Relevant bibliographies by topics / Dose to medium

Academic literature on the topic 'Dose to medium'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Dose to medium"

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Fonseca, Gabriel Paiva, Åsa Carlsson Tedgren, Brigitte Reniers, Josef Nilsson, Maria Persson, Hélio Yoriyaz, and Frank Verhaegen. "Dose specification for192Ir high dose rate brachytherapy in terms of dose-to-water-in-medium and dose-to-medium-in-medium." Physics in Medicine and Biology 60, no. 11 (May 26, 2015): 4565–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/60/11/4565.

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Enger, Shirin A., Anders Ahnesjo, and Luc Beaulieu. "Dose to Medium or Dose to a Water Cavity Embedded in Medium?" Brachytherapy 9 (April 2010): S35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brachy.2010.02.036.

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Mahnke, N., K. Medve-Koenigs, M. Megahed, and N. J. Neumann. "Medium-dose-UV-A1-Phototherapie." Der Hautarzt 54, no. 4 (March 7, 2003): 364–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00105-003-0503-8.

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Enger, S. Abbasinejad, A. Ahnesjö, and L. Beaulieu. "682 poster DOSE TO MEDIUM OR DOSE TO A WATER CAVITY EMBEDDED IN MEDIUM?" Radiotherapy and Oncology 99 (May 2011): S273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8140(11)70804-0.

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Ma, C.-M., and Jinsheng Li. "Dose specification for radiation therapy: dose to water or dose to medium?" Physics in Medicine and Biology 56, no. 10 (April 20, 2011): 3073–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/56/10/012.

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Leonardi, M. "Contrast medium dose and renal failure." Radiology 207, no. 3 (June 1998): 832–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiology.207.3.9609917.

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Enger, S. A., A. Ahnesjo, F. Verhaegen, and L. Beaulieu. "SU-E-T-07: Dose to Medium or Dose to a Water Cavity Embedded in Medium?" Medical Physics 38, no. 6Part10 (June 2011): 3487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.3611957.

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Kowalzick, Lutz. "UVA1 for atopic dermatitis: Medium dose superior to low dose." Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 44, no. 3 (March 2001): 548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mid.2001.111343.

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Kowalzick, Lutz. "UVA1 for atopic dermatitis: Medium dose superior to low dose." Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 44, no. 3 (March 2001): 0548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mjd.2001.111343.

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Patel, Firuza D., Pritam S. Negi, Suresh C. Sharma, Rakesh Kapoor, Deepinder P. Singh, and Sushmita Ghoshal. "Dose rate correction in medium dose rate brachytherapy for carcinoma cervix." Radiotherapy and Oncology 49, no. 3 (December 1998): 317–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8140(98)00100-5.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Dose to medium"

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Rosser, Karen Elizabeth. "Measurement of absorbed dose to water for medium energy x-rays." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338897.

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Breuckmann, Frank. "Immunhistochemische Untersuchungen zum Wirkmechanismus der Medium-dose-UVA1-Kaltlicht-Phototherapie bei schwerer atopischer Dermatitis in vivo." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2002. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=969861702.

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Nasreddine, Abbas. "Alanine/EPR dosimetry for low to medium energy X-ray radiation processing control." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020STRAE025.

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L’irradiation par des rayons X de faible à moyenne énergie devient de plus en plus une technique répandue qui remplace des irradiations réalisées par des sources radioactives pour différentes applications telles que l’irradiation du sang, les traitements Sterile Insect Technology et la décontamination des produits alimentaires. Afin de s’assurer que la bonne dose est délivrée au produit, un dosimètre est placé sur ce dernier. Un type de dosimètres utilisé pour ces applications est le dosimètre à l’alanine, qui est équivalent à l’eau dans le cas des photons d’énergie supérieure à 200 keV. Cette thèse présente l’utilisation de l’alanine pour le control et la validation des process d’irradiations réalisés avec des rayons X de faible à moyenne énergie, ainsi que différentes méthodes développées pour déterminer des facteurs correctifs à appliquer à la réponse de ce dosimètre. Ces méthodes reposent sur des mesures expérimentales, des simulations Monte Carlo et des calculs analytiques
Nowadays, low to medium energy X-ray irradiators are starting to replace irradiators using radioactivesources, mainly in the fields of blood irradiations, Sterile Insect Technique and food irradiations. A dosimeter is placed on the irradiated product to ensure that the desired dose is well delivered. One of the dosimetry systems that is used in radiation processing is the alanine/EPR dosimetry system. Alanine is considered as water equivalent, from a dosimetric point of view for photon energies that are higher than 200 keV. However, it loses its water equivalency for lower photon energies.This thesis presents the use of alanine for the control and validation of irradiation processes performed with low to medium energy X-rays, as well as different methods developed to determine corrective factors to be applied to the response of this dosimeter. These methods are based on experimental measurements, Monte Carlo simulations and analytical calculations
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Hyun, Julia [Verfasser], Alexander [Gutachter] Kreuter, and Thilo [Gutachter] Gambichler. "Klinische und molekularbiologische Untersuchungen zum Wirkmechanismus der Medium-dose-UVA1-, Low-dose-UVA1- und Schmalspektrum-UVB Phototherapie bei zirkumskripter Sklerodermie / Julia Hyun ; Gutachter: Alexander Kreuter, Thilo Gambichler ; Medizinische Fakultät." Bochum : Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1223172112/34.

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Younes, Tony. "Méthodologie pour la détermination de la dose absorbée dans le cas des petits champs avec et sans hétérogénéités pour des faisceaux de photons de haute énergie." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30312.

