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Journal articles on the topic 'Double-layer magnet'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 14 March 2023

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1

Yamazaki, Katsumi, and Kazuya Kitayuguchi. "Optimization of Magnet Arrangement in Double-Layer Interior Permanent-Magnet Motors." IEEJ Transactions on Industry Applications 131, no. 11 (2011): 1316–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejias.131.1316.

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2

Yamazaki, Katsumi, and Kazuya Kitayuguchi. "Optimization of magnet arrangement in double-layer interior permanent-magnet motors." Electrical Engineering in Japan 183, no. 4 (April 11, 2013): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eej.22348.

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3

Yang, Qifan, Xiaoke Liu, Yue Yang, Rong Cao, Wenbo Hao, Mingyu Xu, and Feng Zhou. "Performance analysis of low-speed and large-thrust cylindrical linear motor with double-layer fractional-slot winding." MATEC Web of Conferences 336 (2021): 02021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202133602021.

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For low-speed and large-thrust situations, the single-layer winding permanent magnet linear motor is inefficient because of its large distance, and the thrust fluctuation is large. In order to solve this problem, a finite element analysis model of cylindrical permanent magnet linear motor is established in a cylindrical permanent magnet linear motor, and the Ansoft software simulation is used to ensure the positioning force and thrust of the double-layer winding motor and single-layer winding motor under the same key parameters. The performance of double-layer winding motor and Single-layer winding motor at different frequencies is compared and analyzed. The simulation results show that the cylindrical linear motor with double-layer fractional-slot winding structure is more suitable for occasions with low speed and large thrust, and has higher operation efficiency.
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4

Honda, Yukio, Shizuka Yokote, Toshiro Higaki, Shigeo Morimoto, and Yoji Takeda. "Magnet Design and Motor Performances of a Double Layer Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor." IEEJ Transactions on Industry Applications 117, no. 10 (1997): 1221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejias.117.1221.

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5

Honda, Yukio, Shizuka Yokote, Toshiro Higaki, Shigeo Morimoto, and Yoji Takeda. "Magnet design and motor performances of a double-layer interior permanent magnet synchronous motor." Electrical Engineering in Japan 128, no. 1 (July 15, 1999): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1520-6416(19990715)128:1<62::aid-eej8>3.0.co;2-a.

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6

Takahashi, K., T. Lafleur, C. Charles, P. Alexander, R. W. Boswell, M. Perren, R. Laine, et al. "Direct thrust measurement of a permanent magnet helicon double layer thruster." Applied Physics Letters 98, no. 14 (April 4, 2011): 141503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3577608.

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7

Tian, Mengmeng, Wenliang Zhao, Xiuhe Wang, Daohan Wang, Yubo Yang, Junqi Diao, and Xinzhong Ma. "Analysis on a Novel Flux Adjustable Permanent Magnet Coupler With a Double-Layer Permanent Magnet Rotor." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 54, no. 11 (November 2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2018.2843387.

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8

Li, Ya, Xiping Liu, and Zhangqi Liu. "Analysis and design of an interior permanent magnet synchronous machine with double-layer PMs for electric vehicles based on multi-physics fields." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 37, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 118–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-09-2016-0425.

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Purpose This paper aims to present an interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) with double-layer PMs used for electric vehicles, of which the integrated simulation of electromagnetic field, stress field and temperature field are analyzed. Design/methodology/approach Some electromagnetic characteristics including iron loss, efficiency and flux linkage are obtained by finite element analysis. The mechanical strength of rotor at the maximum speed and the temperature rise at the rated load are calculated by three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA). Findings The results show that the presented IPMSM can work with sufficient mechanical strength, machine temperature rise and high efficiency during field-weakening operation. The experiments were carried out to verify the FEA, and acceptable results can be achieved. Originality/value This paper proposed a novel IPMSM with the double-layer permanent magnets, which is designed and checked by the multi-physics fields, and the high efficiency in all operational regions can be achieved for this machine.
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9

Nam, Dong-Woo, Kang-Been Lee, Hyun-Jo Pyo, Min-Jae Jeong, Seo-Hee Yang, Won-Ho Kim, and Hyung-Kwan Jang. "A Study on Core Skew Considering Manufacturability of Double-Layer Spoke-Type PMSM." Energies 14, no. 3 (January 26, 2021): 610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030610.

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The spoke-type permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), which is a general ferrite magnetic flux-concentrated motor, has a low portion of reluctance torque at the total torque magnitude. Therefore, as a way to increase the reluctance torque, there is a double-layer spoke-type PMSM that can maximize the difference in inductance between the d-axis and the q-axis. However, in the double-layer spoke-type PMSM, cogging torque, torque ripple, and total harmonic distortion (THD) increase with reluctance torque, which is the main cause of vibration and noise. In this paper, a method is proposed that provides the same effect as skew without dividing stages of the permanent magnet by dividing the core of the rotor into two types so that it is easy to manufacture according to the number of stages, unlike extant skew methods. Based on the method, the reduction in cogging torque and THD was verified by finite element analysis (FEA).
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10

Masmoudi, Asma, and Ahmed Masmoudi. "Iron loss in FSPMM: 2D FEA-based comparative study between single and double-layer topologies." COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering 34, no. 1 (January 5, 2015): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-10-2014-0244.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to compare the study between two topologies of fractional-slot permanent-magnet machines such that: double-layer topology and single-layer one. The comparison considers the assessment of the iron loss in the laminated cores of the magnetic circuit as well as in the permanent magnets (PMs) for constant torque and flux weakening ranges. Design/methodology/approach – The investigation of the hysteresis and eddy-current loss has been carried out using 2D transient FEA models. Findings – It has been found that the stator iron losses are almost the same for both topologies. Whereas, the single-layer topology is penalized by higher iron loss especially the eddy-current ones taking place in the PMs. This is due to their denser harmonic content of the armature air gap MMF spatial repartition. Originality/value – The analysis of the iron loss maps in different parts of each machine including stator and rotor laminations as well as the PMs, in one hand, and the investigation of their variation with respect to the speed, in the other hand, represent the major contribution of this work.
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11

Zheng, Ping, Yi Sui, Bin Yu, Fan Wu, and Peng Fei Wang. "Research on a Five-Phase In-Wheel Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Machine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 416-417 (September 2013): 144–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.416-417.144.

