Journal articles: 'Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex'

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Preuss, Todd M. "Do Rats Have Prefrontal Cortex? The Rose-Woolsey-Akert Program Reconsidered." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 7, no. 1 (January 1995): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1995.7.1.1.

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Primates are unique among mammals in possessing a region of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with a well-developed internal granular layer. This region is commonly implicated in higher cognitive functions. Despite the histological distinctiveness of primate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the work of Rose, Woolsey, and Akert produced a broad consensus among neuroscientists that homologues of primate granular frontal cortex exist in nonprimates and can be recognized by their dense innervation from the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MD). Additional characteristics have come to be identified with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, including rich dopaminergic innervation and involvement in spatial delayed-reaction tasks. However, recent studies reveal that these characteristics are not distinctive of the dorsolateral prefrontal region in primates: MD and dopaminergic projections are widespread in the frontal lobe, and medial and orbital frontal areas may play a role in delay tasks. A reevaluation of rat frontal cortex suggests that the medial frontal cortex, usually considered to be homologous to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of primates, actually consists of cortex homologous to primate premotor and anterior cin-date cortex. The lateral MD-projection cortex of rats resembles portions of primate orbital cortex. If prefrontal cortex is construed broadly enough to include orbital and cingulate cortex, rats can be said to have prefrontal cortex. However, they evidently lack homologues of the dorsolateral prefrontal areas of primates. This assessment suggests that rats probably do not provide useful models of human dorsolateral frontal lobe function and dysfunction, although they might prove valuable for understanding other regions of frontal cortex.

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Spence, Sean A., Steven R. Hirsch, David J. Brooks, and Paul M. Grasby. "Prefrontal cortex activity in people with schizophrenia and control subjects." British Journal of Psychiatry 172, no. 4 (April 1998): 316–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.172.4.316.

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BackgroundHypo-activation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is inconsistently found in neuroimaging studies of schizophrenia. As the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is involved in the generation of action, disordered function in this region may be implicated in schizophrenic symptomatology.MethodWe used H215O positron emission tomography to study dorsolateral prefrontal cortical function in men with schizophrenia (n=13) and male control subjects (n=6) performing joystick movements on two occasions, 4–6 weeks apart. The patients were initially in relapse. To clarify dorsolateral prefrontal cortical function we also scanned another group of control subjects (n=5) performing mouth movements.ResultsThe control subjects performing hand or mouth movements activated the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to a maximum when the movements were self-selected. The men with relapsed schizophrenia exhibited left dorsolateral prefrontal cortical hypo-activation, which remitted with symptomatic improvement.ConclusionsHypofrontality in these patients is a dynamic phenomenon across time, possibly related to current symptomatology. The most appropriate question about the presence of hypofrontality in schizophrenia may be when, rather than whether, it will occur.

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Wiyor, Hanniebey D., and Celestine A. Ntuen. "Empirical Evaluation of Visual Fatigue from Display Alignment Errors Using Cerebral Hemodynamic Responses." Journal of Medical Engineering 2013 (December 24, 2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/521579.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of stereoscopic display alignment errors on visual fatigue and prefrontal cortical tissue hemodynamic responses. We collected hemodynamic data and perceptual ratings of visual fatigue while participants performed visual display tasks on 8 ft × 6 ft NEC LT silver screen with NEC LT 245 DLP projectors. There was statistical significant difference between subjective measures of visual fatigue before air traffic control task (BATC) and after air traffic control task (ATC 3), (P<0.05). Statistical significance was observed between left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex oxygenated hemoglobin (l DLPFC-HbO2), left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex deoxygenated hemoglobin (l DLPFC-Hbb), and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex deoxygenated hemoglobin (r DLPFC-Hbb) on stereoscopic alignment errors (P<0.05). Thus, cortical tissue oxygenation requirement in the left hemisphere indicates that the effect of visual fatigue is more pronounced in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

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Khundakar, Ahmad, Christopher Morris, Arthur Oakley, William McMeekin, and Alan J. Thomas. "Morphometric analysis of neuronal and glial cell pathology in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in late-life depression." British Journal of Psychiatry 195, no. 2 (August 2009): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.108.052688.

