Academic literature on the topic 'Dose Reference Level'
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Journal articles on the topic "Dose Reference Level"
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Escobar-Cerezo, Jesus, Fernando Caudepón Moreno, Fabio Pérez Gómez, Aitor Fernandez Iglesias, Santiago Miquelez Alonso, Silvia Ronda Peñacoba, Fernando Mañeru Cámara, Laura Bragado Álvarez, Naiara Fuentemilla Urío, and Victor de la Llana Granja. "DOSE REFERENCE LEVEL CLASSIFICATION TOOL WITH PYTHON." Physica Medica 104 (December 2022): S185—S186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1120-1797(22)02568-6.
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Bufacchi, Antonella, Giorgio Arcangeli, Stefania delle Canne, Tiziana Malatesta, Roberto Capparella, Riccardo Fragomeni, Luca Marmiroli, and Luisa Begnozzi. "Comparison between the ideal reference dose level and the actual reference dose level from clinical 3D radiotherapy treatment plans." Radiotherapy and Oncology 92, no. 1 (July 2009): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2009.02.018.
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Gonzalez, L., R. Fernandez, V. Ziraldo, E. Vano, and R. Ortega. "Reference level for patient dose in dental skull lateral teleradiography." British Journal of Radiology 77, no. 921 (September 2004): 735–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr/72698808.
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Begnozzi, Luisa, Francesco Paolo Gentile, Leonardo Chiatti, Sandro Carping, Riccardo Fragomeni, and Marcello Benassi. "Study on the reference dose level in radiotherapy treatment planning." International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 28, no. 2 (January 1994): 515–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-3016(94)90079-5.
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Suryatika, Ida Bagus Made, Gusti Ngurah Sutapa, and I. Gde Antha Kasmawan. "Radiology patient dosage monitoring for local diagnostic reference level." International research journal of engineering, IT & scientific research 5, no. 5 (September 30, 2019): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/irjeis.v5n5.785.
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The utilization of radiation for health in Indonesia shows a significant increase, it can be seen from the increasing number of modalities of ionizing radiation sources used and the types of medical actions carried out with the help of radiation. The use of radiation must be monitored to ensure the protection and safety of workers, patients, and the community. In Government Regulation No. 33/2007 which regulates radiation safety for workers, the community and the environment, it can be seen that one of the protection requirements that must be met in the utilization of radiation is the optimization of radiation protection and safety. In diagnostic and interventional radiology, optimization can be interpreted as an attempt to make the dose received by patients as low as possible while maintaining optimum image quality. In this study, the effort to optimize patient dose is carried out on general radiography with the application of Si-INTAN (National Patient Dose Data Information System).
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Nakada, Yoshihiro, Yasuo Okuda, Tatsuya Tsuge, Jyunichi Suzuki, Hiroshi Sakamoto, Tsuyoshi Yamamoto, Yasuhiko Konishi, et al. "AUTOMATIC ACQUISITION OF CT RADIATION DOSE DATA: USING THE DIAGNOSTIC REFERENCE LEVEL FOR RADIATION DOSE OPTIMIZATION." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 181, no. 2 (February 7, 2018): 156–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncy003.
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Rehani, M. M. "Limitations of diagnostic reference level (DRL) and introduction of acceptable quality dose (AQD)." British Journal of Radiology 88, no. 1045 (January 2015): 20140344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20140344.
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Chen, Xiao, Zhongqiu Wang, Guoying Zhu, Yihuai Liang, and Taiyi Jin. "Benchmark dose estimation of cadmium reference level for hypertension in a Chinese population." Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 39, no. 1 (January 2015): 208–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2014.11.026.
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Tardiff, Robert G., and M. Leigh Carson. "Derivation of a reference dose and drinking water equivalent level for 1,2,3-trichloropropane." Food and Chemical Toxicology 48, no. 6 (June 2010): 1488–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.03.016.
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van der Werf, Niels R., Margo van Gent, Ronald Booij, Daniel Bos, Aad van der Lugt, Ricardo P. J. Budde, Marcel J. W. Greuter, and Marcel van Straten. "Dose Reduction in Coronary Artery Calcium Scoring Using Mono-Energetic Images from Reduced Tube Voltage Dual-Source Photon-Counting CT Data: A Dynamic Phantom Study." Diagnostics 11, no. 12 (November 25, 2021): 2192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11122192.
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In order to assess coronary artery calcium (CAC) quantification reproducibility for photon-counting computed tomography (PCCT) at reduced tube potential, an anthropomorphic thorax phantom with low-, medium-, and high-density CAC inserts was scanned with PCCT (NAEOTOM Alpha, Siemens Healthineers) at two heart rates: 0 and 60–75 beats per minute (bpm). Five imaging protocols were used: 120 kVp standard dose (IQ level 16, reference), 90 kVp at standard (IQ level 16), 75% and 45% dose and tin-filtered 100 kVp at standard dose (IQ level 16). Each scan was repeated five times. Images were reconstructed using monoE reconstruction at 70 keV. For each heart rate, CAC values, quantified as Agatston scores, were compared with the reference, whereby deviations >10% were deemed clinically relevant. Reference protocol radiation dose (as volumetric CT dose index) was 4.06 mGy. Radiation dose was reduced by 27%, 44%, 67%, and 46% for the 90 kVp standard dose, 90 kVp 75% dose, 90 kVp 45% dose, and Sn100 standard dose protocol, respectively. For the low-density CAC, all reduced tube current protocols resulted in clinically relevant differences with the reference. For the medium- and high-density CAC, the implemented 90 kVp protocols and heart rates revealed no clinically relevant differences in Agatston score based on 95% confidence intervals. In conclusion, PCCT allows for reproducible Agatston scores at a reduced tube voltage of 90 kVp with radiation dose reductions up to 67% for medium- and high-density CAC.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Dose Reference Level"
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Alhailiy, Ali. "Dose Optimisation and Establishment of Diagnostic Reference Levels in Cardiac Computed Tomography Angiography." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/19854.
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Cardiac computed tomography angiography (CCTA) has become an invaluable tool for the detection of cardiac disease. However, radiation brings potential risks of radiation-induced cancers. Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs) identify unusually high radiation doses, which makes it a useful tool for targeting dose optimisation. The literature shows no established DRLs for CCTA in Saudi Arabia or Australia. This thesis aims to: 1) propose national DRLs (NDRLs) for CCTA in these countries; 2) identify the associated factors for dose variation in current CT centres. Methods: A structured survey was designed to record information about the CCTA protocols, patient parameters, volume CT dose index (CTDIvol) and dose-length product (DLP). The data were collected from 11 and nine CT centres in Saudi Arabia and Australia, respectively. A stepwise regression analysis was performed to assess the contribution of tube voltage (kV), padding time technique, cross-sectional area (CSA) of chest and weight to DLP. Results: The Saudi NDRL values in CTDIvol and DLP were 43 mGy and 808 mGy cm, respectively while the Australian NDRLs were 22 mGy and 268 mGy cm, respectively. The stepwise regression showed that kV was the most significant predictor of DLP followed by padding technique then CSA, while patient weight had no significant effect on DLP. Conclusions: The findings show that DRLs in both countries are comparable or lower than DRLs in published studies due to the implementation of dose-saving technologies such as prospective ECG gating mode. Additionally, a wide variation in median dose between CT centres, which indicated the potential for using DRLs to encourage dose optimisation in current departmental CCTA protocols. Associated factors for dose variation include employing the RGM protocol, high-kV, use of the padding time, and larger CSA of the chest. Findings should provide baseline guidance for optimising CCTA examinations in CT imaging centres in Saudi Arabia and Australia.
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Ali, Mohd Hanafi. "Trends in CT abdominal doses in Malaysian practices." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1543.
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An investigation of clinical Abdominal Computed Tomography (CT)dose, and associated clinical diagnostic protocols, has been ndertaken. This research was carried out to study the pattern of CT dose from routine abdominal examinations in Malaysian practices. From this study it is hoped to establish a Dose Reference Level (DRL) to assist in optimising radiation dose for CT abdominal examination in Malaysia
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Ali, Mohd Hanafi. "Trends in CT abdominal doses in Malaysian practices." University of Sydney, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1543.
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Doctor of Health ScienceAn investigation of clinical Abdominal Computed Tomography (CT)dose, and associated clinical diagnostic protocols, has been ndertaken. This research was carried out to study the pattern of CT dose from routine abdominal examinations in Malaysian practices. From this study it is hoped to establish a Dose Reference Level (DRL) to assist in optimising radiation dose for CT abdominal examination in Malaysia
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Saukko, E. (Ekaterina). "Medical use of radiation in gastroenterology:optimising patient radiation exposure during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2018. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526221083.