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This paper discusses the design of a fault-tolerant Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM) for electric vehicles. The investigated machine is a five-phase in-wheel machine with 40 slots and 42 poles. The electromagnetic performance of double layer and single layer windings are compared based finite element analysis. The magnetic isolation abilities of the two winding types are also compared. Finally, a 12kW five-phase fault-tolerant machine which is able to meet the demand of electric drive system is designed and evaluated.
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12

Mohd Jamil, Mohd Luqman, Zulfikri Zaki Zolkapli, Auzani Jidin, Raja Nor Firdaus Raja Othman, and Tole Sutikno. "Electromagnetic Performance due to Tooth-tip Design in Fractional-slot PM Brushless Machines." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 6, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 860. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v6.i4.pp860-868.

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Permanent Magnet (PM) machines are favorable as an alternative to other machine topologies due to simpler construction and high torque density. However, it may result hight torque ripple due to an influence of cogging torque and electronic commutation. In this paper, comparisons of phase back-emf, static torque and cogging torque due to influence of tooth-tip asymmetry in 12-slot/10-pole double-layer and 12-slot/10-pole single layer winding machines are carried out using 2D Finite-Element Analysis. At rated condition, the stator asymmetry has great influence on the torque performance as there is significant reduction of torque ripple in 12-slot/10-pole mahine equipped with single layer winding than one equipped with double layer winding machine. It si confirmed that an optimum torque performance is desirable via stator iron modification in PM machines.
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13

Sarigiannidis, Athanasios G., Minos E. Beniakar, Panagiotis E. Kakosimos, and Antonios G. Kladas. "Investigation of Magnet Arrangements in Double Layer Interior Synchronous Permanent Magnet Motor over Wide-Speed Range for Electric Vehicle Applications." Materials Science Forum 792 (August 2014): 379–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.792.379.

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In this paper, the magnet arrangement for a manufactured Double Layer Interior Synchronous Permanent Magnet Motor (DLISPMM) for Electric Vehicle (EV) applications is investigated. In a first step, the manufactured motor is optimized for its nominal condition, by using a particular design of experiment (DOE) method. In a second step, a comparative analysis for the two types of DLISPMMs for a wide speed range operation is performed, by using a parametric Finite Element (FE) model, for calculation of the main machine characteristics, in conjunction with a convenient dynamic model, considering magnetic saturation, for implementation of field weakening control. The initial linear and the final, considering magnetic saturation, dynamic models are evaluated. Finally, the initial and final designs are compared in terms of the main operating characteristics for both nominal low speed and high speed field weakening operation.
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14

Sun, Chengxu, Qi Li, Tao Fan, Xuhui Wen, and Ye Li. "Low electromagnetic vibration design of double-layer interior permanent magnet machines for electric vehicle." Energy Reports 7 (November 2021): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.08.062.

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15

Takahashi, Kazunori, and Tamiya Fujiwara. "Ion Energy Distributions in a Permanent-Magnet-Expanded Plasma Containing an Electric Double Layer." IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 39, no. 11 (November 2011): 2444–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tps.2011.2157708.

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16

Wang, K., Z. Q. Zhu, G. Ombach, M. Koch, S. Zhang, and J. Xu. "Torque ripple reduction of synchronous reluctance machines." COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering 34, no. 1 (January 5, 2015): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-11-2013-0366.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of stator and rotor pole number combinations together with the flux-barrier layers number on the performance of synchronous reluctance machine with emphasis on output torque capability and torque ripple. Design/methodology/approach – AC synchronous reluctance machine (SynRM) or permanent magnet assisted SynRM presently receives a great deal of interest, since there is less or even no rare-earth permanent magnet in the rotor. Most of SynRM machines employ a stator that is originally designed for a standard squirrel cage induction motor for a similar output rating and application, or the SynRM machine with 24-slot, four-pole are often directly chosen for investigation in most of the available literature. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the influence of stator and rotor pole number combinations together with the flux-barrier layers number on the performance of SynRM machine with emphasis on output torque capability and torque ripple. Findings – The average torque decreases with the increase of the pole numbers but remain almost constant when employing different stator slot numbers but with the same pole number. In addition, the torque ripple decreases significantly with the increase of the stator slot number. The machine with double-layer flux-barrier in the rotor has the biggest average torque, while the machines with three- and four-layer flux-barrier in the rotor have almost the same average torque but their value is slightly smaller than that of machine with double-layer flux-barrier. However, the machine with three-layer flux-barrier has the lowest torque ripple but the highest torque ripple exists in the machine with double-layer flux-barrier. Research limitations/implications – The purely sinusoidal currents are applied in this analysis and the effects of harmonics in the current on torque ripple are not considered in this application. Originality/value – This paper has analyzed the torque ripple and average torque of SynRMs with considering slot/pole number combinations together with the flux-barrier number.
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17

Zhang, Wei, He Zhang, Junren Mu, and Song Wang. "Design of a Single-Sided, Coreless, Flat-Type Linear Voice Coil Motor." Actuators 12, no. 2 (February 11, 2023): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act12020077.