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La radiothérapie stéréotaxique nécessite l'utilisation de petits faisceaux de photons issus d'accélérateur linéaire d'électrons avec (WFF) ou sans filtre égalisateur (FFF) définis généralement par un collimateur multi-lames (MLC). La dosimétrie de ces petits faisceaux représente un défi majeur principalement lié au manque d'équilibre électronique latéral et à la perturbation introduite par la présence des détecteurs. Mes travaux de thèse ont consisté à étudier la métrologie de ces faisceaux WFF et FFF dans des milieux homogènes et hétérogènes en combinant des mesures expérimentales, des calculs Monte-Carlo (MC) et des calculs provenant de deux algorithmes utilisés dans le système de planification de traitements : l'Anisotropic Analytical Algorithm (AAA) et Acuros XB (AXB). Pour mener à bien ces travaux, la première partie a consisté à modéliser le MLC haute définition (HDMLC) de l'accélérateur TrueBeam STx avec la plateforme MC GATE. Des fichiers d'espaces de phases, fournis par le constructeur ont été utilisés auxquels ont été rajoutées les géométries des mâchoires et des lames. Cette modélisation a été validée en comparant les calculs MC aux mesures expérimentales dans le cas de champs définis par le HDMLC à géométrie simple et complexe allant de 0.5×0.5 cm² à 16×16 cm². Cette première étape était indispensable pour pouvoir déterminer les facteurs correctifs à appliquer à la mesure de la dose absorbée dans l'eau des petits faisceaux selon le formalisme de l'IAEA TRS-483. Quatre détecteurs ont été étudiés : deux micro-chambres d'ionisation à cavité d'air et deux détecteurs solides (diode et diamant) et les facteurs correctifs ont été obtenus selon trois méthodologies combinant des calculs MC dans un voxel d'eau ou dans le volume sensible des détecteurs (après modélisation complète de ces derniers) ainsi que des mesures expérimentales par films radiochromiques. Un écart moyen inférieur à 1% a été trouvé entre les trois méthodes et les valeurs publiées dans l'IAEA TRS-483, excepté pour le champ de 0.5×0.5 cm². La comparaison avec les algorithmes AAA et AXB a révélé une supériorité de AXB par rapport au AAA avec un accord inférieur à 1% pour le champ 1×1 cm². Pour approfondir l'analyse des facteurs correctifs, les spectres de fluence électronique au sein des détecteurs ont été déterminés afin de séparer les contributions liées à la composition atomique (volume sensible, enrobage) et à la taille du volume sensible. L'impact du potentiel d'ionisation a également été évalué. Pour cela, un code de calcul de fluence différentielle en énergie pour les photons et les électrons a été développé et implémenté dans GATE après l'avoir validé par confrontation avec un autre code MC EGS. L'étape suivante s'est articulée autour de la métrologie des petits faisceaux dans des milieux hétérogènes de type poumon et os. Les calculs MC et AXB permettent d'exprimer la dose absorbée dans le milieu (Dm) et par conversion de la rapporter en dose absorbée dans l'eau (Dw) alors que les algorithmes conventionnels (tel que le AAA) expriment en général directement la Dw. L'impact des compositions atomiques sur le calcul de la dose absorbée, sur la conversion de Dm à Dw ainsi que sur la modification de fluence électronique au sein des hétérogénéités a été analysé
Stereotactic radiotherapy is based on the use of small photon beams delivered from a linear accelerator with flattening filter (WFF) or flattening filter free (FFF) usually defined by a multi-leaf collimator (MLC). Yet, small field dosimetry is challenging due to the lack of lateral electronic equilibrium and the fluence perturbation introduced by the presence of the detector. The aim of this Ph.D. thesis is to combine experimental measurements, Monte Carlo (MC) calculations and also the calculation of the treatment planning system algorithms: Anisotropic Analytical Algorithm (AAA) and Acuros XB (AXB), in order to study the metrology of small fields including WFF and FFF beams in homogeneous and heterogeneous media. For this purpose, the first part consisted on modeling the high definition MLC (HDMLC) of the TrueBeam STx with the MC platform GATE. Phase space files provided by the manufacturer were used in addition to the jaws and MLC geometries for the simulations. In order to validate the model, MC calculations were compared to experimental measurements for MLC fields with standard and complex geometries ranging from 0.5×0.5 cm² à 16×16 cm². This part was essential to be able to determine detector specific correction factors that should be applied to measurement of absorbed dose in water as described in the formalism of the IAEA TRS-483. Four detectors were included in this part: two air-filled micro-ionization chambers and two solid state detectors (diode and diamond). The correction factors were determined using three approaches combining MC calculations in a water voxel or in the detectors' sensitive volume (after they were fully modeled) as well as radiochromic film experimental measurements. An agreement better than 1% was found between the three methods and the IAEA TRS-483 values except for the 0.5×0.5 cm² field. AXB was found to be more accurate than the AAA with a difference less than 1% for the 1×1 cm² field. Aiming to understand the effects related to atomic composition (sensitive volume and extracameral components), the size of sensitive volume and the ionization potential on the detectors response, the electron fluence spectral distributions in the detectors were determined. Therefore, a photon and electron fluence calculation code was developed and implemented in GATE. Its verification was carried out by comparing the fluence spectra to those of EGS MC code. Further, the metrology of small fields in heterogeneous media including bone and lung was studied. MC and AXB allow to report the absorbed dose to medium (Dm) and after a conversion to determine the absorbed dose to water (Dm) while conventional algorithms (such as AAA) usually report Dw directly. The impact of the atomic composition on the absorbed dose calculation, the conversion from Dm to Dw and the electron fluence variation in the heterogeneous media was analyzed. AXB Dm calculations showed good agreement with those of MC in all the heterogeneity types as well as the Dw report in the lung heterogeneity (except for the 0.5×0.5 cm2 field). However, in the bone case significant differences (>5%) were found between AAA, AXB and GATE and also film measurements, leading to the conclusion that the Dw of the three algorithms are not equivalent, including between AXB and GATE. These differences were analyzed by modeling the film and with the electronic fluence variation in different medium. Moreover, the results in the bone case showed that the experimental validation of the Dw as in GATE or AXB cannot be performed without a correction
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França, Antonio Carlos [UNESP]. "Escoamentos em meios porosos: uma análise teórica e experimental dos efeitos dos esforços capilares provocados por percolação de água em elementos de alvenaria." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99346.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2000-01Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:06:14Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 franca_ac_me_guar.pdf: 603778 bytes, checksum: d86c030bdbc65869a9f5aa8f9efc6b33 (MD5)
É comum serem identificados trincas em alvenaria de tijolos, não somente depois de um certo tempo da construção, mas também por vezes aparecem estas trincas desagradáveis durante a própria construção. Depois de alguns estudos é possível verificar que, dentre outros fatores, um deles é devido à umidade absorvida pelos elementos da parede (tijolos e argamssa). Es umidade pode vir do ar (dia únmido), de chuvas, do solo e até do excesso da quantidade de água contida na argamassa de assentamento. Ela em contato com os elementos da parede, porosos, concorrerá para a percolação capilar dando origem a esforços internos consideráveis, que virão provocar deslocamentos, que via de regra são diferentes para o tijolo e para a argamssa(deltaLtijolo#deltaLargamassa), daí então o aparecimento de trincas. Portanto, com vistas a esses fenômenos, resolveu-se estudar este assunto de forma inicial, sem grande e sofisticado equipamento de medição do escoamento capilar, mas conduzindo a análise para obtenção de valores médios de pressão e velocidade de fluído, medindo as deformações gerais dos elementos tijolos.
Abastract: It is common to find cracks in bricks masonry not just after some time of the construction but, the appearance of these unpleasant cracks, are also common during the contruction work. After some research it is possible to verify that, among other factors, one of its cause is due to the humidity absorbed by the elements of the wall (bricks and mortar. Now, this humidity may come from the air (e. g. a humid day), from rain, from the ground and from an exaggerated amount of the water mixed in the mortar laying. These when in contact with theporous elements of the wall will induce a capillary percolation that creates considerable internal stress that will give origin to displacements. These displacement are usually different for the brick and for de mortar (deltaLBrick#deltaL mortar) and because of that cracks will appear. With that in mind, it was decided to study this subject initially without bulky and sophisticated equipment for the measurement of capillary flow. Our approach was to make the analysis by obtaining medium values for the pressure and fluid speed, measuring the general deformations of the bricks.
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Vaz, Rafael Galhardo. "Metodologia de medida dos efeitos de dose acumulada de radiação ionizante nos parâmetros elétricos de transistores CMOS." Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, 2015. http://www.bd.bibl.ita.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3305.

