Books on the topic 'Dose Reference Level'

A knowledge of the doses that patients receive is important to optimize radiation protection in diagnostic radiology. This chapter covers the methodology involved in assessment and management of patient dose for radiography and fluoroscopy. The dose quantities are described and ones to use for different applications are discussed. The instruments and measurement techniques used are described, including passive techniques such as TLD and radiochromic film. The need to consider scattering of X-rays from surfaces is explained. Factors to be taken into account include whether the assessment is for practical evaluation of technique or to provide an indication of risk. The appropriate dose to assess could be that to the whole body, the skin surface, or a particular organ such as the breast in mammography. These factors all feed into the patient dose audit process, which is explained together with the setting of diagnostic references levels to aid optimization.

This book provides a comprehensive analysis of the most important topics in parallel computation. It is written so that it may be used as a self-study guide to the field, and researchers in parallel computing will find it a useful reference for many years to come. The first half of the book consists of an introduction to many fundamental issues in parallel computing. The second half provides lists of P-complete- and open problems. These lists will have lasting value to researchers in both industry and academia. The lists of problems, with their corresponding remarks, the thorough index, and the hundreds of references add to the exceptional value of this resource. While the exciting field of parallel computation continues to expand rapidly, this book serves as a guide to research done through 1994 and also describes the fundamental concepts that new workers will need to know in coming years. It is intended for anyone interested in parallel computing, including senior level undergraduate students, graduate students, faculty, and people in industry. As an essential reference, the book will be needed in all academic libraries.

The introduction provides a short orientation to the major questions of normative ethical theory with reference to and examples from the practice of pharmacy. At the most general level, ethics addresses the source, meaning, and justification of ethical claims and distinguishes between facts and evaluations (ethical and nonethical). Next, it distinguishes between the two major answers to the question of what kinds of acts are right, answers based on consequences and those based on duty. The third question is how rules apply to specific situations, distinguishing between more situational approaches and those that apply rules more rigidly. Finally, the chapter takes up the question of what ought to be done in specific cases, considering what should be done when moral rules and principles conflict.

This book is based on course notes from Medical Physics 501, a quite famous course in the Medical Physics Department of the University of Wisconsin–Madison. All of this material derives very heavily from Frank "Herb" Attix, the course's original instructor. It also benefited from Thomas Rockwell Mackie, the course's second instructor, who innovated by more properly organizing the material. From Alireza Kassaee in Medical Physics…"I find the Lectures on Radiation Dosimetry Physics a well mathematically illustrated supplemental book for a graduate course in radiation dosimetry. It is also a fine reference for practicing medical physicists who are using the two dosimetry protocols and need to either remind themselves of fundamentals or have a deeper understanding of the details in the protocols without having to refer to many publications and textbooks on the subject." Modern protocols can guide a person toward uncertainties of only 0.5% in the energy deposited per unit mass, the dose. In order to achieve this remarkably low level of uncertainty, one must fully understand all of the subtleties along the way. That is the purpose of this book. This book covers essential physics concepts for understanding and calculating problems in the physical energy deposited in matter from ionizing radiation. The focus of application is on medical uses, both imaging and radiation therapy. There is more weight on radiation therapy throughout the book because of the much greater need for accuracy and precision in that field. This work also draws upon many others, including Paul DeLuca and others in the University of Wisconsin–Madison medical physics and human oncology departments. Also helpful were many of the faculty of the nuclear engineering departments of both Pennsylvania State University and the University of Wisconsin–Madison.

This chapter explores the policy and regulatory issues generated by investment-based crowdfunding in Europe. Firstly, it argues that crowdfunding raises serious investor protection concerns, particularly when directed to retail investors. As governments try to stimulate innovation and the formation of new enterprises, a trade-off is created between investor protection and economic growth. The laws of the EU and its Member States try to solve this trade-off in different ways, as the chapter shows with reference to MiFID and the laws of the UK, France, Italy, Spain and Germany. Secondly, it shows that MiFID II, while enhancing investor protection and furthering harmonization, does not create all the conditions needed for a pan-European crowdfunding market. At the same time, MiFID II narrows the potential for exemptions under which some Member States have adopted special regimes for crowdfunding, therefore restricting the scope for an enabling approach to investment-based crowdfunding at national level.

