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Journal articles on the topic 'Dosimetry gel'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 November 2022

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1

Gafar, Sameh Mohamed, and Nehad Magdy Abdel-Kader. "Radiation induced degradation of murexide dye in two media for possible use in dosimetric applications." Pigment & Resin Technology 48, no. 6 (November 4, 2019): 540–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-02-2019-0014.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of gamma-rays on murexide (Mx) dye and its possible use as radiation dosimeters in two different dosimetry systems. The first system depends on the Mx dye as a liquid dosimeter. The second dosimetry system depends also on the same dye but as in a gel form, which is more sensitive to gamma-rays. Design/methodology/approach The prepared Mx (solutions/gels) have a considerable two peaks at 324 and 521 nm that upon irradiation, the intensity of these peaks decreases with the increasing radiation dose. Findings The gamma-ray absorbed dose for these dosimeters was found to be up to 2 kGy for the solution samples and 40 Gy for the gels. Radiation chemical yield, dose response function, radiation sensitivity and before and after-irradiation stability under various conditions were discussed and studied. Practical implications It is expected that the radiolysis of the Mx dye can be used as radiation dosimeters in two different dosimetry systems; liquid and gel dosimeters. This can be applied in a wide range of gamma radiation practical industrial applications in water treatment, food irradiation dosimeters, radiotherapy and fresh food irradiation and seed production. Originality/value Both of the prepared Mx dyes, either as solutions or gel samples, can be facilely prepared from commercially, cheap, safe, available chemicals and suitable for useful applied Mx solutions and gels radiation dosimeters.

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2

Dhakal, Rabin, Mohammad Yosofvand, and Hanna Moussa. "Development and Application of MAGIC-f Gel in Cancer Research and Medical Imaging." Applied Sciences 11, no. 17 (August 24, 2021): 7783. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11177783.

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Much of the complex medical physics work requires radiation dose delivery, which requires dosimeters to accurately measure complex three-dimensional dose distribution with good spatial resolution. MAGIC-f polymer gel is one of the emerging new dosimeters widely used in medical physics research. The purpose of this study was to present an overview of polymer gel dosimetry, using MAGIC-f gel, including its composition, manufacture, imaging, calibration, and application to medical physics research. In this review, the history of polymer gel development is presented, along with the applications so far. Moreover, the most important experiments/applications of MAGIC-f polymer gel are discussed to illustrate the behavior of gel on different conditions of irradiation, imaging, and manufacturing techniques. Finally, various future works are suggested based on the past and present works on MAGIC-f gel and polymer gel in general, with the hope that these bits of knowledge can provide important clues for future research on MAGIC-f gel as a dosimeter.

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3

Chacón, D., M. Romero, F. Mattea, and M. Valente. "DEVELOPMENT OF A LASER SCANNER FOR POLYMER GEL DOSIMETRY." AnalesAFA Vol.31 N.2 31, no. 2 (2020): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31527/analesafa.2020.31.2.55.

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Advances of the medical application of ionizing radiation, and specifically in cancer treatment, are continuously evolving and gaining higher degrees of complexity. Therefore, the ability to determine and ensure the safety and precision of these techniques must be accompanied by novel dosimetry systems. Polymer gel dosimetry is one of the new and re-markable dosimetry systems that can quantitatively record the absorbed dose and register 3D dose distributions with high resolution while maintaining tissue-equivalent properties. Typical methods used to read the recorded signal in a polymer gel dosimeter, such as magnetic resonance imaging, X-ray tomography, and ultrasound-based techniques in-clude complex and expensive instruments. On the other hand, there are low-cost alternatives like optical methods that can be optimized and designed for the study of polymer gel dosimetry. The objective of this study is to present the de-sign, construction, development, and characterization of a low-cost laser scanner for bi-dimensional PGD analysis. With this equipment, characterization and optimization assays were performed on typical samples, and compared to those obtained by commercial or validated instruments with similar results, proving the capacity of the designed instrument as a reading tool for polymeric gel dosimetry.

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Razak, Nik, Azhar Rahman, Sivamany Kandaiya, Iskandar Mustafa, Nor Yahaya, Amer Mahmoud, and Ramzun Maizan. "Accuracy and Precision of Magat Gel As a Dosimeter." Material Science Research India 12, no. 1 (February 26, 2015): 01–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/msri/120101.