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O desenvolvimento de qualquer projeto visando aplicações espaciais ou aplicações aeronáuticas em voos de grande altitude deve considerar os efeitos que a contínua ação da radiação cósmica provoca em materiais e componentes. Os efeitos da radiação devem ser conhecidos para que medidas corretivas possam ser consideradas no projeto de equipamentos que deverão operar por tempo prolongado imersos em um ambiente com radiação ionizante permanente. Quando instrumentos eletrônicos são operados sob radiação ionizante, estes sofrem efeitos adversos no seu desempenho, resultantes da interação da radiação com seus componentes básicos (transistores e diodos). Dessa forma, para aplicações espaciais ou em ambientes hostis, os componentes básicos de um circuito devem ser previamente qualificados quanto à sua tolerância à radiação através de ensaios que determinam a sua resposta à radiação ionizante. Neste trabalho são estudados os efeitos da radiação ionizante em transistores CMOS que são os componentes básicos dos circuitos integrados e demais sistemas eletrônicos, visando o conhecimento da variação dos seus parâmetros elétricos conforme a dose total ionizante (TID) acumulada. O objetivo do trabalho foi desenvolver e aplicar uma metodologia de medida dos efeitos de dose acumulada de radiação ionizante nos parâmetros elétricos de transistores CMOS utilizando a metodologia tradicional e o método EKV para extração dos valores destes parâmetros a partir das curvas de resposta dos transistores obtidas com um analisador de parâmetros de semicondutores. O conhecimento da variação paramétrica dos transistores permite ao projetista de um circuito integrado simular os efeitos finais no circuito e inserir no projeto técnicas de endurecimento no projeto de layout do dispositivo e técnicas de mitigação no desenvolvimento do hardware e software dentro do circuito integrado ou no sistema eletrônico. Neste trabalho foram avaliados cinco transistores CMOS na tecnologia de 180 nm produzidos no processo XC018 da XFAB com diferentes dimensões e as variações paramétricas são apresentadas em função da dose acumulada até 1 Mrad(Si). Os transistores foram irradiados com radiação gama proveniente de uma fonte radioativa de 60Co na temperatura ambiente.
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Skupin, Alexander. "How does Calcium oscillate?" Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15969.

