Journal articles: 'Dose Reference Level'

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Escobar-Cerezo, Jesus, Fernando Caudepón Moreno, Fabio Pérez Gómez, Aitor Fernandez Iglesias, Santiago Miquelez Alonso, Silvia Ronda Peñacoba, Fernando Mañeru Cámara, Laura Bragado Álvarez, Naiara Fuentemilla Urío, and Victor de la Llana Granja. "DOSE REFERENCE LEVEL CLASSIFICATION TOOL WITH PYTHON." Physica Medica 104 (December 2022): S185—S186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1120-1797(22)02568-6.

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Bufacchi, Antonella, Giorgio Arcangeli, Stefania delle Canne, Tiziana Malatesta, Roberto Capparella, Riccardo Fragomeni, Luca Marmiroli, and Luisa Begnozzi. "Comparison between the ideal reference dose level and the actual reference dose level from clinical 3D radiotherapy treatment plans." Radiotherapy and Oncology 92, no. 1 (July 2009): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2009.02.018.

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Gonzalez, L., R. Fernandez, V. Ziraldo, E. Vano, and R. Ortega. "Reference level for patient dose in dental skull lateral teleradiography." British Journal of Radiology 77, no. 921 (September 2004): 735–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr/72698808.

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Begnozzi, Luisa, Francesco Paolo Gentile, Leonardo Chiatti, Sandro Carping, Riccardo Fragomeni, and Marcello Benassi. "Study on the reference dose level in radiotherapy treatment planning." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 28, no. 2 (January 1994): 515–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-3016(94)90079-5.

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Suryatika, Ida Bagus Made, Gusti Ngurah Sutapa, and I. Gde Antha Kasmawan. "Radiology patient dosage monitoring for local diagnostic reference level." International research journal of engineering, IT & scientific research 5, no. 5 (September 30, 2019): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/irjeis.v5n5.785.

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The utilization of radiation for health in Indonesia shows a significant increase, it can be seen from the increasing number of modalities of ionizing radiation sources used and the types of medical actions carried out with the help of radiation. The use of radiation must be monitored to ensure the protection and safety of workers, patients, and the community. In Government Regulation No. 33/2007 which regulates radiation safety for workers, the community and the environment, it can be seen that one of the protection requirements that must be met in the utilization of radiation is the optimization of radiation protection and safety. In diagnostic and interventional radiology, optimization can be interpreted as an attempt to make the dose received by patients as low as possible while maintaining optimum image quality. In this study, the effort to optimize patient dose is carried out on general radiography with the application of Si-INTAN (National Patient Dose Data Information System).

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Nakada, Yoshihiro, Yasuo Okuda, Tatsuya Tsuge, Jyunichi Suzuki, Hiroshi Sakamoto, Tsuyoshi Yamamoto, Yasuhiko Konishi, et al. "AUTOMATIC ACQUISITION OF CT RADIATION DOSE DATA: USING THE DIAGNOSTIC REFERENCE LEVEL FOR RADIATION DOSE OPTIMIZATION." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 181, no. 2 (February 7, 2018): 156–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncy003.

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Rehani, M. M. "Limitations of diagnostic reference level (DRL) and introduction of acceptable quality dose (AQD)." British Journal of Radiology 88, no. 1045 (January 2015): 20140344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20140344.

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Chen, Xiao, Zhongqiu Wang, Guoying Zhu, Yihuai Liang, and Taiyi Jin. "Benchmark dose estimation of cadmium reference level for hypertension in a Chinese population." Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 39, no. 1 (January 2015): 208–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2014.11.026.

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Tardiff, Robert G., and M. Leigh Carson. "Derivation of a reference dose and drinking water equivalent level for 1,2,3-trichloropropane." Food and Chemical Toxicology 48, no. 6 (June 2010): 1488–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.03.016.

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van der Werf, Niels R., Margo van Gent, Ronald Booij, Daniel Bos, Aad van der Lugt, Ricardo P. J. Budde, Marcel J. W. Greuter, and Marcel van Straten. "Dose Reduction in Coronary Artery Calcium Scoring Using Mono-Energetic Images from Reduced Tube Voltage Dual-Source Photon-Counting CT Data: A Dynamic Phantom Study." Diagnostics 11, no. 12 (November 25, 2021): 2192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11122192.

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In order to assess coronary artery calcium (CAC) quantification reproducibility for photon-counting computed tomography (PCCT) at reduced tube potential, an anthropomorphic thorax phantom with low-, medium-, and high-density CAC inserts was scanned with PCCT (NAEOTOM Alpha, Siemens Healthineers) at two heart rates: 0 and 60–75 beats per minute (bpm). Five imaging protocols were used: 120 kVp standard dose (IQ level 16, reference), 90 kVp at standard (IQ level 16), 75% and 45% dose and tin-filtered 100 kVp at standard dose (IQ level 16). Each scan was repeated five times. Images were reconstructed using monoE reconstruction at 70 keV. For each heart rate, CAC values, quantified as Agatston scores, were compared with the reference, whereby deviations >10% were deemed clinically relevant. Reference protocol radiation dose (as volumetric CT dose index) was 4.06 mGy. Radiation dose was reduced by 27%, 44%, 67%, and 46% for the 90 kVp standard dose, 90 kVp 75% dose, 90 kVp 45% dose, and Sn100 standard dose protocol, respectively. For the low-density CAC, all reduced tube current protocols resulted in clinically relevant differences with the reference. For the medium- and high-density CAC, the implemented 90 kVp protocols and heart rates revealed no clinically relevant differences in Agatston score based on 95% confidence intervals. In conclusion, PCCT allows for reproducible Agatston scores at a reduced tube voltage of 90 kVp with radiation dose reductions up to 67% for medium- and high-density CAC.

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Chung, Myung Jin, Kwang Yong Lee, Byung Young Lee, Hyeog Ju Kim, and Hyo Keun Lim. "Diagnostic Reference Level of Patient Dose during a Plain Chest Radiography Examination in Korea." Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology 62, no. 6 (2010): 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3348/jksr.2010.62.6.523.