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Abstract Fluoroscopically guided procedures are currently an area of special concern in relation to radiation protection, as they may produce a high radiation dose to patients and increase the risk of skin injury. ERCP is a gastrointestinal procedure used as a gold standard in the treatment of pancreatobiliary disorders. It is performed under endoscopic and fluoroscopic guidance. Recently, both the number and the complexity with associated increased technical difficulty of therapeutic ERCP procedures have significantly increased. The present study aimed to assess the medical use of radiation in ERCP, with special emphasis on optimisation of radiation protection of patients. For this purpose, the level of patient radiation exposure during ERCP was evaluated by registering the radiation dose indices in Finnish hospitals. The entrance surface dose was measured by thermoluminescent dosimeters and the effective dose was estimated using conversion coefficients. For dose optimisation and for quality assurance, the local diagnostic reference levels (DRL) for ERCP were established and reviewed after five years. A single centre prospective analysis was conducted to identify patient-, procedure- and operator-related factors affecting dose area product (DAP) and fluoroscopy time (FT). The results showed a large variation of dose indices in overall, as among participating hospitals due to differences in patient characteristics, operator, equipment and procedural complexity. The risk of radiation-induced skin injury and the lifetime cancer risk seems to be reasonably low, indicating ERCP to be a low-dose study. Local DRL is an effective tool in the optimisation process, as a certain degree of dose reduction was achieved during the years. Multiple factors were found to affect DAP and FT in ERCP. The awareness of these factors may help to predict possible prolonged procedures that cause a higher radiation dose to the patient and thus facilitate the use of appropriate precautionsTiivistelmä Säteilysuojelun näkökulmasta läpivalaisuohjauksessa tehtävät toimenpiteet ovat erityisen huolen aiheena, koska ne voivat aiheuttaa potilaille suuria säteilyannoksia ja siten lisätä ihovaurion riskiä. ERCP on ruoansulatuskanavan endoskopiatoimenpide, jota käytetään haima- ja sappitiesairauksien hoidossa kultaisena standardina. ERCP suoritetaan duodenoskoopilla läpivalaisukontrollissa. Viime vuosina ERCP toimenpiteiden määrät ja toimenpiteiden monimutkaisuus ovat kasvaneet merkittävästi lisääntyneen teknisen haastavuuden vuoksi. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli arvioida säteilyn lääketieteellistä käyttöä ERCP:ssa, kiinnittäen eritystä huomiota potilaan säteilysuojelun optimointiin. Potilaan säteilyaltistuksen tasoa ERCP:ssa arvioitiin keräämällä potilasannoksia suomalaisista sairaaloista, pinta-annokset mitattiin termoloistedosimetreilla ja efektiivinen annos laskettiin muuntokertoimilla. Säteilyaltistuksen optimointi- ja laadunvalvonnan työkaluksi ERCP:lle asetettiin paikalliset vertailutasot ja ne tarkistettiin 5 vuoden kuluttua. Potilaaseen, toimenpiteeseen ja toimenpiteen suorittajaan liittyvät tekijät, jotka vaikuttavat annoksen ja pinta-alan tuloon (DAP) sekä läpivalaisuaikaan, selvitettiin retrospektiivisesti yhdessä sairaalassa. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittivat, että potilaan säteilyannoksissa oli suurta vaihtelua niin yleisesti, kuin osallistuvien sairaaloiden välillä. Vaihtelu johtui potilaan ominaisuuksista, erilaisista läpivalaisulaitteista, toimenpiteen suorittajista ja ERCP toimenpiteiden vaikeusasteesta. Säteilyn aiheuttaman ihovaurion riski ja elinikäinen syöpäriski näyttäisi tulosten perusteella olevan kohtuullisen alhainen, mikä osoittaa, että ERCP on matala-annostutkimus. Paikallinen vertailutaso osoittautui tehokkaaksi optimointityökaluksi, sillä annostason lasku ERCP:ssa saavutettiin vuosien kuluessa. Useiden tekijöiden todettiin vaikuttavan DAP:n ja läpivalaisuaikaan ERCP:ssa. Näiden tekijöiden tiedostaminen voi auttaa tunnistamaan etukäteen ne haastavat ERCP toimenpiteet, jotka voivat aiheuttaa suuria säteilyannoksia potilaille, ja siten mahdollistaa niihin varautumisen
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Garba, Idris. "Computer tomography dose index for head CT in northern Nigeria." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1551.
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Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of
Technology: Diagnostic Radiography, Department of Nursing and Radiography
in the Faculty of Health Wellness Sciences at Cape Peninsula University of
Technology
2014Aim: The aim of this study was to record the values of CTDIw and DLP displayed on the Computed Tomography (CT) scanner monitors of patients undergoing CT examinations of the head as Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRL) for dose optimisation in Northern Nigeria. Background: A brain CT scan is the most common CT examination performed, and this modality is recognized as delivering a high dose. CT, therefore, contributes significantly to the total collective effective dose to the population. Elimination of unnecessary or unproductive radiation exposure is necessary. To achieve this, practitioners must adhere to the principles of the justification of practices, and optimisation of radiation protection. Furthermore, the development of DRLs for the local context is advised. These reference doses are a guide to the expected exposure dose from a procedure and are useful as an investigation tool to identify incidences where patient doses are unusually high. Methodology: The study was conducted in three radiology departments with CT centres in Northern Nigeria. Data was collected, using a purposive sampling technique, from 60 consenting adult participants (weighing 70 ±3 kg) that had brain CT scans on seventh generations 4&16-slice GE and 16-slice Philips CT scanners. Prior to commencement of the study the CT scanners were certified by the medical physicists. For each brain scan, patient information, exposure factors, weighted computed tomography dose index (CTDIw), volume computed tomography dose index (CTDIvol) and dose length product (DLP) values were recorded. The data were analysed using SPSS version (16) statistical software. The mean, standard deviation and third quartile values of the CTDIw and DLP were calculated. An inter-comparison of the measured doses from the three research sites was conducted. A combined dose for the three centres was calculated, and compared with the reported data from the international communities where there are established DRLs. Results: The mean CTDIw and DLP values were: centre A (88 mGy and 713 mGy.cm), centre B (68 mGy and 1098 mGy.cm), and centre C (70 mGy and 59 mGy.cm). Comparison of CTDIw and DLP for the scanners of the same manufacturers showed statistically significant differences (p=0.003) and (p=0.03) respectively. In the case of the scanners of a different model but the same number of slices, the comparison of DLP was statistically significant (p=0.005) while no significant difference was noted in the measured CTDIw. Third quartile values of the cumulative doses of CTDIw and DLP, for Northern Nigeria were determined as 77 mGy and 985 mGy.cm respectively. Conclusion: The study has established Local DRLs (LDRLs) which are significantly higher than most of the reported data in the literature. Also dose variation between centres was noted. Optimization is thus recommended. Keywords: Head Imaging, Radiation Dose, Dose optimization, Computed Tomography, Local Diagnostic Reference Levels, Radiation Protection
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Dumela, Khombo Eunice. "Optimizing Patient Protection During Diagnostic Procedures -Developing Diagnostic Reference Levels at the Dr George Mukhari Hospital." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Medunsa Campus), 2010, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/288.
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Thesis (MSc.(Med)(Physics))--University of Limpopo, 2010.Key words: Diagnostic reference levels (DRL), entrance surface dose (ESD), thermoluminescence dosimetry (TLD) Introduction: Diagnostic reference levels (DRL‟s) are defined as a dose level set for standard sized patients or standard phantoms and are not for individual exposures and individual patients and are an efficient standard for optimizing the radiation protection of patients and are practically useful for more common examinations. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) recommends entrance surface dose (ESD) as DRL‟s in diagnostic radiology and are establish using a TLD on a patient/phantom surface. Aim: To estimate entrance surface dose for different X-ray procedures. Objectives: The objective of this study is to develop the diagnostic reference levels by assessing the dose received by a patient in radiographic exposure. This was achieved using different X-ray techniques to estimate the entrance surface dose for different examinations. Method: The study was conducted at the Dr George Mukhari hospital using 5 different X-ray machines. Before the study commenced quality assurance was done on the machines. The following examinations were considered: Cervical spine (AP), cervical spine (LAT), Skull (AP), Skull (PA), Abdomen (AP), Pelvis (AP), Lumber spine (AP), Lumber spine (LAT), Chest (PA) and Chest (LAT). Thermoluminescence lithium fluoride (LiF) (TLD-100, 3.16 X 3.16 X 0.9 mm3, Harshaw) and the Rando phantom were used to estimate the ESD‟s in mGy. Three TLD‟s were mounted on the top of the phantom in the centre of X-ray beam, external to the organ/tissue being imaged. The average dose was calculated for each radiograph and for each examination. The following technique factors were recorded: tube kilovoltage, focus-to-surface distance, focus-to-film distance, time and mA. vi Results: The mean ESD‟s measured at the centre of X-ray beam on the surface of the phantom for the following examinations are: Cervical spine (AP), 2.99 (± 0.26) mGy; Cervical spine (LAT), 3.23 (± 0.34) mGy; Skull (PA), 3.50 (±0.37) mGy; Skull (LAT), 2.60 (± 0.26) mGy; Abdomen (AP), 4.18 (± 0.40) mGy; Pelvis (AP), 3.96 (± 0.33) mGy; Lumber spine (APS), 4.72 (± 0.39) mGy; Lumber spine (LAT), 8.56 (± 0.67) mGy Chest (PA), 0.72 (± 0.27) mGy and Chest (LAT), 1.03 (± 0.45) mGy. Conclusion: The results of the individual exposure and the overall results of each examination were lower than reported in the literature except for the chest (PA). The determination of patient dose and the comparison with the international DRL‟s are an important factor in the optimization process in diagnostic radiology and it is of special concern for the patient‟s protection. The baseline of diagnostic reference levels for the Dr George Mukhari hospital has been established and the results obtained could be useful for future patient dose measurements in diagnostic radiology Department at the Dr George Mukhari hospital.
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Suleiman, Mo'ayyad Essa Abedulrahman. "Diagnostic Reference Levels for digital mammography in Australia." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/18930.