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Kalzium ist ein wichtiger intrazelluläre Botenstoff, der extrazelluläre Signale in zelluläre Antworten übersetzt. Oft werden externen Signale in wiederholte Anstiege der zytosolischen Kalziumkonzentration übersetzt, die als Oszillationen bezeichnet werden. Diese interdisziplinäre Arbeit kombiniert biologische Experimente, analytische Methoden der theoretischen Physik und Computersimulationen, um den Oszillationsmechanismus zu charakterisieren. Von wesentlicher Bedeutung ist dabei die räumlich inhomogene Verteilung der Kanäle, die Kanalcluster bilden. Dies induziert zusammen mit Pumpen große Konzentrationsgradienten in der Nähe von offenen Clustern, was zu einer hierarchischen Organisation führt. Unter diesem Gesichtspunkt erwartet man, dass Kalziumoszillationen stochastisch sind und auf räumlicher Wechselwirkung beruhen. Diese Hypothese wird im ersten Teil der Arbeit experimentell verifiziert, indem Oszillationen vier verschiedener Zellarten analysiert werden. Der Kalziumsignalweg nutzt thermisches Rauschen konstruktiv um globale Signale zu bilden. Dabei werden molekulare Fluktuationen durch die hierarchische Struktur auf die zelluläre Ebene gehoben. Dies steht im Gegensatz zu der jahrzehntelang weitläufigen Auffassung, dass Kalzium ein repräsentatives Beispiel eines zellulären Oszillators ist. Des weiteren macht dieses Ergebnis Kalzium zu einem ersten natürlichen Beispiel für "array enhanced coherent resonance". Im Modellierungsteil dieser Arbeit wird ein physiologisches Modell für die intrazelluläre Kalziumdynamik entwickelt, das die dreidimensionale Struktur von Zellen berücksichtigt. Es verwendet ein detailliertes Kanalmodell und berücksichtigt sowohl Diffusion als auch Reaktionen mit Puffern. Der entwickelte parallele Green''s cell Algorithmus generiert in Abhängigkeit von physiologischen Parametern das gesamte Spektrum der experimentell bekannten Kalziumsignale und spiegelt die experimentellen Daten des ersten Teils in nahezu perfekter Weise wider.
Calcium is an important second messenger in cells serving as a critical link between extracellular stimuli and their cellular responses. The external signals are translated often into repeated increases of the cytosolic calcium concentration what is referred as oscillations. This work uses an interdisciplinary approach combining experimental techniques from biology, analytical tools from theoretical physics and computer simulations to clarify the question of the oscillation mechanism and how cells can generate globally coordinated calcium signals originated from local stochastic channel dynamics. In this context, the spatial inhomogeneous distribution of channels forming channel clusters plays a key role. Together with calcium pumps and buffers, this induces huge functional concentration gradients close to open clusters, leading to a hierarchical organization of calcium signals. Thus, calcium oscillations are predicted to be stochastic and to have a spatial character. This hypothesis is justified experimentally in the first part of this thesis by analyzing calcium oscillations of four different cell types. Hence, calcium signaling constructively uses thermal noise to build global signals. This contradicts the current opinion of the last decades of calcium being a representative cellular oscillator. Moreover, this makes calcium a first natural example of array enhanced coherent resonance. In the modeling part of this work, a physiological model for intracellular calcium dynamics in three spatial dimensions is developed that takes the spatial arrangement of cells seriously. It uses a detailed channel model for the discrete release sites and takes into account diffusion and buffer interaction of calcium. In dependence on physiologic parameters, the developed parallel Green''s cell algorithm generates in a natural way the whole spectrum of experimentally known calcium signals and fits the experimental data of the first part in an almost perfect manner.
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Borges, Flavia Luiza Soares. "Avaliação da exposição ocupacional do cristalino em radiologia intervencionista." CNEN - Centro de Desenvolvimento da Tecnologia Nuclear, Belo Horizonte, 2013. http://www.bdtd.cdtn.br//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=306.

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Estudos recentes têm indicado o aumento da incidência de opacidade do cristalino para baixas doses de radiação. Considerando os dados epidemiológicos, a Comissão Internacional de Proteção Radiológica (ICRP) emitiu um comunicado que mudou o limite de dose absorvida para o cristalino. A publicação também recomenda a redução dos limites de dose equivalente para os indivíduos ocupacionalmente expostos, agora considerado de 20 mSv em um ano, em média, ao longo de cinco anos. Como consequência, algumas exposições planejadas requerem o uso de dosímetro adicional para estimar a dose no cristalino em profissionais. Este é o caso dos profissionais de radiologia intervencionista. Atualmente, as normas nacionais e internacionais, carecem de uma metodologia específica para a dosimetria em Hp(3). A recomendação ICRP provocou o debate sobre a adequação da grandeza equivalente de dose e sobre os métodos para as suas medições. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: estudar a metodologia para a calibração de dosímetros pessoais em Hp(3) e monitorar profissionais durante os procedimentos de radiologia intervencionista. Diretrizes internacionais e recomendações da literatura recente foram adotadas para os procedimentos de calibração e testes. Para calibração, o sistema de dosimetria, que consiste em um suporte e um detector termoluminescente LiF:Mg,Cu,P (TLD-100H), foi exposto a radiações de referência em um fantoma cilíndrico preenchido com água, que se simulou a cabeça. Os fatores de calibração foram determinados para o potencial de tubo 20-150 kV da série 4037 estreito espectro de ISO. A monitoração individual foi realizada durante procedimentos vasculares de angioplastia e angiografia. Os resultados mostraram-se satisfatórios comparados à literatura.
Recent studies have indicated the increase of the incidence of lens opacities for low radiation doses. Considering epidemiological data, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) issued a statement that changed the absorbed dose threshold for the eye lens. The statement also recommends a reduction in the dose limits to the eye lens for occupationally exposed persons; now it is considered to be 20 mSv in a year averaged over five years. As consequence, some planned exposures require the use of additional dosemeter for estimating eye lens dose in professionals; it is the case of the staff in interventional radiology. Nowadays, in the national and international standards there is a lack of specific methodology for eye lens dosimetry. The ICRP recommendation raised the debate on the adequacy of dose equivalent quantities of radiological protection and on the methods for their measurements. The objectives of this research were to study the methodology for calibrating personal dosemeters in Hp (3) and monitor professionals during interventional radiology procedures. International guidelines and recent literature were adopted for the calibration procedures and tests. For calibration, the dosimetric system, consisting of a holder and thermoluminescent detector LiF:Mg,Cu,P (TLD-100H), was exposed to standard radiation fields on a cylindrical water phantom that simulated the head. The calibration coefficients of the dosimetric system were determined for tube potential from 20 to150 kV of the ISO 4037 narrow spectrum series. The individual monitoring was performed during vascular procedures - angiography and angioplasty. The results were satisfactory were compared to the literature
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França, Antonio Carlos. "Escoamentos em meios porosos : uma análise teórica e experimental dos efeitos dos esforços capilares provocados por percolação de água em elementos de alvenaria /." Guaratinguetá : [s.n.], 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99346.