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BackgroundLate-life depression has been associated with cerebrovascular disease and especially with ischaemic white matter hyperintensities on magnetic resonance imaging. Neuroimaging and morphometric studies have identified abnormalities in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.AimsTo examine glial and neuronal density and neuronal volume in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in late-life major depression.MethodWe used the disector and nucleator methods to estimate neuronal density and volume and glial density of cells in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in a post-mortem study of 17 individuals with late-life major depression and 10 age-matched controls.ResultsWe found a reduction in the volume of pyramidal neurones in the whole cortex, which was also present in layer 3 and more markedly in layer 5. There were no comparable changes in non-pyramidal neurones and no glial differences.ConclusionsOverall, we found a decrease in pyramidal neuronal size in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in late-life depression.

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Macoveanu, Julian, Kirsa M. Demant, Maj Vinberg, Hartwig R. Siebner, Lars V. Kessing, and Kamilla W. Miskowiak. "Towards a biomarker model for cognitive improvement: No change in memory-related prefrontal engagement following a negative cognitive remediation trial in bipolar disorder." Journal of Psychopharmacology 32, no. 10 (July 4, 2018): 1075–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881118783334.

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Background: Cognitive deficits are prevalent in bipolar disorder during remission but effective cognition treatments are lacking due to insufficient insight into the neurobiological targets of cognitive improvement. Emerging data suggest that dorsal prefrontal cortex target engagement is a key neurocircuitry biomarker of pro-cognitive treatment effects. Aims: In this randomized controlled functional magnetic resonance imaging study, we test this hypothesis by investigating the effects of an ineffective cognitive remediation intervention on dorsal prefrontal response during strategic memory encoding and working memory engagement. Methods: Bipolar disorder patients in partial remission with subjective cognitive difficulties were randomized to receive 12-week group-based cognitive remediation ( n = 13) or to continue their standard treatment ( n = 14). The patients performed a strategic episodic picture encoding task and a spatial n-back working memory task under functional magnetic resonance imaging at baseline and following cognitive remediation or standard treatment. Results: The right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was commonly activated by both strategic memory tasks across all patients. The task-related prefrontal engagement was not altered by cognitive remediation relative to standard treatment. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex response was not significantly associated with recall accuracy or working memory performance. Conclusions: As hypothesized, no task-related change in prefrontal activity was observed in a negative cognitive remediation trial in remitted bipolar disorder patients. By complementing previous findings linking cognitive improvement with increased dorsolateral prefrontal cortex engagement, our negative findings provide additional validity evidence to the dorsal prefrontal target engagement biomarker model of cognitive improvement by strengthening the proposed causality between modulation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex engagement and pro-cognitive effects.

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Zhu, Xueling, Shaohui Liu, Weihua Liao, Lingyu Kong, Canhua Jiang, and Fulai Yuan. "Executive function deficit in betel-quid-dependent chewers: Mediating role of prefrontal cortical thickness." Journal of Psychopharmacology 32, no. 12 (October 31, 2018): 1362–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881118806299.

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Background: Betel quid is the fourth most popular psychoactive agent worldwide. Neuroimaging studies have suggested betel-quid dependence is accompanied by abnormality in brain structure and function. However, the neural correlates of executive function deficit and prefrontal cortical thickness associated with betel-quid chewing still remain unclear. Objective: The present study aimed to examine the relationship between executive function deficit and prefrontal cortical thickness in chronic betel-quid chewers. Methods: Twenty-three betel-quid-dependent chewers and 26 healthy controls were recruited to participate in this study. Executive function was tested using three tasks. Cortical thickness analysis was analyzed with the FreeSurfer software package. Results: Behavioral results suggested a profound deficit of executive function in betel-quid-dependent chewers. Cortical thickness analysis revealed thinner cortex in the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in betel-quid-dependent chewers. Further analysis suggested that cortical thickness of the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex mediated the correlation of betel-quid chewing and executive function. Conclusions: These results suggest the important role of executive function and cortical thickness of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with betel-quid chewing. Our findings provide evidence that executive function deficit may be mediated by the cortical thickness of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. These results could potentially help us develop novel ways to diagnose and prevent betel-quid dependence.