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Aims: In 3 phases, this thesis explores: radiation doses delivered to women during mammography, methods to estimate mean glandular dose (MGD), and the use of mammographic breast density (MBD) in MGD calculations. Firstly, it examines Diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) for digital mammography in Australia, with novel focus on the use of compressed breast thickness (CBT) and detector technologies as a guide when determining patient derived DRLs. Secondly, it analyses the agreement between Organ Dose estimated by different digital mammography units and calculated MGD for clinical data. Thirdly, it explores the novel use of MBD in MGD calculations, suggesting a new dose estimation called the actual glandular dose (AGD), and compares MGD to AGD. Methods: DICOM headers were extracted from 52405 anonymised mammograms using 3rd party software. Exposure and QA information were utilised to calculate MGD using 3 methods. LIBRA software was used to estimate MBD for 31097 mammograms. Median, 75th and 95th percentiles were calculated across MGDs obtained for all included data and according to 9 CBT ranges, average population CBT, and for 3 detector technologies. The significance of the differences, correlations, and agreement between MGDs for different CBT ranges, calculation methods, and different density estimation methods were analysed. Conclusions: This thesis have recommended DRLs for mammography in Australia, it shows that MGD is dependent upon CBT and detector technology, hence DRLs were presented as a table for different CBTs and detectors. The work also shows that Organ Doses reported by vendors vary from that calculated using established methodologies. Data produced also show that the use of MGD calculated using standardised glandularities underestimates dose at lower CBTs compared to AGD by up to 10%, hence, underestimating radiation risk. Finally, AGD was proposed; it considers differences in breast composition for individualised radiation-induced risk assessment.
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De, Vos Hendrik Johannes. "Radiation dose optimization in interventional radiology and cardiology using diagnostic reference levels." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20928.
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The International Commission of Radiological Protection (ICRP) advises that in principle Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRL) could be used in fluoroscopically guided interventional procedures to avoid unnecessary stochastic radiation risk. The increase in complexity of interventional procedures, combined with a lack of specialist training on radiation techniques, poses a significant risk to patients. These risks have not gone unnoticed by government authorities worldwide and in 2015 the South African Department of Health: Directorate Radiation Control issued requirements to license holders of interventional fluoroscopy units, requiring that a medical physicist optimize their radiation usage using DRLs. The Dose Area Product (DAP) quantity measured for each patient represents a dosimetry index, the value of which for the purpose of improvement should be optimized against the DRL. In this dissertation, I aim to establish if DRLs in the South African private healthcare interventional theatres are high compared to international levels and whether DRLs will optimize the doses used.
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Daniels, Edwin Ralph. "Measurement of radiation doses to patients undergoing routine X-ray examinations in Windhoek, Namibia to develop diagnostic reference levels." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/3076.
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Thesis (MSc (Radiography))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2019Background: The National Radiation Protection Authority (NRPA) of Namibia was tasked in 2005 by the IAEA under the project RAF9/033 to develop diagnostic reference levels for conventional radiographic examinations. To date, no study that examines the radiation dose in diagnostic radiology has been undertaken in Namibia and radiation protection of patients may not be optimised. Diagnostic reference levels acts as a quality assurance tool that identifies procedures or activities where patient doses are high. Objectives: The purpose of the study was to develop local Diagnostic Reference Levels (LDRL’s) for commonly performed conventional radiography projections in Windhoek, Namibia. The objectives of the study were to: • Measure KAP (Kerma Area Product) for postero-anterior (PA) and lateral (LAT) chest, antero-posterior (AP) and LAT lumbar spine, AP pelvis, and PA and LAT skull projections. • Calculate entrance skin and effective doses from the recorded KAP values. • To compare the KAP, entrance skin doses and effective doses with internationally established reference levels for the same procedure as well as similar studies in Africa. • Develop conversion coefficients from KAP values for estimation of effective and skin doses in clinical practice. Method: In this study, three (3) hospitals located in Windhoek, Khomas region were selected and KAP measurements were recorded on 218 patients with a mean weight of 70±5kg.The entrance skin, and effective doses were calculated through Monto Carlo simulations by entering the geometric data, exposure parameters and equipment specifications and KAP values into PCXMC 2.0 software (Finland). Diagnostic Reference levels (75th percentile), entrance skin doses (ESDs) and effective doses were calculated for anterior (PA) and lateral (LAT) chest, antero-posterior (AP) and LAT lumbar spine, AP pelvis, and PA and LAT skull projections. Results: The 75th percentiles of the entrance skin doses combined for PA and LAT chest, AP and LAT Lumbar spine, AP Pelvis and PA and LAT skull were, 0.0333 mSv, 0.0663 mSv, 0.1970 mSv, 0.2740 mSv, 0.2497 mSv, 0.0922 mSv, and 0.0584 mSv respectively. The effective doses for the same procedures were 0.0545 mSv, 0.0942, 0.3792, 0.2970 mSv, 0.3061 mSv, 0.0267 and 0.0283 respectively. The highest skin dose was recorded for the lateral lumbar spine projection while the highest effective dose was measured for AP lumbar spine projection. Conclusion: The ESD’s in this study were much lower than previously reported values. However the effective doses were generally similar and compare well with previous studies. On the basis of the results it can be concluded that the effective dose is a better dosimetry quantity than ESD to determine deterministic effects of radiation.
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Trigger, David Scott, and n/a. "Does the way we measure poverty matter? : an analysis of alternative poverty measures with particular reference to changes in the level of poverty in Australia between 1975 and 1994." University of Canberra. Management & Technology, 2000. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061109.153010.
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There has been considerable controversy and debate over recent years about the most
appropriate method of measuring poverty. This debate has included, among other issues,
the questions of absolute versus relative poverty, the merits of money income as a
measure of the standard of living and the associated selection of poverty lines and
equivalence scales, and the selection of alternative indices of poverty. A review of the
literature indicates that the choice of differing approaches to poverty measurement can
lead to differing estimates of poverty. In the face of such results an evaluation of the
impact upon poverty estimates of alternative measurement methodology is appropriate.
This thesis assesses the impact upon the estimated level of poverty of variations in some
of the key poverty measurement parameters. The expenditure data derived from the
1975-76, 1984 and 1993-94 Household Expenditure Surveys have been analysed to
assess the sensitivity of poverty estimates, derived from a range of poverty indices, to
variations in the generosity of the equivalence scales, the level of the poverty line, and
the choice of the indicator of the level of resources used. The sensitivity of each poverty
index to variations in these parameters is assessed at both the aggregated level and for
the specified household types, while those population subgroups particularly susceptible
to poverty are also identified. The poverty distributions derived for each of the survey
years are compared to evaluate the impact upon changes in the level of poverty over
time of variations in the underlying parameters.
The thesis concludes that both poverty estimates at a point in time, and poverty trends
over time are sensitive to variations in the equivalence scales, in the level of the poverty
line, in the selection of the indicator of the level of resources, and in the choice of
poverty index itself. In light of these results, a review of recent Australian poverty
research concludes that insufficient attention has been paid to the sensitivity issues
associated with the measurement of poverty.
Books on the topic "Dose Reference Level"
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National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, ed. Reference levels and achievable doses in medical and dental imaging: Recommendations for the United States. Bethesda, Md: National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, 2012.
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Intervention for recovery after accidents, application of emergency reference levels of dose in emergency planning and response, identification and investigation of abnormally high gamma dose rates. Chilton, Oxon: National Radiological Protection Board, 1997.
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Martin, Colin J., and Dr David G. Sutton. Diagnostic radiology—patient dosimetry. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199655212.003.0014.
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A knowledge of the doses that patients receive is important to optimize radiation protection in diagnostic radiology. This chapter covers the methodology involved in assessment and management of patient dose for radiography and fluoroscopy. The dose quantities are described and ones to use for different applications are discussed. The instruments and measurement techniques used are described, including passive techniques such as TLD and radiochromic film. The need to consider scattering of X-rays from surfaces is explained. Factors to be taken into account include whether the assessment is for practical evaluation of technique or to provide an indication of risk. The appropriate dose to assess could be that to the whole body, the skin surface, or a particular organ such as the breast in mammography. These factors all feed into the patient dose audit process, which is explained together with the setting of diagnostic references levels to aid optimization.
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Intervention for Recovery After Accidents, Application of Emergency Reference Levels of Dose in Emergency Planning and Response, Identification and Investigation ... Gamma Dose Rates (Documents of the NRPB). National Radiological Protection Board, 1997.
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Greenlaw, Raymond, H. James Hoover, and Walter L. Ruzzo. Limits to Parallel Computation. Oxford University Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195085914.001.0001.
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This book provides a comprehensive analysis of the most important topics in parallel computation. It is written so that it may be used as a self-study guide to the field, and researchers in parallel computing will find it a useful reference for many years to come. The first half of the book consists of an introduction to many fundamental issues in parallel computing. The second half provides lists of P-complete- and open problems. These lists will have lasting value to researchers in both industry and academia. The lists of problems, with their corresponding remarks, the thorough index, and the hundreds of references add to the exceptional value of this resource. While the exciting field of parallel computation continues to expand rapidly, this book serves as a guide to research done through 1994 and also describes the fundamental concepts that new workers will need to know in coming years. It is intended for anyone interested in parallel computing, including senior level undergraduate students, graduate students, faculty, and people in industry. As an essential reference, the book will be needed in all academic libraries.
