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1

Král, Josef, and Dagmar Medková. "Angular limits of double layer potentials." Czechoslovak Mathematical Journal 45, no. 2 (1995): 267–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21136/cmj.1995.128517.

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2

Eliezer, Shalom, Noaz Nissim, José Maria Martínez Val, Kunioki Mima, and Heinrich Hora. "Double layer acceleration by laser radiation." Laser and Particle Beams 32, no. 2 (February 14, 2014): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034613001018.

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AbstractIt is shown that it is possible to accelerate micro-foils to velocities from 108 cm/s up to relativistic velocities without the disturbance of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability. The acceleration occurs due to the radiation pressure of proper high power lasers. In these systems, the ablation force is negligible relative to the ponderomotive force that dominates the acceleration. The laser irradiances of 1017 W/cm2 < IL < 1021 W/cm2 with a pulse duration of the order of 10 picoseconds can accelerate a micro-foil by the laser radiation pressure to velocities as high as 109 cm/s before breaking by Rayleigh Taylor (RT) instability. Similarly, laser irradiances of IL > 1021 W/cm2 with pulse duration of the order of 10 femtoseconds can accelerate a micro-foil to relativistic velocities without RT breaking. Due to the nature of the accelerating ponderomotive force, in both the relativistic and non-relativistic cases, the structure of the accelerated target contains a double layer (DL) at the interface of the laser-target interaction. The DL acts as a piston during the acceleration process. The influence of the DL surface tension on the RT instability is also analyzed in this paper.
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3

Medková, Dagmar. "Reflected double layer potentials and Cauchy's operators." Mathematica Bohemica 123, no. 3 (1998): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.21136/mb.1998.126069.

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4

Konana, Vinaya Kumar, M. Bhagya, and Kalpana Babu. "Double-Layer Sign." Ophthalmology Retina 4, no. 3 (March 2020): 336–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oret.2019.10.005.

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5

Schmickler, Wolfgang. "Double layer theory." Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 24, no. 9 (April 22, 2020): 2175–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10008-020-04597-z.

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6

Photiadis, Douglas M., Joseph A. Bucaro, and Robert D. Corsaro. "Double layer actuator." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 96, no. 3 (September 1994): 1613–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.410240.

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7

Semenov, S. N. "Laser electrophoresis in surface electric double layer." Analytical Communications 35, no. 11 (1998): 369–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/a807555g.

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8

Huashan Yang, Huashan Yang, Fuling Zhang Fuling Zhang, Lemeng Leng Lemeng Leng, Zhaobang Zeng Zhaobang Zeng, Yue Shao Yue Shao, Hui Zhang Hui Zhang, Nan Yang Nan Yang, and Xiangning Chen Xiangning Chen. "Grating coupler efficiency enhancement by double layer interference." Chinese Optics Letters 17, no. 3 (2019): 030501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201917.030501.

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9

Huai Xiong, Huai Xiong, Yongxing Tang Yongxing Tang, Lili Hu Lili Hu, and Haiyuan Li Haiyuan Li. "An ORMOSIL porous double-layer broadband antireflective coating." Chinese Optics Letters 17, no. 3 (2019): 033101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201917.033101.

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10

Zhao, Jie, Xinghuo Ding, Jiahao Miao, Jinfeng Hu, Hui Wan, and Shengjun Zhou. "Improvement in Light Output of Ultraviolet Light-Emitting Diodes with Patterned Double-Layer ITO by Laser Direct Writing." Nanomaterials 9, no. 2 (February 4, 2019): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9020203.

