Relevant bibliographies by topics / Dose conversion factors

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Dose conversion factors'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 24 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Dose conversion factors"

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Marsh, James W., John D. Harrison, Dominique Laurier, Eric Blanchardon, François Paquet, and Margot Tirmarche. "DOSE CONVERSION FACTORS FOR RADON: RECENT DEVELOPMENTS." Health Physics 99, no. 4 (October 2010): 511–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/hp.0b013e3181d6bc19.

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Cross, W. G., J. Böhm, M. Charles, E. Piesch, and S. M. Seltzer. "Appendix C: Absorbed Dose Distributions; Conversion Factors." Journal of the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements os29, no. 1 (January 5, 1997): 92–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jicru/os29.1.92.

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Cross, W. G., J. Böhm, M. Charles, E. Piesch, and S. M. Seltzer. "Appendix C: Absorbed Dose Distributions; Conversion Factors." Reports of the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements os-29, no. 1 (January 1997): 92–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jicru_os29.1.92.

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KARAMBATSAKIDOU, A., B. SAHLGREN, B. HANSSON, M. LIDEGRAN, and A. FRANSSON. "Effective dose conversion factors in paediatric interventional cardiology." British Journal of Radiology 82, no. 981 (September 2009): 748–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr/57217783.

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Jacob, Peter, and Herwig G. Paretzke. "Dose-rate conversion factors for external gamma exposure." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 255, no. 1-2 (March 1987): 156–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(87)91092-8.

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NAMBI, K. S. V., and M. J. AITKEN. "ANNUAL DOSE CONVERSION FACTORS FOR TL AND ESR DATING." Archaeometry 28, no. 2 (August 1986): 202–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.1986.tb00388.x.

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Ishikawa, Tetsuo, Shinji Tokonami, and Csaba Nemeth. "Calculation of dose conversion factors for thoron decay products." Journal of Radiological Protection 27, no. 4 (November 27, 2007): 447–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0952-4746/27/4/005.

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Bogaert, E., K. Bacher, and H. Thierens. "Interventional cardiovascular procedures in Belgium: effective dose and conversion factors." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 129, no. 1-3 (February 18, 2008): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncn021.

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Ding, G. X., D. W. O. Rogers, J. E. Cygler, and T. R. Mackie. "Electron fluence correction factors for conversion of dose in plastic to dose in water." Medical Physics 24, no. 2 (February 1997): 161–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.597930.

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Kim, S., D. Sopko, G. Toncheva, D. Enterline, B. Keijzers, and T. T. Yoshizumi. "Radiation dose from 3D rotational X-ray imaging: organ and effective dose with conversion factors." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 150, no. 1 (September 16, 2011): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncr369.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Dose conversion factors"

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Wooten, Hasani Omar. "Calculation of internal dose conversion factors for selected spallation products." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/17247.

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Knight, Richard Thomas. "Absorbed dose conversion factors for therapeutic kilovoltage x-ray beams calculated by the Monte Carlo method." Thesis, Institute of Cancer Research (University Of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389910.

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This thesis describes techniques for performing calculations of absorbed dose conversion factors for therapeutic kilovoltage and megavoltage x-ray beams, by application of the Monte Carlo method. These factors are low-energy x-ray backscatter factors, B, low- and medium-energy x-ray mass energy absorption coefficient ratios, water-to-air, We,IP)w.a,r ' and megavoltage x-ray stopping power ratios, water-to-air, s. The EGS4 and ITS Monte Carlo systems were used to model the relevant particle transport. Consistent theoretical expressions for absorbed dose in kilovoltage x-ray beams have been proposed. For low-energy x-rays, the expression for absorbed dose to water, D, requires values of defined as a water kerma ratio at the surface of a water phantom, and also of [(Jie,,/P)w.,r]p, evaluated over the primary spectrum (free-in-air). For medium-energy O x-rays, values of (Pen(Z,f)I'P)w,air are necessary, which are dependent on depth, z, and field-size,f. Bragg-Gray cavity theory entails values of SWthI(z) to convert readings from recommended ionisation chambers, calibrated in terms of air-kerma or exposure, into D. Bremsstrahlung spectra have been calculated by detailed Monte Carlo simulations of the NPL standard accelerator, a Philips SL series linac and a Siemens Stabilipan x-ray unit. Values of (i1 ,,/P)w air and B' have been calculated for therapeutic polyenergetic kilovoltage beams, over a comprehensive range of field sizes and beam qualities, following the Monte Carlo calculation of photon fluence in water and by a kerma-weighted averaging technique utilising primary fluence spectra and pre-calculated values of monoenergetic Values of Spencer-Attix s,, have similarly been calculated for the NPL standard and therapeutic linac beams following the Monte Carlo calculation of electron fluence in water and by a dose-weighted averaging technique utilising primary fluence spectra and pre-calculated monoenergetic dose distributions. Accurate TPR values, which account for linac spectrum quality shift off-axis, have been acquired by convolving water terma distributions with point-energy-deposition kernels. The beam quality dependence of N, the NFL absorbed dose-to-water calibration factor, has subsequently been investigated. Data appropriate for insertion into recommended expressions for D is presented and compared to data provided in the literature.
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Ezzo, Issa. "Determination of the conversion factor for the estimation of effective dose in lungs, urography and cardiac procedures." Thesis, Stockholm University, Medical Radiation Physics (together with KI), 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-8520.