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Veatch, Robert M., Amy Haddad, and E. J. Last. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190277000.003.0001.
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The introduction provides a short orientation to the major questions of normative ethical theory with reference to and examples from the practice of pharmacy. At the most general level, ethics addresses the source, meaning, and justification of ethical claims and distinguishes between facts and evaluations (ethical and nonethical). Next, it distinguishes between the two major answers to the question of what kinds of acts are right, answers based on consequences and those based on duty. The third question is how rules apply to specific situations, distinguishing between more situational approaches and those that apply rules more rigidly. Finally, the chapter takes up the question of what ought to be done in specific cases, considering what should be done when moral rules and principles conflict.
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Kissick, Michael W., and Sharareh Fakhraei. Lectures on Radiation Dosimety Physics. Medical Physics Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.54947/9781930524927.
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This book is based on course notes from Medical Physics 501, a quite famous course in the Medical Physics Department of the University of Wisconsin–Madison. All of this material derives very heavily from Frank "Herb" Attix, the course's original instructor. It also benefited from Thomas Rockwell Mackie, the course's second instructor, who innovated by more properly organizing the material. From Alireza Kassaee in Medical Physics…"I find the Lectures on Radiation Dosimetry Physics a well mathematically illustrated supplemental book for a graduate course in radiation dosimetry. It is also a fine reference for practicing medical physicists who are using the two dosimetry protocols and need to either remind themselves of fundamentals or have a deeper understanding of the details in the protocols without having to refer to many publications and textbooks on the subject." Modern protocols can guide a person toward uncertainties of only 0.5% in the energy deposited per unit mass, the dose. In order to achieve this remarkably low level of uncertainty, one must fully understand all of the subtleties along the way. That is the purpose of this book. This book covers essential physics concepts for understanding and calculating problems in the physical energy deposited in matter from ionizing radiation. The focus of application is on medical uses, both imaging and radiation therapy. There is more weight on radiation therapy throughout the book because of the much greater need for accuracy and precision in that field. This work also draws upon many others, including Paul DeLuca and others in the University of Wisconsin–Madison medical physics and human oncology departments. Also helpful were many of the faculty of the nuclear engineering departments of both Pennsylvania State University and the University of Wisconsin–Madison.
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Guido, Ferrarini, and Macchiavello Eugenia. Part V The Broader View and the Future of MiFID, 23 Investment-Based Crowdfunding: Is MiFID II Enough? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198767671.003.0023.
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This chapter explores the policy and regulatory issues generated by investment-based crowdfunding in Europe. Firstly, it argues that crowdfunding raises serious investor protection concerns, particularly when directed to retail investors. As governments try to stimulate innovation and the formation of new enterprises, a trade-off is created between investor protection and economic growth. The laws of the EU and its Member States try to solve this trade-off in different ways, as the chapter shows with reference to MiFID and the laws of the UK, France, Italy, Spain and Germany. Secondly, it shows that MiFID II, while enhancing investor protection and furthering harmonization, does not create all the conditions needed for a pan-European crowdfunding market. At the same time, MiFID II narrows the potential for exemptions under which some Member States have adopted special regimes for crowdfunding, therefore restricting the scope for an enabling approach to investment-based crowdfunding at national level.
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Hogans, Beth B., and Antje M. Barreveld, eds. Pain Care Essentials. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199768912.001.0001.
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Pain Care Essentials targets the needs of primary care providers and entry-level healthcare professionals to understand pain. Based on the successful approach of examining four basic questions, this textbook addresses: What is pain? How is pain assessed? How is pain managed? and How does clinical context impact pain experience and management? Weaving together advances in science and clinical practice, this text covers the full spectrum from basic pain signaling mechanisms, psychology, and epidemiology, to clinical skills, treatment choices, and impacts on children, older adults, and those with substance use disorders, at a depth attuned to the foundations of clinical practice. Based on a learner-centered teaching philosophy; we believe that a deeper understanding of patient-centered pain care, including socioemotional development, enhances the clinical experience for patients, caregivers, and healthcare providers; leading to better outcomes, higher levels of patient satisfaction, and less provider burnout. Each chapter includes learning objectives, a clinical case, multiple choice questions, and selected references. Figures, tables, and textboxes enhance reader engagement. The goal is to deliver essential pain content that can be incorporated into an integrated curriculum preparing students for formative and summative assessments of core competencies in pain, as well as meeting the needs of the more experienced general reader seeking a quick update. Prepared by an interprofessional authorship team for an audience that includes physicians, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, pharmacists, and students of all healthcare professions, this work fills an important gap by focusing on pain as encountered by the broadest spectrum of healthcare practitioners.
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Magder, Sheldon. Central venous pressure monitoring in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0132.
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Central venous pressure (CVP) is at the crucial intersection of the force returning blood to the heart and the force produced by cardiac function, which drives the blood back to the systemic circulation. The normal range of CVP is small so that before using it one must ensure proper measurement, specifically the reference level. A useful approach to hypotension is to first determine if arterial pressure is low because of a decrease in vascular resistance or a decrease in cardiac output. This is done by either measuring cardiac output or making a clinical assessment blood flow. If the cardiac output is decreased, next determine whether this is because of a cardiac pump problem or a return problem. It is at this stage that the CVP is most helpful for these options can be separated by considering the actual CVP or even better, how it changed with the change in cardiac output. A high CVP is indicative of a primary pump problem, and a low CVP and return problem. Understanding the factors that determine CVP magnitude, mechanisms that produce the components of the CVP wave form and changes in CVP with respiratory efforts can also provide useful clinical information. In many patients, CVP can be estimated on physical exam.
Book chapters on the topic "Dose Reference Level"
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Azhar, F. H., H. A. Jaafar, N. S. M. Azlan, and N. D. Osman. "Investigation of Patient Dose Received During Digital Dental Radiography and Comparison with International Diagnostic Reference Level (DRL)." In 3rd International Conference on Radiation Safety & Security in Healthcare Services, 25–33. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7859-0_4.
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Sharma, Sunil Dutt, Reena Sharma, Ujjwala Mulchandani, A. Chabey, G. Chourasia, and Y. S. Mayya. "Measurement of Entrance Skin Dose for Diagnostic X-ray Radiographic Examinations and Establishment of Local Diagnostic Reference Levels." In IFMBE Proceedings, 860–63. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29305-4_226.
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Luckman, Susan, and Jane Andrew. "Establishing a Crafty Making Future: What Does a Career in Craft Look Like Today?" In Creative Working Lives, 101–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44979-7_4.
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AbstractThis chapter outlines the diversity of ways that project participants have developed and structured their working lives and enterprises. Within these conversations we will gain an understanding of the range of people, personal acumen, skills, and public and private investments that are garnered by these creative entrepreneurs to develop and sustain their practices. Through the lens of Milanesi’s three forms of ‘passion entrepreneurship’: lifestyle, accidental, and hybrid entrepreneur (Milanesi 2018, p. 425), why makers pursue this work, despite the often relatively low levels of income to be derived from creative self-employment, is explored. The chapter concludes with a reference listing of some of the key practical advice offered by the research participants.
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García-Álvarez, David, Javier Lara Hinojosa, Francisco José Jurado Pérez, and Jaime Quintero Villaraso. "General Land Use Cover Datasets for Europe." In Land Use Cover Datasets and Validation Tools, 313–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90998-7_16.
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AbstractThe land uses and covers of Europe are the most systematically mapped in the world today, and their associated datasets offer the greatest spatial and thematic detail. Thanks to the work done within the Copernicus Land Monitoring programme run by the European Environmental Agency (EEA) and the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission, there are many general LUC datasets covering most of the European continent. These general datasets map all land uses and covers on the ground, without focusing on any specific type. However, whereas some cover the whole of Europe, others only map specific local areas of interest, such as urban or coastal areas, riparian zones or spaces protected under the Nature 2000 network. CORINE Land Cover (CLC) is the flagship European LUC mapping programme and a reference worldwide. It has provided consistent LUC information at a detailed scale (1:100,000) every 6 years since 1990. This is the result of a high degree of coordination between many different organizations and institutions across Europe. The Copernicus programme also includes other European datasets such as Urban Atlas, N2K, Riparian Zones and Coastal Zones, which provide very detailed LUC information at higher levels of spatial detail (scale 1:10,000) for specific geographical area types: Functional Urban Areas, the Natura 2000 network, riparian zones from Strahler level 2–8 rivers and areas 10 km away from the coastline. However, these projects do not cover the same long timeframe as CLC. In addition, their long-term future is far from clear in that updates are only planned for Urban Atlas and Coastal Zones. PELCOM, GlobCorine and the Annual Land Cover Product are the European projects that most resemble the LUC maps available at global and supra-national scales for other parts of the world. They were obtained through classification of satellite imagery. PELCOM and GlobCorine are only available for a few dates and at quite coarse spatial resolutions: 1 km and 300 m respectively. The Annual Land Cover Product consists of a series of LUC maps for the period 2000–2019 at a highly detailed spatial resolution (30 m). It offers information for a large number of different points in time. However, it makes a separate classification of land uses each year, which means that change analysis with this dataset is more uncertain than with CLC or other Copernicus Land Monitoring products. HILDA and S2GLC 2017 are LUC datasets produced within the framework of different research projects, which can be considered reference products in their respective fields. HILDA provides one of the largest time series of LUC maps currently available, spanning the period from 1900 to 2010. S2GLC 2017 is one of the most spatially detailed LUC mapping experiences at a supra-national scale, with a spatial resolution of 10 m.