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A voice coil motor is a type of permanent magnet linear motor, which is based on the Ampere force theorem. It has the following advantages: a simple structure, a small size, no cogging force, and a fast response time. In this study, a voice coil motor was designed to provide x-directional thrust in the magnetically levitated cable table of a lithography machine. The voice coil motor designed in this study was based on the Halbach permanent magnet array, and adopted a single-sided, coreless, flat-type structure. First, the magnetic field distribution was analyzed based on the magnetic charge method to obtain an expression for the magnetic field and the thrust. The results of this analysis agreed very well with the finite element simulation results. Next, the main parameters of the motor, including the number of turns made by the coil, the size of the wire, and the size of the permanent magnets, were selected and optimized to increase the force density. Finally, two double-layer, serpentine waterway water-cooling plate configurations were designed for this voice coil motor. The validity of this water-cooling structure was verified for two different winding equivalent models. This provided feasibility to further upgrade the windings’ current density.
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18

Ge, Jianli, Xinyu Xie, Quanzhao Sun, and Guolai Yang. "Design and dynamic characteristics of a double-layer permanent-magnet buffer under intensive impact load." Journal of Sound and Vibration 506 (August 2021): 116158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2021.116158.

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19

Deng, Z., J. Wang, J. Zheng, Q. Lin, Y. Zhang, and S. Wang. "Maglev performance of a double-layer bulk high temperature superconductor above a permanent magnet guideway." Superconductor Science and Technology 22, no. 5 (March 30, 2009): 055003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-2048/22/5/055003.

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20

Xikai Sun, Ming Cheng, Wei Hua, and Longya Xu. "Optimal Design of Double-Layer Permanent Magnet Dual Mechanical Port Machine for Wind Power Application." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 45, no. 10 (October 2009): 4613–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2009.2021526.

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21

Awah, C. C., Z. Q. Zhu, Z. Z. Wu, H. L. Zhan, J. T. Shi, D. Wu, and X. Ge. "Comparison of Partitioned Stator Switched Flux Permanent Magnet Machines Having Single- or Double-Layer Windings." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 52, no. 1 (January 2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2015.2477679.

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22

Chen, Qixu, Guoli Li, Zhe Qian, Wenping Cao, and Qunjing Wang. "Analysis of winding MMF of PMSM with multi-phase and multi-layer layout using holospectrum method." International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 68, no. 4 (April 8, 2022): 387–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jae-210025.

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A holographic spectrum method (HSM) of multi-phase and multi-layer winding magnetomotive force (MMF) for 12-slot/10-pole combination with fractional-slot concentrated-winding (FSCW) is proposed in this paper. Taking two kinds of traditional winding layout as example, amplitude and phase distribution of the vth harmonic are calculated. The holospectrum of the multi-phase and multi-layer winding are derived based on three-phase single-layer (TP-SL) and three-phase double-layer (TP-DL) holospectrum theory. Then the finite element method (FEM) is used to validate the resultant winding MMF calculated by the holospectrum method. Results show that two methods have a good consistency in changing tendency. Prototype manufacture and test of axial-flux PMSM with a double-three-phase four-layer (DTP-FL) winding have been completed. A load experiment with two groups of resistance is established to validate its output power of axial-flux permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM). The temperature distribution of axial-flux PMSM is evaluated with PT100 and infrared thermal imager. The experiments shows that the axial-flux PMSM runs at a relative temperature rise.
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23

Wang, Qian, Bo Zhao, Jibin Zou, and Yong Li. "Minimization of Cogging Force in Fractional-Slot Permanent Magnet Linear Motors with Double-Layer Concentrated Windings." Energies 9, no. 11 (November 5, 2016): 918. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en9110918.

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24

Faradonbeh, Vahid Zamani, and Akbar Rahideh. "2‐D analytical on‐load electromagnetic model for double‐layer slotted interior permanent magnet synchronous machines." IET Electric Power Applications 16, no. 3 (December 6, 2021): 394–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/elp2.12162.

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25

Liang Fang, Jae-woo Jung, Jung-Pyo Hong, and Jung-Ho Lee. "Study on High-Efficiency Performance in Interior Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motor With Double-Layer PM Design." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 44, no. 11 (November 2008): 4393–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2008.2002001.

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26

Sui, Yi, Zuosheng Yin, Luming Cheng, Ping Zheng, Dejia Tang, Chuan Chen, and Chuanze Wang. "Multiphase Modular Fault-Tolerant Permanent-Magnet Machine With Hybrid Single/Double-Layer Fractional-Slot Concentrated Winding." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 55, no. 9 (September 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2019.2917031.

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27

Świętek, Małgorzata, Yunn-Hwa Ma, Nian-Ping Wu, Aleksandra Paruzel, Waldemar Tokarz, and Daniel Horák. "Tannic Acid Coating Augments Glioblastoma Cellular Uptake of Magnetic Nanoparticles with Antioxidant Effects." Nanomaterials 12, no. 8 (April 11, 2022): 1310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12081310.

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Coating of nanoparticles with gallates renders them antioxidant and enhances cellular internalization. In this study, (amino)silica magnetic particles modified with tannic acid (TA) and optionally with chitosan (CS) were developed, and their physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity were evaluated. The results demonstrated that the TA-modified aminosilica-coated particles, as well as the silica-coated particles with a double TA layer, exhibited high antioxidant activity, whereas the silica-coated particles with no or only a single TA layer were well-internalized by LN-229 cells. In addition, a magnet placed under the culture plates greatly increased the cellular uptake of all TA-coated magnetic nanoparticles. The coating thus had a considerable impact on nanoparticle–cell interactions and particle internalization. The TA-coated magnetic nanoparticles have great potential as intracellular carriers with preserved antioxidant activity.
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28

Wang, Shensheng, Ziqiang Zhu, Adam Pride, Juntao Shi, Rajesh Deodhar, and Chiaki Umemura. "Comparison of Different Winding Configurations for Dual Three-Phase Interior PM Machines in Electric Vehicles." World Electric Vehicle Journal 13, no. 3 (March 11, 2022): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj13030051.