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Patient dose in diagnostic radiology is usually expressed in terms of organ dose and effective dose. The latter is used as a measure of the stochastic risk. Determinations of these doses are obtained by measurements (Thermoluminescent dosemeters) or by calculations (Monte Carlo simulation).

Conversion factors for the calculation of effective dose from dose-area product (DAP) values are commonly used to determine radiation dose in conventional x-ray imaging to realize radiation risks for different investigations, and for different ages. The exposure can easily be estimated by converting the DAP into an effective dose.

The aim of this study is to determine the conversion factor in procedures by computing the ratio between effective dose and DAP for fluoroscopic cardiac procedures in adults and for conventional lung and urography examinations in children.

Thermoluminescent dosemeters (TLD) were placed in an anthropomorphic phantom (Alderson Rando phantom) and child phantom (one year old) in order to measure the organ dose and compute the effective dose. A DAP meter was used to measure dose-area product.

MC calculations of radiation transport in mathematical anthropomorphic phantoms were used to obtain the effective dose for the same conditions with DAP as input data.

The deviation between the measured and calculated data was less than 10 %. The conversion factor for cardiac procedures varies between 0.19 mSvGy-1 cm-2 and 0.18 mSvGy-1 cm-2, for TLD respective MC. For paediatric simulation of a one year old phantom the average conversion factor for urography was 1.34 mSvGy-1 cm-2 and 1,48 mSvGy-1cm-2 for TLD respective MC. This conversion factor will decrease to 1.07 mSvGy-1 cm-2 using the TLD method, if the new ICRP (ICRP Publication 103) weighting factors were used to calculate the effective dose.

For lung investigations, the conversion factor for children was 1.75 mSvGy-1 cm-2 using TLD, while this value was 1.62 mSvGy-1 cm-2 using MC simulation. The conversion value increased to 2.02 mSvGy-1 cm-2 using ICRP’s new recommendation for tissue weighting factors and child phantom.

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Knight, R. T. "Absorbed dose conversion factors for therapeutic kilovoltage and megavoltage x-ray beams calculated by the Monte Carlo method." Thesis, Institute of Cancer Research (University Of London), 1996. http://publications.icr.ac.uk/9719/.

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Santos, João Pedro Pires dos. "Comportamento online dos portugueses e identificação dos factores de conversão." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/17287.

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Mestrado em Econometria Aplicada e Previsão
O presente estudo tem como objectivo a determinação de indicadores avançados que permitam identificar indivíduos susceptíveis de se converterem a um sítio online relativo aos sectores da banca e seguros. Para tal, a partir de uma amostra que contém informação comportamental online de um painel de utilizadores portugueses, foi feita uma análise descritiva aos dados, seguida da estimação de dois modelos de regressão logística respeitante a cada sector alvo de análise. A análise descritiva aos dados demonstra que variáveis demográficas, tais como idade, região, sexo e situação laboral do indivíduo, foram relevantes na distinção dos indivíduos convertidos e não convertidos. Do primeiro modelo logit estimado, relativo à banca, retiramos o motor de busca e a combinação de indicadores comportamentais com características demográficas, como as variáveis que melhor prevêem a conversão de um indivíduo no sector. Jovens com idades entre os 18 e 30 anos, recentemente pais, que passam muito tempo em casa e não estão habituados à internet, constituem um dos perfis mais destacados na probabilidade de ocorrência do evento conversão em banca. Relativamente à segunda regressão estimada, para os seguros, conclui-se que o último clique antes da conversão é o mais relevante. Um indivíduo é mais passível de se converter ao sector de seguros, partindo directamente da página de uma grande empresa. Este fenómeno está implicitamente relacionado com os funcionários que beneficiam de seguro de saúde de uma dada empresa.
The present study's goal is identifying the factors that most explain the conversion of internet users in a website related to the banking and insurance sectors. From a sample containing online behaviour data about a panel of portuguese users, a descriptive analysis was done, followed by the estimation of two logistic regression models for each sector of analysis. The descriptive analysis of data showed that demographic variables such as age, sex, and the individual's work situation, were relevant to distinguish between converted and unconverted individuals. The first estimated logit model, relative to banking, points the use of search engine and a combination of behavioral indicators with demographic characteristics, as the variables that best explains the conversion in the sector. For the second logistic regression, about the insurance sector, we conclude the last click immediately before the conversion, is the most relevant to the event. There are bigger odds an internet user gets converted in the insurance sector, by jumping directly from a website regarded to a big corporation. This phenomenon is linked to employees that benefits from a health insurance service, provided by the corporation.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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FUKUROZAKI, SANDRA H. "Avaliação do ciclo de vida de potenciais rotas de produção de hidrogênio: estudo dos sistemas de gaseificação da biomassa e de energia solar fotovoltaica." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2011. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9993.

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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Gasser, Estelle. "Spectrométrie gamma au laboratoire et in situ : développements et applications environnementales." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAE007/document.