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Liang, Chong R., Priscilla X. H. Chen, Jeevesh Kapur, Michael K. L. Ong, Swee T. Quek, and Subhash C. Kapur. "Establishment of institutional diagnostic reference level for computed tomography with automated dose-tracking software." Journal of Medical Radiation Sciences 64, no. 2 (March 1, 2017): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmrs.210.

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Thompson, Chad M., David W. Gaylor, J. Andrew Tachovsky, Camarie Perry, Michael C. Carakostas, and Laurie C. Haws. "Development of a chronic noncancer oral reference dose and drinking water screening level for sulfolane using benchmark dose modeling." Journal of Applied Toxicology 33, no. 12 (August 31, 2012): 1395–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jat.2799.

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Sanyal, Amit, Daniel Wellner, James Thomas, and Matthew Mattila. "Standardization of toxicity related dose modification in oncology electronic health record (EHR)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 40, no. 16_suppl (June 1, 2022): e18616-e18616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2022.40.16_suppl.e18616.

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e18616 Background: Inappropriate antineoplastic drug dosing can cause excessive toxicities or impaired efficacy. Chemotherapy dose delays and reduced dose intensity are common in community oncology practices[1]. Electronic tools can improve quality and safety of chemotherapy. Methods: A quality improvement project to standardize toxicity related dose modifications was initiated in January 2021. A dose modification section was created in BEACON (Epic Systems, Verona, WI) chemotherapy protocols. Dose modifications used in primary source studies were added to the protocols (Table, illustrative). An embedded link to relevant section of the study protocol allowed detailed review. Similarly, a link to the relevant CTCAE grading was embedded for reference. A user experience survey was conducted in August 2021 to evaluate adoption and perceived utility. Results: Dose modifications recommendations have been introduced in 104 protocols to date. Of the 70 survey respondents, there were 18 physicians and 5 advance practice providers, remainder being oncology nurses and pharmacists. Pre-implementation, 29% (8/27) of respondents whose role required performing dose modifications indicated using personal clinical judgement for hematological toxicity related dose modifications. 34% (9/26) did the same for non-hematological toxicities. Post-implementation, 87% respondents indicated awareness of the recommendations. 47% indicated that recommendations saved timed and 60% found these useful. 7.2% felt recommendations were impractical for clinical use. Conclusions: Embedding evidence-based dose modification recommendations into EHR based treatment protocols is feasible with widespread user adoption. References Denduluri, N., et al., Dose Delays, Dose Reductions, and Relative Dose Intensity in Patients With Cancer Who Received Adjuvant or Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Community Oncology Practices. J Natl Compr Canc Netw, 2015. 13(11): p. 1383-93. Illustrative Dose Modification Table. Reference Links 1. Grothey et al. Dose Modifications 2. CTCAE Grading. Refer to Reference Link for Detailed Instructions. Decrease Oxaliplatin and 5 FU one dose level for ANC<1000, platelets <50,000, Grade 4 diarrhea Decrease 5 FU one dose level for Grade 3 diarrhea, Grade 3 or 4 mucositis Decrease Oxaliplatin one dose level for Grade 2 neurotoxicity persisting between treatments, Grade 3 neurotoxicity resolving to </= Grade 2 between treatments Discontinue Oxaliplatin for Grade 3 neurotoxicity persisting between treatments, Grade 4 neurotoxicity.[Table: see text]

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15

MATJAŠIČ, Alenka. "DIAGNOSTIC REFERENCE LEVELS IN DENTAL RADIOLOGY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW." MEDICAL IMAGING AND RADIOTHERAPY JOURNAL 38, no. 2 (December 17, 2022): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.47724/mirtj.2021.i02.a003.

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Purpose: The purpose of this work was to review published articles in the fi eld of diagnostic reference levels in dental radiology, and to determine which areas have not been covered yet and require further scientifi c studies. The aim was also to determine if there are any dose optimization procedures suggested after DRL establishment. Materials and methods: A systematic review was performed using the Science Direct, PubMed, CINAHL (via EBSCOhost) and Dentistry & Oral Sciences Source (via EBSCOhost) databases, following the Cochrane Network study design guidelines. Articles were analysed and presented by author, year of publication, country of origin, technology (e.g. digital radiography, computed radiography and fi lm-screen), radiographic type (e.g. intraoral, panoramic and CBCT), units of measurement and main conclusions for each study. Results: Thirteen scientifi c articles on dose reference values in dental radiology were evaluated. Full-access articles published between 2001 and 2021 were used, and both reviews and original research articles were included. The studies address the defi nition or analysis of DRLs in intraoral and panoramic dental imaging and in dental CBCT imaging. Many studies report results based on diff erent image-receiving systems (e.g. DR, CR and fi lm-screen). The fi lm-screen system yielded the highest dose values of all three systems. All studies reviewed describe DRLs for the adult population, while only four also describe paediatric DRLs. Conclusion: Most EU countries have not yet set national DRLs for dental radiology. Most studies set or revise DRLs at the national level and compare them with guidelines from literature and from similar studies conducted in other countries. Most of these studies observed DRLs in the adult population. DRLs should also be set in the fi eld of dental CBCT imaging, as the use of this technology is rapidly increasing and the dose levels are incomparably higher than in general dental radiography. Keywords: dental radiography, diagnostic reference levels, intraoral imaging, panoramic dental imaging.

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Muhammad Irsal, Mayarani, Bambang Suroso, Muhammad Ichsan, and Andri Yansyah. "SOCIALIZATION OF RADIOGRAPHER UNDERSTANDING OF DIAGNOSTIC REFERENCE LEVEL AS AN EFFORT TO OPTIMIZE RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION." Journal of Health (JoH) 8, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.30590/joh.v8i1.200.