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Snyder, Janice J., and Anjan Chatterjee. "The Frontal Cortex and Exogenous Attentional Orienting." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18, no. 11 (November 2006): 1913–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2006.18.11.1913.

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Normal functioning of the attentional orienting system is critical for effective behavior and is predicated on a balanced interaction between goal-directed (endogenous) processes and stimulus-driven (exogenous) processes. Although both systems have been subject to much investigation, little is known about the neural underpinnings of exogenous orienting. In the present study, we examined the early facilitatory effects and later inhibition of return effects of exogenous cues in patients with frontal and parietal lesions. Three novel findings emerged from this study. First, unilateral frontoparietal damage appears not to affect the early facilitation effects of exogenous cues. Second, dorsolateral prefrontal damage, especially lesions involving the inferior frontal gyrus, produces an exogenous disengage deficit (i.e., the sluggish withdrawal of attention from the ipsilesional to the contralesional field). Third, a subset of patients with dorsolateral prefrontal damage, with lesions involving the middle frontal gyrus, have a reorienting deficit that extends in duration well beyond established boundaries of the normal reflexive orienting system. These results suggest that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex plays an important role in exogenous orienting and that component processes of this system may be differentially impaired by damage to different parts of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

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Shin, Sangho, and Euitae Kim. "T137. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CORTICOSTRIATAL CONNECTIVITY AND STRIATAL DOPAMINE FUNCTION IN SCHIZOPHRENIA: AN 18F-DOPA PET AND DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING STUDY." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (April 2020): S282—S283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa029.697.

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Abstract Background Striatal dopamine dysfunction caused by cortical abnormalities is a leading hypothesis of schizophrenia pathophysiology, which underlies in majority of treatment-responsive patients. Although supported by findings that prefrontal cortical lesions lead to striatal dopamine dysregulation and that recently, prefrontal structural volume is negatively correlated with striatal dopamine synthesis, the relationship between corticostriatal connectivity and striatal dopamine synthesis has not been tested in patients with schizophrenia. We therefore investigated the relationship between corticostriatal connectivity and striatal dopamine synthesis capacity in treatment-responsive patients with schizophrenia, and compared them to treatment-resistant patients and healthy control subjects. Methods Twenty-four patients with schizophrenia and twelve matched healthy control subjects underwent 18F-DOPA PET scans to measure dopamine synthesis capacity (indexed as the influx rate constant Kicer), structural and diffusion 3T MRI. Connectivity(indexed as Fractional anisotropy, FA) were assessed in 3 major corticostriatal tracts (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex-associative striatum, ventromedial prefrontal cortex-limbic striatum, and pre/primary motor cortex-sensorimotor striatum). Furthermore, these measures were tested whether they were correlated with a measure of Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). Results Treatment responsive patients showed a negative correlation between connectivity of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex-associative striatum and striatal dopamine synthesis capacity of associative striatum, but this was not evident in treatment-resistant patients. Furthermore, WCST negatively correlated with Kicer in associative striatum and positively correlated with FA in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex-associative striatum in whole subjects and treatment responsive patients but not in treatment-resistant patients. Discussion These findings demonstrate that different mechanisms underlie the pathophysiology of treatment-responsive and treatment-resistant schizophrenia and especially, connectivity of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex-associative striatum is a core part for the different pathophysiology.

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Guo, Jiayue, Jiani Luo, Yi An, and Tiansheng Xia. "tDCS Anodal Stimulation of the Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Improves Creative Performance in Real-World Problem Solving." Brain Sciences 13, no. 3 (March 6, 2023): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13030449.