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A patterned double-layer indium-tin oxide (ITO), including the first unpatterned ITO layer serving as current spreading and the second patterned ITO layer serving as light extracting, was applied to obtain uniform current spreading and high light extraction efficiency (LEE) of GaN-based ultraviolet (UV) light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Periodic pinhole patterns were formed on the second ITO layer by laser direct writing to increase the LEE of UV LED. Effects of interval of pinhole patterns on optical and electrical properties of UV LED with patterned double-layer ITO were studied by numerical simulations and experimental investigations. Due to scattering out of waveguided light trapped inside the GaN film, LEE of UV LED with patterned double-layer ITO was improved as compared to UV LED with planar double-layer ITO. As interval of pinhole patterns decreased, the light output power (LOP) of UV LED with patterned double-layer ITO increased. In addition, UV LED with patterned double-layer ITO exhibited a slight degradation of current spreading as compared to the UV LED with a planar double-layer ITO. The forward voltage of UV LED with patterned double-layer ITO increased as the interval of pinhole patterns decreased.
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11

Soldatova, T. A. "Generalized double layer potentials." Moscow University Mathematics Bulletin 64, no. 6 (December 2009): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0027132209060023.

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12

St. Martin, Jamie M., Julie Rodman, Joseph J. Pizzimenti, and Eva Duchnowski. "The “Double-Layer Sign”." Optometry and Vision Science 90, no. 12 (December 2013): e293-e300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/opx.0000000000000079.

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13

Kacprzyk, R., A. Dobrucki, and J. B. Gajewski. "Double-layer electret transducer." Journal of Electrostatics 39, no. 1 (January 1997): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3886(96)00030-7.

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14

Sarangapani, S., P. Lessner, J. Forchione, A. Griffith, and A. B. Laconti. "Advanced double layer capacitors." Journal of Power Sources 29, no. 3-4 (February 1990): 355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-7753(90)85010-a.

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15

Won, Rachel. "Double-layer graphene boost." Nature Photonics 6, no. 5 (May 2012): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2012.95.

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16

Strezh, P. E. "Periodic double-layer structures." Quantum Electronics 25, no. 11 (November 30, 1995): 1109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/qe1995v025n11abeh000544.

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17

Lam, T. Y. D., and J. E. Carroll. "Double layer associative memories." Optics Communications 70, no. 4 (March 1989): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0030-4018(89)90322-2.

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18

Дали, Ян, Yang Dali, Чжан Теминь, Zhang Tiemin, Ван Цзихун, Wang Jihong, У. Цзяньцин, et al. "Characteristics of double sodium layer over Haikou, China (20.0° N, 110.1° E)." Solar-Terrestrial Physics 5, no. 2 (June 28, 2019): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/stp-52201904.

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We study the property of double sodium layer structures (DSLs) in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) by a lidar at the low-latitude location of Haikou (20.0° N, 110.1° E), China. From April 2010 to December 2013, 21 DSLs were observed within a total of 377 observation days. DSLs were recorded at middle latitudes of Beijing and Wuhan, China, but were rarely observed at low latitudes. We analyze and discuss characteristics of DSLs such as time of occurrence, peak altitude, FWHM, duration time, etc. At the same time, the critical frequency foEs and the virtual height h'Es of the sporadic E layer Es were observed by an ionosonde over Danzhou (19.0° N, 109.3° E). We discuss such their characteristics as differences of time, differences of altitude compared to DSLs. We used an Nd:YAG laser pumped dye laser to generate the probing beam. The wavelength of the dye laser was set to 589 nm by a sodium fluorescence cell. The backscattered fluorescence photons from the sodium layer were collected by a telescope with the Φ1000 mm primary mirror.
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19

Ishchuk, Mikhail, Otari Gogua, Victoria Cheremnykh, and Halit Ajzyatullin. "Researches of double-layer masonry under shear layers." Bulletin of Science and Research Center “Stroitelstvo”, no. 2(25) (2020): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37538/2224-9494-2020-2(25)-34-43.

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20

Bulgakova, Nadezhda M., Alexander V. Bulgakov, and Oleg F. Bobrenok. "Double layer effects in laser-ablation plasma plumes." Physical Review E 62, no. 4 (October 1, 2000): 5624–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.62.5624.

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21

Wright, O. B. "Laser picosecond acoustics in double-layer transparent films." Optics Letters 20, no. 6 (March 15, 1995): 632. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.20.000632.