Pain Care Essentials targets the needs of primary care providers and entry-level healthcare professionals to understand pain. Based on the successful approach of examining four basic questions, this textbook addresses: What is pain? How is pain assessed? How is pain managed? and How does clinical context impact pain experience and management? Weaving together advances in science and clinical practice, this text covers the full spectrum from basic pain signaling mechanisms, psychology, and epidemiology, to clinical skills, treatment choices, and impacts on children, older adults, and those with substance use disorders, at a depth attuned to the foundations of clinical practice. Based on a learner-centered teaching philosophy; we believe that a deeper understanding of patient-centered pain care, including socioemotional development, enhances the clinical experience for patients, caregivers, and healthcare providers; leading to better outcomes, higher levels of patient satisfaction, and less provider burnout. Each chapter includes learning objectives, a clinical case, multiple choice questions, and selected references. Figures, tables, and textboxes enhance reader engagement. The goal is to deliver essential pain content that can be incorporated into an integrated curriculum preparing students for formative and summative assessments of core competencies in pain, as well as meeting the needs of the more experienced general reader seeking a quick update. Prepared by an interprofessional authorship team for an audience that includes physicians, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, pharmacists, and students of all healthcare professions, this work fills an important gap by focusing on pain as encountered by the broadest spectrum of healthcare practitioners.

Central venous pressure (CVP) is at the crucial intersection of the force returning blood to the heart and the force produced by cardiac function, which drives the blood back to the systemic circulation. The normal range of CVP is small so that before using it one must ensure proper measurement, specifically the reference level. A useful approach to hypotension is to first determine if arterial pressure is low because of a decrease in vascular resistance or a decrease in cardiac output. This is done by either measuring cardiac output or making a clinical assessment blood flow. If the cardiac output is decreased, next determine whether this is because of a cardiac pump problem or a return problem. It is at this stage that the CVP is most helpful for these options can be separated by considering the actual CVP or even better, how it changed with the change in cardiac output. A high CVP is indicative of a primary pump problem, and a low CVP and return problem. Understanding the factors that determine CVP magnitude, mechanisms that produce the components of the CVP wave form and changes in CVP with respiratory efforts can also provide useful clinical information. In many patients, CVP can be estimated on physical exam.

This book is based on a research that was carried out over two years in the Graduate Program of Educational Sciences Projects of the “Escola de Engenharia de Lorena” of the University of São Paulo; the product of the master thesis entitled “Implementation of a Science Club in the Public Network for Education of São José dos Campos: Stages, Actors and the Scientific literacy”. Nowadays, the role of Science is being devalued, poorly understood and even questioned by several political figures and societal members, many people fail to differentiate facts from fake news. In 2018, the PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment) demonstrated that, in Brazil, 55% of students are below level 2 in Science, a level established as necessary to young people to be able exercising their citizenship. In order to offer a contribution to improve the currently scenario, this book offers an implementation guide for those whom are interested in setting up a Science Club. Another fact to consider is that this guide aims to develop an investigative approach focus on Scientific literacy using inquisitive activities that lead to an easy way for the basic students (elementary to middle school) to transpose their acquaintance and scientific learning to their lifestyle as responsible and knowledgeable citizens. The following thesis shows strategies to elaborate, monitor, and evaluate the project of implementation, authorization templates, and forms such it can be adapted to the context of each school. We hope that this book is going to be an important resource for you as a school manager, teacher or researcher who wants to implement a Science Club in a school. Also, in a long term, the actions reported in this context can be a reference for the elaboration of a public policy to support Scientific Education in Basic School.