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Brain regions associated with creativity is a focal point in research related to the field of cognitive neuroscience. Previous studies have paid more attention to the role of activation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in creativity tasks, which are mostly abstract conceptual tasks, and less attention to real-world creativity tasks. The right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is involved in functions such as visuospatial processing, which may have a positive impact on innovative solutions to real-world problems. In this study, tDCS technology was used to explore the effect of anodal stimulation of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on design creativity performance in a real-word problem-solving task related to product design. The experimental task comprised three stages, of which the first two were idea generation stages based on divergent thinking using text and graphics, respectively, whereas the third was the creative evaluation stage based on convergent thinking. Thirty-six design students were recruited to partake in the experiment. They were randomly assigned into anodal stimulation and sham stimulation groups. The results showed that anodal stimulation of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex produced a significant positive effect during the creative evaluation stage, promoting the usefulness of ideas (p = 0.009); thus, improving product creativity scores. However, there was no significant impact on the idea generation stage (p > 0.05), which is dominated by divergent thinking. The results suggest that activating the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with tDCS can improve people’s performance in creative activities by promoting convergent thinking rather than divergent thinking. It also provides further evidence that the right hemisphere of the brain has an advantage in solving complex problems that require the participation of visuospatial information.

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Bodner, Mark, James Kroger, and Joaquín M. Fuster. "Auditory memory cells in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex." NeuroReport 7, no. 12 (August 1996): 1905–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001756-199608120-00006.

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Thomas, Alan J., I. Nicol Ferrier, Rajesh N. Kalaria, Sue Davis, and John T. O'Brien. "Cell adhesion molecule expression in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex in major depression in the elderly." British Journal of Psychiatry 181, no. 02 (August 2002): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007125000161847.

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Zhou, Xin, Fumi Katsuki, Xue-Lian Qi, and Christos Constantinidis. "Neurons with inverted tuning during the delay periods of working memory tasks in the dorsal prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 108, no. 1 (July 1, 2012): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01151.2011.

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The dorsolateral prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices are two interconnected brain areas that are coactivated in tasks involving functions such as spatial attention and working memory. The response properties of neurons in the two areas are in many respects indistinguishable, yet only prefrontal neurons are able to resist interference by distracting stimuli when subjects are required to remember an initial stimulus. Several mechanisms have been proposed that could account for this functional difference, including the existence of specialized interneuron types, specific to the prefrontal cortex. Although such neurons with inverted tuning during the delay period of a working memory task have been described in the prefrontal cortex, no comparative data exist from other cortical areas that would establish a unique prefrontal role. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed a large database of recordings obtained in the dorsolateral prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex of the same monkeys as they performed working memory tasks. We found that in the prefrontal cortex, neurons with inverted tuning were more numerous and manifested unique properties. Our results give credence to the idea that a division of labor exists between separate neuron types in the prefrontal cortex and that this represents a functional specialization that is not present in its cortical afferents.

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Konecky, R. O., M. A. Smith, and C. R. Olson. "Monkey prefrontal neurons during Sternberg task performance: full contents of working memory or most recent item?" Journal of Neurophysiology 117, no. 6 (June 1, 2017): 2269–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00541.2016.

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To explore the brain mechanisms underlying multi-item working memory, we monitored the activity of neurons in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex while macaque monkeys performed spatial and chromatic versions of a Sternberg working-memory task. Each trial required holding three sequentially presented samples in working memory so as to identify a subsequent probe matching one of them. The monkeys were able to recall all three samples at levels well above chance, exhibiting modest load and recency effects. Prefrontal neurons signaled the identity of each sample during the delay period immediately following its presentation. However, as each new sample was presented, the representation of antecedent samples became weak and shifted to an anomalous code. A linear classifier operating on the basis of population activity during the final delay period was able to perform at approximately the level of the monkeys on trials requiring recall of the third sample but showed a falloff in performance on trials requiring recall of the first or second sample much steeper than observed in the monkeys. We conclude that delay-period activity in the prefrontal cortex robustly represented only the most recent item. The monkeys apparently based performance of this classic working-memory task on some storage mechanism in addition to the prefrontal delay-period firing rate. Possibilities include delay-period activity in areas outside the prefrontal cortex and changes within the prefrontal cortex not manifest at the level of the firing rate. NEW & NOTEWORTHY It has long been thought that items held in working memory are encoded by delay-period activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Here we describe evidence contrary to that view. In monkeys performing a serial multi-item working memory task, dorsolateral prefrontal neurons encode almost exclusively the identity of the sample presented most recently. Information about earlier samples must be encoded outside the prefrontal cortex or represented within the prefrontal cortex in a cryptic code.