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22

Cheng, Yong, Shu Yun Wang, Yi Min Lu, Guo Jun Huang, Yan Long Guo, Xu Liu, and Bin Sun. "Research of Diamond-Like Carbon Film Deposited by Double Pulsed Lasers." Advances in Science and Technology 95 (October 2014): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.95.11.

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In the research of Diamond-like carbon (DLC) Film deposited by pulsed laser, method of double pulsed laser deposition was presented. Ti:Sapphire (800nm, 120fs) laser and KrF (248nm, 20ns) laser were used orderly to ablate graphite target. Through controlling parameters of two laser beams, double-layer DLC film was deposited on silicon substrate. The hardness and inner-stress of the DLC film changed gradually from substrate to atmosphere-interface. Nanoindentation measurement system and fourier transfer infrared spectrograph were used to hardness and transmittance of the film. Meanwhile, adhesive tape, 9.8N rubber, NaOH liquor and boiling water were used to compare the adhesion and environment adaptability of double layer or monolayer DLC film samples qualitatively. Results showed that DLC film deposited by double beam pulsed laser not only had high transmittance and hardness, but also kept well and had no phenomenon of peeling off after the tests including dipped in boiled water, etc. Compared to DLC films deposited by single pulsed laser, the chemical and thermal inertness of the double-layer DLC film deposited by double pulsed lasers was much better.
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23

Nema, Archana A. "Comparison Study of Single Layer versus Double Layer Anastomosis in Bowel Surgery in Western India." New Indian Journal of Surgery 9, no. 3 (2018): 286–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/nijs.0976.4747.9318.7.

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24

Pajkossy, T., and D. M. Kolb. "Double layer capacitance of the platinum group metals in the double layer region." Electrochemistry Communications 9, no. 5 (May 2007): 1171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2007.01.002.

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25

Ryzhii, Victor, Alexander A. Dubinov, Taiichi Otsuji, Vladimir Ya Aleshkin, Maxim Ryzhii, and Michael Shur. "Double-graphene-layer terahertz laser: concept, characteristics, and comparison." Optics Express 21, no. 25 (December 13, 2013): 31567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.21.031567.

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26

Lee, Jungkeun, Toshiki Tanaka, Seiji Uchiyama, Masahiro Tsuchiya, and Takeshi Kamiya. "Broadband Double-Layer Antireflection Coatings for Semiconductor Laser Amplifiers." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 36, Part 2, No. 1A/B (January 15, 1997): L52—L54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.36.l52.

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27

Kajanto, M., T. R. Chen, Y. H. Zhuang, and A. Yariv. "Double-active-layer index-guided InGaAsP-InP laser diode." IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics 26, no. 11 (1990): 1895–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/3.62108.

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28

Brantov, A. V., V. T. Tikhonchuk, V. Yu Bychenkov, and S. G. Bochkarev. "Laser-triggered ion acceleration from a double-layer foil." Physics of Plasmas 16, no. 4 (April 2009): 043107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3105991.

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29

SHOROKHOV, O., and A. PUKHOV. "Ion acceleration in overdense plasma by short laser pulse." Laser and Particle Beams 22, no. 2 (June 2004): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034604222133.

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We consider ion acceleration at the front surface of overdense plasma by a short laser pulse. In this configuration, the laser ponderomotive pressure pushes the background electrons, and a double layer is produced at the boundary of the overdense region. The ions are accelerated by the electrostatic field of the double layer. If the laser intensity is so large that the plasma becomes relativistically transparent, then ion trapping in the running double layer and acceleration to relativistic energies is possible. We study this physics using one-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. Ion acceleration in one- and two-component plasmas is considered. It is shown that the proton acceleration is more effective when they represent only a small dope to the heavy background ions.
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30

Guo, J., and B. Yu. "The double layers in the plasma sheet boundary layer during magnetic reconnection." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics Discussions 1, no. 2 (November 5, 2014): 1657–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npgd-1-1657-2014.