The major reference work for a rapidly advancing field synthesizes central themes, reports on current findings, and offers a blueprint for future research. Scientists' attempts to understand the physiology underlying our apprehension of the physical world was long dominated by a focus on the individual senses. The 1980s saw the beginning of systematic efforts to examine interactions among different sensory modalities at the level of the single neuron. And by the end of the 1990s, a recognizable and multidisciplinary field of "multisensory processes" had emerged. More recently, studies involving both human and nonhuman subjects have focused on relationships among multisensory neuronal ensembles and their behavioral, perceptual, and cognitive correlates. The New Handbook of Multisensory Processing synthesizes the central themes in this rapidly developing area, reports on current findings, and offers a blueprint for future research. The contributions, all of them written for this volume by leading experts, reflect the evolution and current state of the field. This handbook does more than simply review the field. Each of the volume's eleven sections broadly surveys a major topic, and each begins with a substantive and thought-provoking commentary by the section editor that identifies the major issues being explored, describes their treatment in the chapters that follow, and sets these findings within the context of the existing body of knowledge. Together, the commentaries and chapters provide an invaluable guide to areas of general agreement, unresolved issues, and topics that remain to be explored in this fast-moving field.

This book is essentially a commentary on John Locke’s masterwork, his An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, which is the foundational work of classical Empiricism. It aims to be accessible to students who are reading Locke for the first time, to be a useful research tool for upper-level undergraduate and graduate students, and to make a contribution to Locke scholarship. It is designed to be read alongside the Essay, but does not presuppose familiarity with it. It expounds and critically discusses the main theses and arguments of each of the Essay’s four books, on the innatism that Locke opposes, the origin and classification of ideas, language and meaning, and knowledge, respectively. It analyzes Locke’s influential explorations of related topics, including primary and secondary qualities, substance, identity, personal identity, free will, nominal and real essence, and external-world skepticism, among others. It is written in an analytical style that strives for clarity and that offers step-by-step reconstructions of Locke’s arguments. It references and engages with relevant work of other major philosophers and Locke commentators, including, among others, Descartes, Leibniz, Berkeley, Hume, Kant, Thomas Reid, John Yolton, James Gibson, R. M. Chisholm, Michael Ayers, John Perry, John Mackie, Roger Woolhouse, Saul Kripke, Jonathan Bennett, E. J. Lowe, Vere Chappell, Samuel Rickless, Galen Strawson, Gideon Yaffe, and Matthew Stuart.

This volume meets the needs of radiology residents to become adept at interpreting musculoskeletal (MSK) imaging studies. It does so by presenting core knowledge and fundamentals that must be learned to accurately and effectively interpret MSK studies by the trainee and non-specialist. The goal is to impart to residents, as well as to refresh for practitioners, essential facts in a concise and readable format so the reader becomes conversant with all imaging modalities used and the essentials of interpretation and technique. Other resources are at too high a level for the resident in training or contain far more information than a resident can easily assimilate during a rotation. The book is part of the Rotations in Radiology series for residents, which defines and encapsulates core knowledge for areas within Radiology, offering a guided, structured approach to imaging diagnosis. It contains sections on 10 key topics in MSK radiology: trauma; arthritis; tumors and tumor-like conditions; metabolic, hematopoietic, endocrine, and deposition diseases; infectious diseases; arthrography; internal derangements of the joints; congenital diseases; and ultrasound. Each section begins with an overview chapter, orienting the reader to the specific concerns and issues related to imaging that anatomic region or category of problem. Each clinical problem or diagnosis is concisely covered to provide a targeted discussion and highlight salient points. For each topic, concise chunks of text will review: definition; clinical features; anatomy and physiology; how to appraoch the image; what not to miss; differential diagnosis; common variants if pertinent; clinical issues; key points; high yield references.