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In this paper, two dual three-phase winding configurations are compared based on the Toyota Prius 2010 interior permanent magnet (IPM) machine. It is found that the winding configuration with single-layer full-pitched (SF) windings can improve average torque and reduce torque ripple in constant torque range. The winding configuration with double-layer short-pitched (DS) windings has better torque performance in a constant power range. The electromagnetic performances of the two winding configurations when one winding set is excited and the other one is open-circuited are also compared. The DS winding configuration shows much better performance under this condition. Overall, the dual three-phase winding configuration with DS windings is preferred for dual three-phase IPM machines in electric vehicles. A Toyota Prius 2010 IPM machine equipped with DS windings was manufactured to verify the analyses presented in this paper.
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29

Liu, Xiao, Yunyun Zhao, Meng Lu, Zhe Chen, and Shoudao Huang. "Multi-Objective Optimization for a Dual-Flux-Modulator Coaxial Magnetic Gear With Double-Layer Permanent Magnet Inner Rotor." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 57, no. 7 (July 2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2021.3065464.

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30

Sarigiannidis, Athanasios, Minos Beniakar, and Antonios Kladas. "Computationally efficient permanent magnet traction motor loss assessment." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 37, no. 6 (November 5, 2018): 2093–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-08-2017-0326.

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Purpose This paper aims to introduce a computationally efficient hybrid analytical–finite element (FE) methodology for loss evaluation in electric vehicle (EV) permanent magnet (PM) traction motor applications. In this class of problems, eddy current losses in PMs and iron laminations constitute an important part of overall drive losses, representing a key design target. Design/methodology/approach Both surface mounted permanent magnet (SMPM) and double-layer interior permanent magnet (IPM) motor topologies are considered. The PM eddy losses are calculated by using analytical solutions and Fourier harmonic decomposition. The boundary conditions are based on slot opening magnetic field strength tangential component in the air gap in the SMPM topology case, whereas the numerically evaluated normal flux density variation on the surface of the outer PM is implemented in the IPM case. Combined analytical–loss evaluation technique has been verified by comparing its results to a transient magnetodynamic two-dimensional FE model ones. Findings The proposed loss evaluation technique calculated the total power losses for various operating conditions with low computational cost, illustrating the relative advantages and drawbacks of each motor topology along a typical EV operating cycle. The accuracy of the method was comparable to transient FE loss evaluation models, particularly around nominal speed. Originality/value The originality of this paper is based on the development of a fast and accurate PM eddy loss model for both SMPM and IPM motor topologies for traction applications, combining effectively both analytical and FE techniques.
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31

Ghorbani, Hamidreza, Mohammadreza Moradian, and Mohamed Benbouzid. "On the Optimal Selection of Flux Barrier Reconfiguration for a Five-Phase Permanent Magnet Assisted Synchronous Reluctance Machine for Low-Torque Ripple Application." Electronics 11, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11010041.

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This paper aims to investigate the reconfigurations of rotor flux barriers for a five-phase Permanent Magnet Assisted Synchronous Reluctance Machine (PMASynRM). To precisely study the performance of the proposed configurations, a conventional PMASynRM with double-layer flux barriers is included in the study. Since the novel rotor schemes consume the same amount of rare-earth magnets, steel sheet materials, and copper wire, resulting in no extra manufacturing costs, the optimal reconfiguration should be determined, providing developed electromagnetic characteristics. Thus, all the proposed models are designed and analyzed under the same condition. The Lumped Parameter Model (LPM) is exported to the Finite Element Method (FEM) for precise analysis to reach developed torque and lower values of torque ripple. Based on the FEM results the model presenting the lowest torque fluctuations is selected as the optimal model and dynamically investigated. According to the results, in comparison with the conventional model, the introduced rotor designs provide a much lower value of torque fluctuations with a desirable amount of electromagnetic torque and power. In addition, the optimal model presents high values of power factor and efficiency, making it a vital alternative for low-torque ripple high-speed operations with no extra cost to the implementation process.
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32

Yamamoto, Kichiro, Katsuji Shinohara, and Shinya Furukawa. "Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Driven by PWM Inverter with Voltage Booster with Regenerating Capability Augmented by Double-Layer Capacitor." IEEJ Transactions on Industry Applications 126, no. 5 (2006): 639–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejias.126.639.

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33

Afinowi, I. A. A., Z. Q. Zhu, Y. Guan, J. C. Mipo, and P. Farah. "Electromagnetic Performance of Stator Slot Permanent Magnet Machines With/Without Stator Tooth-Tips and Having Single/Double Layer Windings." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 52, no. 6 (June 2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2016.2514491.

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34

Koike, Kunihiro, Tokunosuke Uchida, Keiho Sakurai, Nobuyuki Inaba, Hiroaki Kato, Masaru Itakura, Shigeo Hara, Yu Saito, Susumu Okubo, and Hitoshi Ohta. "Infrared laser annealing of nanocomposite Nd–Fe–B/Mo/FeCo multilayered magnet films." AIP Advances 12, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 035042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/9.0000346.