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Seidler, Rachael D., Brittany S. Gluskin, and Brian Greeley. "Right prefrontal cortex transcranial direct current stimulation enhances multi-day savings in sensorimotor adaptation." Journal of Neurophysiology 117, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 429–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00563.2016.

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We have previously reported that visuospatial working memory performance and magnitude of activation in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex predict the rate of visuomotor adaptation. Recent behavioral studies suggest that sensorimotor savings, or faster relearning on second exposure to a task, are due to recall of these early, strategic components of adaptation. In the present study we applied anodal transcranial direct current stimulation to right or left prefrontal cortex or left motor cortex. We found that all groups adapted dart throwing movements while wearing prism lenses at the same rate as subjects receiving sham stimulation on day 1. On test day 2, which was conducted a few days later, the right prefrontal and left motor cortex groups adapted faster than the sham group. Moreover, only the right prefrontal group exhibited greater savings, expressed as a greater difference between day 1 and day 2 errors, compared with sham stimulation. These findings support the hypothesis that the right prefrontal cortex contributes to sensorimotor adaptation and savings. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We have previously reported that visuospatial working memory performance and magnitude of activation in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex predict the rate of manual visuomotor adaptation. Sensorimotor savings, or faster adaptation to a previously experienced perturbation, has been recently linked to cognitive processes. We show that facilitating the right prefrontal cortex with anodal transcranial direct current stimulation enhances sensorimotor savings compared with sham stimulation.

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Mortezanejad, Marzieh, Fatemeh Ehsani, Nooshin Masoudian, Maryam Zoghi, and Shapour Jaberzadeh. "Comparing the effects of multi-session anodal trans-cranial direct current stimulation of primary motor and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices on fatigue and quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis: a double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial." Clinical Rehabilitation 34, no. 8 (May 12, 2020): 1103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269215520921506.

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Objective: To compare the effects of anodal trans-cranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) over primary motor and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices on Fatigue Severity Scale and its lasting effect on fatigue reduction and improvement in quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis. Design: A randomized, double-blinded, sham-controlled parallel clinical trial study. Setting: Neurological physiotherapy clinics. Subjects: Thirty-nine participants were randomly assigned to three groups: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex a-tDCS, primary motor a-tDCS (experimental groups) and sham a-tDCS. Finally, 36 participants completed the whole study ( n = 12 in each group). Interventions: Participants in the experimental groups received six-session a-tDCS (1.5 mA, 20 minutes) during two weeks (three sessions per week). The sham group received six sessions of 20-minute sham stimulation. Main measures: The Fatigue Severity Scale and quality of life were assessed before, immediately and four weeks after the intervention. Results: Findings indicated a significant reduction in the Fatigue Severity Scale and a significant increase in the quality of life in both experimental groups, immediately after the intervention ( P < 0.001), while Fatigue Severity Scale and quality of life changes were not significant in the sham a-tDCS group ( P > 0.05). In addition, improvement of the variables remained four weeks after the intervention in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex a-tDCS (mean differences (95% confidence interval): 0.03 (−0.63 to 0.68) as compared to primary motor (−0.62 (−0.11 to −1.14) and sham a-tDCS groups (−0.47 (−1.37 to 0.43)). Conclusion: Both primary motor and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex a-tDCS as compared to sham intervention can immediately improve fatigue and quality of life. However, the effects last up to four weeks only by the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex a-tDCS.

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Opris, Ioan, Andrei Barborica, and Vincent P. Ferrera. "Microstimulation of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Biases Saccade Target Selection." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17, no. 6 (June 1, 2005): 893–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0898929054021120.

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A long-standing issue concerning the executive function of the primate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is how the activity of prefrontal neurons is linked to behavioral response selection. To establish a functional relationship between prefrontal memory fields and saccade target selection, we trained three macaque monkeys to make saccades to the remembered location of a visual cue in a delayed spatial match-to-sample saccade task. We electrically stimulated sites in the prefrontal cortex with subthreshold currents during the delay epoch while monkeys performed this task. Our results show that the artificially injected signal interacts with the neural activity responsible for target selection, biasing saccade choices either towards the receptive/movement field (RF/MF) or away from the RF/MF, depending on the stimulation site. These findings might reflect a functional link between prefrontal signals responsible for the selection bias by modulating the balance between excitation and inhibition in the competitive interactions underlying behavioral selection.