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Abstract. We studied the evolutions of double layers which appear after the magnetic reconnection through two-dimensional electromagnetic particle-in-cell simulation. The simulation results show that the double layers are formed in the plasma sheet boundary layer after magnetic reconnection. At first, the double layers which have unipolar structures are formed. And then the double layers turn into bipolar structures, which will couple with another new weak bipolar structure. Thus a new double layer or tripolar structure comes into being. The double layers found in our work are about several ten Debye lengths, which accords with the observation results. It is suggested that the electron beam formed during the magnetic reconnection is responsible for the production of the double layers.
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31

Yamamoto, Masahiro. "Electric(al) Double Layer: Tutorial." Review of Polarography 56, no. 1 (2010): 11–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5189/revpolarography.56.11.

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32

Özalaybey, Serdar, and Martha K. Savage. "Double-layer anisotropy resolved fromSphases." Geophysical Journal International 117, no. 3 (June 1994): 653–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1994.tb02460.x.

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33

Ye, Mao, Bin Wang, and Susumu Sato. "Double-Layer Liquid Crystal Lens." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 43, No. 3A (February 20, 2004): L352—L354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.43.l352.

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34

Szuromi, P. "Dissecting the electrical double layer." Science 346, no. 6211 (November 13, 2014): 822–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.346.6211.822-m.

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35

Wada, Tetsuaki, Hiromu Higuchi, and Tsuneo Ajiki. "Electromigration in Double-Layer Metallization." IEEE Transactions on Reliability R-34, no. 1 (April 1985): 2–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tr.1985.5221911.

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36

Diebold, D., C. E. Forest, N. Hershkowitz, M. K. Hsieh, T. Intrator, D. Kaufman, G. H. Kim, S. G. Lee, and J. Menard. "Double-layer-relevant laboratory results." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 20, no. 6 (1992): 601–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/27.199499.

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37

Aste, T., R. Botter, and D. Beruto. "Double-layer granular SnO2 sensors." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 25, no. 1-3 (April 1995): 826–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0925-4005(95)85184-4.

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38

Goncharov, Yu I., L. A. Tersenova, and Yu T. Al'kov. "Double-layer thermal insulation refractory." Refractories 34, no. 5-6 (May 1993): 348–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01293245.

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39

Dickinson, Edmund J. F., and Richard G. Compton. "Diffuse Double Layer at Nanoelectrodes." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 113, no. 41 (September 21, 2009): 17585–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp906404h.

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40

Liu, Ming, Xiaobo Yin, and Xiang Zhang. "Double-Layer Graphene Optical Modulator." Nano Letters 12, no. 3 (February 16, 2012): 1482–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl204202k.

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41

Hines, D. R., S. A. Solin, U. Costantino, and M. Nocchetti. "Layer Rigidity in Layer Double Hydroxides Containing a Fixed Host-Layer." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Science and Technology. Section A. Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 341, no. 2 (April 1, 2000): 377–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10587250008026169.

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42

Kleijn, J. Mieke. "The electrical double layer on oxides: Site-binding in the porous double layer model." Colloids and Surfaces 51 (January 1990): 371–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-6622(90)80153-u.

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43

Katayama, Y., D. C. Tsui, H. C. Manoharan, S. Parihar, and M. Shayegan. "Charge transfer at double-layer to single-layer transition in double-quantum-well systems." Physical Review B 52, no. 20 (November 15, 1995): 14817–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.52.14817.

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44

Kheirollahi, Mohammad, Karim Abedi, and Mohammad Reza Chenaghlou. "Seismic collapse assessment of double-layer barrel vault roofs with double-layer vertical walls." Advances in Structural Engineering 22, no. 13 (May 30, 2019): 2837–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433219852056.