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The formation of nanocomposite Nd-Fe-B/Mo/FeCo multilayered magnet films using the infrared laser annealing technique. The perpendicular magnetic anisotropy of the film with Mo interlayer was larger than that of the film without Mo interlayer before annealing. Magnetic properties of both films were drasticly changed from soft magnetism to hard magnetism with in-plane magnetic anisotropy after the infrared laser annealing process at 760°C. Coercivity of in-plane annealed film with Mo interlayer was about 10 kOe which was double that of the film without Mo interlayer. In second quadrant, squareness of demagnetization curve of infrared laser annealing processed film with Mo interlayer was better than that of film without Mo interlayer. The infrared laser annealing process crystallizes the amorphous phase of the Nd-Fe-B layer as well as the multi-step annealing, even though the infrared laser annealing process time is only 1/100 of the process time of the multi-step annealing using halogen lamps reported previously.
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35

Lan, Yuanfeng, Yassine Benomar, Kritika Deepak, Ahmet Aksoz, Mohamed El Baghdadi, Emine Bostanci, and Omar Hegazy. "Switched Reluctance Motors and Drive Systems for Electric Vehicle Powertrains: State of the Art Analysis and Future Trends." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 8, 2021): 2079. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082079.

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This paper presents a detailed literature review on switched reluctance motor (SRM) and drive systems in electric vehicle (EV) powertrains. SRMs have received increasing attention for EV applications owing to their reliable structure, fault tolerance ability and magnet free design. The main drawbacks of the SRM are torque ripple, low power density, low power factor and small extended speed range. Recent research shows that multi-stack conventional switched reluctance motors (MSCSRM) and multi-stack switched reluctance motors with a segmental rotor (MSSRM-SR) are promising alternative solutions to reduce torque ripples, increase torque density and increase power factor. Different winding configurations such as single-layer concentrated winding (SLC), single layer mutually coupled winding (SLMC), double layer concentrated winding (DLC), double layer mutually coupled winding (DLMC) and fully-pitched winding (FP) are introduced in the literature in recent years to increase average torque and to decrease torque ripples. This research analyzes winding methods and structure of the SRMs, including conventional and segmental rotors. They have been compared and assessed in detail evaluation of torque ripple reduction, torque/power density increase, noise/vibration characteristics and mechanical structure. In addition, various drive systems are fully addressed for the SRMs, including conventional drives, soft-switching drives, drives with standard inverters and drives with an integrated battery charger. In this paper, the SRM control methods are also reviewed and classified. These control methods include strategies of torque ripple reduction, fault-diagnosis, fault-tolerance techniques and sensorless control. The key contributions of this paper provide a useful basis for detailed analysis of modeling and electromechanical design, drive systems, and control techniques of the SRMs for EV applications.
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36

Izzat Bin Zainuddin, Mohd, and CV Aravind. "Design Analysis of a Dual Rotor Permanent Magnet Machine driven Electric Vehicle." MATEC Web of Conferences 152 (2018): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815203004.

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Electric bike in urban countries such as Europe and China commonly used the brushless direct current machine (BLDC) as it able to produce high torque to transport the user from one place to another. However, BLDC torque density can’t be improving due to limitation magnetic flux generated by the permanent magnet. Therefore, the performance of electric bike can’t be improved. Outer rotor BLDC machine design able to improve the torque density of the motor due to increase radius of the motor which can be explained by simple physics equation (Torque = Force x radius). However, an outer rotor machine only generates constant speed, which is not suitable for operating under tractive load condition, especially electric bike. The proposed model is a new novel of double layer outer rotor BLDCPM machine which able to amplify the magnetic flux density and improve the torque density of the machine. The mutual magnetic coupling between the inner and outer rotor of the proposed model increase the magnetic flux intensity as both of them acts as individual parts. Thus, the magnetic flux generated by both rotors are double which resulted in improving the performance of the E-bike. Designing parameters and analysing the performance of the proposed 2D model is done using FEA tools. Evaluation of the conventional and proposed model by comparing torque performance, magnetic flux density and motor constant square density. Other than that, speed torque graph also is evaluated to justify either it can operate similarly to ICE engine with gears. Two model is designed which is Single Outer Rotor Brushless Direct Current (SORBLDC) and Double Outer Rotor Brushless Direct Current (DORBLDC) operated with the same cases of 27 Amp current supplied to it and operate under various speed from 500 rpm to 2000 rpm. The average torque produce by the conventional and proposed model are 2.045439 Nm and 3.102648 Nm. Furthermore, improvement of the proposed model to conventional model in terms of motor constant square density by 24.92%. Therefore, the proposed model able to improve the magnetic flux by amplifying which resulted to increase the torque density of the machine. Furthermore, the speed-torque graph of the proposed machine shows similarity with speed torque graph of ICE engine. Thus, the proposed machine is suitable to operate for bike application
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37

Zhang, Yulong, Enguang Guan, Peixing Li, and Yanzheng Zhao. "A Novel Magnetic Circuit Design Method for a Permanent Magnetic Chuck of a Wall-Climbing Robot." Energies 15, no. 18 (September 12, 2022): 6653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15186653.

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Permanent magnet wall-climbing robots are widely used in the maintenance of tanks in the petrochemical industry and the overhaul of large-pressure pipelines in the hydropower industry. One of the difficulties is to achieve the safe and reliable adsorption of wall-climbing robots. Based on the Halbach array, a double-layer superposition magnetic circuit magnetization method is designed in this paper. Under the same constraints, the adsorption force of the permanent magnetic chuck is increased by at least 8% compared with the traditional magnetic circuit design method. Under the working air gap of 1∼9 mm, the average magnetic energy utilization rate is increased by at least 16.46%. This approach not only improves the magnetic energy utilization of the permanent magnetic chuck but also improves the adsorption safety of the wall-climbing robot.
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38

Yang, Bin, and Cheng Kuo Lee. "A Wideband Electromagnetic Energy Harvester for Random Vibration Sources." Advanced Materials Research 74 (June 2009): 165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.74.165.