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Orientador: Luiz Roberto Carrocci
Banca: José Luz Silveira
Banca: Mauro Pereira Otero
Resumo: É comum serem identificados trincas em alvenaria de tijolos, não somente depois de um certo tempo da construção, mas também por vezes aparecem estas trincas desagradáveis durante a própria construção. Depois de alguns estudos é possível verificar que, dentre outros fatores, um deles é devido à umidade absorvida pelos elementos da parede (tijolos e argamssa). Es umidade pode vir do ar (dia únmido), de chuvas, do solo e até do excesso da quantidade de água contida na argamassa de assentamento. Ela em contato com os elementos da parede, porosos, concorrerá para a percolação capilar dando origem a esforços internos consideráveis, que virão provocar deslocamentos, que via de regra são diferentes para o tijolo e para a argamssa("delta"Ltijolo#"delta"Largamassa), daí então o aparecimento de trincas. Portanto, com vistas a esses fenômenos, resolveu-se estudar este assunto de forma inicial, sem grande e sofisticado equipamento de medição do escoamento capilar, mas conduzindo a análise para obtenção de valores médios de pressão e velocidade de fluído, medindo as deformações gerais dos elementos tijolos.
Abastract: It is common to find cracks in bricks masonry not just after some time of the construction but, the appearance of these unpleasant cracks, are also common during the contruction work. After some research it is possible to verify that, among other factors, one of its cause is due to the humidity absorbed by the elements of the wall (bricks and mortar. Now, this humidity may come from the air (e. g. a humid day), from rain, from the ground and from an exaggerated amount of the water mixed in the mortar laying. These when in contact with theporous elements of the wall will induce a capillary percolation that creates considerable internal stress that will give origin to displacements. These displacement are usually different for the brick and for de mortar ("delta"LBrick#"delta"L mortar) and because of that cracks will appear. With that in mind, it was decided to study this subject initially without bulky and sophisticated equipment for the measurement of capillary flow. Our approach was to make the analysis by obtaining medium values for the pressure and fluid speed, measuring the general deformations of the bricks.
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Books on the topic "Dose to medium"

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A, Trimble Patrick, ed. A medium seldom well done: Critical studies in television. 2nd ed. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Pub., 2003.

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Kreger, Michael D. The LD50 (median lethal dose) and LC50 (median lethal concentration) toxicity tests. Beltsville, Md: National Agricultural Library, 1992.

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Kreger, Michael D. The LD50 (median lethal dose) and LC50 (median lethal concentration) toxicity tests. Beltsville, Md: National Agricultural Library, 1992.

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Kreger, Michael D. The LD50 (median lethal dose) and LC50 (median lethal concentration) toxicity tests. Beltsville, Md: National Agricultural Library, 1992.

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Clingerman, Karen J. The LD50 (median lethal dose) toxicity test, 1980-1988. Beltsville, Md: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library, 1989.

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Clingerman, Karen J. The LD50 (median lethal dose) toxicity test, 1980-1988. Beltsville, Md: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library, 1989.

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Clingerman, Karen J. The LD50 (median lethal dose) toxicity test, 1980-1988. Beltsville, Md: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library, 1989.

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Clingerman, Karen J. The LD50 (median lethal dose) and LC50 (median lethal concentration) toxicity tests, January 1980 - August 1990. Beltsville, Md: National Agricultural Library, 1990.

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Clingerman, Karen J. The LD50 (median lethal dose) and LC50 (median lethal concentration) toxicity tests, January 1980 - August 1990. Beltsville, Md: National Agricultural Library, 1990.

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Clingerman, Karen J. The LD50 (median lethal dose) and LC50 (median lethal concentration) toxicity tests, January 1980 - August 1990. Beltsville, Md: National Agricultural Library, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Dose to medium"

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Patel, Nisha R., Michael L. Wong, Anthony E. Dragun, Stephan Mose, Bernadine R. Donahue, Jay S. Cooper, Filip T. Troicki, et al. "Medium-Dose Rate (MDR)." In Encyclopedia of Radiation Oncology, 491. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-85516-3_432.

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Ma, C. M., and J. S. Li. "Monte Carlo Dose Calculation for Radiotherapy Treatment Planning: Dose to Water or Dose to Medium?" In IFMBE Proceedings, 326–29. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-03474-9_92.