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Speziale, Valerio. "Il ‘diritto dei valori’. La tirannia dei valori economici e il lavoro nella Costituzione e nelle fonti europee." In Studi e saggi, 125–63. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-484-7.09.
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After analysing the different meanings of the term «value» and the passage from juridical positivism to «the right of values» (described in its essential characteristics), the essay points out the constitutional principles of labour in the Italian Constitution and in the European legal sources. The evolution of the legislation enacted in the last few years (mainly since the last decade of the twentieth century) shows that Labour Law has been functionalized to reaching economic targets, creating a «tyranny of values», according to Carl Schmitt’s theory. However, the supremacy of economic values which has influenced the legislation is in contrast with the principles of Labour protection established in the Constitution, in the European legal sources and in the Charts of fundamental rights. Such principles, in the light of the rules of interpretation of these legal texts, impose different legal disciplines. They are also based on the interpretations of the Constitutional Court which define labour as a fundamental right of man and require a «personalistic» rather than a «mercantile» vision of Labour Law protection. Also the European legal sources protect labour to a similar extent to the Italian Constitution, with specific reference to the European Social Chart. However if, as expressed by some decisions of the Court of Justice, we should sustain that the law of the European Union does not express the same «idea of work» as our Constitution, this situation would not justify the prevalence of the economic dimension of labour. In fact, the Italian Constitutional Court has recently stated that the principles established by the European legislation must be «harmonized and balanced» with those contained in the Constitution, in order to ensure «the highest protection of rights at a systemic level» (judgement no. 269/2017). Such harmonization does not allow economic values to prevail over some es- sential labour characteristics (such as dignity, freedom of expression, safety, equal conditions of labour and remuneration, etc.) with which the human personality is formed.
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García-Álvarez, David, Javier Lara Hinojosa, and Francisco José Jurado Pérez. "Global Thematic Land Use Cover Datasets Characterizing Artificial Covers." In Land Use Cover Datasets and Validation Tools, 419–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90998-7_21.
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AbstractThe mapping of artificial covers at a global scale has received increasing attention in recent years. Numerous thematic global Land Use Cover (LUC) datasets focusing on artificial surfaces have been produced at increasingly high spatial resolutions and using methods that ensure improved levels of accuracy. In fact, there are several long time series of maps showing the evolution of artificial surfaces from the 1980s to the present. Most of them allow for change detection over time, which is possible, thanks to the high level of accuracy at which artificial surfaces can be mapped and because transitions from artificial to non-artificial covers are very rare. Global thematic LUC datasets characterizing artificial covers usually map the extent or percentage of artificial or urban areas across the world. They do not provide thematic detail on the different uses or covers that make up artificial or urban surfaces. Unlike other general or thematic LUC datasets, those focusing on artificial covers make extensive use of radar data. In several cases, optical and radar imagery have been used together, as each source provides complementary information. Global Urban Expansion 1992–2016 and ISA, which were produced at a spatial resolution of 1 km, are the coarsest of the nine datasets reviewed in this chapter. ISA provides information on the percentage of impervious surface area per pixel. The GHSL edition of 2014 and the GMIS at 30 m also provide sub-pixel information, whereas all the other datasets reviewed here only map the extent of artificial/impervious/urban areas. Most of the datasets reviewed in this chapter were produced at a spatial resolution of 30 m. This is due to the extensive use of Landsat imagery in the production of these datasets. Landsat provides a long, high-resolution series of satellite imagery that enables effective mapping of the evolution of impervious surfaces at detailed scales. Of the datasets produced at 30 m, Global Urban Land maps artificial covers for seven different dates between 1980 and 2015, while GHSL does the same for five different dates between 1987 and 2016, although the map for the last date was produced at 20 m. GUB maps the extent of urban land for seven dates between 1990 and 2018 and was produced together with GAIA, which provides an annual series of maps for the period 1985–2018. HBASE, GMIS and GISM, also at 30 m, are only available for one reference year. The same is true of GUF and WSF, which were produced as part of the same effort to map global artificial surfaces as accurately as possible. They provide the most detailed datasets up to date, with spatial resolutions of 12 m (GUF) and 10 m (WSF). Future updates of WSF will produce a consistent time series of global LC maps of artificial areas from the 1980s to the present. It aims to be the longest, most detailed, most accurate dataset ever produced on this subject.
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Miller, Donald L. "Diagnostic Reference Levels." In Dose, Benefit, and Risk in Medical Imaging, 63–78. CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429444326-4.
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"Doses and Levels of Common Antibiotic and Antiseizure Medications." In Reference Range Values for Pediatric Care, 125–42. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/9781581108545-ch10.
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"11: Doses and Levels of Common Medications Requiring Therapeutic Drug Monitoring." In Reference Range Values for Pediatric Care, 137–56. 2nd ed. American Academy of Pediatrics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/9781610022811-ch11.
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Schenck, Douglas, and Peter Wilson. "References." In Information Modeling: The EXPRESS Way. Oxford University Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195087147.003.0020.
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Identifiers (or names) are created by a declaration. They are referenced by various statements. EXPRESS does not require declaration before reference, therefore the reference can come after or before the place where the declaration is given. The usual way of referring to a thing is to simply write its name. However, there are situations where a more elaborate reference — called a qualified reference — is needed. Some qualified names can be quite long. The Alias statement (13.2) can be used to simplify matters when the qualified name gets too clumsy to work with conveniently. A scope is a region of the source within which a name is visible. References to a name are legal in its scope but are illegal outside it. Scopes can be thought of as boxes nested within other boxes as illustrated by Figure 12.1. EXPRESS assumes that there is a giant box called the ‘universe’ which surrounds every other scope. All of the standard identifiers (Integer, Real... Abs, Usedln...) and all schemas are in the scope of the universe. As an example Figure 12.2 gives an inventory of the full names of the things shown in Figure 12.1 (but note that ‘universe’ is never specifically written). Although it may seem that some of the ‘given’ names are duplicates (AnAttribute for instance), when the full name is written out every name is unique. Name uniqueness is a requirement of EXPRESS. Peer names are visible to one another. The picture shows peer names as the ones inside the same box. The same effect is shown in the inventory by tracing common name elements from left to right until a name difference is found. Peer names are the ones at the level where the difference occurs. Visibility to other names starts at some point in the name chain. Every name along the path (reading from right to left) and their peers are visible. In the picture, start inside some box and jump outside. The names in that outer box are visible. Then jump to the next outer box, etc., until there are no more outer boxes. As an example, ASchema. AnotherEntity. AnotherAttribute (‘Universe’ will no longer be used) can ‘see’ the things shown in Figure 12.3. In fact, references can to their simple names can be used.
Conference papers on the topic "Dose Reference Level"
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Liu, Fangfang, Mingqi Shen, Taosheng Li, and Chunyu Liu. "Proton Dose Conversion Coefficients Based on Chinese Reference Adult Woman Voxel Phantom." In 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-15506.
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In order to calculate the dose conversion coefficients for proton, the voxel model of Chinese Reference Adult Woman (CRAW) was established by the Monte Carlo transport code FLUKA according to the Chinese reference data and the Asian reference data. Compared with the reference data, the deviations of the mass for organs or tissues of CRAW is less than ±5%. Calculations have been performed for 14 incident monoenergetic protons energies from 0.02GeV to 10TeV at the irradiation incident of anterior-posterior (AP) and posterior-anterior (PA). The results of fluence-to-effective dose conversion coefficients are compared with data from the different models such as an anthropomorphic mathematical model, ICRP reference adult voxel model, the voxel-based visible Chinese human (VCH). Anatomical differences among various computational phantoms and the spatial geometric positions of the organs or tissues lead to the discrepancies of the effective dose conversion coefficients in the ranging from a negligible level to 107% at proton energies below 0.2GeV. The deviations of the coefficients, above 0.2GeV, are mostly within 10%. The results of fluence-to-organ absorbed dose conversion coefficients are compared with the data of VCH. The deviations of the coefficients, below and above 0.2GeV, are within 150% and 20%, respectively. The primary factors of the deviations for the coefficients should be due to the differences of the organ mass and the size of the body shape.
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Yang, Wen, Xing Li, Jinrong Qiu, and Lun Zhou. "Study on Radiation Dose Calculation of PWR Spent Fuel Storage and Transportation." In 2021 28th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone28-64457.
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Abstract With the rapid development of nuclear energy, spent fuel will accumulate in large quantities. Spent fuel is generally cooled and placed in a storage pool, and then transported to a reprocessing plant at an appropriate time. Because spent fuel is content with a high level of radiation, spent fuel storage and transportation safety play important roles in the nuclear safety. Radiation dose safety are checked and validated using source analysis and Monte Carlo method to establish a radiation dose rate calculation model for PWR spent fuel storage pool and transport container. The calculation results show that the neutron and photon dose rates decrease exponentially with increase of water level under normal condition of storage pool. The attenuation multiples of neutron and photon dose rates are 4.64 and 1.59, respectively. According to radiation dose levels in different water height situations, spent fuel pool under loss of coolant accident can be divides into five workplaces. They are supervision zone, regular zone, intermittent zone, restricted zone and radiation zone. Under normal condition of transport container, the dose rates at the surface of the container and at a distance of 1 m from the surface are 0.1759 mSv/h and 0.0732 mSv/h, respectively. The dose rates decrease with the increasing radius of break accident, and dose rate at the surface of the transport container is 0.278 mSv/h when the break radius is 20 cm. Transport container conforms to the radiation safety standards of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). This study can provide some reference for radiation safety analysis of spent fuel storage and transportation.