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A novel non-resonant energy harveser with wide band frequency is proposed for collecting energy from ambient vibration at low frequency. A free-standing magnet is packaged inside a sealed hole which is created by stacking 5 pieces of printed circuit board (PCB) substrates with multi-layer copper coils made on double-sides. When the energy harvester is shook from 10 to 300 Hz at 1.9g acceleration along longitudinal direction of hole, a 65 Hz flat-band-like output voltage of 4.5 mV at the case of only one side with drilled air holes on acrylic plate is generated within 35 to 100 Hz. The output power from the coils is measured as 0.1µW under matched loading resistance of 50 Ω within this flat band range under 1.9 g ambient vibration.
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39

Zheng, Jun, Hai Lian Jing, Xing Lin Liao, Da Bo He, Ji Fu Chen, and Su Yu Wang. "A Hybrid High-Tc Superconducting Magnetic Levitation Sculpture Model." Materials Science Forum 745-746 (February 2013): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.745-746.179.

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Different from other applications, this paper explores how to use the stable high-Tc superconducting (HTS) magnetic levitation (maglev) to lift the sculpture art to a high levitation position for satisfying the artists requirement for the light artistic concept. With a combination of the permanent magnet (PM) levitation and HTS maglev technologies, a sculpture model was built to sustain a stable levitation with a levitation height of over 80 mm. In this hybrid HTS maglev sculpture model, three PM rings are arranged as upper, middle, and bottom as a double-layer axial levitation structure; six rectangular YBaCuO bulks are fixed along the side of the PM rings upper-layer as a stabilizer component along the radial direction. When the bottom PM ring was driven up by the lifting bolt, the upper PM ring, which was fixed with the art, can be lifted much higher. Then the required artistic effect will be enhanced. After the model was designed and optimized by finite element method, it was experimentally validated by the HTS maglev measurement system. This levitation design is helpful to the realization of a real-scale levitation sculpture art, and can also provide references to superconducting radial magnetic bearing systems.
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40

Krasopoulos, Christos, Minos E. Beniakar, Panagiotis E. Kakosimos, Charalambos Patsios, and Antonios G. Kladas. "Design Considerations for an In-Wheel PM Motor with Fractional Slot Concentrated Windings for Light Electric Vehicle Applications." Materials Science Forum 792 (August 2014): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.792.343.

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Design optimization of traction motors for light electric vehicles requires a comparative analysis in order to account for both performance and efficiency, while considering overall cost, size limitations and manufacturing complexity. This paper presents a comparative study on different surface mounted permanent magnet (SMPM) in-wheel motor configurations, facilitating fractional slot concentrated windings (FSCW). On a first step, different pole/ slot combinations were investigated and evaluated in terms of performance primarily. On a second step, different stator geometries were analyzed, considering both double and single layer windings and both equal and unequal stator teeth. Two different operating conditions were taken into account, i.e. nominal load and overload. The most advantageous was selected, by means of efficiency, clean interface and overall weight, using an extensive sensitivity analysis. On a third step, the final geometry was optimized, via fine-tuning of key design variables, accounting for maximum efficiency and minimum machine weight.
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41

E. Abdellatif, Walid S., Noura A. Nour Aldin, Ahmed M. Azmy, and Ahmed A. Salem. "Fault Ride Through Capability Enhancement of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator-based Wind Energy Conversion System." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, no. 09 (September 24, 2021): 1135–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/09667.

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With the speedy increase of wind energy in electric networks, many important issues could emerge, where the most important matter is to maintain the connection of wind generators during fault conditions. With different faults in the electrical network, the voltage at the point of common coupling (PCC) decreases causing unwanted transients in the stator currents. This results in substantially increased fluctuations in the DC-link voltage (Vdc). To avoid this negative impact, it is a must to maintain the capability of wind generators to continue linked to the network during faults, which is depicted as low voltage ride through (LVRT) capability. This paper investigates the LVRT enhancement by two techniques, the first is based on Braking Chopper (BC) and the second method is based on electrical double-layer capacitors (EDLC), or Supercapacitor Energy Storage System (SCESS), under abnormal conditions. The full model of the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) system and FRT technique are performed in MATLAB/Simulink platform. As a consequence of the findings, both the BC and SCESS are capable to provide satisfactory performance with superior FRT capability for the SCESS compared to the BC.
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42

Cowieson, Nathan P., Charlotte J. C. Edwards-Gayle, Katsuaki Inoue, Nikul S. Khunti, James Doutch, Eugene Williams, Steven Daniels, et al. "Beamline B21: high-throughput small-angle X-ray scattering at Diamond Light Source." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 27, no. 5 (August 18, 2020): 1438–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577520009960.

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B21 is a small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) beamline with a bending magnet source in the 3 GeV storage ring at the Diamond Light Source Ltd synchrotron in the UK. The beamline utilizes a double multi-layer monochromator and a toroidal focusing optic to deliver 2 × 1012 photons per second to a 34 × 40 µm (FWHM) focal spot at the in-vacuum Eiger 4M (Dectris) detector. A high-performance liquid chromatography system and a liquid-handling robot make it possible to load solution samples into a temperature-controlled in-vacuum sample cell with a high level of automation. Alternatively, a range of viscous or solid materials may be loaded manually using a range of custom sample cells. A default scattering vector range from 0.0026 to 0.34 Å−1 and low instrument background make B21 convenient for measuring a wide range of biological macromolecules. The beamline has run a full user programme since 2013.
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43

Liu, Quanyue, and Seokho Kim. "Temperature-field-angle dependent critical current estimation of commercial second generation high temperature superconducting conductor using double hidden layer Bayesian regularized neural network." Superconductor Science and Technology 35, no. 3 (January 19, 2022): 035001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6668/ac45a2.