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La spectrométrie γ dose en une seule mesure tous les émetteurs γ dans un échantillon. L’auto-absorption des rayonnements γ dans des échantillons se manifeste par des pertes ou des gains d'impulsions. Pour caractériser une nouvelle géométrie de comptage, des améliorations du dispositif existant ont été apportées par des simulations MCNPX. Avec ce nouveau dispositif nous avons pu spécifier les doses absorbées et efficaces annuelles ainsi que les facteurs de conversion de dose des radioisotopes naturels pour des matériaux de construction et des prélèvements de sols. Des simulations ont montré l’influence des seuils de détection des rayonnements γ donc sur les facteurs de conversion de dose et la nécessité d’une mise à jour de ces facteurs. L’analyse par spectrométrie γ in situ du sol fait appel à des efficacités de détection simulées par MCNPX pour une source aux dimensions semi-infinies. Une application a été réalisée autour d’une centrale nucléaire et une autre pour une société
Γ-ray spectrometry enables determining all γ-ray emitters in a sample with a single measurement. Self-absorption of γ-rays in samples is manifest by a loss or a gain of pulses that results in a poor estimation of the counting efficiency. To characterize a new counting geometry improvements of the existing set-up were made with MCNPX simulations. With the new geometry we could specify absorbed and annual effective doses as well as dose conversion factors for the natural radioisotopes of several building materials and soil samples. Simulations show the influence of detection limits of γ-radiation on dose conversion factors and the need for updating these factors. γ-ray measurements of soil in situ require different counting efficiencies simulated by MCNPX for a semi-infinite source. Two in-situ soil analyses were made, one around a nuclear power and the other for a private company
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Mamani, Nieto Lilian Albi. "Indice y factores de conversión de colecistectomía laparoscópica a colecistectomía abierta en el Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo, 2004-2008." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2010. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/13135.

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Determina el índice y factores de conversión de colecistectomía laparoscópica a convencional en el Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo entre el 2004 y 2008. Asimismo, determina el porcentaje de colecistectomías laparóscopicas y colecistectomías abiertas; realizando un estudio de tipo retrospectivo y transversal.
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Jian, Yu-Hsin, and 簡妤芯. "Size-specific Conversion Factors Used to Evaluate Effective Dose from Dose-Length Product for Children and Adult at CT Scans: Phantoms Study." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/83699516556885674724.

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碩士
中山醫學大學
生物醫學科學學系碩士班
104
The computed tomography (CT) terminal can show dose-length product (DLP) on the monitor before and after clinical scan. However, DLP only presents the dose information for the diameter of 16 cm or 32 cm acrylic phantoms. It cannot be directly represented the effective dose (ED) for different size body. Using conversion factor, or k- factor, DLP can be simply converted into effective dose, but it is still limited to some assigned body sizes or weights. The purpose of this study is to provide k-factors which directly convert the DLP into ED for specific-size of the body. This study would analyze the k-factor, which may correspond to different size of children and adult, for six clinical CT scan ranges, that are head, neck, chest, abdomen, pelvis and whole body (WB). The k-factor was studied by two methods. One is experimental method with the anthropomorphic phantom equipped with thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD), and the other is simulation method with mathematical phantom and Monte Carlo calculation. In the phantom experiment, the phantoms aged of 1, 5, 10 years and adult underwent the CT scans individually. After acquiring the DLP and ED, the experimental k-factor, k-factorE, can be obtained. In the simulation method, the simulated k-factor, k-factorM, can be obtained after analyzing the DLP and ED that derived from the CT Monte Carlo simulation software. The head scan shows a lowest value and the chest or abdomen shows a highest value of k-factors. The trend of experimental and simulation shows the lower of body size and higher of k-factor value. Finally, this study introduces the concept of effective diameter that mentioned in the AAPM Report no.204. We combine k-factor and the effective diameter estimated by the anthropomorphic and mathematical phantoms. The k-factor functions of effective diameter for six scanned regions were presented. They can be easily and practically applied to evaluate the effective dose of the patients after measuring the physical size of the patient on the scanned region. The k-factor function for specific-size of body could be a convenient dose reference for physician, radiologist or radiology technician in CT clinical scan procedure.
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Chou, Kai-Yu, and 周凱妤. "An investigation of ionizing radiation to dose conversion and its calibration factors for a proprietary 2D Pad detector." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/64889466594936139507.

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碩士
國立清華大學
電機工程學系
102
Modern external radiotherapy with photon beams takes advantage of computers, sophisticated algorithms and precise mechanics in order to let the damage close to the tumor while sparing normal tissue. Because of the accurate technique, it becomes more crucial for verification and safety issues. In this study we present the results of dosimetric evaluation of a two- dimensional Pad detector with the objective of its implementation for quality assurance in National Radiation Standard Laboratory (NRSL). The radiation dose conversion of the count reading on Pad detector is performed by means of formula and certain correction for the effect on reading of dosimeter according to the specification of the content of the dose protocols. To proceed with the correction, this research is mainly aimed at environmental temperature and pressure correction, recombination correction, and air Kerma calibration. Experiments and Geant4 simulation are designed to find recombination correction and air Kerma calibration, respectively to correct the difference in output readings between reference and user’s condition. The results show that this detector can be used for 2D dosimetry of beams. The difference of corrected statistic in this study is under 5% compared to the reference statistic provided by NRSL. Four measurements at different time of the same Co60 radiation source using the Pad detector are performed over a period of 43 days. The natural decay of Co60 source can be clearly observed from the measurements. After converting the readings of Pad detector to the same source strength by the decay formula of Co60, it is found that the difference among the four experimental measurements is < 0.4%.
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Books on the topic "Dose conversion factors"

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United States. Dept. of Energy. Assistant Secretary for Environment, Safety, and Health., ed. Internal dose conversion factors for calculation of dose to the public. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Energy, Assistant Secretary for Environment, Safety, and Health, 1988.