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Yang, Bo, He-xi Wu, and Yi-bao Liu. "Simulation and Analysis: The Dose Distribution of KBS-3 Spent Nuclear Fuel Canister by MCNP." In 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-29058.
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With the sustained and rapid development of the nuclear power plants, the spent fuel which is produced by the nuclear power plants will be rapidly rising. Spent fuel is High-level radioactive waste and should be disposed safely, which is important for the environment of land, public safety and health of the nuclear industry, the major issues of sustainable development and it is also necessary part for the nuclear industry activities. It is important to study and resolve the high-level radioactive waste repository problem. Spent nuclear fuel is an important component in the radioactive waste, The KBS-3 canister for geological disposal of spent nuclear fuel in Sweden consists of a ductile cast iron insert and a copper shielding. The ductile cast iron insert provides the mechanical strength whereas the copper protects the canister from corrosion. The canister inserts material were referred to as I24, I25 and I26, Spent nuclear fuel make the repository in high radiant intensity. The radiation analysis of canister insert is important in canister transport, the dose analysis of repository and groundwater radiolysis. Groundwater radiolysis, which produces oxidants (H2O2 and O2), will break the deep repository for spent nuclear fuel. The dose distribution of canister surface with different kinds of canister inserts (I24, I25 and I26) is calculated by MCNP (Ref. 1). Analysing the calculation results, we offer a reference for selecting canister inserts material.
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Beenken, Matthew R., Christina L. Rocco, and Timothy S. Andreychek. "AP1000® Submergence Testing of Service Level I Protective Coatings." In 2016 24th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone24-60228.
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A portion of the Service Level (SL) I coating systems inside the AP1000®1 containment become submerged during a design basis loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) as a result of containment flood-up. The Design Basis Accident (DBA) qualification of SL I coatings for the AP1000 did not initially include post-DBA submergence conditions. Submergence testing was performed using a standard test (Reference 2). Test articles were carbon steel coupons coated with one of two coating SL I coating systems; an untopcoated inorganic zinc system (Carboline Carbozinc® 11 HSN2) and a system consisting of inorganic zinc and an epoxy (Carboline Carboguard® 890N3) topcoat. Half of the inorganic zinc samples tested were irradiated to a total accumulated dose of approximately 1×109 rads prior to submergence testing. Autoclaves were used to simulate the post-LOCA environment inside of the AP1000 containment. The working fluid was a boric acid solution buffered with trisodium phosphate (TSP) to a pH of approximately 7.8. The pressure and fluid temperature inside of the autoclaves was regulated to begin at ambient conditions followed by a pressurization and heat up following pressure and temperature conditions calculated for a cold leg break LOCA for the AP1000 plant, plus an added 10% margin, and the slowly decrease over the 30 day test period to saturation temperature at about 20 psia, simulating a cool-down of the AP1000 plant. Coolant samples of the autoclave inventory were taken and evaluated for dissolved chemical species at specific time intervals during the test. Following exposure to the submerged test environment, each coupon was visually inspected immediately following removal from the autoclaves and was inspected again several days after completion of the test cycle for signs of blistering, rusting, lifting, peeling, discoloration, softening, etching, wrinkling, cracking, swelling, dissolving, delamination, and changes in gloss relative to their observed pre-test condition.
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Palmer, Paul, Lesley Mason, and Mike Dunn. "A Case Study in Healthcare Quality Management: A Practical Methodology for Auditing Total Patient X-Ray Dose During a Diagnostic Procedure." In ASME 7th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2004-58349.
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The healthcare industry is adopting many of the best practices familiar to the manufacturing sector. For example the need for ISO 9000 registration is now seen as an important business driver, indeed, BSI offers specific advice for Healthcare organisations seeking to gain ISO 9001:2000 approval. Accompanying the integration of quality systems into the healthcare business is the need to find practical measures of quality that may be used as part of an overall process to deliver improved performance. The manufacturing industry has a rich array of techniques such as JIT (Just In Time), 6 Sigma, SPC (Statistical Process Control), TQM (Total Quality Management) which may all now be found cited in conjunction with the healthcare industry. This paper focuses on the legislatively driven need to locally audit and minimise the diagnostic X-ray dose received by patients during a Barium Enema procedure. This procedure was selected as it has been shown by other authors to have a reasonably narrow spread of total patient dose levels and therefore might be relatively easy to draw statistically significant inferences for management purposes. The Ionising Radiation (Medical Exposure) Regulations 2000 (IRMER) and Health Service Circular on Clinical Governance (HSC1999/065) state that Clinical Audit should be performed to identify and monitor the issues leading to quality improvement and best practice. This is a statement of requirement, which delegates the responsibility of implementation to the local level. The IRMER Regulation also require the setting of local Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs). These are levels of radiation dose for individual examinations which under normal circumstances should not be exceeded. Producing a meaningful audit and DRLs in small departments raises many issues: data availability and capture may be time consuming especially if records are kept on paper-based systems; analysis of the data may present a steep learning curve in statistical techniques; a high degree of statistical confidence in the results is required along with sensitivity in their presentation and dissemination to ensure that they become part of a process of continuous improvement (rather than part of a blame culture). This paper presents a practical approach to delivering a meaningful audit of locally collected data using readily available software tools (Excel Spreadsheet), in conjunction with a relatively simple numerical statistical analysis technique called ‘bootstrapping’. Bootstrapping enabled us to set the local DRL for this procedure with an estimate of statistical confidence. An analysis was performed on the data to determine factors contributing to total patient dose.
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David, J. L., M. Lambrichts, and M. T. Closon. "INFRACLINIC ACTIVATION OF PLATELETS AND FIBRIN FORMATION IN CANCER PATIENTS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643198.
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Thromboembolism has been frequently reported in cancer patients, mainly in cases with solid tumors. Besides in several animal models, fibrin deposition around the tumor and platelet aggre gates appear to be involved in invasion and metastasis. This study was aimed at evaluating the extent of in vivo platelet activation and fibrin formation in several kinds of human cancer. We excluded from this study patients whose blood was sampled with difficulty as well as those having clinical evidence of thrombosis or embolism, those with thrombocytopenia, increased fibrinogen degradation products or biological pattern of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Fibrinopeptide A (fpA) and β-thrombo-globulin (β-tg) were determined by RIA. Free platelet count ratio (PCR) was determined on whole blood samples as an index of circulating aggregates. Usual coagulation tests, antithrombin III activity, protein C plasma level, F VIII related antigen (F VIII RAG), F VIII Ristocetin cofactor (F VIII RCF) and F VIII procoagulant activity (F VIII C) were also determined.It was found that in more than fifty percent of patients, fpA was significantly increased above the upper reference limit. Cases with increased B-tg were less frequent. Separate increases in β-tg or fpA levels were often observed. PCR remained within the reference values in almost all patients. F VIII RAG, RCF and C were usually above 150 % of the reference mean.We conclude that platelet release and fibrinoformation frequently occur in cancer patients showing no sign of thrombotic process. Increased level of fpA with normal plasma β-tg level suggests that thrombin generation occurs only in the extravascular compart ment, probably next to the tumoral tissues. Increased levels of plasma β-tg with normal fpA levels may result from platelet activation by other stimuli than thrombin. It must be emphasized that normal PCR does not exclude the presence of fibrinous circulating aggregates which cannot be dispersed by EDTA. High F VIII activities may be due to the release of the von Willebrand factor from tumoral vessels.
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Da Silva, Renato, Luiz Brito, Marcelo Albertini, Marcelo Do Nascimento, and André Backes. "Using CNNs for Quality Assessment of No-Reference and Full-Reference Compressed-Video Frames." In Workshop de Visão Computacional. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/wvc.2020.13484.
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For videos to be streamed, they have to be coded and sent to users as signals that are decoded back to be reproduced. This coding-decoding process may result in distortion that can bring differences in the quality perception of the content, consequently, influencing user experience. The approach proposed by Bosse et al. [1] suggests an Image Quality Assessment (IQA) method using an automated process. They use image datasets prelabeled with quality scores to perform a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) training. Then, based on the CNN models, they are able to perform predictions of image quality using both Full- Reference (FR) and No-Reference (NR) evaluation. In this paper, we explore these methods exposing the CNN quality prediction to images extracted from actual videos. Various quality compression levels were applied to them as well as two different video codecs. We also evaluated how their models perform while predicting human visual perception of quality in scenarios where there is no human pre-evaluation, observing its behavior along with metrics such as SSIM and PSNR. We observe that FR model is able to better infer human perception of quality for compressed videos. Differently, NR model does not show the same behaviour for most of the evaluated videos.
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Liepins, Ivars, and Maris Kalinka. "Analyses of Latvian National Geodetic Reference System." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.215.