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Polymer gel dosimeter is a radiation sensitive chemical dosimeter that can measure 3 D dose distribution with high resolution. Due to the increasing complexity of radiotherapy treatment planning and delivery, accurate experimental radiation dosimetry plays an important role in the implementation and quality assurance of new treatment techniques. A polymer gel dosimeter must possess several important characteristics of a dosimeter to be able to measure absorbed dose precisely. two important dosimetric properties of a dosimeter were determined in this study; accuracy and precision. The MAGAT gels were made of 5% gelatin, 6% methacrylic acid and 10 mM tetrakis-hydroxy-methyl-phosphonium chloride (THPC). The irradiation of MAGAT gel was performed by 6-MV photon beam at a dose range 1 to 10 Gy and was imaged by 1.5 T Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). The dose response of MAGAT gel dosimeter was obtained from spin-spin relaxation rate (R2) of MRI signal. The accuracy of MAGAT gel dosimeter has a range within 4% for doses greater than and equal to 3 Gy. The reproducibility of the MAGAT gel dosimeter at one irradiation was less than 1% whilst the long term reproducibility was within 3% over the five month period. For temporal stability, the dose sensitivity of MAGAT gel dosimeter irradiate at 1 to 11 days post-manufacturing decreased over time. While the dose sensitivity imaged at 1 to 9 days post-irradiation increased up to 4 days post-irradiation and subsequently starts decreasing after 4 days till 9 days. From the study of two dosimetric properties, MAGAT gel dosimeter shows a great dose response with a superior dose response. Thus the MAGAT gel dosimeter can be apply as a 3 D radiotherapy dosimeter.

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5

Morin, Richard L., and Geoffrey S. Ibbott. "Gel Dosimetry." Journal of the American College of Radiology 3, no. 2 (February 2006): 144–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacr.2005.10.018.

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6

De Deene, Yves. "Radiation Dosimetry by Use of Radiosensitive Hydrogels and Polymers: Mechanisms, State-of-the-Art and Perspective from 3D to 4D." Gels 8, no. 9 (September 19, 2022): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels8090599.

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Gel dosimetry was developed in the 1990s in response to a growing need for methods to validate the radiation dose distribution delivered to cancer patients receiving high-precision radiotherapy. Three different classes of gel dosimeters were developed and extensively studied. The first class of gel dosimeters is the Fricke gel dosimeters, which consist of a hydrogel with dissolved ferrous ions that oxidize upon exposure to ionizing radiation. The oxidation results in a change in the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation, which makes it possible to read out Fricke gel dosimeters by use of quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The radiation-induced oxidation in Fricke gel dosimeters can also be visualized by adding an indicator such as xylenol orange. The second class of gel dosimeters is the radiochromic gel dosimeters, which also exhibit a color change upon irradiation but do not use a metal ion. These radiochromic gel dosimeters do not demonstrate a significant radiation-induced change in NMR properties. The third class is the polymer gel dosimeters, which contain vinyl monomers that polymerize upon irradiation. Polymer gel dosimeters are predominantly read out by quantitative MRI or X-ray CT. The accuracy of the dosimeters depends on both the physico-chemical properties of the gel dosimeters and on the readout technique. Many different gel formulations have been proposed and discussed in the scientific literature in the last three decades, and scanning methods have been optimized to achieve an acceptable accuracy for clinical dosimetry. More recently, with the introduction of the MR-Linac, which combines an MRI-scanner and a clinical linear accelerator in one, it was shown possible to acquire dose maps during radiation, but new challenges arise.

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7

Mohyedin, Muhammad Zamir, Hafiz Mohd Zin, Mohd Zulfadli Adenan, and Ahmad Taufek Abdul Rahman. "A Review of PRESAGE Radiochromic Polymer and the Compositions for Application in Radiotherapy Dosimetry." Polymers 14, no. 14 (July 16, 2022): 2887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14142887.

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Recent advances in radiotherapy technology and techniques have allowed a highly conformal radiation to be delivered to the tumour target inside the body for cancer treatment. A three-dimensional (3D) dosimetry system is required to verify the accuracy of the complex treatment delivery. A 3D dosimeter based on the radiochromic response of a polymer towards ionising radiation has been introduced as the PRESAGE dosimeter. The polyurethane dosimeter matrix is combined with a leuco-dye and a free radical initiator, whose colour changes in proportion to the radiation dose. In the previous decade, PRESAGE gained improvement and enhancement as a 3D dosimeter. Notably, PRESAGE overcomes the limitations of its predecessors, the Fricke gel and the polymer gel dosimeters, which are challenging to fabricate and read out, sensitive to oxygen, and sensitive to diffusion. This article aims to review the characteristics of the radiochromic dosimeter and its clinical applications. The formulation of PRESAGE shows a delicate balance between the number of radical initiators, metal compounds, and catalysts to achieve stability, optimal sensitivity, and water equivalency. The applications of PRESAGE in advanced radiotherapy treatment verifications are also discussed.