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United States. Dept. of Energy. Assistant Secretary for Environment, Safety, and Health. Office of Environmental Guidance and Compliance., ed. External dose-rate conversion factors for calculation of dose to the public. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of Energy, Assistant Secretary for Environment, Safety and Health, Office of Environmental Guidance and Compliance, 1988.

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Amiro, B. D. Radiological dose conversion factors for generic plants and animals. Pinawa, Man: AECL, Whiteshell Laboratories, 1995.

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D, Stewart R., United States. Dept. of Energy. Assistant Secretary for Environment, Safety, and Health. Office of Health., and Pacific Northwest Laboratory, eds. Calculation of neutron fluence to dose conversion factors for extremities. Richland, Wash: Pacific Northwest Laboratory, 1993.

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Reid, J. A. Keith. The effects of age-dependent dose conversion factors from ICRP-72 on biosphere model dose predictions. Pinawa, Man: AECL, Whiteshell Laboratories, Environmental Science Branch, 1997.

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Ann, Torres Betty, and Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute (U.S.), eds. Determination of canine dose conversion factors in mixed neutron and gamma radiation fields. Bethesda, Md: Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, 1996.

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Macdonald, Colin R. External ICRP 60 dose conversion factors for air and water immersion, groundshine and soil. Pinawa, Man: AECL, Whiteshell Laboratories, 1996.

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Amiro, B. D. Radiological dose conversion factors for non-human biota for Canada's nuclear fuel waste disposal concept assessment. Pinawa, Man: AECL, Whiteshell Nuclear Research Establishment, 1992.

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W, Jacobi, Paretzke H. G, Henrichs Klaus, and Gesellschaft für Strahlen- und Umweltforschung., eds. Dosisfaktoren für inkorporierte Radionuklide und Kontaminationen der Haut =: Dose conversion factors for internal emitters and contaminations of the skin. Neuherberg: Gesellschaft für Strahlen- und Umweltforschung, 1989.

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Eckerman, K. F. Limiting values of radionuclide intake and air concentration and dose conversion factors for for inhalation, submersion, and ingestion: Derived guides for control of occupational exposure and exposure-to-dose conversion factors for general application, based on the 1987 federal radiation protection guidance. Oak Ridge, Tenn: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Dose conversion factors"

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Nutbrown, R., S. Duane, D. Shipley, and R. Thomas. "Absorbed Dose Conversion Factors for Megavoltage Photon Beams." In Advanced Monte Carlo for Radiation Physics, Particle Transport Simulation and Applications, 299–304. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18211-2_47.

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Theodorakou, C., and A. Walker. "Paediatric Effective and Organ Dose Conversion Factors for Dental Cone Beam Computed Tomography Using MCNP5." In IFMBE Proceedings, 1199–202. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29305-4_314.

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Tănase, Alin Eliodor, Dumitru Alexandru Stoica, Nicoleta Ileana Trăistaru, and Monika Brigitte Sürgün. "Important Managerial Controversies in Conversion of Financial Statements." In Management Accounting Standards for Sustainable Business Practices, 227–38. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0178-8.ch012.

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Functional currency has been defined as the currency of an entity's main economic environment. A group does not have a functional currency, but the functional currency is set at the level of each group entity. Determining each functional currency at each component of a group is made by looking at several factors. In this chapter, the conversion occurs when the currency in which the financial statements are prepared is different from the presentation, and the important managerial controversies are presented in the conversion of the financial statements. The results show that the conversion of financial statements applies only if the entity whose financial statements are converted has a functional currency that is not a hyperinflationary economy.
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Young, Richard A. "Cell Phone Conversation and Relative Crash Risk." In Encyclopedia of Mobile Phone Behavior, 1274–306. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8239-9.ch102.

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Two pioneering studies that examined cell phone billing records of people who had been in automobile crashes estimated that cell phone “use” while driving elevated crash risk by a factor of four relative to driving without cell phone use, a substantial increase. Cell phone “use” in these pioneering studies refers solely to cell phone conversation, because billing records contain no information about the visual-manual aspects of cell phone use. Recent research suggests that these pioneering studies overestimated the relative risk of cell phone conversation by a factor of seven due to two major biases. After adjustment for these biases, cell phone conversation does not increase crash risk beyond that of driving without a cell phone conversation, and may, in fact, reduce crash risk. The main reasons are driver self-regulation and reduced drowsiness, which fully compensate for the slight delays in brake response times caused by cell phone conversation.
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Doetterl, Sebastian, Rose Abramoff, Jean-Thomas Cornelis, Aline Frossard, Peter Fiener, Gina Garland, Michael Kaiser, et al. "Understanding soil organic carbon dynamics at larger scales." In Understanding and fostering soil carbon sequestration, 115–82. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19103/as.2022.0106.05.