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Double-layer barrel vault roofs with double-layer vertical walls are frequently used as a structural system for highly important public buildings; therefore, their seismic design needs special considerations. In this article, the seismic collapse behavior of these structures, used as a lateral load-resisting system, is evaluated by carrying out incremental dynamic analysis. For this purpose, different rise-to-span and height-to-span ratios are considered for the roofs and the walls, respectively. The structures are first designed in accordance with Iranian design codes and then they are modeled in OpenSees. The material and geometric nonlinearities are considered in the analyses, including the buckling response of the compression members. At the next stage, the models are subjected to incremental dynamic analysis and their median collapse capacities are extracted. Collapse margin ratios of various structures are finally derived, following FEMA-P695 methodology, and compared against the established acceptable limits. The obtained results show that collapse of the structures occurs mainly due to the buckling-mode failure of the roof. The collapse performance of the structures with large rise-to-span ratio of roofs and large height-to-span ratio of walls is unacceptable.
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45

Maciel, Homero Santiago, and J. E. Allen. "Free double layers in mercury-arc discharges." Journal of Plasma Physics 42, no. 2 (October 1989): 321–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377800014380.

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A study has been carried out of free double layers formed within the plasma volume of a low-pressure mercury-arc discharge at high current densities. The free double layer is observed to form as a visible boundary, which drifts slowly from the central section of the discharge. Current-driven instabilities are observed as the discharge current is gradually increased to a critical value, at which current limitation is observed to occur. This process, which is accompanied by high-current spikes, ceases when the free double layer becomes visible as a sharp boundary dividing the discharge column into two regions of different luminosities. The layer is observed to form in the later stages of current limitation, the onset of which occurs for a ratio of drift to thermal speed of electrons of about unity. Electrical energy is converted by the layer into kinetic energy of the charged particles. Accordingly, high-energy ions were measured by means of an electrostatic energy analyser. The multiple-sheath character of the free ‘double layer’, which is inferred from probe measurements of potential profiles, is discussed and comparisons with other space-charge structures with the same topology are made.
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46

Wu, Qian Lin, Wen Ge Li, Li Hua Dong, and Yan Sheng Yin. "Microstructure and Corrosion Behaviour of Laser-Clad Double-Ceramic-Layer Composite Coating." Key Engineering Materials 680 (February 2016): 252–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.680.252.

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A double-layer composite coating on Q235 steel substrate was prepared using a new developed in situ technology consisting of SHS reaction, laser cladding and metal dusting techniques. A double-layer composite coating consists of the TiO2–TiC ceramic outer layer and the TiC-CNTs cermet inner layer. An excellent bonding was observed among the outer layer, the inner layer and the steel substrate. Corrosion behavior of the coating was investigated and the commercial 304SS was used for comparison. The outer layer exhibited the highest corrosion resistance and 304SS the lowest corrosion resistance, whereas the inner coating exhibited the intermediate corrosion resistance. However, the severe pitting corrosion which was observed in 304SS did not exist for the coating.
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47

Guan, Zhen Wei, Jing Li, Tong Zhang, Yu Zhong Zhang, Peng Rui Liu, and Zhi Yong Wang. "An Organic Double-Layer Coating on Aluminum and Steel Substrates for Anti-Laser Protection." Materials Science Forum 815 (March 2015): 690–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.815.690.

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In this work, an organic double-layer protective coating (ODC) was fabricated through a simple spray process on aluminum and steel. The coating is built as double-layer structure of heat resist base layer and reflective surface layer. Laser with power 103~104Wcm-2was set to ablate samples for 4s, while the temperature of panels’ back were being measured. Also, reflectivity of the coating was tested. Results demonstrated that reflectivity of ODC was up to 94%, and the panels were less apt to be ablated by laser radiation after coated, while the temperatures measured were substantially lower compared to blank panels with respect to the coating structure and composition.
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48

Shah, Tuhin, RK Agarwal, RK Gupta, CS Agrawal, and S. Khaniya. "Single-layer versus double-layer intestinal anastomosis: A comparative study." Health Renaissance 13, no. 2 (June 20, 2017): 134–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hren.v13i2.17563.