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Baldock, C., Y. De Deene, S. Doran, G. Ibbott, A. Jirasek, M. Lepage, K. B. McAuley, M. Oldham, and L. J. Schreiner. "Polymer gel dosimetry." Physics in Medicine and Biology 55, no. 5 (February 11, 2010): R1—R63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/55/5/r01.

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9

Schreiner, L. J., T. Olding, and K. B. McAuley. "Polymer gel dosimetry." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 250 (November 1, 2010): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/250/1/012014.

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10

Wolfel, A., D. Chacón, M. R. Romero, M. Valente, and F. Mattea. "DEVELOPMENT OF POLYMERIC MATERIALS FOR X-RAY DOSIMETRY WITH ENHANCED OPTICAL SENSIBILITY." Anales AFA 31, no. 3 (2020): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.31527/analesafa.2020.31.3.101.

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The use of a new reagent with the capacity of forming colored organo-metallic complexes with metal ions is herein studied for its application in X-Ray dosimetry, aiming to assess its effect on the dose-sensitivity of polymer gel dosimetry. The improvement of the sensitivity of polymeric dosimeters, commonly used to quantitatively register dose distribution in radiotherapy, requires considering both the intrinsic mechanism involved in the irradiation of the dosimetry system (polymerization) and the selected readout technique (e.g. spectroscopy techniques). One of the most used readout methods is measuring the change in the optical density of the dosimeters after their irradiation. The formulation of a new sensitive material able to form organo-metallic complexes and the potentiality of achieving significant changes in the optical density in the irradiated region is studied in this work. For this purpose, a new monomer (GMA-IDA) was synthesized and used in the polymerization with other monomers, commonly employed in polymer gel dosimetry (acrylamide, N,N’-methylenebisacrylamide y N-isopropilacrylamide. The polymerization of the new sensitive material was initiated by a redox reaction (APS/TEMED) or by ionizing radiation (X-Rays), then the effect of the new monomer over the performance of the dosimetry material was evaluated. Results indicated that the new formed polymer has the capacity of forming colored complexes with Cu2+.

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11

Macchione, Micaela A., Sofía Lechón Páez, Miriam C. Strumia, Mauro Valente, and Facundo Mattea. "Chemical Overview of Gel Dosimetry Systems: A Comprehensive Review." Gels 8, no. 10 (October 17, 2022): 663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels8100663.

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Advances in radiotherapy technology during the last 25 years have significantly improved both dose conformation to tumors and the preservation of healthy tissues, achieving almost real-time feedback by means of high-precision treatments and theranostics. Owing to this, developing high-performance systems capable of coping with the challenging requirements of modern ionizing radiation is a key issue to overcome the limitations of traditional dosimeters. In this regard, a deep understanding of the physicochemical basis of gel dosimetry, as one of the most promising tools for the evaluation of 3D high-spatial-resolution dose distributions, represents the starting point for developing new and innovative systems. This review aims to contribute thorough descriptions of the chemical processes and interactions that condition gel dosimetry outputs, often phenomenologically addressed, and particularly formulations reported since 2017.

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12

Novotný, Josef, Josef Novotný, Václav Spĕvác˘ek, Pavel Dvor˘ák, Tomás˘ Cechák, Roman Lis˘c˘ák, Gustav Broz˘ek, Jaroslav Tintĕra, and Josef Vymazal. "Application of polymer gel dosimetry in gamma knife radiosurgery." Journal of Neurosurgery 97 (December 2002): 556–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2002.97.supplement_5.0556.