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Hu, Chunhua, Yuanli Wu, and Ganjun Yi. "Gamma Irradiation of Embryogenic Cell Suspension Cultures from Cavendish Banana (Musa spp. AAA Group) and In Vitro Selection for Resistance to Fusarium Wilt." In Efficient Screening Techniques to Identify Mutants with TR4 Resistance in Banana, 21–30. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-64915-2_2.

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AbstractIn this chapter, the establishment of embryogenic cell suspension (ECS) cultures using immature male flowers of triploid banana (Musa AAA Cavendish subgroup cv. ‘Brazil’), followed by somatic embryogenesis and plantlet regeneration is described. Mutation induction is achieved by exposing the ECS to gamma irradiation with the dose of 80 Gy. The mutagenized cell population is transferred to solid long-term suspension culture medium for 96 h to recover from mutagen treatment shock, followed by somatic embryo induction and development medium containing 20% crude culture filtrates from Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc). After 90 days, the somatic embryos that survive are transferred to the germination medium containing 25% crude culture filtrates. The surviving mature somatic embryos are transferred to rooting medium after the fourth subculture on the germination medium containing 50% crude culture filtrates. Before transplanting in a Foc infected field, the in vitro plantlets are acclimatized and screened for resistance to Foc using a pot-based greenhouse bioassay.
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González, Abel Julio. "Legal Imputation of Radiation Harm to Radiation Exposure Situations." In Nuclear Law, 141–59. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-495-2_7.

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AbstractThe doctrine for legal imputation (including the derivative concepts of legal charging, suing, indicting, prosecuting and judging) of detrimental health effects to those responsible for radiation exposure situations has been a matter of debate for many years and its resolution is still unclear. While the attribution of harm in the situations involving high radiation dose is basically straightforward, the challenge arises at medium doses and becomes a real conundrum for the very common situations of exposure to low radiation doses. The ambiguous situation could be construed to be a Damocles sword for the renaissance of endeavours involving occupational and public radiation exposure. This chapter describes the epistemological situation on the attribution of radiation health effects and the inference of radiation risks, relying on estimates from the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) reported to the UN General Assembly. It discusses the implications of UNSCEAR’s refined paradigm for assigning legal liability. The chapter concludes with a recommendation to develop an international legal doctrine on the ability to impute detrimental radiation health effects.
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Rougée, Annick, and Patricio Herbst. "Does the Medium Matter?" In Scripting Approaches in Mathematics Education, 265–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62692-5_13.

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Bagheri, Leila, Mahmoud Lotfi, and Mansour Nori. "Production of haploid embryos and plants in Iranian melon (Cucumis melo L.) through irradiated pollen-induced parthenogenesis." In Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change, 127–33. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0013.

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Abstract The irradiated pollen technique (IPT) is the most successful haploidization technique within Cucurbitaceae. The influence of gamma-ray doses (250, 350, 450 and 550 Gy), genotypes and stage of development of embryos obtained by IPT on the induction of haploid embryos were studied in several Iranian melon cultivars as well as their hybrids with alien cultivars. Female flowers were pollinated using pollen that had been irradiated with gamma rays. Different shapes and stages of embryos were excised 21-25 days after pollination and cultured on E20A medium. Direct culture, liquid culture and integrated culture methods were used; integrated culture and liquid culture methods showed advantages in increasing the efficiency of haploid plant production in melon breeding programmes. Results revealed that 550 Gy of gamma irradiation was successful in inducing parthenogenesis and fruit development, whereas lower irradiation doses were not effective in inducing haploid embryos. The percentages of embryos per seed were the highest in 'Samsoori' (1.2%) and 'Saveh' (1.1%) cultivars. Some of the heart-shaped and cotyledon-shaped embryos developed into haploid plants. In total, 52 parthenogenic melon plantlets were recovered from 274 embryos via IPT. Production of haploid embryos and haploid plants was strongly influenced by gamma-ray dose, embryo stage and genotype. Indirect methods and chromosome counting performed on the root cells of regenerated plants showed that these plants were haploid (n = x = 12).
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Mac Low, M. M., M. A. de Avillez, and M. J. Korpi. "The Turbulent Interstellar Medium: Insights and Questions from Numerical Models." In How does the Galaxy Work?, 339–46. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-2620-x_69.

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Kaufeisen, Christian. "Das Markenerlebnis Medien Dome." In Vom Zeitungsverlag zum Medienhaus, 223–31. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-04100-7_21.

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Blakeman, Robyn. "Where Does the Creative Process Fit in Advertising?" In Advertising Design by Medium, 2–11. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003255123-2.

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Terranova, G., and F. Schillirò. "Aspetti medico-legali in radiodiagnostica: profili di responsabilità, informazione e consenso." In La dose al paziente in diagnostica per immagini, 181–200. Milano: Springer Milan, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2649-0_13.

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Conference papers on the topic "Dose to medium"

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Gori, Brian, Shengwu Chang, Bill Leavitt, Dave Timberlake, Christian Kruger, Werner Schustereder, Marie Welsch, Jeff Klein, and Kurt Decker-Lucke. "Medium Energy High Dose Ion Implanter." In 2016 21st International Conference on Ion Implantation Technology (IIT). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iit.2016.7882892.

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Kawasaki, Yoji, Hiroshi Kawaguchi, Takanori Yagita, Noriyuki Suetsugu, and Mitsuaki Kabasawa. "Sb Implantation at High Dose and Medium Energy in SAion." In 2018 22nd International Conference on Ion Implantation Technology (IIT). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iit.2018.8807911.

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Sano, Makoto, Fumiaki Sato, and Michiro Sugitani. "Accurate Dose Control in High Pressure Condition on Medium Current Ion Implanters." In 2007 International Workshop on Junction Technology. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iwjt.2007.4279965.