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National geodetic reference system is base for geodetic and geospatial data and information obtaining, maintenance and distribution in common reference system in country. It means, that it must be as accurate as possible and lockstep with time. Latvian national geodetic reference system (LNGRS) derives from Soviet Union geodetic reference system at beginning of 90-ties last century. Development of LNGRS was done as historical continuation of practice to use height, coordinates, Earth gravitational and geomagnetic systems and national networks. For coordinates was established new Latvian geodetical coordinate system using one week campaign data of GPS NAVSTAR. Heights were kept in Baltic normal height system epoch 1977. Earth gravitational system was established newly by absolute gravimetric measurements. Geomagnetic system was developed as repeat station system. Earth is constantly change system internally and outwardly More growing use of GIS and GNSS in agriculture, construction, logistic, military and everyday life put new challenge for LNGRS and it reliability to actual situation in top level. Main goal of publication is to analyse all aspects of LNGRS against nowadays criteria and requirements of dynamic national geodetic reference system. Results of analyses show feeble and powerful sides of LNGRS.
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Reistad, Ole, Frits Steenhuisen, O̸ystein B. Dick, Gisle Grepstad, Styrkaar Hustveit, and Ingar Amundsen. "Site Survey of Former Naval Base in Andreyev Bay, Northwest-Russia: Radiation Levels and Radionuclide Concentrations On and Below the Surface Level." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7148.
Full textAbstract:
This paper presents the main results of the program to examine radiation levels and radionuclide concentrations on and below the surface level at the former Russian naval base in Andreyev Bay, Murmansk County. Presently, this base represents an exceptional case regarding future remediation and cleanup operations due to the accident risk (∼ max. fuel inventory of 100 submarine cores) and degree of contamination (over 25 years with continuous release — still ongoing — of radionuclides into the terrestrial and marine environment). The first part of the survey consists of about 1030 measurement points established as a grid with 10 m and 5 m mesh size for the measurement of dose rate in two heights above the ground level (0.1 m, 1 m), radionuclide concentrations, drilling of 50 boreholes for further examination of the radionuclide releases on site and the establishment of a 1:500 map of the area. These surveys were completed 2002–04. The results for dose rate measurements taken 1 m above the ground level varies between background levels and 3 mSv/h. Additional measurements were completed around the main building structures at the site and as part of a geological survey of the site. The activity concentration levels for Cs-137 and Sr-90 were measured in 250 points being part of the same measurement grid as above. The results for both isotopes range from normal fallout levels from atmospheric nuclear weapons testing to above 1 MBq/kg. The main conclusion is that continuous releases of fission products from spent nuclear fuel and fuel residues in defect storage pools have, together with inadequate storage facilities for large amounts of solid radioactive waste, led to heavy contamination of fission products in large areas. The 1:500 map is not public accessible. Thus, the second part of the survey was to analyse and document the results in adequate maps. These maps, geo-referenced to the UTM WGS84 system, have been established on the basis of commercial available satellite images from 2004 and show the measurement grid and results for radiation and activity levels in addition to coastline contour and selected infrastructure elements.
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Krüger, Stefan, Hannes Hatecke, Heike Billerbeck, Anna Bruns, and Florian Kluwe. "Investigation of the 2nd Generation of Intact Stability Criteria for Ships Vulnerable to Parametric Rolling in Following Seas." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-10353.
Full textAbstract:
The existing IMO intact stability criteria (IS-Code 2008) do not generally provide sufficient safety against dynamic stability failures such as parametric rolling for modern ships. Therefore, new stability criteria have been developed by IMO / SLF. These so-called Second Generation Stability Criteria shall ensure sufficient dynamic stability. The criteria are structured in a three level approach, where the first level consists of quite simple formulae. If a ship does not pass the first level, it is assumed that the ship is vulnerable to the phenomenon addressed, and the second level of criteria shall then be applied. This level consists of computations which are a little more complex, but they still treat the problems addressed in a strongly simplified manner. If now the ship does not pass the second level, a third level shall be applied to ensure that the ship can be designed and operated safely. This third level consists of direct calculation methods which shall be applied, however no criteria or procedures have yet been developed for this third level. We have applied the level 1 and level 2 criteria to a reference ship where a direct stability assessment has been performed during the design. The results showed extremely large scatter in the required GM-values of the criteria, and none of the criteria showed GM values roughly comparable to the direct assessment. The paper shows why the application of the criteria is challenging for the design of RoRo-ships and why a third level (direct assessment) is urgently required before the first two levels are put into force. Some conclusions are also drawn for the possible treatment of the new criteria in a stability booklet.
Reports on the topic "Dose Reference Level"
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Lehe, Lewis, Sairpaneeth Devunuri, Javier Rondan, and Ayush Pandey. Taxation of Ride-hailing. Illinois Center for Transportation, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-040.
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This report is a guide to the practice of taxing ride-hailing at the state and local levels in the United States. The information is based on a survey of legislation, news articles, journal articles, revenue data, and interviews. We first review the literature and provide a history of ride-hailing and the practice of ride-hailing. We then profile all ride-hailing taxes in the United States, classifying these taxes according to common attributes and pointing out what details of legislation or history distinguishes each tax. One important distinction is between ad valorem taxes, levied as a percentage of fare or revenues, and “per-ride” taxes levied as a flat charge per ride. Another distinction is the differential treatment of shared and single rides. We provide extensive references to laws and ordinances as well as propose a system to classify the state legal environments under which ride-hailing is taxed. States fall into five regimes: (1) a “hands-off” regime wherein local governments are permitted wide leeway; (2) a “tax-free” regime wherein local taxes are prohibited and the state does not impose a tax; (3) a “state-tax-only” regime wherein local taxes are prohibited but the state levies taxes for its own use; (4) a “revenue-sharing” regime wherein the state levies taxes and distributes them to local governments; and (5) a “local-option” regime wherein local governments can opt into participating in a tax system regulated by the state. We make nine recommendations for Illinois policymakers considering taxes on ride-hailing, with the most important being that the state pass legislation clarifying and regulating the rights of local governments to levy such taxes.
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Motel-Klingebiel, Andreas, and Gerhard Naegele. Exclusion and inequality in late working life in the political context of the EU. Linköping University Electronic Press, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/9789179293215.
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European societies need to increase the participation in work over the life course to support the provision of qualified labour and to meet the challenges for social security systems under the condition of their ageing populations. One of the key ambitions is to extend people’s working lives and to postpone labour market exit and retirement where possible. This requires informed policies, and the research programme EIWO – ‘Exclusion and Inequality in Late Working Life: Evidence for Policy Innovation towards Inclusive Extended Work and Sustainable Working Conditions in Sweden and Europe’ – aims to push the boundaries of knowledge about late working life and the potential of its inclusive and equal prolongation via a theoretically driven, gender-sensitive combination of multi-level perspectives. EIWO takes a life course approach on exclusion and inequality by security of tenure, quality of work, workplaces, and their consequences. It identifies life course policies, promoting lifelong learning processes and flexible adaptation to prolong working lives and to avoid increased exclusion and inequality. Moreover, it provides evidence for policies to ensure both individual, company and societal benefits from longer lives. To do so, EIWO orientates its analyses systematically to the macro-political contexts at the European Union level and to the policy goals expressed in the respective official statements, reports and plans. This report systematizes this ambitious approach. Relevant documents such as reports, green books and other publications of the European Commission (EC), the European Parliament (EP), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), as well as those of social partners and research institutions, have been systematically scanned and evaluated. In addition, relevant decisions of European summits have been considered. The selection of documents claims completeness regarding relevant and generally available publication, while relevance is defined from the point of view of EIWO’s interests. It is the aim of this report to provide a sound knowledge base for EIWO’s analyses and impact strategies and to contribute to the emerging research on the connection between population ageing and the European policies towards productivity, inclusiveness, equity, resilience and sustainability. This report aims to answer the following questions: How are EIWO’s conceptual classification and programme objectives reflected in the European Union’s policy programming? How can EIWO’s analyses and impact benefit from a reference to current EU policy considerations, and how does this focus support the outline of policy options and the formulating of possible proposals to Swedish and European stakeholders? The present report was written during early 2022; analyses were finalized in February 2022 and represent the status until this date.
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Hochman, Ayala, Thomas Nash III, and Pamela Padgett. Physiological and Biochemical Characterization of the Effects of Oxidant Air Pollutants, Ozone and Gas-phase Nitric Acid, on Plants and Lichens for their Use as Early Warning Biomonitors of these Air Pollutants. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7697115.bard.