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Object. The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of a polymer gel—based dosimeter for the evaluation of geometric and dosimetric inaccuracies during gamma knife radiosurgery and during the irradiation of an experimental animal. Methods. A polymer gel dosimeter, based on acrylic monomers, was used for experiments conducted in this study. The accuracy of the dosimeter was evaluated on a Siemens EXPERT 1-tesla scanner in the transmitter/receiver head coil with the use of a multiecho sequence with 16 echoes, TE 22.5 to 360 msec, TR 2000 msec, slice thickness 2 mm, field of view 255 mm, and a pixel size of 0.5 × 0.5 mm2. Two experiments were conducted. First, the head phantom containing the polymer gel dosimeter was irradiated using 4-, 8-, 14-, and 18-mm isocenters. Second, a specially designed rat phantom was irradiated by four 4-mm isocenters. The dose profiles in the x, y, and z axes were calculated in the treatment planning system and measured with the polymer gel dosimeter and the results were compared. There was good agreement between the measured and calculated dose profiles. The maximum deviation in the spatial position of the center of measured and calculated dose profiles was 0.5 mm in the head phantom and 1 mm in the rat phantom. The maximum deviation in the width of the selected reference isodose of measured profiles was 1.2 mm in the head phantom and 1.1 mm in the rat phantom. Conclusions. The use of the polymer gel—based dosimeter for the verification of stereotactic procedures has advantages compared with other dosimetric systems. The dosimeter itself is tissue equivalent. Three-dimensional dose distributions can be measured and the dosimeter allows simulation of the therapeutic procedures.

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13

Mochizuki, Anri, Takuya Maeyama, Yusuke Watanabe, and Shinya Mizukami. "Sensitivity enhancement of DHR123 radio-fluorogenic nanoclay gel dosimeter by incorporating surfactants and halogenides." RSC Advances 10, no. 48 (2020): 28798–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra02717k.

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Dosimetry of spatial dose distribution of ionizing radiation in tissue equivalent materials using high sensitive radio-fluorogenic gel dosimeter using DHR123 with sensitizer. (Radiation therapy planning image courtesy of Varian Medical Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.)

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14

Gibon, David, Philippe Bourel, Bernard Castelain, Xavier Marchandise, and Jean Rousseau. "Dosimétrie par gels radiosensibles en radiothérapie. Intérêt et méthodes." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 79, no. 2 (February 1, 2001): 130–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y00-076.

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The goal of conformal radiotherapy is to concentrate the dose in a well-defined volume by avoiding the neighbouring healthy structures. This technique requires powerful treatment planning software and a rigorous control of estimated dosimetry. The usual dosimetric tools are not adapted to visualize and validate complex 3D treatment. Dosimetry by radiosensitive gel permits visualization and measurement of the three-dimensional dose distribution. The objective of this work is to report on current work in this field and, based on our results and our experience, to draw prospects for an optimal use of this technique. Further developments will relate to the realization of new radiosensitive gels satisfying, as well as possible, cost requirements, easy realization and use, magnetic resonance imagery (MRI) sensitivity, tissue equivalence, and stability. Other developments focus on scanning methods, especially in MRI to measure T1 and T2.Key words: gel dosimetry, radiation therapy, quality control.

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15

Ibbott, Geoffrey S. "Applications of gel dosimetry." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 3 (January 1, 2004): 58–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3/1/007.

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16

Venning, A., M. Mundayadan Chandroth, C. Morgan, and M. Roberts. "Investigation of target dose conformity using normoxic polymer gel dosimetry techniques: A clinical example of 12^th thoracic vertebrae SBRT treatment with VMAT." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2167, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2167/1/012016.

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Abstract This paper describes the 3D dosimetry verification of a 24Gy in 3 fractions VMAT SBRT treatment delivery to the 12th thoracic vertebrae (T12). With this fractionation regime, the critical isodose value is 17.5Gy to the outer edge of the spinal cord and must not be exceeded. This is a high-risk treatment that could result in severe injury to the patient unless administered precisely. With the use of 3D normoxic polymer gel dosimetry techniques, using MRI readout, a clinical example is presented which shows that the Mid North Coast Cancer Institute’s paraspinal program is capable of delivering complex distributions with high doses to within very tight tolerances. This also demonstrates the strength of normoxic polymer gel as a 3D dosimeter.

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17

Deene, Yves De, and Morgan Wheatley. "Real time 4D Radiation Gel Dosimetry on the Australian MRI-Linac." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2167, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2167/1/012029.

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Abstract 4D radiation dosimetry using a highly radiation-sensitive polymer gel dosimeter with real-time quantitative MRI readout is presented as a technique to acquire the accumulated radiation dose distribution during image guided radiotherapy (IGRT) on an MRI-Linac. Optimized T2 weighted TSE scans are converted into quantitative ΔR2 maps and subsequently to radiation dose maps. The potential of real-time 4D radiation dosimetry in a theragnostic MRI-Linac is demonstrated in test tubes, for a square beam in a cylindrical gel phantom, for a simple step-and-shoot irradiation in a head phantom and a dynamic arc treatment on a cylindrical gel phantom using a rotating couch. The optimal sequence parameters for maximal dose resolution in the dynamic MRI acquisition will be presented and the trade off between MRI scanning speed and dose resolution will be discussed. A further improvement in temporal resolution using a keyhole imaging approach is the focus of future research.