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Verhamme, K. M., M. De Ridder, P. Rijnbeek, M. Mosseveld, L. Pedersen, E. Marconi, F. Lapi, et al. "Predictors of treatment response to high-dose ICS/LABA or medium-dose ICS/LABA+LAMA in asthma patients - TAILOR study." In ERS International Congress 2022 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2022.109.

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R. Chapman, Kenneth, Konstantinos Kostikas, Huib A. M. Kerstjens, Peter D'Andrea, Motoi Hosoe, Devendra Jain, Abhijit Pethe, and Ana-Maria Tanase. "Reduction in asthma exacerbations with indacaterol/glycopyrronium/mometasone high-dose versus medium-dose: a post hoc analysis from the IRIDIUM study." In ERS International Congress 2020 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2020.2281.

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Suter, J. J., and R. H. Maurer. "Low and Medium Dose Radiation Sensitivity of Quartz Crystal Resonators with Different Al-Impurity Content." In 40th Annual Symposium on Frequency Control. IEEE, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/freq.1986.200933.

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Handayani, Indah Nursyamsi, and Cuk Imawan. "Liquid Radiochromic from Roselle Dye Extract for Gamma-ray Dosimetry Applications at Medium Dose Levels." In 2018 3rd International Seminar on Sensors, Instrumentation, Measurement and Metrology (ISSIMM). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/issimm.2018.8727740.

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Maspero, J. F., M. A. Antila, N. Jain, A. Deschildre, L. B. Bacharier, A. Altincatal, E. Laws, et al. "Dupilumab efficacy in children with uncontrolled type 2 asthma with baseline high/medium ICS dose." In ERS International Congress 2022 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2022.2655.

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Gessner, Christian, Oliver Kornmann, Jorge Maspero, Richard Van Zyl-Smit, Matthias Krüll, Agustín Sojo, Anna Salina, Pritam Gupta, and Lorena Garcia Conde. "Lower ICS dose effect on symptoms and rescue medication use of indacaterol/glycopyrronium/mometasone (IND/GLY/MF) medium-dose vs salmeterol/fluticasone (Sal/Flu) high-dose plus tiotropium (Tio): ARGON study." In ERS International Congress 2020 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2020.2634.

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Papi, A., M. Humbert, K. Kostikas, C. Domingo, J. F. Maspero, M. Hosoe, A. M. Tanase, A. Pethe, X. Shu, and P. D’Andrea. "Medium-Dose Indacaterol/Glycopyrronium/Mometasone Furoate Fixed-Dose Combination Improves Lung Function Compared with High-Dose Indacaterol/Mometasone Furoate and Salmeterol/Fluticasone and Reduces Exacerbation Rates Versus High-Dose Salmeterol/Fluticasone in Moderate-to-Severe Asthma: The IRIDIUM Study." In American Thoracic Society 2020 International Conference, May 15-20, 2020 - Philadelphia, PA. American Thoracic Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2020.201.1_meetingabstracts.a3008.

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Reports on the topic "Dose to medium"

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Rada, Gabriel, and Lilian Dudley. Does Internet based learning in the health professions improve learning outcomes? SUPPORT, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.30846/1608083.

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Internet based learning is increasingly used in the training and ongoing education of health professionals. Concerns about the effects of this medium of teaching and learning have stimulated a large body of research. This summary describes a review and meta-analysis of research on the effectiveness of internet based learning by health professions.
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Harvey, G. L. Letter report: Media information review, 1991. Hanford Environmental Dose Reconstruction Project. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10142991.

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Harvey, G. L. Media information review, January--June 1992. Hanford Environmental Dose Reconstruction Project. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10167757.

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Ardanaz, Martín, Eduardo A. Cavallo, Alejandro Izquierdo, and Jorge Puig. Output Effects of Fiscal Consolidations: Does Spending Composition Matter? Inter-American Development Bank, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003881.

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This paper studies whether changes in the composition of public spending affect the macroeconomic consequences of fiscal consolidations. Based on a sample of 44 developing countries and 26 advanced economies during 1980-2019, results show that while fiscal consolidations tend to be on average, contractionary, the size of the output fall depends on the behavior of public investment vis-a-vis public consumption during the fiscal adjustment, with heterogeneous responses growing over time. When public investment is penalized relative to public consumption and thus, its share in public expenditures decreases, a 1 percent of GDP consolidation reduces output by 0.7 percent within three years of the fiscal shock. In contrast, safeguarding public investment from budget cuts vis-a-vis public consumption can neutralize the contractionary effects of fiscal adjustments on impact, and can even spur output growth over the medium term. The component of GDP that mostly drives the heterogeneity between both types of adjustments is private investment. The results hold up to a number of robust-ness tests, including alternative identification strategies of fiscal shocks. The findings have policy implications for the design of fiscal adjustment strategies to protect economic growth as countries recover from the coronavirus pandemic.consolidation reduces output by 0.7 percent within three years of the fiscal shock. In contrast, safeguarding public investment from budget cuts vis-a-vis public consumption can neutralize the contractionary effects of fiscal adjustments on impact, and can even spur output growth over the medium term. The component of GDP that mostly drives the heterogeneity between both types of adjustments is private investment. The results hold up to a number of robustness tests, including alternative identification strategies of fiscal shocks. The findings have policy implications for the design of fiscal adjustment strategies to protect economic growth as countries recover from the coronavirus pandemic.
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Dahm, Philipp, Michelle Brasure, Elizabeth Ester, Eric J. Linskens, Roderick MacDonald, Victoria A. Nelson, Charles Ryan, et al. Therapies for Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer230.