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The use of X-rays cannot be separated from the radiation given to the patient's body, therefore the radiation exposure received by patients should be very low according to the ALARA principle (As Low As Reasonably Achieveable). The research method is a quantitative description by using themeasurement method radiation output as a reference for the estimated radiation dose received by the patient, then the analysis of the success of socialization to radiographers about DRL as an optimization effort in radiographic examination. The results of the radiation dose estimation using themethod radiation output by determining theequation power function of themeasurement radiation output where the value of the radiation dose rate increases as the kVp value increases with y= 0.0005x2.9242. From theresults, it was pre-test found that the number of correct answers was 120 and 84 wrong, with a percentage of 59% and the number of respondents 10.03 people. Meanwhile, for theresults, the post-test number of correct answers was 194 and 12 wrong, with a percentage of 94% and the number of respondents being 15.98 people. It is hoped that radiographers can apply the principle of optimization in carrying out all radiographic examinations.

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Zamani, H., A. A. Parach, S. H. Razavi, M. Shabani, Gh Ataei, and M. H. Zare. "Estimating the radiation surface dose and measuring the dose area product to provide the diagnostic reference level in panoramic radiography." International Journal of Radiation Research 19, no. 4 (October 1, 2021): 963–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/ijrr.19.4.24.

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18

Cho, P., B. Seo, T. Choi, J. Kim, Y. Kim, J. Choi, Y. Oh, K. Kim, and S. Kim. "The development of a diagnostic reference level on patient dose for CT examination in Korea." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 129, no. 4 (October 19, 2007): 463–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncm463.

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19

Chen, Xiao, Caohui Gan, Guoying Zhu, and Taiyi Jin. "Benchmark dose for estimation of cadmium reference level for osteoporosis in a Chinese female population." Food and Chemical Toxicology 55 (May 2013): 592–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2013.01.044.

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Budi Verinda, Sera, Choirul Anam, Asep Yoyo Wardaya, Rusmanto, and Ida Bagus Gede Putra Pratama. "The establishment of the national dose reference level (DRL) for head-CT examination in Indonesia." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1505 (March 2020): 012047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1505/1/012047.

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21

Rao, Ms Shreekripa, Dr Rajagopal Kadavigere, Dr Krishna Sharan, Dr Suresh Sukumar, Mr Srinidhi GC, Mrs Rechal Nisha Dsouza, and Mr Suman S. "Establishment of diagnostic reference level and radiation dose variation in head & neck and pelvis treatment planning in radiation therapy computed tomography." F1000Research 11 (May 26, 2022): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.110966.2.

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Background: This observational study aims to establish a discrepancy in the radiation dose distributed for head & neck and pelvis localization in Computed Tomography (CT) imaging in radiation therapy. The objective and need of the current study are to establish Diagnostic Reference Level (DRL) for head & neck and pelvic CT protocols in Radiation Therapy planning and compare them with other regional, national and international DRL. The established DRL will be used to find further optimized DRL for Radiation Therapy Computed Tomography (RTCT). Methods: A total of 120 patients with Head & Neck cancers and 90 patients with pelvic cancers to be treated with radiotherapy prescribed for the RTCT with ages above 18 years old and above were included in the current study. The advanced Philips 16 slice big bore CT acquired all the CT simulation images. Results: Third quartile standards of Dose Length Product and effective dose for Head & Neck, and pelvis were 790.65mGy.cm, 2.45179 mSv, and 999.7 mGy.cm, 15.48mSv respectively. The third quartile CTDIvol value for the same order of procedure is 17.6 mGy. Tube voltage of 120kVp and 300mAs and used for radiotherapy planning. Conclusion: The first regional Radiation therapy Computed tomography simulation Diagnostic reference levels have been projected and deliver a platform for dose evaluation and optimization due to the limited number of papers on radiation therapy, computed tomography, and diagnostic reference levels. Comparison with previously available RT CT diagnostic reference levels indicated some radiation dose variation, so exposure parameters should be revised and improved.

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Rao, Ms Shreekripa, Dr Rajagopal Kadavigere, Dr Krishna Sharan, Dr Suresh Sukumar, Mr Srinidhi GC, Mrs Rechal Nisha Dsouza, and Mr Suman S. "Establishment of diagnostic reference level and radiation dose variation in head & neck and pelvis treatment planning in radiation therapy computed tomography." F1000Research 11 (May 3, 2022): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.110966.1.

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Background: This observational study aims to establish a discrepancy in the radiation dose distributed for head & neck and pelvis localization in Computed Tomography (CT) imaging in radiation therapy. The objective and need of the current study are to establish Diagnostic Reference Level (DRL) for head & neck and pelvic CT protocols in Radiation Therapy planning and compare them with other regional, national and international DRL. The established DRL will be used to find further optimized DRL for Radiation Therapy Computed Tomography (RTCT). Methods: A total of 120 patients with Head & Neck cancers and 90 patients with pelvic cancers to be treated with radiotherapy prescribed for the RTCT with ages above 18 years old and above were included in the current study. The advanced Philips 16 slice big bore CT acquired all the CT simulation images. Results: Third quartile standards of Dose Length Product and effective dose for Head & Neck, and pelvis were 790.65mGy.cm, 2.45179 mSv, and 999.7 mGy.cm, 15.48mSv respectively. The third quartile CTDIvol value for the same order of procedure is 17.6 mGy. Tube voltage of 120kVp and 300mAs and used for radiotherapy planning. Conclusion: The first regional Radiation therapy Computed tomography simulation Diagnostic reference levels have been projected and deliver a platform for dose evaluation and optimization due to the limited number of papers on radiation therapy, computed tomography, and diagnostic reference levels. Comparison with previously available RT CT diagnostic reference levels indicated some radiation dose variation, so exposure parameters should be revised and improved.

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Dellie, Seife Teferi, and A. Durga Prasada Rao. "SUGGESTED DIAGNOSTIC REFERENCE LEVELS FOR MAMMOGRAPHY X‑RAY EXAMINATION IN ETHIOPIA." Indian Journal of Medical Sciences 68, no. 1 (October 10, 2016): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.0019-5359.indianjmedsci20163529.