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Rintoul, L., M. Lepage, and C. Baldock. "Radiation Dose Distribution in Polymer Gels by Raman Spectroscopy." Applied Spectroscopy 57, no. 1 (January 2003): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/000370203321165205.

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The Raman spectroscopy of polymer gel dosimeters has been investigated with a view to developing a novel dosimetry technique that is capable of determining radiation dose within a micrometer of spatial resolution. The polymer gel dosimeter, known as the PAG dosimeter, is typically made up of acrylamide, N,N′-methylene-bis-acrylamide, gelatin, and water. A polyacrylamide network within the gelatin matrix forms in response to an absorbed dose. The loss of monomers may be monitored by corresponding changes to the Raman spectrum. Principal component analysis offers a simple method of quantifying the absorbed radiation dose from the Raman spectrum of the polymer gel. The background luminescence in the spectrum increased significantly with dose and is shown to originate in the glass of the sample vial. The competing effects of elastic scatter, which increases with dose due to the formation of polymer, and sample absorption were quantified and found to introduce errors of up to 5% under certain conditions. Raman spectra as a function of distance from the air–surface interface have been measured for samples that were subjected to doses delivered by a clinical linear accelerator. The depth dose profile thus obtained compared favorably with “gold standard” ion-chamber measurements.

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Merkis, Mantvydas, Benas Gabrielis Urbonavicius, Diana Adliene, Jurgita Laurikaitiene, and Judita Puiso. "Pilot Study of Polymerization Dynamics in nMAG Dose Gel." Gels 8, no. 5 (May 6, 2022): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels8050288.

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The essential component of modern radiation therapy is the application of steep dose gradients during patient treatment in order to maximize the radiation dose to the target volume and protect neighboring heathy tissues. However, volumetric dose distribution in an irradiated target is still a bottleneck of dose verification in modern radiotherapy. Dose gels are almost the only known dosimetry tool which allows for the evaluation of dose distribution in the irradiated volume due to gel’s polymerization upon irradiation. The accuracy of dose gel dosimetry has its own obstacle, which is related to the continuation of the gel’s polymerization after the radiation treatment procedure is finished. In this article, a method to monitor the polymerization dynamics of dose gels in real-time is proposed using a modified optical spectrometry system. Using the proposed method, the changes of the optical characteristics of irradiated nMAG dose gels in situ were assessed. The investigation revealed that the detectable polymerization in dose gel proceeds up to 6 h after irradiation. This time is significantly shorter compared with a commonly recommended 24 h waiting time allocated for polymer gel to settle. It was also found that dose rate significantly influences the temporal response of the nMAG dosimeter. By increasing the irradiation dose rate by a factor of 2, the time needed for the polymerization process to settle was increased by 22%. Identification of the gel’s post-irradiation polymerization time interval and its dependence on irradiation parameters will contribute to more accurate dose verification using dose gel dosimetry.

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20

Schreiner, L. J. "NMR mechanisms in gel dosimetry." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 164 (May 1, 2009): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/164/1/012032.

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21

Baldock, Clive. "Historical overview of gel dosimetry." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 3 (January 1, 2004): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/3/1/001.

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22

De Deene, Yves, and Andrew Jirasek. "Uncertainty in 3D gel dosimetry." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 573 (January 12, 2015): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/573/1/012008.

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23

Vandecasteele, Jan, and Yves De Deene. "Evaluation of radiochromic gel dosimetry and polymer gel dosimetry in a clinical dose verification." Physics in Medicine and Biology 58, no. 18 (August 22, 2013): 6241–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/58/18/6241.

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24

Aljamal, Mohammad. "Percentage depth dose (PDD) and Beam profile measurements using CT based MAGAT gel dosimetry system and Monte Carlo calculation." New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Advances in Pure and Applied Sciences, no. 7 (November 30, 2016): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjpaas.v0i7.3168.

