12.1998.

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The visual system of literate adults develops a remarkable perceptual expertise for printed words. To delineate the aspects of this competence intrinsic to the occipitotemporal “what” pathway, we studied a patient with bilateral lesions of the occipitoparietal “where” pathway. Depending on critical geometric features of the display (rotation angle, letter spacing, mirror reversal, etc.), she switched from a good performance, when her intact ventral pathway was sufficient to encode words, to severely impaired reading, when her parietal lesions prevented the use of alternative reading strategies as a result of spatial and attentional impairments. In particular, reading was disrupted (a) by rotating word by more than 50°, providing an approximation of the invariance range for words encoding in the ventral pathway; (b) by separating letters with double spaces, revealing the limits of letter grouping into perceptual wholes; (c) by mirror-reversing words, showing that words escape the default mirror-invariant representation of visual objects in the ventral pathway. Moreover, because of her parietal lesions, she was unable to discriminate mirror images of common objects, although she was excellent with reversible pseudowords, confirming that the breaking of mirror symmetry was intrinsic to the occipitotemporal cortex. Thus, charting the display conditions associated with preserved or impaired performance allowed us to infer properties of word coding in the normal ventral pathway and to delineate the roles of the parietal lobes in single-word recognition.

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Kapuścińska-Kmiecik, Nina. "When he is looking for joy beyond his home... The image of an unfaithful husband from Polish landed gentry according to 19th century handbooks, diaries, memoirs, social periodicals and belles-lettres." Studia z Historii Społeczno-Gospodarczej XIX i XX Wieku 19 (June 17, 2018): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2080-8313.19.08.

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The presented text is a catalogue of possible reasons for the infidelity of husbands from the Polish landed gentry in the 19th century, and, at the same time, a list of pieces of advice and tips for wary wives intending to enjoy a happy family life. The problem of marital infidelity was vividly reflected in the handbooks that were fashionable in the era, especially those written for brides and honeymooners, in the narrative of codes of good manners, in social and family-related journals, as well as in belles-lettres. An equally important source of information on the subject matter are diaries and letters, which give us an insight into the sphere of private life of landowners, especially into mutual relations between spouses. On the basis of such diversified sources, it is possible to recreate the mentality of that time inclined to consider husbandly infidelity as a reaction to a malfunctioning marriage, especially to the disappointment with the wife. The basis of the indulgence for betraying husbands, which was justified in all possible ways, lays in the double morality characteristic of the times in question – manifested in separate moral standards of men and women.

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