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BACKGROUND: A diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) form an efficient, concise, and powerful standard for optimizing the radiation protection of a patient. OBJECTIVES: To establish the first Ethiopian mammography diagnostic reference level (DRL) as a part of ongoing dose reduction program. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross‑sectional study was conducted on breast patients having compressed breast thickness (CBT) between 3.7 cm to 5.3 cm in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Five mammographic units and 755 mammograms were included in the study period. The mean glandular dose (MGD) was assessed for standard size breast substituted by different polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) phantoms and imaged under typical clinical conditions in two mammography units. Peak kilo voltage (kVp) and entrance surface air kerma (ESAK) were measured using calibrated digital dosimeter Mult‑O‑Meter Unfors, model 535L, Sweden. The data were analyzed statistically. RESULT: The 3rd quartile value of all mammography units and that of private mammography units were found to be 2.37 and 1.73 milligray (mGy), respectively. Hospitals 3rd quartile values of MGD ranges between 1.57 to 7.21 mGy. The MDG based on 4.0 cm polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) measurements was found to be 1.5 mGy. CONCLUSION: Both phantom and patient dose values indicated unnecessary high doses in one government mammography unit. For this mammography unit, urgent dose‑reduction measures and follow‑up actions were recommended.

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Alkhybari, Essam Mohammed, Mark F. McEntee, Kathy P. Willowson, Patrick C. Brennan, Theo Kitsos, and Peter L. Kench. "An Australian local diagnostic reference level for paediatric whole-body 18F-FDG PET/CT." British Journal of Radiology 92, no. 1096 (April 2019): 20180879. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20180879.

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Objective: The aim of this study is to report a local diagnostic reference level (DRL) for paediatric whole-body (WB) fludeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) CT examinations. Methods: The Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA) national DRL (NDRL) age category (0–4 years and 5–14 years), the International Commission on Radiological Protection age category (ICRP age) (<1, >1–5, >5–10, and >10–15 years), and European guideline weight category ( EG weight) (<5, 5–<15, 15–<30, 30–<50, and 50–<80 kg) were used to determine a local DRL for WB 18F FDG PET/CT studies. Two-structured questionnaires were designed to collect dose data, patient demographics, equipment details, and acquisition protocols for WB 18F-FDG PET/CT procedures. The local DRL was based on the median 18F-FDG administered activity (MBq), dose–length product (DLP), and the CT dose index volume (CTDIvol), values. The effective dose (E) was also calculated and reported. Results: The local DRLs for 18F-FDG administered activity, CTDIvol and DLP values based on ARPANSA age and ICRP age were increased from lower to higher age categories. For the EG weight category, the local DRL for 18F-FDG administered activity, CTDIvol and DLP values were increased from the low EG weight category to the high EG weight category. The mean administered activity in our study based on ICRP age category >1–5, >5–10, and >10–15 years is 79.97, 119.40, and 176.04 MBq, which is lower than the mean administered activity reported in the North American Consensus guideline published in 2010 (99, 166, and 286 MBq) and European Association of Nuclear Medicine and Dosage Card (version 1.5.2008) (120, 189, and 302 MBq). However, the mean administered activity in our study based on ICRP age category <1 year was 55 MBq compared to the EANM Dosage card (version 1.5.2008) (70 MBq) and the NACG 2010 (51 MBq). Our study shows that the finding for ICRP age category <1 year was similar to the NACG 2010 value. Conclusion: The determined local DRL values for the radiation doses associated with WB 18F FDG PET/CT examinations are differed considerably between the ARPANSA and ICRP age category and EG weight category. Although, the determined 18F-FDG value for ICRP < 1 year is in good agreement with available publish data, it is preferable to optimise the 18F-FDG administered activity while preserving the diagnostic image quality. Advances in knowledge: The local DRL value determined from WB 18F-FDG PET/CT examinations may help to establish the ARPANSA NDRL for WB FDG 18F-PET/CT examinations.

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Muhammad, Nor Azura, Muhammad Khalis Abdul Karim, Hasyma Abu Hassan, Mazliana Ahmad Kamarudin, Jeannie Hsiu Ding Wong, and Kwan Hoong Ng. "Diagnostic Reference Level of Radiation Dose and Image Quality among Paediatric CT Examinations in A Tertiary Hospital in Malaysia." Diagnostics 10, no. 8 (August 14, 2020): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10080591.

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Pediatrics are more vulnerable to radiation and are prone to dose compared to adults, requiring more attention to computed tomography (CT) optimization. Hence, diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) have been implemented as part of optimization process in order to monitor CT dose and diagnostic quality. The noise index has recently been endorsed to be included as a part of CT optimization in the DRLs report. In this study, we have therefore set local DRLs for pediatric CT examination with a noise index as an indicator of image quality. One thousand one hundred and ninety-two (1192) paediatric patients undergoing CT brain, CT thorax and CT chest-abdomen-pelvis (CAP) examinations were analyzed retrospectively and categorized into four age groups; group 1 (0–1 year), group 2 (1–5 years), group 3 (5–10 years) and group 4 (10–15 years). For each group, data such as the volume-weighted CT dose index (CTDIvol), dose-length product (DLP) and the effective dose (E) were calculated and DRLs for each age group set at 50th percentile were determined. Both CT dose and image noise values between age groups have differed significantly with p-value < 0.05. The highest CTDIvol and DLP values in all age groups with the lowest noise index value reported in the 10–15 age group were found in CT brain examination. In conclusion, there was a significant variation in doses and noise intensity among children of different ages, and the need to change specific parameters to fit the clinical requirement.

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Sakai, K. "Integrated protection of humans and the environment: a view from Japan." Annals of the ICRP 47, no. 3-4 (April 27, 2018): 298–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146645318756835.

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Six and a half years after the accident at Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, an area of existing exposure situation remains. One of the main concerns of people is the higher level of ionising radiation than before the accident, although this is not expected to have any discernible health effect. Since the accident, several ‘abnormalities’ in environmental organisms have been reported. It is still not clear if these abnormalities were induced by radiation. It appears that the impact of the released radioactivity has not been sufficient to threaten the maintenance of biological diversity, the conservation of species, or the health and status of natural habitats, which are the focus in environmental protection. This highlights a difference between the protection of humans and protection of the environment (individuals for humans and populations/species for the environment). The system for protection of the environment has been developed with a similar approach as the system for protection of humans. Reference Animals and Plants (RAPs) were introduced to connect exposure and doses in a way similar to that for Reference Male and Reference Female. RAPs can also be used as a tool to associate the level of radiation (dose rate) with the biological effects on an organism. A difference between the protection of humans and that of the environment was identified: an effect on humans is measured in terms of dose, and an effect on the environment is measured in terms of dose rate. In other words, protection criteria for humans are expressed in term of dose (as dose limits, dose constraints, and reference levels), whereas those for the environment are expressed in terms of dose rate (as derived consideration reference levels).