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Abstract The aim of this project is to develop and to evaluate the CT based MAGAT (methacrylic acid, gelatine and tetrakis phosphonium chloride) polymer gel dosimetry for measuring 3D dose distributions in radiation treatment. The MAGAT gel was prepared based on the formulation proposed in the literature. The percentage depth dose (PDD) and beam profile of 8 x 8 cm2 field size photon beam from a 6 MV linear accelerator were measured. Monte Carlo simulation was carried out to calculate PDD and beam profiles in the simulated MAGAT gel phantom to verify the data measured using MAGAT gel dosimetry for the 8 x 8 cm2 field size. The PDD and beam profile calculated using simulated MAGAT gel phantom agreed very well with that measured using MAGAT gel dosimetry. However, there were some differences between the simulated PDD with that measured at the surface region due to the electron contamination at the surface of the simulated phantom. In conclusion, the results showed that the CT based MAGAT gel dosimetry system is promising method to measure three- dimensional dose distribution based on PDD and Beam profile measurement. Keywords: MAGAT gel, CT, Monte Carlo simulation

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Del Lama, L. S., E. G. de Góes, F. G. A. Sampaio, P. C. D. Petchevist, and A. de Almeida. "A modified Fricke gel dosimeter for fast electron blood dosimetry." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 341 (December 2014): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2014.09.008.

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Ascención, Yudy, Jennifer Dietrich, Kibret Mequanint, and Kalin I. Penev. "Tetrazolium salt monomers for gel dosimetry II: Dosimetric characterization of the ClearView™ 3D dosimeter." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 847 (May 2017): 012049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/847/1/012049.

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Peleg Walg, Yarden, Yanai Krutman, Amir Berman, and Itzhak Orion. "Synchrotron X-ray Irradiation of a Rat’s Head Model: Monte Carlo Study of Chromatic Gel Dosimetry." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16 (August 11, 2021): 7389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167389.

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Accurate treatment planning in radiotherapy essentially decreases damage to healthy tissue surrounding the tumor. Due to plans to use a direct, highly collimated, narrow beam with high intensity to treat small area tumors, researchers have studied microbeam radiation therapy extensively. Using a synchrotron beam as the radiation source may help to limit damage, but treatment planning using computerized simulations and dosimetry is still necessary to achieve optimal results. For this purpose, PDA-gel dosimeters were developed and their sensitivity around a 150 keV induced synchrotron X-ray radiation beam was examined via Monte Carlo simulations using the EGS5 code system. The microbeam development is now at the animal study stage. In this study, we simulate the irradiation of a rat’s brain. The simulation results obtained spectra for two types of PDA-gel dosimeters that were compared with the spectrum obtained in a modelized brain tumor of a rat. Additionally, percentage depth dose curves were calculated for the brain tissue and the two gels. Correction equations for the dosimeters were obtained from the dose-difference plots. For further references, these equations can be used to calculate the actual dose in a brain tumor in a rat. The Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate that PDA-gel dosimeters can be used for treatment planning using synchrotron irradiations.

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Kozicki, Marek, Malwina Jaszczak, and Piotr Maras. "Features of PABIGnx 3D Polymer Gel as an Ionising Radiation Dosimeter." Materials 15, no. 7 (March 31, 2022): 2550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15072550.

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This work presents the features of the PABIGnx 3D polymer gel dosimeter. It consists of two cross-linkers: poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), as one biacrylic component, and N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA), which is another cross-linker often used in 3D dosimeters. Additionally, it contains oxygen scavenges of copper sulfate pentahydrate and ascorbic acid. All ingredients are embedded in a physical gel matrix of gelatine. Upon irradiation, the biacrylic cross-linking agents (PEGDA and MBA) undergo radical polymerisation and cross-linking, which is manifested by the appearance of the opacity of the intensity related to the absorbed dose. PABIGnx was irradiated with an oncological source of ionising radiation, and analysed by using a nuclear magnetic resonance (0.5 T). The following characteristics were obtained: (i) linear and dynamic dose-response of 0.5 to ~18 Gy and 40 Gy, respectively, (ii) dose sensitivity of 0.071 ± 0.001 Gy−1 s−1, (iii) integral 3D dose distribution for at least 24 days after irradiation, (iv) adequate batch-to-batch reproducibility, (v) dose-response independent of irradiation with 6 MV photons, 15 MV photons, 6 MV photons FFF of 0.0168–0.1094 Gy/s dose rates, and (vi) soft tissue equivalence. The study showed that the features of PABIGnx confirm its suitability for use in 3D radiotherapy dosimetry.

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Venning, A., M. Mundayadan Chandroth, C. Morgan, and M. Roberts. "Further investigation of lung tumour peripheral doses using normoxic polymer gel dosimetry techniques." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2167, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2167/1/012025.