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Pomarol-Clotet, Edith, Silvia Alonso-Lana, Noemi Moro, Salvador Sarró, Mar C. Bonnin, José M. Goikolea, Paloma Fernández-Corcuera, et al. "Brain functional changes across the different phases of bipolar disorder." British Journal of Psychiatry 206, no. 2 (February 2015): 136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.152033.

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BackgroundLittle is known about how functional imaging changes in bipolar disorder relate to different phases of the illness.AimsTo compare cognitive task activation in participants with bipolar disorder examined in different phases of illness.MethodParticipants with bipolar disorder in mania (n = 38), depression (n = 38) and euthymia (n = 38), as well as healthy controls (n = 38), underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging during performance of the n-back working memory task. Activations and de-activations were compared between the bipolar subgroups and the controls, and among the bipolar subgroups. All participants were also entered into a linear mixed-effects model.ResultsCompared with the controls, the mania and depression subgroups, but not the euthymia subgroup, showed reduced activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the parietal cortex and other areas. Compared with the euthymia subgroup, the mania and depression subgroups showed hypoactivation in the parietal cortex. All three bipolar subgroups showed failure of de-activation in the ventromedial frontal cortex. Linear mixed-effects modelling revealed a further cluster of reduced activation in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the patients; this was significantly more marked in the mania than in the euthymia subgroup.ConclusionsBipolar disorder is characterised by mood state-dependent hypoactivation in the parietal cortex. Reduced dorsolateral prefrontal activation is a further feature of mania and depression, which may improve partially in euthymia. Failure of de-activation in the medial frontal cortex shows trait-like characteristics.

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Zare, Ali, Alireza Ghanbari, Mohammad Javad Hoseinpour, Mahdi Eskandarian Boroujeni, Alimohammad Alimohammadi, Mohammad Amin Abdollahifar, Abbas Aliaghaei, Vahid Mansouri, and Hamid Zaferani Arani. "Methamphetamine-Triggered Neurotoxicity in Human Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex." Galen Medical Journal 10 (August 23, 2021): 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.31661/gmj.v10i0.2016.

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Background: Methamphetamine (MA), is an extremely addictive stimulant that adversely affects the central nervous system. Accumulating evidence indicates that molecular mechanisms such as oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy are involved in the toxicity of MA. Considering experimental animal studies exhibiting MA-induced neurotoxicity, the relevance of these findings needs to be evidently elucidated in human MA users. It is generally assumed that multiple chemical substances released in the brain following MA-induced metabolic activation are primary factors underlying damage of neural cells. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the role of autophagy and apoptosis as well as oxidative stress in the brain of postmortem MA-induced toxicity. Materials and Methods: In this study, we determine the gene expression of autophagy and apoptosis, including BECN1, MAP1ALC3, CASP8, TP53, and BAX genes in ten healthy controls and ten chronic users of MA postmortem dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Also, we applied immunohistochemistry in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded human brain samples to analyze brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Also, spectrophotometry was performed to measure glutathione (GSH) content. Results: The expression level of apoptotic and autophagic genes (BECN1, MAP1ALC3, CASP8, TP53, and BAX) were significantly elevated, while GSH content and BDNF showed substantial reductions in DLPFC of chronic MA users. Discussion: Our data showed that MA addiction provokes transduction pathways, namely apoptosis and autophagy, along with oxidative mechanisms in DLPFC. Also, MA induces multiple functional and structural perturbations in the brain, determining its toxicity and possibly contributing to neurotoxicity. [GMJ.2021;10:e2016]

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Baumgartner, Thomas, Daria Knoch, Philine Hotz, Christoph Eisenegger, and Ernst Fehr. "Dorsolateral and ventromedial prefrontal cortex orchestrate normative choice." Nature Neuroscience 14, no. 11 (October 2, 2011): 1468–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn.2933.