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This chapter focuses on the effects of biotic and abiotic factors controlling soil organic carbon dynamics at continental to global scales. On the side of natural effects, it highlights processes that can control carbon inputs, turnover and stabilization in soils. On the side of anthropogenic effects, the chapter focuses on the role of climate change as well as historic and modern land conversion. The chapter also divides anthropogenic effects into direct and indirect disturbances done by humans. Both overarching sections close with a short synthesis.
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Coleman, Tara. "Difficult Conversations." In Advances in Higher Education and Professional Development, 64–84. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3519-6.ch004.

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Conflict is challenging, and factors such as cultural lens, emotions, power dynamics, and social capital influence how, why, and if you will respond. In an environment where getting along is expected, people can feel internal or external pressure to acquiesce so as not to rock the boat. Avoiding conflict and difficult conversations to get along can manifest into stress, anxiety, and other emotions that can make being productive and happy in the workplace difficult. There may be no way to make conflict feel good, but there are things that can be done to make conflict less painful. This chapter will analyze why conflict and difficult conversations can be challenging, offer advice on how to make the conversation more bearable and productive, as well as when it is ok to avoid it all together.
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Tavory, Iddo. "Occam’s Razor and the Challenges of Generalization in Ethnomethodology." In The Ethnomethodology Program, 420–41. Oxford University PressNew York, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190854409.003.0016.

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Abstract This chapter addresses the relationship between ethnomethodology and the attempts to generalize observations in sociology. Garfinkel’s original program was sharply opposed to sociological generalization, precluding any simple inclusion of ethnomethodology into the sociological canon. However, as the author shows, conversation analysis (CA), institutional CA, and ethnomethodology-inspired ethnography provide different routes to generalize findings, while still inspired by Garfinkel’s original position. CA does so by suspending the grounds for generalization while de facto claiming extremely wide generalizability; institutional CA does so by focusing on recurring “institutional fingerprints” that mesh CA patterns with institutionally predefined structures and local pragmatics, and ethnomethodology-inspired ethnography does so by either focusing on institutions, or generalizing what the author calls a space of legibility. The author argues that although ethnomethodology deliberately loses the battle for parsimony in its insistence on the detailed production of orderliness, it is actually much closer to the original notion of Occam’s razor. Instead of assuming that generalizations—whether the researchers’ or the subjects’—have a reality beyond their instantiations, it treats the social world as built of its moments of production.
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Becker, Richard C., and Frederick A. Spencer. "Direct Thrombin Inhibitors." In Fibrinolytic and Antithrombotic Therapy. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195155648.003.0022.

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The pivotal role of thrombin in all phases of coagulation, cellular proliferation, and cellular interactions involved centrally in inflammatory processes provides an attractive target for pharmacologic inhibition. The development of direct thrombin inhibitors has evolved rapidly to include both intravenous and oral preparations. Hirudin is extracted from the parapharyngeal gland of the medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis. Several derivatives and recombinant preparations have been developed, including the most widely used agent lepirudin (Refludan). Hirudin binds to both the catalytic and fibrinogen-binding sites of thrombin and thus is considered a bivalent inhibitor. The plasma half-life of hirudin is 50 to 65 minutes, with a biologic half-life of 2 hours (Verstraete et al., 1993). The properties of heparin, hirudin, and bivalirudin are highlighted in Table 16.1. The predominant renal clearance of hirudin must be emphasized for safe clinical use. Hirudin forms a tight complex with thrombin, inhibiting the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin as well as thrombin-induced platelet aggregation (Verstraete, 1997). These actions are independent of the presence of antithrombin, and also affect thrombin bound to fibrin. On the downside, the ability of thrombin to complex with thrombomodulin, activating protein C, is also inhibited. Hirudin does not bind to platelet factor , nor does it elicit antibodies that induce platelet and endothelial cell activation; thus, it can be safely administered to patients with heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). Hirudin does have weak immunogenicity, so diminished (or rarely increased) responsiveness after repeated dosing is possible. The use of hirudin in the management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is discussed in Chapter 29.
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Yousef, Nancy. "The Spirit of the Commonplace, or When does it make sense to use the word “soul”?" In The Aesthetic Commonplace, 124–62. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192856524.003.0005.

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The imperative to attend to ordinary language shapes how the poet William Wordsworth and philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein approach “truths” which do not lend themselves to proof, verification, or theorization. The poet and the philosopher both draw attention to the commingling of literal and figural meanings in everyday evocations of “soul” and “spirit.” “Soul” makes sense in Wordsworth and Wittgenstein because they credit the importance and the everydayness of utterances and expressions we might easily exclude or overlook as obviously fanciful, a mere figure of speech, or a mystification of material facts. “In my heart,” “upon my soul,” “as I live and breathe”: Wordsworth and Wittgenstein take such commonplace turns of phrase seriously, as bearing philosophical, affective, and ethical weight. Suspending a facile distinction between literal and figurative meanings, but nevertheless insisting on the place that the “soul” holds in conversation—be it in colloquy with others or in silent introspection—Wordsworth and Wittgenstein each affirm the import of ordinary language as a source of cognition and recognition at a cultural moment that each felt (separately, and separated by over a century) was at risk of overlooking or trivializing forms of responsiveness and responsibility that have their sole articulation in the meaningful idiosyncrasies of everyday speech.
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Broadbent, Alex. "Medical Cosmopolitanism." In Philosophy of Medicine, 181–208. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190612139.003.0007.