This volume meets the needs of radiology residents to become adept at interpreting musculoskeletal (MSK) imaging studies. It does so by presenting core knowledge and fundamentals that must be learned to accurately and effectively interpret MSK studies by the trainee and non-specialist. The goal is to impart to residents, as well as to refresh for practitioners, essential facts in a concise and readable format so the reader becomes conversant with all imaging modalities used and the essentials of interpretation and technique. Other resources are at too high a level for the resident in training or contain far more information than a resident can easily assimilate during a rotation. The book is part of the Rotations in Radiology series for residents, which defines and encapsulates core knowledge for areas within Radiology, offering a guided, structured approach to imaging diagnosis. It contains sections on 10 key topics in MSK radiology: trauma; arthritis; tumors and tumor-like conditions; metabolic, hematopoietic, endocrine, and deposition diseases; infectious diseases; arthrography; internal derangements of the joints; congenital diseases; and ultrasound. Each section begins with an overview chapter, orienting the reader to the specific concerns and issues related to imaging that anatomic region or category of problem. Each clinical problem or diagnosis is concisely covered to provide a targeted discussion and highlight salient points. For each topic, concise chunks of text will review: definition; clinical features; anatomy and physiology; how to appraoch the image; what not to miss; differential diagnosis; common variants if pertinent; clinical issues; key points; high yield references.

The materials presented in this book were developed for an advanced-level content-based Russian language course at Portland State University entitled “Russian Literature of the Twentieth Century: The 1920s.” Literature of this period is a major part of the Russian canon, but is notoriously difficult for learners of Russian to read in the original, due both to its stylistic complexity and the relative obscurity of its historical, political, and cultural references. And yet, this decade is crucial for understanding Russia – not only in the Soviet period, but also today. This was the period, when Mikhail Zoshchenko, Isaak Babel, Mikhail Bulgakov, and Andrei Platonov meticulously documented the birth of the “New Soviet Man,” his “newspeak” and Soviet bureaucratese; when Alexandra Kollontai, a Marxist revolutionary and a diplomat, wrote essays and fiction on the “New Soviet Woman”; when numerous satirical works were created; when Babel experimented with a literary representation of dialects (e.g.,Odessa Russian or Jewish Russian). These varieties of language have not disappeared. Bureaucrats still use some form of bureaucratese. Numerous contemporary TV shows imitate the dialects that Babel described. Moreover, Bulgakov’s “Heart of a Dog” gave rise, due largely to its film adaptation, to catch-phrases that still appear throughout contemporary Russian media, satirical contexts, and everyday conversation. Thus, the Russian literature of the 1920s does not belong exclusively to the past, but has relevance and interpretive power for the present, and language learners who wish to pursue a career in humanities, media analysis, analytical translation, journalism, or international relations must understand this period and the linguistic patterns it established.

There comes a time when every worker in the formal sector goes on retirement and there is a need to effectively plan towards that period. Today, many retirees across the Africa live in poverty. This occurs because the average worker does not prepare adequately for retirement. This transcends to Ghana where most people work in the informal sector. Hence, there is a need to develop strategies that would help people live comfortably in their old age when they can no longer work. Retirement is a crucial stage in life that should not be taken for granted. One basically stops working for a paid income and survives on their own savings or investment proceeds. Retirement is probably the most critical period for finishing unfinished goals. These goals, whatever they may be, have crucial financial implications. Unfortunately, what is not available during retirement is a salary and that is where pensions and retirement planning come in handy. Planning for retirement prior to its occurrence will help retirees live comfortably. The purpose of writing this book is to take the ‘tire’ out of retirement. It seeks to provide a simple and yet comprehensive basic guidance for the benefit of both public and private workers on retirement planning. It is envisaged that it will serve as a handbook to be used at workshops for both public and private workers in the Ghanaian society. The book has been prepared with sufficient reference to the Ghanaian and the Western context to meet the needs of both Ghanaians and workers outside Ghana. It may also be used as an academic material, to be specific, as a textbook. Also, advanced students pursuing specialized programmes in guidance and counselling at M.Ed./M/A/MPhil/Ph.D. levels will find this book as a useful introductory material to undertake more detailed work.