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Abstract We estimated the critical current of the second generation (2G) high-temperature superconducting (HTS) conductor using neural network fitting methods. The critical current of 2G HTS conductors depends on magnetic field strength and angle as well as on temperature, Ic(T, B, θ). Moreover, the critical current values vary for 2G HTS conductors from different manufacturers. In this study, we addressed three challenging issues in critical current assessment by neural network fitting methods, namely 90° asymmetry, a wide range of temperature-field-angle dependence, and different manufacturer conductor differences. Prediction models for three commercial HTS conductors were trained and evaluated by convergence, accuracy, and robustness. The linear regression correlation coefficient R was approximately equal to 1 for the three models. The critical current estimation obtained from the proposed method was compared with the critical current estimation from the interpolation method at different fixed temperatures using a multi-width no-insulation magnet. The model computation speed was also discussed. The proposed model needed only 2.7 s to compute 10 million data sets. Therefore, the convergence, accuracy, reliability, and speed of the proposed method prove that it can be used in a wide range of industrial applications and academic fields.
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44

Rezal, M., and D. Ishak. "Performance evaluation of multi-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor based on different winding configurations and magnetization patterns." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 10, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 1197. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v10.i3.pp1197-1206.

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Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) is the most reliable and efficient machine that widely used in robotics and automation, industrial applications, electric vehicles, home appliances, aircraft and aerospace technology due to its high efficiency, good dynamic performance and high torque density. In this paper, the influence of various types of winding configuration and different magnetization patterns in the performance of a five-phase PMSM is investigated. Three types of magnetization patterns such as radial magnetization (RM), parallel magnetization (PaM), and multi-segmented Halbach magnetization (SH) are applied to the five-phase 10-slot/4-pole PMSM during open-circuit and on-load conditions. A 2D finite element method (FEM) is intensively used in this investigation to model and predict the electromagnetic characteristics and performance of the PMSM. The detailed results from the finite-element analysis (FEA) on the cogging torque, induced back-emf, airgap flux density and electromagnetic torque are analysed. The induced back-emf of the machine is computed further into its harmonic distortions. Additionally, the skewing method for minimization of cogging torque of PMSM is proposed. From the results, it is observed that the five-phase, 10-slot/4-pole PMSM with double layer distributed winding and parallel magnetization gives the best machine performance.
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45

Appleman, Daniel E., Howard T. Evans, Gordon L. Nord, Edward J. Dwornik, and Charles Milton. "Delindeite titanosilicates and lourenswalsite, two new from the Magnet Cove region, Arkansas." Mineralogical Magazine 51, no. 361 (September 1987): 417–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1987.051.361.08.

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AbstractDelindeite and lourenswalsite are two new barium titanosilicate minerals found as microscopic crystals in miarolitic cavities in nepheline syenite in the Diamond Jo quarry, Hot Spring County, Arkansas. Delindeite is found as aggregates of flake-like crystallites in compact spherules, light pinkish grey in colour, with a resinous, pearly lustre. The flakes are biaxial positive with average n ∼ 1.813; the measured density is 3.3 g/cm3. Electron diffraction revealed a monoclinic unit cell in space group C2/m or subgroup, with a = 21.617(13), b = 6.816(5), c = 5.383(3) Å, β = 94.03(5)° (refined from X-ray powder data). The strongest X-ray lines are (hkl, dobs, Irel): (200, 10.80, 100); (311, 3.54, 24); (6̄01, 3.083, 28); (601, 2.888, 31); (2̄21, 2.806, 20); (910, 2.262,18). The crystals are submicroscopically twinned on (100) and also produce additional continuous diffraction streaks parallel to a*, which double the b and c axes. The formula derived from electron and ion probe analyses (H2O by difference), as constrained by density and molar volume data, is approximately (Na,K)2.7(Ba,Ca)4(Ti,Fe,Al)6Si8O26(OH)14, with Na > K, Ba ≫ Ca, Ti ≫ Fe,Al; Z = 1. Lourenswalsite occurs as very thin hexagonal plates in rosettes, silver grey to light brownish grey in colour. The crystals are biaxial negative with very low 2V angle. Indices of refraction are nα = 1.815, nβ ≈ nγ = 1.840; the measured density is 3.17 g/cm = 1.840; the measured density is 3.17 g/cm3. X-ray and electron diffraction show a sharp pseudohexagonal lattice with a = 5.244 Å, but extremely diffuse diffraction streaks normal to the hk0 plane. In these streaks a period of 20.5 Å can be discerned. A hexagonal unit cell with a = 5.244(2) Å, c = 20.49(3) Å can be refined from the powder diffraction data but does not account for some lines, probably because of extreme layer disorder as shown by precession single-crystal patterns. The strong X-ray powder lines are (002, 10.22, 20); (-, 3.93, 20); (111, 2.608, 100); (300, 1.5145, 80); (220, 1.3111, 25). The formula given by microprobe analyses, constrained by density and molar volume data, is approximately (K,Ba)2(Ti,Mg,Ca,Fe)4(Si,Al,Fe)6O14(OH)12 with K > Ba, Ti ≫ (Mg,Ca,Fe), Si > Al > Fe; Z = 1. These minerals are formed under oxidizing weathering conditions, and iron is assumed to be in the Fe3+ state.
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46

Wu, Shaopeng, Jinyang Zhou, Xinmiao Zhang, and Jiaqiang Yu. "Design and Research on High Power Density Motor of Integrated Motor Drive System for Electric Vehicles." Energies 15, no. 10 (May 12, 2022): 3542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15103542.