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Joseph, Dlama Zira, Obetta Chinedu, Nkubli Favious, Geofrey Luntsi, Laushugno Shem, and Yabwa Dlama. "Rationale for Implementing Dose Reference Level as a Quality Assurance Tool in Medical Radiography in Nigeria." IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences 13, no. 12 (2014): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0853-131274145.

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McEwen, Malcolm, Peter Sharpe, and Sándor Vörös. "Evaluation of alanine as a reference dosimeter for therapy level dose comparisons in megavoltage electron beams." Metrologia 52, no. 2 (April 1, 2015): 272–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/52/2/272.

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Kryshev, I. I., A. A. Buryakova, and T. G. Sazykina. "Assessment of radioecological situation in the areas of the “Chernobyl footprint” in Russia (1986-2020)." "Radiation and Risk" Bulletin of the National Radiation and Epidemiological Registry 30, no. 2 (2021): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21870/0131-3878-2021-30-2-25-37.

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The current environmental situation in areas located in the “Chernobyl footprint” in Russia is con-sidered in the paper. Radiation contamination in different parts of the “footprint” varies from the maximum level in the exclusion zones to the level close to the background in areas with low level of radioactive contamination. Environmental monitoring data and calculated density of soil con-tamination with radionuclides in the vicinities of residential areas in Bryansk, Kaluga, Tula, Orel and Novgorod regions were used as reference data for assessment of radiation dose rates and ecological risks for the reference biological species: the elk (Alces alces), red-backed mouse (Myodes glareolus), the Archangel fir (Pinus sylvestris), brandling (Lumbricus terrestris), the pike (Esox lucius), and the fresh-water soldier (Stratiotes aloides). The integrated contamination index, that is the sum of ratios of registered radionuclides contamination density to the reference levels, was used as the indicator of territory radioecological safety. The calculation was made in accord-ance with the Roshydromet Recommendations R-52.18.853-2016. The highest doses to the biota and ecological risks were registered in 1986. Radiation dose rates to some vertebrates in the most contaminated districts of the Bryansk region in May 1986 exceeded ecologically safe radiation level of 1 mGy/day. Doses to reference biological species inhabited outside exclusion zones within the period of May-December 1986 were lower than the radioecological safety level. After decay of 131I and other short-lived radionuclides 137Cs became the basic contributor to the biota dose. Radiation dose rate to the terrestrials and radio-ecological safety index gradually decreased due to radionuclides physical decay over the period of 1986-2020. Current radiation doses to the terrestrials inhabited the most contaminated districts were, on average, one order below the safe radiation dose to the vertebrates, two orders below the safety radiation level to the Archangel fir and three orders be-low the safety radiation dose to the soil invertebrates. Current radiation dose rates to inhabitants of the lake of Kozhanovskoe, one of the most contaminated areas due to the radioactive fallout, current radiation dose rates to the lake fish were two orders below the safe level, radiation dose rates to algae were three orders below the safety level, however, they still are above the back-ground level. Current indices of integrated contamination in areas of the Chernobyl radioactive “footprint” are inhomogeneous. Current indices of integrated contamination in the majority of contaminates areas are dozens times and the indices in low radiation contaminated areas are hundreds times lower than ecological safety level. The highest indices occur in a number of dis-tricts of Bryansk region but they are lower than ecological safety level, however in some sites in exclusion zones the indices exceed the ecological safety level. These sites are unique natural testing grounds for radio-ecological research and monitoring of the environment and radiation protection development. In this connection it is recommended to continue long term research and development of radiological protection of the environment.

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Bågenholm, Anna, Pål Løvhaugen, Rune Sundset, and Tor Ingebrigtsen. "DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING AND IONIZING RADIATION EXPOSURE IN A LEVEL 1 TRAUMA CENTRE POPULATION MET WITH TRAUMA TEAM ACTIVATION: A ONE-YEAR PATIENT RECORD AUDIT." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 189, no. 1 (February 15, 2020): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncaa010.

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Abstract This audit describes ionizing and non-ionizing diagnostic imaging at a regional trauma centre. All 144 patients (males 79.2%, median age 31 years) met with trauma team activation from 1 January 2015 to 31 December 2015 were included. We used data from electronic health records to identify all diagnostic imaging and report radiation exposure as dose area product (DAP) for conventional radiography (X-ray) and dose length product (DLP) and effective dose for CT. During hospitalization, 134 (93.1%) underwent X-ray, 122 (84.7%) CT, 92 (63.9%) focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST), 14 (9.7%) ultrasound (FAST excluded) and 32 (22.2%) magnetic resonance imaging. One hundred and sixteen (80.5%) underwent CT examinations during trauma admissions, and 73 of 144 (50.7%) standardized whole body CT (SWBCT). DAP values were below national reference levels. Median DLP and effective dose were 2396 mGycm and 20.42 mSv for all CT examinations, and 2461 mGycm (national diagnostic reference level 2400) and 22.29 mSv for a SWBCT.

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Anggarin, Kadek Sari, I. Putu Irma Wulandari, and Ni Putu Rita Jenyanthi. "ESTIMASI DOSIS RADIASI YANG DITERIMA PASIEN PADA PEMERIKSAAN THORAX PA." JRI (Jurnal Radiografer Indonesia) 5, no. 1 (May 29, 2022): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.55451/jri.v5i1.105.