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Abstract This work builds upon previous investigations of lung tumour peripheral doses for 6 MV, 6 MV FFF, and 10 MV FFF conformal arc therapy beams calculated in the Monaco® TPS and delivered using an Elekta® Agility™ linac. An improved patient lung phantom is developed with measurements using the normoxic PAG gel dosimeter and compared against dose planes from the TPS. The gel dosimeter measurements indicate that the TPS is overestimating the secondary build-up in the lung tumour peripheral region. It has been determined that in lung tumours, 6 MV FFF is the optimal beam energy for peripheral dose coverage and that there is a dosimetric compromise using 10 MV FFF.

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30

Jirasek, A., M. Hilts, and K. B. McAuley. "Polymer gel dosimeters with enhanced sensitivity for use in x-ray CT polymer gel dosimetry." Physics in Medicine and Biology 55, no. 18 (August 18, 2010): 5269–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/55/18/002.

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31

Elter, A., S. Dorsch, M. Marot, C. Gillmann, W. Johnen, A. Runz, C. K. Spindeldreier, S. Klüter, C. P. Karger, and P. Mann. "RSC: Gel dosimetry as a tool for clinical implementation of image-guided radiotherapy." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2167, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2167/1/012020.

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Abstract The implementation of new image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) treatment techniques requires the development of new quality assurance (QA) methods including geometric and dosimetric validation of the applied dose in 3D. Polymer gels (PG) provide a promising tool to perform such tests. However, to be used in a large variety of clinical applications, the PG must be flexibly applicable. In this work, we present a variety of phantoms used in clinical routine to perform both hardware and workflow tests in IGRT. This includes the validation of isocenter accuracy in magnetic resonance (MR)-guided RT (MRgRT) and end-to-end tests of online adaptive treatment techniques for inter- and intra-fraction motion management in IGRT. The phantoms are equipped with one or more PG containers of different materials including 3D printed containers to allow for 3D dosimetry in arbitrarily shaped structures. The proposed measurement techniques and phantoms provide a flexible application and show a clear benefit of PG for 3D dosimetry in combination with end-to-end tests in many clinical QA applications.

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Sandwall, Peter, Brandt Bastow, Henry Spitz, Howard Elson, Michael Lamba, William Connick, and Henry Fenichel. "Radio-Fluorogenic Gel Dosimetry with Coumarin." Bioengineering 5, no. 3 (July 10, 2018): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering5030053.

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Oldham, M., M. McJury, I. B. Baustert, S. Webb, and M. O. Leach. "Improving calibration accuracy in gel dosimetry." Physics in Medicine and Biology 43, no. 10 (October 1, 1998): 2709–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/43/10/002.

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Ornová, D., J. Šemnická, V. Spěváček, and O. Konček. "Polymer gel dosimetry using computed tomography." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 652, no. 1 (October 2011): 806–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2010.09.089.

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Baldock, C., P. Murry, and T. Kron. "Uncertainty analysis in polymer gel dosimetry." Physics in Medicine and Biology 44, no. 11 (October 20, 1999): N243—N246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/44/11/402.

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Crescenti, Remo A., Jeffrey C. Bamber, Assad A. Oberai, Paul E. Barbone, Joseph P. Richter, Carlos Rivas, Nigel L. Bush, and Steve Webb. "Quantitative Ultrasonic Elastography for Gel Dosimetry." Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology 36, no. 2 (February 2010): 268–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2009.09.003.

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Vieira, Silvio L., André Baggio, Randall R. Kinnick, M. Fatemi, and Antonio Adilton O. Carneiro. "Acoustic images of gel dosimetry phantoms." Physics Procedia 3, no. 1 (January 2010): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2010.01.012.

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Maryanski, Marek J. "17 BANG polymer gel dosimetry technique." Radiotherapy and Oncology 40 (January 1996): S7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8140(96)80024-7.

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39

Pappas, Evangelos, and Thomas Maris. "Polymer gel 3D dosimetry in radiotherapy." Zeitschrift für Medizinische Physik 30, no. 3 (August 2020): 171–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.zemedi.2020.06.002.

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40

Hamann, J. H., and J. G. P. Peixoto. "Dosimetry Evolution in Teletherapy: Polimer Gel." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 975 (March 2018): 012048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/975/1/012048.

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Olding, T., J. Darko, and L. J. Schreiner. "Effective Management of FXG Gel Dosimetry." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 250 (November 1, 2010): 012028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/250/1/012028.