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This chapter seeks an attitude to medicine that does not commit the error of EBM in committing to an unjustifiably rigid notion of evidence, nor the reaction of Medical Nihilism of adopting EBM’s standards of evidence and then raising the bar even higher. Cosmopolitanism is a position developed by Appiah in the context of ethical disagreement, designed to facilitate conversation without falling into epistemic relativism. The chapter unpacks Cosmopolitanism into four stances: metaphysical, epistemic, moral, and practical. It applies these stances to medicine to yield Medical Cosmopolitanism. On this realist view, medical facts (e.g., whether an intervention works, whether someone is sick) are not dependent on the perceiver. Nonetheless Cosmopolitanism promotes epistemic humility: the attitude that one has limited confidence in one’s medical beliefs (both of efficacy and of the inefficacy of someone else’s favored intervention). And it promotes Primacy of Practice: settle cases first, principles later.
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Conference papers on the topic "Dose conversion factors"

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Shaowei, Wang. "Radiation Dose Evaluation of Marine Organisms for Coastal Nuclear Power Plant." In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-67832.

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Fukushima nuclear accident has aroused concern about ionizing radiation damage to the marine environment. It is subjective to assess the accident’s effects on the marine ecological environment during different scholars, because of different understanding of nuclide release quantity, dose estimation models and parameters. To solve this problem, a gradually progressive research approach is designed based on a coastal nuclear power plant in study, which is “from influencing factors analyzing to biological dose assessment, and to uncertainty analysis”. First, the factors affecting the biological dose assessment will be analyzed, and then the concerns of the various factors and their impact on the results of the assessment will be discussed. Second, the biological dose will be assessed based on appropriate dose mode after selecting representative species and analyzing critical exposure pathway. Finally, the uncertainty of radionuclide release quantity, dilution factor, concentration factor, dose conversion factor will be analyzed. The study will provide reliable scientific bases to identify the factors impact biological dose assessment effectively, and improve the accuracy of the dose evaluation.
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Liu, Fangfang, Mingqi Shen, Taosheng Li, and Chunyu Liu. "Proton Dose Conversion Coefficients Based on Chinese Reference Adult Woman Voxel Phantom." In 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-15506.

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In order to calculate the dose conversion coefficients for proton, the voxel model of Chinese Reference Adult Woman (CRAW) was established by the Monte Carlo transport code FLUKA according to the Chinese reference data and the Asian reference data. Compared with the reference data, the deviations of the mass for organs or tissues of CRAW is less than ±5%. Calculations have been performed for 14 incident monoenergetic protons energies from 0.02GeV to 10TeV at the irradiation incident of anterior-posterior (AP) and posterior-anterior (PA). The results of fluence-to-effective dose conversion coefficients are compared with data from the different models such as an anthropomorphic mathematical model, ICRP reference adult voxel model, the voxel-based visible Chinese human (VCH). Anatomical differences among various computational phantoms and the spatial geometric positions of the organs or tissues lead to the discrepancies of the effective dose conversion coefficients in the ranging from a negligible level to 107% at proton energies below 0.2GeV. The deviations of the coefficients, above 0.2GeV, are mostly within 10%. The results of fluence-to-organ absorbed dose conversion coefficients are compared with the data of VCH. The deviations of the coefficients, below and above 0.2GeV, are within 150% and 20%, respectively. The primary factors of the deviations for the coefficients should be due to the differences of the organ mass and the size of the body shape.
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Shimada, Asako, Takuma Sawaguchi, and Seiji Takeda. "Sensitivity Analysis of External Exposure Dose for Future Burial Measures of Decontamination Soil Generated Outside Fukushima Prefecture." In 2020 International Conference on Nuclear Engineering collocated with the ASME 2020 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone2020-16826.

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Abstract A large area of east Japan was contaminated by radiocesium following a nuclear accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station. Following decontamination of the soil, external effective dose conversion factors were calculated by changing the volume of decontamination soil, depth of cover soil, and distance of the evaluation point from the decontamination soil. The decrement of the factors with an increase of the distance was larger for the smaller volume of decontamination soil. The factors decrease exponentially with an increase of the depth of cover soil in all cases. When there was no cover soil, annual external exposure doses for residents at 1 m from the repository site and public entry were over 10 μSv/y, even for the smallest size (2m × 2m × 1m) and 50 percentile value of radiation concentration (700 Bq/kg). When the surface was covered by 30 cm of non-contaminated soil, the annual external exposure doses were less than 10 μSv/y for the largest size (200m × 200m × 10m) and 95 percentile concentration (2500 Bq/kg).
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Hummel, Lothar. "Keeping the Clearance Levels of NPP Building Structures Validation by Measurement of the Nuclide-Specific Dose-Rate." In ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1143.