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Background : Radiation dose received by patients during medical radiology examination varied among practices. This is due to difference in techniques, filter, and equipment used during examinations. This study aims to determine the value of facilities Diagnostic Reference Level (fDRL) in Radiology hospitals district Buleleng and comparison of the 75th percentile value of radiation dose received by adult Thorax PA patients with the standards established by BAPETEN. Methods: This type of research uses a quantitative method with a survey conducted at the Radiology Installation of Buleleng Regency Hospital in February 2020. The population of this study was all patients who underwent radiographic examination of Thorax PA adults (over 15 years). While the sample in this study was 30 patients with Thorax PA radiography examination adult (over 15 years). Absorbent dose measurement data is carried out directly with a digital dosimeter measuring device and then processed using SPSS. Results and Conclusion: The results of this study obtained the value of facilities Diagnostic Reference Level for examination of adult PA Thorax in Radiology Installation of Buleleng Regency Hospital is 0.0275 mGy and the percentile value of 75 absorbent doses received by PA thorax patients adult in Radiology Installation of Buleleng Regency Regional Hospital is 0.0275 mGy where the dose Radiation absorption received by PA thorax patients has met the standards set by BAPETEN in the Indonesian Diagnostic Reference Level (IDRL) 2019 radiation absorbed dose received by adult thorax PA patients, which is 0.4 mGy.

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Hill, Corinne E., J. P. Myers, and Laura N. Vandenberg. "Nonmonotonic Dose–Response Curves Occur in Dose Ranges That Are Relevant to Regulatory Decision-Making." Dose-Response 16, no. 3 (July 1, 2018): 155932581879828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1559325818798282.

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Non-monotonic dose response curves (NMDRCs) occur in cells, tissues, animals and human populations in response to nutrients, vitamins, pharmacological compounds, hormones and endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Yet, regulatory agencies have argued that NMDRCs are not common, are not found for adverse outcomes, and are not relevant for regulation of EDCs. Under the linear dose response model, high dose testing is used to extrapolate to lower doses that are anticipated to be ‘safe’ for human exposures. NMDRCs that occur below the toxicological no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) would falsify a fundamental assumption, that high dose hazards can be used to predict low dose safety. In this commentary, we provide examples of NMDRCs and discuss how their presence in different portions of the dose response curve might affect regulatory decisions. We provide evidence that NMDRCs do occur below the NOAEL dose, and even below the ‘safe’ reference dose, for chemicals such as resveratrol, permethrin, chlorothalonil, and phthalates such as DEHP. We also briefly discuss the recent CLARITY-BPA study, which reported mammary adenocarcinomas only in rats exposed to the lowest BPA dose. We conclude our commentary with suggestions for how NMDRCs should be acknowledged and utilized to improve regulatory toxicity testing and in the calculation of reference doses that are public health protective.

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Khoramian, Daryoush, Soroush Sistani, and Peyman Hejazi. "Establishment of diagnostic reference levels arising from common CT examinations in Semnan County, Iran." Polish Journal of Medical Physics and Engineering 25, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pjmpe-2019-0008.

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Abstract Objective: The literature has approved that the use of the concept of diagnostic reference level (DRL) as a part of an optimization process could help to reduce patient doses in diagnostic radiology comprising the Computed Tomography (CT) examinations. There are four public/governmental CT centers in the province (Semnan, Iran) and, to our knowledge, after about 12 years since the launch of the first CT scanner in the province there is no dosimetry information on those CT scanners. The aim of this study was to evaluate CT dose indices with the aim of the establishment of the DRL for head, chest, cervical spine, and abdomen-pelvis examinations. Methods: Scan parameters of 381 patients were collected during two months from 4 CT scanners. The CT dose index (CTDI) was measured using a calibrated ionization chamber on two cylindrical poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) phantoms. For each sequences, weighted CTDI (CTDIw), volumetric CTDI (CTDIv) and dose length product (DLP) were calculated. The 75th percentile was proposed as the criterion for DRL values. Results: Proposed DRL (CTDIw, CTDIv, DLP) for the head, chest, cervical spine, and abdomen-pelvis were (46.1 mGy, 46.1 mGy, 723 mGy × cm), (13.8 mGy, 12.0 mGy, 377 mGy × cm), (40.0 mGy, 40.0 mGy, 572 mGy × cm) and (14.9 mGy, 12.1 mGy, 524 mGy × cm), respectively. Conclusion: Comparison with the others results from the other countries indicates that the head, chest and abdomen-pelvis scans in our region are lower or in the range of the other studies investigated in terms of dose. In the case of cervical spine scanning it’s necessary to review and regulate scan protocols to reach acceptable dose levels.

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Han, S. J., and S. Kim. "Attribution of the rise in radiation dose to the relaxed panoramic radiography diagnostic reference level in Korea." International Journal of Radiation Research 20, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 249–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/ijrr.20.1.39.

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Verdun, Francis R., A. Aroua, Ph R. Trueb, P. Vock, and Jean-François Valley. "Diagnostic and interventional radiology: a strategy to introduce reference dose level taking into account the national practice." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 114, no. 1-3 (May 17, 2005): 188–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/nch547.

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Cho, P. K. "The development of a diagnostic reference level on patient dose for head computed tomographyangiography examinations in Korea." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 154, no. 4 (October 15, 2012): 505–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncs264.

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McCullagh, James, and Niall Phelan. "An Appropriate PMMA Phantom for Dose Reference Level (DRL) Estimation with Modern Digital Mammographic Breast Screening Systems." Physica Medica 29, no. 5 (September 2013): 572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmp.2013.05.027.

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Love, G., A. Pillai, and S. Gibson. "Entrance skin dose calculation for the mini C-Arm—Establishing a diagnostic reference level for wrist fractures." Injury Extra 38, no. 4 (April 2007): 136–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2006.12.102.

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E.S, Makarenko, Oudalova A.A., and Geras'kin S.A. "Morphometric Measurements of Scots Pine Needles from Radioactively Contaminated Area." KnE Engineering 3, no. 3 (February 21, 2018): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/keg.v3i3.1601.