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Although many PMSMs are used as the driving source for electric vehicle motor drive systems, there is still a gap compared with the power density index in the DOE roadmap. Considering that the motor occupies a large space in the motor drive system, it is of great significance for the system to increase the motor power density and thus reach the system power density index. This article starts with electrical machine basic design theory and finds the motor power density influence factors. Guided by the theory and considering motor driver influence, this article proposes a high power density motor for electric vehicle integrated motor drive system. The motor for the system is a five-phase interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) with a double-layer rotor structure and fractional slot distributed winding. Compared with Ver1.0 motor, Ver2.0 motor power density improves significantly. In order to prevent damage from excessive temperature, a temperature field solution model is established in this article to compare the cooling effect and pressure loss of the spiral, dial, and axial water jackets. The temperature is checked at motor main operating conditions using an optimal cooling structure. Finally, the power density of the designed Ver2.0 motor reaches 3.12 kW/kg in mass and 15.19 kW/L in volume.
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47

Abdollahzadeh Jamalabadi, Mohammad Yaghoub. "Lattice Boltzmann Simulation of Ferrofluids Film Boiling." Processes 8, no. 8 (July 22, 2020): 881. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8080881.

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In the present investigation, two phase film boiling of ferrofluids under an external field delivered around a two-dimensional square cross-section heater was investigated using the lattice Boltzmann technique. The purpose of this work is to find the effect of magnetic field magnitude and direction on the Nusselt number in single and double heater geometry. The improving thermal efficiency in the horizontal and vertical placement of heaters is also presented. The governing equations of mass conservation, momentum conservation, and energy conservation are solved by using a central-moments-based Lattice Boltzmann scheme. The air pocket generated around heater raised incorporating magnetic effects. The heat transfer through this advancement has been explored quantitatively and abstractly. The results shows that with the development in the volumetric applied force at the bubble-fluid interface, the bubble boundary layer thickness around the square heater lessened which cause the Nusselt number augmented. Through the parameter study it found that the Nusselt number can be essentially extended by altering the course of magnet shafts, and that film rising outwardly of the bubble. The improvement and advancement of vapour phase in various heater arrangement made two column of bubble rises at the same time, which rose above each heater and in the end changed into one column of bubble. A correlation considering magnitude and angle of the magnetic field on time-averaged Nusselt number is presented. Finally, the Nusselt number can be controlled with the help of the incorporation of other heaters.
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48

Anusha Vadde, Govind Rangaswamy Kadambi, and Siddabasappa Channabasappa. "A Review on Non-Invasive Magnetic and Electric Field Excited Methods for Flow Characterisation of Incompressible Newtonian Low Conductive Liquids." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 101, no. 1 (January 18, 2023): 90–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.101.1.90120.

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Monitoring the flow rate of low conductive fluid is critical in sectors such as waste, culinary, chemical, pharmaceutical, oil and gas, and power. The flow meter can be used to measure several parameters like flow rate range, fluid electrical conductivity, cost and the scenario of desired monitoring. The existing invasive flow sensors for monitoring the velocity of conductive fluid are often associated with undesirable attributes of being obstructive, prone to interference effects, corrosion, significant pressure reduction, and energy loss in pipe systems causing severe and long-term damage to pipes during installation. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of various non-invasive methods for characterizing low conductive fluid flow based on the sources of strong magnetic and electric fields. This review discusses fundamental insights for understanding the physical phenomenon in the generation of eddy currents, Lorentz force, and the formation of the electric double layer with pertinent illustrations and discussions. The review presented in this paper concludes that each non-invasive measurement technique has limitations based on the excitation source of either magnetic or electric fields. Different values of low conductivity of fluid flow and flow velocity have been considered in various studies to get an in-depth understanding of the capability of selected techniques so that their scope and versatility can be researched further. This paper also highlights that emerging technologies like cryostats with superconducting magnet systems, which unquestionably exceed the mass limitation, have become viable in applications such as Lorentz force velocimetry.
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49

Mikhailova, T. V., Yu E. Vysokikh, A. N. Shaposhnikov, V. N. Berzhansky, S. Yu Krasnoborodko, M. F. Bulatov, D. V. Churikov, A. Karavainikov, and V. I. Belotelov. "Crystallization Double-Layer Magneto-Active Films for Magnetophotonics." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2091, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2091/1/012049.

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Abstract Magneto-optics, magnetophotonics and magnetoplasmonics stay at the edge of scientific interests last years due to their unique features to manage the light and electromagnet field. Bi-substituted iron garnet (Bi:IG) is one of most promising magneto-optical material for these applications in order to its high efficiency in visible and infrared spectra. The possibility to integrate Bi:IG films to silicon semiconductor process leads to creation nanoscale hight performance magneto-optical devices. Bi:IG structures of different composition might be deposited by vacuum deposition on different substrates. The investigation of crystallization process of Bi:IG double-layer films at a different process parameter on gadolinium gallium garnet and fused quartz substrates allowing to determine dependences and suggestions for integration Bi:IG to semiconductor process or multicomponent optical nanostructures.
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50

Lok, J. G. S., S. Kraus, W. Dietsche, K. von Klitzing, F. Schwerdt, M. Hauser, W. Wegscheider, and M. Bichler. "Negative magneto-drag of double layer 2DEGs." Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures 12, no. 1-4 (January 2002): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1386-9477(01)00282-x.

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