Abstract The primary focus of this book is as a revision tool for general surgical trainees preparing for the FRCS examination, and in particular those declaring colorectal surgery as an area of special interest. It has been written specifically to address the curriculum designed and approved by the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland and the Intercollegiate Surgical Curriculum Project. The book is designed to provide easy access to relevant, up-to-date, and evidence-based information in a portable format which can be used at work or wherever time is available for study. While the handbook is not meant to replace the use of an in-depth reference text, it does aim to provide comprehensive coverage of the curriculum, including sections on related specialties and applied anatomy. Further sections address the presentation of colorectal disease in the outpatient clinic; a review of colorectal assessment tools; and detailed, practical information regarding the management of benign and malignant colonic and anorectal conditions. The 2nd edition of the book has undergone extensive updating to reflect some of the recent innovations in surgical practice. The most significant updates have taken place in the oncology and inflammatory bowel disease chapters. Additional new sections include robotic surgery, complete mesocolic excision, capsule colonoscopy, and the role of qFIT in lower GI investigation. Management of benign colorectal disease has also been revised to reflect current approaches to rectal prolapse and haemorrhoidal disease including updated guidelines for functional bowel conditions. The authors hope that this specialist handbook will be of interest to surgical trainees at all levels, including specialist nurses, general practitioners, and allied healthcare professionals who may be involved in the management of this patient group.

Introduction During the Covid-19 pandemic, non-pharmacological interventions (NPIs) aimed to minimise the spread of the virus as much as possible to avoid the most severe cases and the collapse of health systems. These measures included mobility restrictions in several countries, including Spain. Objective To assess the impact of mobility constraints on incidence, transmission, severe cases and mortality in the evolution of the Covid-19 pandemic. These constraints include: • Mandatory home confinement. • - Recommendation to stay at home. • - Perimeter closures for entry and/or exit from established areas. • - Restriction of night-time mobility (curfew). Methodology Systematic literature review, including documents from official bodies, systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The following reference databases were consulted until October 2021 (free and controlled language): Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, TripDB, Epistemonikos, Royal college of London, COVID-end, COVID-19 Evidence Reviews, WHO, ECDC and CDC. Study selection and quality analysis were performed by two independent researchers. References were filtered firstly by title and abstract and secondly by full text in the Covidence tool using a priori inclusion and exclusion criteria. Synthesis of the results was done qualitatively. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the AMSTAR-II tool. Results The literature search identified 642 studies, of which 38 were excluded as duplicates. Of the 604 potentially relevant studies, 12 studies (10 systematic reviews and 2 official agency papers) were included in the analysis after filtering. One of the official agency papers was from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and the other paper was from the Ontario Agency for Health Promotion and Protection (OHP). The result of the quality assessment with the AMSTAR-II tool of the included systematic reviews was: 3 reviews of moderate quality, 6 reviews of low quality and 1 review of critically low quality. The interventions analysed in the included studies were divided into 2 categories: the first category comprised mandatory home confinement, recommendation to stay at home and curfew, and the second category comprised perimeter blocking of entry and/or exit (local, cross-community, national or international). This division is because the included reviews analysed the measures of mandatory home confinement, advice to stay at home and curfew together without being able to carry out a disaggregated analysis. The included systematic reviews for the evaluation of home confinement, stay-at-home advice and curfew express a decrease in incidence levels, transmission and severe cases following the implementation of mobility limitation interventions compared to the no measure comparator. These conclusions are supported by the quantitative or qualitative results of the studies they include. All reviews also emphasise that to increase the effectiveness of these restrictions it is necessary to combine them with other public health measures. In the systematic reviews included for the assessment of entry and/or exit perimeter closure, most of the studies included in the reviews were found to be modelling studies based on mathematical models. All systematic reviews report a decrease in incidence, transmission and severe case levels following the implementation of travel restriction interventions. The great heterogeneity of travel restrictions applied, such as travel bans, border closures, passenger testing or screening, mandatory quarantine of travellers or optional recommendations for travellers to stay at home, makes data analysis and evaluation of interventions difficult. Conclusions Mobility restrictions in the development of the Covid-19 pandemic were one of the main NPI measures implemented. It can be concluded from the review that there is evidence for a positive impact of NPIs on the development of the COVID-19 pandemic. The heterogeneity of the data from the included studies and their low quality make it difficult to assess the effectiveness of mobility limitations in a disaggregated manner. Despite this, all the included reviews show a decrease in incidence, transmission, hospitalisations and deaths following the application of the measures under study. These measures are more effective when the restrictions were implemented earlier in the pandemic, were applied for a longer period and were more rigorous in their application.