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The morphometric indices of needles were investigated in chronically irradiated Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) populations from territories that were heavily contaminated by radionuclides as a result of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident. The variability in needle weight and length, as well as the fluctuating asymmetry indices were studied in seven contaminated and two reference populations of Scots pine in 2011, 2013, 2014 and 2016. The weight of needles in the contaminated populations was significantly higher than in the reference population; however, the dependence of this index on the level of radiation exposure was not revealed in the studied range of doses. The length of needles differed significantly from the references populations. The effect changed from decreasing to increasing in various years of observation; however, in 2016 this index decreased with the dose rate of β-radiation. The index of fluctuating asymmetry in needle length was significantly higher than at the reference sites during three years and correlated to the estimated annual absorbed dose in 2011 and 2013. No relationship was revealed between the asymmetry in weight of paired needles and radiation exposure.

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Valentin, J. "A framework for assessing the impact of ionising radiation on non-human species." Annals of the ICRP 33, no. 3 (September 2003): 201–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0146-6453(03)00022-8.

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In its 1990 Recommendations, the ICRP indicated that it believed that the standards of environmental control needed to protect man to the degree currently thought desirable would ensure that other species are not put at risk. The ICRP considers that its system of radiological protection has provided a fairly good indirect protection of the human habitat. However, no internationally agreed criteria or policies explicitly address protection of the environment from ionising radiation, and it is difficult to determine or demonstrate whether or not the environment is adequately protected from potential impacts of radiation under different circumstances. The present report suggests a framework, based on scientific and ethical-philosophical principles, by which a policy for the protection of non-human species could be achieved. The primary purpose of developing such a framework is to fill a conceptual gap in radiological protection; it does not reflect any particular concern over environmental radiation hazards. The proposed framework is designed to harmonise with the ICRP's approach to the protection of human beings, but does not intend to set regulatory standards. Instead, the proposed framework is intended to be a practical tool to provide high-level advice and guidance for regulators and operators. An agreed set of quantities and units, a set of reference dose models, reference dose-per-unit-intake (or unit exposure), and reference fauna and flora are required to serve as a basis for the more fundamental understanding and interpretation of the relationships between exposure and dose and between dose and certain categories of effect, for a few, clearly defined types of animals and plants. As a first step, a small set of reference fauna and flora with supporting databases will be developed by the ICRP. Others can then develop more area- and situation-specific approaches to assess and manage risks to non-human species.

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Kaszkowiak, Jerzy, Lubomir Hujo, and Juraj Jablonicky. "Impact of the content of alcohol in petroleum on the level of an unsupercharged engine’s noise." MATEC Web of Conferences 302 (2019): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201930201007.

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The results of the studies conducted on the chassis dynamometer for a vehicle powered with a spark-ignition engine are presented in the study. The tested vehicle was equipped with an unsupercharged engine. There was tested the noise level of the engine powered with ethyl alcohol at variable settings of the fuel injection. In the course of the tests, the dose of fuel was increased within the range from the manufacturer’s settings respectively by: 5%, 10%, 20% 30% and 50% of the nominal dose, and the ignition advance angle with reference to manufacturer’s settings was increased respectively by 00 and 30 . It was found, that the noise level for the engine powered with ethanol decreases together with the increase of the fuel’s dose, (up to about 110% of the nominal dose), and then increases. At the same time, the increase of the noise level for the increased value of the ignition advance angle was found.

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Shah, Pooja. "Estimation of effective dose from CT scanning using dose length product in a Nepalese hospital." Radiography Open 6, no. 1 (December 21, 2020): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7577/radopen.3565.

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Keywords: Effective dose, Dose Length Product, Computed Tomography Dose Indexvolume, Dose Reference Level AbstractAim: The aim of this study was to estimate the effective doses from CT scans using DoseLength Product (DLP) in a Nepalese hospital.Materials and methods: This prospective study was conducted in 150 patients above 18years of age who were referred for CT scan of head, chest and abdomen. The CT scan wasperformed on a 128 slice multi detector scanner. All the subjects who met the inclusioncriteria were included in the study. Following the non-contrast imaging phases of the head,chest and abdomen CTDIvol, DLP, kVp and pitch were recorded for each patient from theconsole display of the scanner. The effective dose was calculated for each examination usingDLP which were graphically analyzed and correlated with the age of the patient.Results: The study showed the mean CTDIvol for head, chest and abdomen to be 53.95±4.83mGy, 5.28±1.17 mGy and 11.15±2.71 mGy respectively along with mean DLP to be923.52±71.11 mGycm, 229.32±48.70 mGycm and 517.02±148.32 mGycm respectively. Usingthese values, the mean effective doses were calculated and found to be 1.93±0.14 mSv,3.20±0.68 mSv and 7.75±2.19 mSv respectively.Conclusion: The calculated effective dose values were lower than in other studies for CTexaminations of chest and abdomen while higher or similar for CT examination of head. Theresults of this survey could motivate other researchers to investigate the radiation doses inother hospitals and help establish national diagnostic reference levels.

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Allam, Kh A. "MODELLING AND SIMULATION FOR RADIOLOGICAL DOSE ASSESSMENT OF PSAMMOTHERAPY AND CLIMATOTHERPY." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 188, no. 3 (January 16, 2020): 276–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncz285.

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Abstract Patient and occupational dose rates due to psammotherapy (sand therapy) and climatotherapy treatments in high natural background areas in Egypt have been evaluated. Monte Carlo mathematical simulations using adult human phantoms were applied to consider the effect of elevated 238U, 232Th and 40K concentrations and the nonhomogeneous distribution of natural radionuclides in beach sand. Three situations: phantom covered by sand or lying on the beach and points in air at several heights above sand level, were considered. The gamma-ray doses per treatment were calculated at a reference point located on the phantom surface centrally above the genital area. The thus calculated patient-absorbed-dose ranges at this reference point were 0.006–0.018 mGy and 0.004–0.023 mGy per climatotherapy and psammotherapy treatments, respectively.

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Lee, Seoyoung, Kyunglee Kim, Hyekyoung Ha, Inchul Im, Jaeseung Lee, Hyonghu Park, Byungjoon Kwak, and Yunsik Yu. "Evaluation of Radiation Exposure Dose for Examination Purposes other than the Critical Organ from Computed Tomography: A base on the Dose Reference Level (DRL)." Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology 7, no. 2 (April 30, 2013): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7742/jksr.2013.7.2.121.