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Abstract Clearance levels for building structures normally are defined surface-specific (Bq/cm2) by the projection of the specific activity onto the surface. This proceeding led to the actual release criteria for buildings in the EC, which were also used for the actual draft of the new German RPO. The practical ability of collimated in-situ spectrometry verifying the keeping of these revised nuclide-specific clearance levels and the corresponding radiological averaging area of 1 m2 will be demonstrated. A completely different approach performing clearance measurements in building structures with poor remaining artificial activity was sketched in an earlier work, by performing a set of in-situ measurements without collimation. For this purpose, the spectrometer is calibrated for the measurement of the gamma dose rate at a very low level. The direct measurement of this value and its comparison with the fundamental, dose-based release criteria is a large advantage of this procedure. The sensitivity of a commonly used high-purity germanium detector is sufficient for this purpose with short measuring time; or in other words the detection limits are much smaller than 1 nSv/h. Therefore this presentation is dealing also with a complete new concept for the release of building structures of NPP’s. It is not supported by the actual release criteria basing on conversion factors from effective dose to surface-specific activity. The concept shown here, does not need this conversion, the effective dose is evaluated directly. On the other hand, it might be a basis of a fast, simple procedure in the projects of the next decades. The basic theoretical work is finished. In future, a practical check in an actual decommissioning project has to be done and the experiences gained by this work have to be documented.
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Ji, Young-Yong, Dae-Seok Hong, Tae-Kuk Kim, and Woo-Seog Ryu. "Feasibility Study on the Nuclide Analysis of the Radwaste Drum Using the Spectrum to Dose Conversion Factor." In ASME 2010 13th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2010-40167.

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Estimating the radioisotope inventory of a drum based on the measured dose rate information, which is called as the dose to curie (DTC) conversion [1–3], has been known that there could be extremely high uncertainty associated with establishing the radioactivity of gamma emitters in a drum. However, the DTC method is still an effective assay method to calculate the radioisotope inventory because of their simple and easy procedures to be applied. To make the DTC method practical, numerous assumptions have to be made and limitations placed on its use. These assumptions and limitations were related to the dose rate measurement and the relative abundance of gamma emitters in a drum. These two variables were generally obtained from the different detection mechanism. Unfortunately, that expanded the limitation of using the DTC method. The spectrum to dose (STD) conversion factor [4,5] that was calculated from the measure pulse height spectrum of the gamma ray detector could be made obtaining two variables from the drum to be assayed at once. This method could be made estimating the radioisotope inventory of a drum more practical.
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Villanueva Bueno, C., MV Gil Navarro, E. Montecatine Alonso, F. Jiménez Parrilla, MJ Cabañas Poy, M. González López, C. Martínez Fernández Llamazares, and OW Neth. "NP-019 Development of a conversion factor between defined daily doses of adults and neonates." In 25th Anniversary EAHP Congress, Hospital Pharmacy 5.0 – the future of patient care, 23–28 March 2021. British Medical Journal Publishing Group, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ejhpharm-2021-eahpconf.366.

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Park, Jin Beak, Kun Jai Lee, Duck Won Kang, and Dae Hwan Kim. "Operational Results of Radionuclide Assay System at the Kori Nuclear Power Plant: Status and Results." In ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1172.

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Abstract In 1996, the fully automated radionuclide assay system, which is used for the non-destructive analysis and for the evaluation of radioactive waste drums, was installed at Kori nuclear power plant site and started to operate. The system is composed of gamma scanning hardware facility, equipment for separation and detection of non-gamma radionuclide, scaling factor prediction program, and control facility for radionuclide assay system. In this study, the operational status and results of radionuclide assay system are investigated from the experience of several years of operation. The results of the radionuclide assay system are compared with the results of dose to curie conversion program (DOSE).
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Onishi, Yuko, Satoru Kawasaki, and Masami Kato. "Study on Applicability of Simple Conversion Factor for In-Situ Activity Measurement." In 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-30166.

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In Japan, the clearance system has been in effect since December 2005, and at present, the cleared material is recycled at a site in affiliation with the nuclear installation. In the near future, it is assumed that a considerable amount of cleared material will be transported from nuclear facilities that are being decommissioned, so that the material can be recycled and used by general industry. In order to operate the clearance system with certainty, it is essential to devise a method for promptly measuring the radionuclide concentration of cleared materials that are suspected of exceeding the clearance level. That is, preparation for the contingency that an uncertain radiation source mixes with a clearance item by chance. In general, in-situ measurement of low-level radionuclide concentration is difficult since accurate information on the shape of the target, as well as on the distribution of radionuclide concentration in the target, is required. Therefore, we investigated a method for simple and rapid determination of radionuclide concentration, which does not require accurate information on the volume and density of the target. To avoid the influence of volume or density, we examined the adoption of a conversion factor with units of “(Bq/g)/cps”. ISOCS (In-situ Object Counting System) Calibration Software (Model S573 Version 4.0, CANBERRA Inc.) was used to determine the conversion factor. Metal or concrete was assumed to be stored and piled in a stockyard of a recycling facility. The piled objects were arranged as a cone with a gradient of 50%, in accordance with the limitations specified by the “Waste Management and Public Cleansing Law”. The volume and bulk density were assumed to be 0.1–10 m3 and 0.5–10 g/cm3, respectively. The conversion factor for a cone with volume of 1 m3 and density of 1 g/cm3 could be applied to the piled objects having a volume greater than or equal to 1 m3 and a density greater than or equal to 0.5 g/cm3, resulting in an increase in tolerance by a factor of two. These results show that in-situ measurements of radionuclide concentration can be simplified by using a conversion factor with units of “(Bq/g)/cps”. This approach can be used to carry out prompt measurements on suspected materials in the field.
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Nakata, Toru. "Design of Conversation Interaction Between Users and Systems to Prevent Human Misunderstanding." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001575.