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Introduction. Ozone and related oxidants are regarded as the most important phytotoxic air pollutant in many parts of the western world. A previously unrecognized component of smog, nitric acid, may have even greater deleterious effects on plants either by itself or by augmenting ozone injury. The effects of ozone on plants are well characterized with respect to structural and physiological changes, but very little is known about the biochemical changes in plants and lichens exposed to ozone and/or HNO3. Objectives.To compare and contrast the responses of crop plants and lichens to dry deposition of HNO3 and O3., separately, and combined in order to assess our working hypothesis that lichens respond to air pollution faster than plants. Lichens are most suitable for use as biomonitors because they offer a live-organism-based system that does not require maintenance and can be attached to any site, without the need for man-made technical support systems. Original Immediate aims To expose the tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cultivar Bel-W3 that is ozone supersensitive and the ozone sensitive red kidney bean (Phaseolusvulgaris) and the lichen Ramalinamenziesii to controlled HNO3 and O3 fumigations and combined and to follow the resulting structural, physiological and biochemical changes, with special reference to reactive oxygen species related parameters. Revised. Due to technical problems and time limitations we studied the lichen Ramalinamenziesii and two cultivar of tobacco: Bel-W3 that is ozone supersensitive and a resistant cultivar, which were exposed to HNO3 and O3 alone (not combined). Methodology. Plants and lichens were exposed in fumigation experiments to HNO3 and O3, in constantly stirred tank reactors and the resulting structural, physiological and biochemical changes were analyzed. Results. Lichens. Exposure of Ramalinamenziesiito HNO3 resulted in cell membrane damage that was evident by 14 days and continues to worsen by 28 days. Chlorophyll, photosynthesis and respiration all declined significantly in HNO3 treatments, with the toxic effects increasing with dosage. In contrast, O3 fumigations of R. menziesii showed no significant negative effects with no differences in the above response variables between high, moderate and low levels of fumigations. There was a gradual decrease in catalase activity with increased levels of HNO3. The activity of glutathione reductase dropped to 20% in thalli exposed to low HNO3 but increased with its increase. Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity increase by 20% with low levels of the pollutants but decreased with its increase. Tobacco. After 3 weeks of exposure of the sensitive tobacco cultivar to ozone there were visible symptoms of toxicity, but no danmage was evident in the tolerant cultivar. Neither cultivar showed any visible symptoms after exposure to HNO3.In tobacco fumigated with O3, there was a significant decrease in maximum photosynthetic CO2 assimilation and stomatal conductance at high levels of the pollutant, while changes in mesophyll conductance were not significant. However, under HNO3 fumigation there was a significant increase in mesophyll conductance at low and high HNO3 levels while changes in maximum photosynthetic CO2 assimilation and stomatal conductance were not significant. We could not detect any activity of the antioxidant enzymes in the fumigated tobacco leaves. This is in spite of the fact that we were able to assay the enzymes in tobacco leaves grown in Israel. Conclusions. This project generated novel data, and potentially applicable to agriculture, on the differential response of lichens and tobacco to HNO3 and O3 pollutants. However, due to experimental problems and time limitation discussed in the body of the report, our data do not justify yet application for a full, 4-year grant. We hope that in the future we shall conduct more experiments related to our objectives, which will serve as a basis for a larger scale project to explore the possibility of using lichens and/or plants for biomonitoring of ozone and nitric acid air pollution.
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Nolan, Brian, Brenda Gannon, Richard Layte, Dorothy Watson, Christopher T. Whelan, and James Williams. Monitoring Poverty Trends in Ireland: Results from the 2000 Living in Ireland survey. ESRI, July 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/prs45.
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This study is the latest in a series monitoring the evolution of poverty, based on data gathered by The ESRI in the Living in Ireland Surveys since 1994. These have allowed progress towards achieving the targets set out in the National Anti Poverty Strategy since 1997 to be assessed. The present study provides an updated picture using results from the 2000 round of the Living in Ireland survey. The numbers interviewed in the 2000 Living in Ireland survey were enhanced substantially, to compensate for attrition in the panel survey since it commenced in 1994. Individual interviews were conducted with 8,056 respondents. Relative income poverty lines do not on their own provide a satisfactory measure of exclusion due to lack of resources, but do nonetheless produce important key indicators of medium to long-term background trends. The numbers falling below relative income poverty lines were most often higher in 2000 than in 1997 or 1994. The income gap for those falling below these thresholds also increased. By contrast, the percentage of persons falling below income lines indexed only to prices (rather than average income) since 1994 or 1997 fell sharply, reflecting the pronounced real income growth throughout the distribution between then and 2000. This contrast points to the fundamental factors at work over this highly unusual period: unemployment fell very sharply and substantial real income growth was seen throughout the distribution, including social welfare payments, but these lagged behind income from work and property so social welfare recipients were more likely to fall below thresholds linked to average income. The study shows an increasing probability of falling below key relative income thresholds for single person households, those affected by illness or disability, and for those who are aged 65 or over - many of whom rely on social welfare support. Those in households where the reference person is unemployed still face a relatively high risk of falling below the income thresholds but continue to decline as a proportion of all those below the lines. Women face a higher risk of falling below those lines than men, but this gap was marked among the elderly. The study shows a marked decline in deprivation levels across different household types. As a result consistent poverty, that is the numbers both below relative income poverty lines and experiencing basic deprivation, also declined sharply. Those living in households comprising one adult with children continue to face a particularly high risk of consistent poverty, followed by those in families with two adults and four or more children. The percentage of adults in households below 70 per cent of median income and experiencing basic deprivation was seen to have fallen from 9 per cent in 1997 to about 4 per cent, while the percentage of children in such households fell from 15 per cent to 8 per cent. Women aged 65 or over faced a significantly higher risk of consistent poverty than men of that age. Up to 2000, the set of eight basic deprivation items included in the measure of consistent poverty were unchanged, so it was important to assess whether they were still capturing what would be widely seen as generalised deprivation. Factor analysis suggested that the structuring of deprivation items into the different dimensions has remained remarkably stable over time. Combining low income with the original set of basic deprivation indicators did still appear to identify a set of households experiencing generalised deprivation as a result of prolonged constraints in terms of command over resources, and distinguished from those experiencing other types of deprivation. However, on its own this does not tell the whole story - like purely relative income measures - nor does it necessarily remain the most appropriate set of indicators looking forward. Finally, it is argued that it would now be appropriate to expand the range of monitoring tools to include alternative poverty measures incorporating income and deprivation. Levels of deprivation for some of the items included in the original basic set were so low by 2000 that further progress will be difficult to capture empirically. This represents a remarkable achievement in a short space of time, but poverty is invariably reconstituted in terms of new and emerging social needs in a context of higher societal living standards and expectations. An alternative set of basic deprivation indicators and measure of consistent poverty is presented, which would be more likely to capture key trends over the next number of years. This has implications for the approach adopted in monitoring the National Anti-Poverty Strategy. Monitoring over the period to 2007 should take a broader focus than the consistent poverty measure as constructed to date, with attention also paid to both relative income and to consistent poverty with the amended set of indicators identified here.
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Crystal, Victoria, Justin Tweet, and Vincent Santucci. Yucca House National Monument: Paleontological resource inventory (public version). National Park Service, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293617.
Full textAbstract:
Yucca House National Monument (YUHO) in southwestern Colorado protects unexcavated archeological structures that were constructed by the Ancestral Puebloan people between 1050 and 1300 CE. It was established by Woodrow Wilson by presidential proclamation in 1919 and named “Yucca House” by archeologist Jesse Fewkes as a reference to the names used for this area by the local Ute, Tewa Pueblo, and other Native groups. It was originally only 3.9 ha (9.6 ac) of land, but in 1990, an additional 9.7 ha (24 ac) of land was donated by Hallie Ismay, allowing for the protection of additional archeological resources. Another acquisition of new land is currently underway, which will allow for the protection of even more archeological sites. The archeological resources at YUHO remain unexcavated to preserve the integrity of the structures and provide opportunities for future generations of scientists. One of the factors that contributed to the Ancestral Puebloans settling in the area was the presence of natural springs. These springs likely provided enough water to sustain the population, and the Ancestral Puebloans built structures around one of the larger springs, Aztec Spring. Yet, geologic features and processes were shaping the area of southwest Colorado long before the Ancestral Puebloans constructed their dwellings. The geologic history of YUHO spans millions of years. The oldest geologic unit exposed in the monument is the Late Cretaceous Juana Lopez Member of the Mancos Shale. During the deposition of the Mancos Shale, southwestern Colorado was at the bottom of an inland seaway. Beginning about 100 million years ago, sea level rose and flooded the interior of North America, creating the Western Interior Seaway, which hosted a thriving marine ecosystem. The fossiliferous Juana Lopez Member preserves this marine environment, including the organisms that inhabited it. The Juana Lopez Member has yielded a variety of marine fossils, including clams, oysters, ammonites, and vertebrates from within YUHO and the surrounding area. There are four species of fossil bivalves (the group including clams and oysters) found within YUHO: Cameleolopha lugubris, Inoceramus dimidius, Inoceramus perplexus, and Pycnodonte sp. or Rhynchostreon sp. There are six species of ammonites in three genera found within YUHO: Baculites undulatus, Baculites yokoyamai, Prionocyclus novimexicanus, Prionocyclus wyomingensis, Scaphites warreni, and Scaphites whitfieldi. There is one unidentifiable vertebrate bone that has been found in YUHO. Fossils within YUHO were first noticed in 1875–1876 by W. H. Holmes, who observed fossils within the building stones of the Ancestral Puebloans’ structures. Nearly half of the building stones in the archeological structures at YUHO are fossiliferous slabs of the Juana Lopez Member. There are outcrops of the Juana Lopez 0.8 km (0.5 mi) to the west of the structures, and it is hypothesized that the Ancestral Puebloans collected the building stones from these or other nearby outcrops. Following the initial observation of fossils, very little paleontology work has been done in the monument. There has only been one study focused on the paleontology and geology of YUHO, which was prepared by paleontologist Mary Griffitts in 2001. As such, this paleontological resource inventory report serves to provide information to YUHO staff for use in formulating management activities and procedures associated with the paleontological resources. In 2021, a paleontological survey of YUHO was conducted to revisit previously known fossiliferous sites, document new fossil localities, and assess collections of YUHO fossils housed at the Mesa Verde National Park Visitor and Research Center. Notable discoveries made during this survey include: several fossils of Cameleolopha lugubris, which had not previously been found within YUHO; and a fossil of Pycnodonte sp. or Rhynchostreon sp. that was previously unknown from within YUHO.