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Hoseini Motlagh, Zeinab, Ali Shabestani Monfared, Mohammad Reza Deevband, Razzagh Abedi-Firouzjah, Naser Ghaemian, Rohollah Abdi, and Kourosh Ebrahimnejad Gorji. "DETERMINATION OF DIAGNOSTIC REFERENCE LEVEL IN ROUTINE EXAMINATIONS OF DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY IN MAZANDARAN PROVINCE." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 190, no. 1 (June 2020): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncaa074.

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Abstract Introduction The main purpose of this study was to determine the diagnostic reference level (DRL) for routine digital radiography examinations in Mazandaran province. Materials and methods Thirteen digital radiographic examinations at 18 high-patient-load radiography centres were investigated. The indirect dosimetry method was performed based on the IAEA report. Average entrance skin dose (ESD) and the third quartile of ESD as the DRL were evaluated from the measurement made by a semiconductor dosemeter. Results DRL for the examinations of digital radiography was obtained as: Skull (postero-anterior [PA]): 2.2, skull (lateral [LAT]): 2.4, cervical spine (antero-posterior [AP]): 1.6, cervical spine (LAT): 1.7, thoracic spine (AP): 3.6, thoracic spine (LAT): 9.9, lumbar spine (AP): 5.3, lumbar spine (LAT): 11.8, chest (PA): 1.4, chest (LAT): 2.1, abdomen (AP): 4.3, pelvis (AP): 3.2 and hip (AP): 2.1 mGy. Conclusion Although DRL was not higher compared with the international organisations’ levels, it can be reduced by adequate training of radiographers.

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Martin-Gisbert, Lucía, Alberto Ruano-Ravina, Juan Miguel Barros-Dios, Leonor Varela-Lema, and Mónica Pérez-Ríos. "An Innovative Tool to Control Occupational Radon Exposure." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 18 (September 8, 2022): 11280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811280.

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After smoking, indoor radon is the main contributor to lung cancer in many countries. The European Union (EU) Directive 2013/59/Euratom establishes a maximum reference level of 300 Bq/m3 of radon concentration in the workplace, and an effective dose limit of 20 mSv per year for workers. If the radon concentration in a workplace exceeds the reference level, constructive mitigation applies. When constructive mitigation is not feasible, we propose to keep workers’ effective dose below 6 mSv per year (category B of exposed workers) by controlling occupancy time. Setting the maximum annual dose at 6 mSv protects workers’ health and eases the regulatory requirements for employers. If multisite workers are present, each worker has to be monitored individually by tracking the time spent and the radon concentration at each worksite. This paper shows a software tool for employers to perform this complex tracking in an accurate, conservative, and transparent manner, and in compliance with the EU by-laws.

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Harrison, J. D., and J. W. Marsh. "ICRP recommendations on radon." Annals of the ICRP 49, no. 1_suppl (August 3, 2020): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146645320931974.

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The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) publishes guidance on protection from radon in homes and workplaces, and dose coefficients for use in assessments of exposure for protection purposes. ICRP Publication 126 recommends an upper reference level for exposures in homes and workplaces of 300 Bq m−3. In general, protection can be optimised using measurements of air concentrations directly, without considering radiation doses. However, dose estimates are required for workers when radon is considered as an occupational exposure (e.g. in mines), and for higher exposures in other workplaces (e.g. offices) when the reference level is exceeded persistently. ICRP Publication 137 recommends a dose coefficient of 3 mSv per mJ h m−3 (approximately 10 mSv per working level month) for most circumstances of exposure in workplaces, equivalent to 6.7 nSv per Bq h m−3 using an equilibrium factor of 0.4. Using this dose coefficient, annual exposure of workers to 300 Bq m−3 corresponds to 4 mSv. For comparison, using the same coefficient for exposures in homes, 300 Bq m−3 corresponds to 14 mSv. If circumstances of occupational exposure warrant more detailed consideration and reliable alternative data are available, site-specific doses can be assessed using methodology provided in ICRP Publication 137.

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Nam, Sora, Hyemin Park, Soonmu Kwon, Pyong-kon Cho, Yongsu Yoon, Sang-wook Yoon, and Jungsu Kim. "Updated National Diagnostic Reference Levels and Achievable Doses for CT Protocols: A National Survey of Korean Hospitals." Tomography 8, no. 5 (September 29, 2022): 2450–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tomography8050203.

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Background: In 2021, the Korean government proposed a new CT diagnostic reference level. This study performed a nationwide survey and developed new DRLs and AD for 13 common CT examinations. We compared other countries’ DRLs for CT examinations. Methods: This study investigated the CTDIvol and DLP of the 12 types of CT protocols for adults and brain CT protocol for pediatrics. A total of 7829 CT examinations were performed using 225 scanners. We defined the DRLs values in the distribution of radiation exposure levels to determine the nationwide patient dose and distribution status of the dose. Results: This study showed that the new Korean national CT DRLs are slightly higher or similar to those of previous surveys and are similar or lower than those of other countries. In some protocols, although the DLP value increased, the CTDIvol decreased; therefore, it can be concluded that the patient’s dose in CT examinations was well managed. Conclusions: The new CT DRLs were slightly higher than or similar to that of the previous survey and were evaluated to be similar or lower than CT DRLs of other countries. These DRLs will be used for radiation optimization and effective dose calculation for an individual.

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Vafapour, H., K. Dashtian, and Z. Salehi. "A study to analyze local dose reference level values in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad as a deprived area." International Journal of Radiation Research 19, no. 4 (October 1, 2021): 1041–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/ijrr.19.4.34.

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Miyakoshi, Masako. "Aging Variabilities of Level-Dose Relationship in Antiepileptic Monopharmacy—with Reference to Drug Interaction between Mono- and Bipharmacy." Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 40, no. 3 (September 1986): 329–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.1986.tb03155.x.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Dose Reference Level'

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