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Human ability on thinking is considered as imperfect. Our logic is intuitive and not logically strict. Also, capacity of our memory is limited. We often fail to make correct judgement. Therefore, agents interacting with human users, which may be user interfaces of computer systems and instruction documents, should guide the users to avoid their logical defects. When a system accepts the order from a user, it questions to the user several times to clarify user’s demand. Such conversation should be designed with considerations on questioning style, order of questions, concreteness of question, and so on.This paper proposes three principles on questioning design.2. Principle of positive wording and avoiding negative conditioningEven though logical denial forms are often used in questioning sentences, they should not be used. In general, logical negative expressions hide what you really want to mean and state unimportant things instead. Instead of them, positive and explicit expression are proper for the interaction. For example, an instruction of "If not A, do X." has a disadvantage, since users have to pay effort to image what "not A" means. Explicit questioning, such as "If B or C, do X." is much clearer and reliable to guide the user’s thinking.3. Principle of independency from user’s memoryThe question should be answered by a user without remembering things in the past. One of typical bad questions is to inquire the experience memory of user’s actions. For example, "If you have put salt and sugar in, the operation is completed." Memory is unstable, and actions are not physical objects. So, remembering action experiences are rather difficult for users. The user’s answer might be incorrect. The system should inquire on evidence not memory like "Put salt and sugar in. Then, taste the object to check its completeness." 4. Principle of elimination of logical dependencyA conversation should go smoothly without stepping back, but sometimes it happens due to logical dependencies among the questions. Suppose a situation as follows. The first question is "Which do you like A or B?" Then, the second question is "A has an option X. Do you want it?" The user never finds the possibility of X when he selected B at first. Or the user will cancel his choice of B to step back the first question. It wastes user’s effort and time.An unsophisticated solution is to flatten all questions into a list of alternatives (disjunctive normal form, DNF) like "There are three alternatives: A, A with X, or B." But, in general, DNS becomes a too long list for practical use.Another solution is to reform the order of the question in respect to importance. If Option X is the most important, it should be confirmed first. The system should ask a question on user’s demand of X at the first question.The proper reform is elimination of logical dependency. If Option B can have X too, the order of the questions does not constrain the conversation.
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Hill, Davion, Yumei Zhai, Arun Agarwal, Edward Rode, Francois Ayello, and Narasi Sridhar. "Energy Storage Via Electrochemical Conversion of CO2 Into Specialty Chemicals." In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54048.

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There is significant interest in technologies that reduce or mitigate greenhouse gases in the atmosphere because of their contribution to climate change. In addition, concerns for energy security are linked to political, environmental, and economic factors that threaten supply of hydrocarbon sources for fuels and the petrochemical feedstock that support the production of plastics, fertilizers, and chemical supply chains. With these climate and energy security concerns, there is a need for technologies that can economically address both issues. In addition, with increased integration of renewable energy systems into the grid, there are major concerns about grid instability and the need for energy storage. Significant research is being done on both topics, but there is a need to more efficiently transmit and use energy (which is the focus of the Smart Grid initiatives) as well as store energy for future use. Electrochemical conversion of CO2 to useful products will be discussed including analyses of the energy and carbon balances required for the process, the value of the end use chemicals as energy storage media, and the energy density of the end use chemicals compared to other energy storage technologies.
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Reports on the topic "Dose conversion factors"

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Spriggs, G. The Dose Rate Conversion Factors for Nuclear Fallout. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/950063.

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Hay, Tristan R., and Jeremy P. Rishel. Revision of the APGEMS Dose Conversion Factor File Using Revised Factors from Federal Guidance Report 12 and 13. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1105099.

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Roberson, P. L., F. N. Eichner, and W. D. Reece. Determination of photon conversion factors relating exposure and dose for several extremity phantom designs. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5105334.

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Rahman, M., and William Nichols. Hanford Site Composite Analysis Data Package: Exposure Scenarios and Radionuclide Specific Dose Conversion Factors. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1669114.

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Koster, Robin. Hanford Site Composite Analysis Data Package: Exposure Scenarios and Radionuclide Specific Dose Conversion Factors. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1845436.

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K. Montague. Biosphere Dose Conversion Factors for Reasonably Maximally Exposed Individual and Average Member of Critical Group. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/893532.

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Rood, A. S., and M. L. Abbott. A comparison of dose and dose-rate conversion factors from the Soviet Union, United Kingdom, US Department of Energy, and the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Fusion Safety Program. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10139538.

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Rood, A., and M. Abbott. A comparison of dose and dose-rate conversion factors from the Soviet Union, United Kingdom, US Department of Energy, and the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Fusion Safety Program. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5393541.

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Denham, D. H., E. I. Mart, and M. E. Thiede. Conversion and correction factors for historical measurements of iodine-131 in Hanford-area vegetation 1948--1951. Hanford Environmental Dose Reconstruction Project. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10187051.

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Mart, E. I., D. H. Denham, and M. E. Thiede. Conversion and correction factors for historical measurements of iodine-131 in Hanford-area vegetation, 1945--1947. Hanford Environmental Dose Reconstruction Project. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10121999.

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