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Wong, C., W. Patterson, C. Powell, G. Qiao, D. Solomon, and M. Geso. "SU-FF-T-188: Dosimetry of Microbeam Radiotherapy Using Gel Dosimeters." Medical Physics 34, no. 6Part10 (June 2007): 2444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.2760848.

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Oldham, M. "NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN 3D DOSIMETRY UTILIZING RADIOCHROMIC PLASTICS AND GEL-DOSIMETERS." Radiotherapy and Oncology 92 (August 2009): S45—S46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8140(12)72706-8.

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Murphy, P. S., V. P. Cosgrove, A. J. Schwarz, S. Webb, and M. O. Leach. "Proton spectroscopic imaging of polyacrylamide gel dosimeters for absolute radiation dosimetry." Physics in Medicine and Biology 45, no. 4 (March 9, 2000): 835–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/45/4/302.

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Novotný, J., V. Spěváček, P. Dvořák, J. Novotný, and T. Čechák. "Three-dimensional polymer gel dosimetry: basic physical properties of the dosimeter." Radiation Physics and Chemistry 61, no. 3-6 (June 2001): 255–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0969-806x(01)00249-3.

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Abraheem, Abeer Z., F. Khamis, and Y. A. Abdulla. "TL Characteristics and Dosimetric Aspects of Mg-Doped ZnO." European Journal of Applied Physics 3, no. 1 (January 29, 2021): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejphysics.2021.3.1.37.

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Dosimetry characterization and the evaluation of kinetics parameters of trapping states of Mg-doped ZnO phosphors synthesized by Sol-Gel technique. The thermoluminescence response of Mg-doped ZnO samples showed a linear response when exposed to X-ray radiation and the optimum annealing condition was 400oC/4h for the three concentrations. A broad-shaped TL glow curve with an upper bound of 270 °C, which shifts to lower temperatures with increasing dose, indicating that general order (GO) kinetics thermoluminescence processes are involved. We conclude that the ZnO doped Mg phosphors under study are promises to develop dosimeters for high radiation dose measurements. Kinetic parameters, such as activation energy (E), frequency factor (s), and order of kinematic order (b), were estimated by the Glow Curve Deconvolution (GCD) method. ZnO:Mg phosphor has a great potential as a dosimeter for monitoring in the fields of ionizing radiation.

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Pappas, E., T. G. Maris, S. Manolopoulos, F. Zacharopoulou, A. Papadakis, S. Green, and C. Wojnecki. "Stereotactic radiosurgery photon field profile dosimetry using conventional dosimeters and polymer gel dosimetry. Analysis and inter-comparison." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 164 (May 1, 2009): 012054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/164/1/012054.

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Einbergs, Ernests, Aleksejs Zolotarjovs, Ivita Bite, Katrina Laganovska, Krisjanis Auzins, Krisjanis Smits, and Laima Trinkler. "Usability of Cr-Doped Alumina in Dosimetry." Ceramics 2, no. 3 (September 2, 2019): 525–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ceramics2030040.

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Dosimetry is a widespread material science field dealing with detection and quantification of ionizing radiation using electronic processes in materials. One of the main aspects that determines the performance of dosimeters is the type of defects the material contains. Crystalline lattice imperfections are formed around impurity ions, which may have a smaller or larger size, or different oxidation states compared to host ions. In this study, we show what effects Cr impurities have on the luminescent properties of alumina. Porous Al 2 O 3 : Cr microceramics synthesized using the sol-gel method showed a higher thermoluminescence response than a single crystal ruby. We have found that Cr 2 O 3 concentration of 0.2 wt% was optimal; it yielded the highest X-ray luminescence and thermostimulated luminescence readout of all studied additive concentrations added to alumina during synthesis. Our results show that Cr doped alumina could potentially be used as a promising new material for dosimetry of ionizing radiation.

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Hurley, C., C. McLucas, G. Pedrazzini, and C. Baldock. "High-resolution gel dosimetry of a HDR brachytherapy source using normoxic polymer gel dosimeters: Preliminary study." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 565, no. 2 (September 2006): 801–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2006.05.167.

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Chang, Kyung Hwan, Yunseo Ji, Suk Lee, Kwang Hyeon Kim, Dae Sik Yang, Jung Ae Lee, Young Je Park, et al. "Basic radiological characteristics of a non-scattering gel dosimeter for 3D dosimetry." Journal of the Korean Physical Society 69, no. 11 (December 2016): 1694–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3938/jkps.69.1694.

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