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Background: Intestinal anastomosis is essential to maintain the continuity after resection. There has been constant controversy due to various repair options. Adequate apposition can be achieved by either single- or double-layer anastomosis which may affect the post-operative outcome.Objective: To compare the outcome of single-layer versus double-layer anastomosis of small and large intestine.Method: This prospective comparative study was conducted over a period of 16 months, and included 78 patients who underwent intestinal anastomosis (without diverting stoma) after fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria. They were randomized into double-layer and single-layer intestinal anastomosis groups by a computer generated series. Double layer anastomosis was constructed using inner continuous Polyglactin 3-0 and outer interrupted Silk 3-0, while single layer anastomosis was done with interrupted PDS 2-0.Result: The mean age was 39.79±17.78 years. A total of 59% were operated in emergency room while 41% in elective setting. Overall mean time for anastomosis was 31.81±6.03 (21-50) minutes. In double- and single-layer intestinal anastomosis mean time was 34.35±5.80 (26-50) and 29.13±5.08 (21-45) minutes respectively, which was statistically significant (p value < 0.05). Single-layer was completed 5 minutes earlier than double layer anastomosis in average. Clinical anastomotic leak was seen in six (7.7%) patients, three in each group. Eight (10.3%) patients had surgical site infection: 3 in double-layer and 5 in single-layer groups. One (1.3%) mortality was seen, from single-layer anastomosis group.Conclusion: Single-layer anastomosis can be constructed in significantly shorter time with similar complication rate when compared to doublelayer anastomosis.Health Renaissance 2015;13(2): 134-143
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49

Kumar, Ajit, and Vinod Kumar. "Single layer versus double layer intestinal anastomoses: a comparative study." International Surgery Journal 7, no. 9 (August 27, 2020): 2991. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20203782.

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Background: There are still conflicting views regarding suitability of single layer and double layer anastomotic technique. This prospective single blinded randomized comparative study conducted at Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences to assess various aspects viz. safety, efficacy, duration of hospital stays and chances of perforation in single- and double-layer anastomotic surgery.Methods: 26 patients each in single layer and double layer anastomosis group were included in the study. Single layer intestinal anastomosis was carried using extramucosal technique with 2-0 vicryl suture (round body). Double layer anastomosis was carried out using interrupted 3-0 silk lembert sutures for the outer layer and a continuous 2-0 vicryl for the inner layer. End to end colocolic, end to end ileocolic, end to side ileocolic, end to end ileoileal, side to side ileoileal, end to end jejunoileal and end to end jejunojejunal anastomosis were performed. Each group was compared for anastomotic leak, time required to construct the anastomosis, cost incurred, and length of hospital stay.Results: Findings of the study indicated that single layer is economical in comparison to double layer anastomosis and took significant less time to operate. There was no significant difference in hospital stay of the patients in two groups. There was no anastomotic leak in group-S (single layer) while one (3.8%) patient in group-D (double layer) suffered from anastomotic leak.Conclusions: It was concluded that single layer anastomosis method is beneficial and safe as it required less operative time, suturing material and no leak took place after surgery.
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Wang, Peng, Hironori Nakajima, and Tatsumi Kitahara. "(Digital Presentation) Effect of the Hydrophilic Layer in Double Microporous Layer Coated Gas Diffusion Layer on PEFC Performance." ECS Transactions 109, no. 9 (September 30, 2022): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10909.0085ecst.

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Abstract:
Water management is always one of the main problems of polymer electrolyte fuel cells performance enhancement because it dramatically influences oxygen transport resistance. Typically, the MPL coated GDL with strong hydrophobicity effectively prevents flooding between the catalyst layer and the MPL. To further improve PEFC performance, directly coating an extra hydrophilic MPL on the hydrophobic MPL coated GDL as double MPL can further promote performance. The double MPL using Nafion binder cannot provide enough hydrophilicity to lower the oxygen transport resistance. Combining utilization of the Nafion and TiO2 is efficacious in decreasing the breakthrough pressure and contact angle and ameliorating water drainage from the MEA so that the gas transport ability can be improved. Besides, the appropriate thickness of the double MPL was investigated to better design the double MPL coated GDL.
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