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Objective. To update findings from previous Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ)- and American Urological Association (AUA) funded reviews evaluating therapies for clinically localized prostate cancer (CLPC). Sources. Bibliographic databases (2013–January 2020); ClinicalTrials.gov; systematic reviews Methods. Controlled studies of CLPC treatments with duration ≥5 years for mortality and metastases and ≥1 year for quality of life and harms. One investigator rated risk of bias (RoB), extracted data, and assessed certainty of evidence; a second checked accuracy. We analyzed English-language studies with low or medium RoB. We incorporated findings from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) identified in the prior reviews if new RCTs provided information on the same intervention comparison. Results. We identified 67 eligible references; 17 were unique RCTs. Among clinically rather than prostate specific antigen (PSA) detected CLPC, Watchful Waiting (WW) may increase mortality and metastases versus Radical Prostatectomy (RP) at 20+ years. Urinary and erectile dysfunction were lower with WW versus RP. WW’s effect on mortality may vary by tumor risk and age but not by race, health status, comorbidities, or PSA. Active Monitoring (AM) probably results in little to no difference in mortality in PSA detected CLPC versus RP or external beam radiation (EBR) plus Androgen Deprivation (AD) regardless of tumor risk. Metastases were slightly higher with AM. Harms were greater with RP than AM and mixed between EBR plus AD versus AM. 3D-conformal EBR and AD plus low-dose-rate brachytherapy (BT) provided a small reduction in all-cause mortality versus three dimensional conformal EBR and AD but little to no difference on metastases. EBR plus AD versus EBR alone may result in a small reduction in mortality and metastases in higher risk disease but may increase sexual harms. EBR plus neoadjuvant AD versus EBR plus concurrent AD may result in little to no difference in mortality and genitourinary toxicity. Conventionally fractionated EBR versus ultrahypofractionated EBR may result in little to no difference in mortality and metastases and urinary and bowel toxicity. Active Surveillance may result in fewer harms than photodynamic therapy and laparoscopic RP may result in more harms than robotic-assisted RP. Little information exists on other treatments. No studies assessed provider or hospital factors of RP comparative effectiveness. Conclusions. RP reduces mortality versus WW in clinically detected CLPC but causes more harms. Effectiveness may be limited to younger men or to those with intermediate risk disease and requires many years to occur. AM results in little to no mortality difference versus RP or EBR plus AD. EBR plus AD reduces mortality versus EBR alone in higher risk CLPC but may worsen sexual function. Adding low-dose-rate BT to 3D-conformal EBR and AD may reduce mortality in higher risk CLPC. RCTs in PSA-detected and MRI staged CLPC are needed.
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Shey Wiysonge, Charles. Does use of local opinion leaders improve professional practice and patient outcomes? SUPPORT, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.30846/1608113.

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Opinion leaders are a small number of individuals within a community who have an influence on what the rest of the community does. They are active media users, who interpret the meaning of media messages or content for lower-end media users. Because of their influence, it is thought that opinion leaders may be able to persuade healthcare providers to use the best available evidence when treating and managing patients.
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Kakoulidou, Theano, Michael Doolan, and Barra Roantree. Earnings-related benefits in Ireland: rationale, costs and work incentives. ESRI, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/bp202302.

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Ireland is an outlier among EU countries as it does not have a strong link between previous earnings and the level of payment provided to those who have recently lost their job or are on leave from work for the short- to medium-term for reasons of illness or maternity. This paper provides a historical background for earnings-related benefits in Ireland, outlines the rationale behind linking benefits with previous earnings and examines the potential impact of (re)instating them.
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Zach Resnick, Zach Resnick. How does internet media influence understanding of the 2014 Israel-Gaza Conflict? Experiment, May 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18258/5261.

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Oberholzer-Gee, Felix, and Joel Waldfogel. Media Markets and Localism: Does Local News en Español Boost Hispanic Voter Turnout? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w12317.

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Braga, Kesia, Andrej Slivnik, Flávia Carvalho, Maria Netto, Rafael Cavazzoni Lima, and Rodrigo Pereira Porto. Brasil: Fundos de aval como mecanismos de garantia para micro, pequenas e medias empresas. Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004601.

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Este trabalho investiga a atuaço dos fundos de aval no Brasil para viabilizar o acesso ao crédito das micro, pequenas e médias empresas (MPMEs), com destaque para o uso das garantias como instrumento anticíclico em resposta aos efeitos da crise da Covid-19. A análise desenvolvida com base nos estatutos e regulamentos, dados de desempenho e de liçes aprendidas dos principais fundos garantidores nacionais, especialmente o Fundo Garantidor de Investimentos (FGI), administrado pelo Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econmico e Social (BNDES), e o Fundo de Garantia de Operaçes (FGO), administrado pelo Banco do Brasil, o Fundo de Aval às Micro e Pequenas Empresas (FAMPE), gerido pelo Serviço Brasileiro de Apoio às Micro e Pequenas Empresas (Sebrae), e os programas garantidores criados na crise da Covid-19, o Programa Emergencial de Acesso a Crédito (FGI PEAC) e o Programa Nacional de Apoio às Microempresas e Empresas de Pequeno Porte (FGO Pronampe). O estudo argumenta que os fundos analisados viabilizaram o acesso ao financiamento por empresas que estariam impedidas pela falta de garantias. Além disso, identifica na saúde financeira dos próprios fundos o elemento fundamental para a sua eficácia, pois ela reflete a capacidade de honrar suas garantias e, consequentemente, afeta a confiança dos agentes financeiros e sua disposiço para fornecer crédito às empresas.
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