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O’Craven, K. M., R. L. Savoy, and A. Diamond. "Working Memory and Inhibition in Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex." NeuroImage 7, no. 4 (May 1998): S881. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(18)31714-2.

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Rypma, Bart, and Mark D’Esposito. "A subsequent-memory effect in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex." Cognitive Brain Research 16, no. 2 (April 2003): 162–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-6410(02)00247-1.

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Kluen, Lisa Marieke, Lisa Catherine Dandolo, Gerhard Jocham, and Lars Schwabe. "Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Enables Updating of Established Memories." Cerebral Cortex 29, no. 10 (December 7, 2018): 4154–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhy298.

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Abstract Updating established memories in light of new information is fundamental for memory to guide future behavior. However, little is known about the brain mechanisms by which existing memories can be updated. Here, we combined functional magnetic resonance imaging and multivariate representational similarity analysis to elucidate the neural mechanisms underlying the updating of consolidated memories. To this end, participants first learned face–city name pairs. Twenty-four hours later, while lying in the MRI scanner, participants were required to update some of these associations, but not others, and to encode entirely new pairs. Updating success was tested again 24 h later. Our results showed increased activity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) specifically during the updating of existing associations that was significantly stronger than when simple retrieval or new encoding was required. The updating-related activity of the dlPFC and its functional connectivity with the hippocampus were directly linked to updating success. Furthermore, neural similarity for updated items was markedly higher in the dlPFC and this increase in dlPFC neural similarity distinguished individuals with high updating performance from those with low updating performance. Together, these findings suggest a key role of the dlPFC, presumably in interaction with the hippocampus, in the updating of established memories.

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Weinberger, Daniel R. "Physiologic Dysfunction of Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Schizophrenia." Archives of General Psychiatry 43, no. 2 (February 1, 1986): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1986.01800020020004.

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Berman, Karen Faith. "Physiologic Dysfunction of Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Schizophrenia." Archives of General Psychiatry 43, no. 2 (February 1, 1986): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1986.01800020032005.

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Weinberger, Daniel R. "Physiological Dysfunction of Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Schizophrenia." Archives of General Psychiatry 45, no. 7 (July 1, 1988): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800310013001.

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Berman, Karen Faith. "Physiological Dysfunction of Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Schizophrenia." Archives of General Psychiatry 45, no. 7 (July 1, 1988): 616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800310020002.

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Chao, Linda L., and Robert T. Knight. "Contribution of Human Prefrontal Cortex to Delay Performance." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 10, no. 2 (March 1998): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892998562636.

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Neurological patients with focal lesions in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and age-matched control subjects were tested on an auditory version of the delayed-match-to-sample task employing environmental sounds. Subjects had to indicate whether a cue (S1) and a subsequent target sound (S2) were identical. On some trials, S1 and S2 were separated by a silent period of 5 sec. On other trials, the 5-sec delay between S1 and S2 was filled with irrelevant tone pips that served as distractors. Behaviorally, frontal patients were impaired by the presence of distractors. Electrophysiologically, patients generated enhanced primary auditory cortex-evoked responses to the tone pips, supporting a failure in inhibitory control of sensory processing after prefrontal damage. Intrahemispheric reductions of neural activity generated in the auditory association cortex and additional intrahemispheric reductions of attention-related frontal activity were also observed in the prefrontal patients. Together, these findings suggest that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is crucial for gating distracting information as well as maintaining distributed intrahemispheric neural activity during auditory working memory.

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Bakulin, I. S., A. H. Zabirova, P. N. Kopnin, D. O. Sinitsyn, A. G. Poydasheva, M. V. Fedorov, E. V. Gnedovskaya, N. A. Suponeva, and M. A. Piradov. "Cerebral cortex activation during the Sternberg verbal working memory task." Bulletin of Russian State Medical University, no. (1)2020 (February 29, 2020): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24075/brsmu.2020.013.

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Despite intensive study, the data regarding functional role of specific brain regions in the working memory processes still remain controversial. The study was aimed to determine the activation of cerebral cortex regions at different stages of the working memory task (information encoding, maintenance and retrieval). Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with the modified Sternberg task was applied to 19 healthy volunteers. The objective of the task was to memorize and retain in memory the sequence of 7 letters with the subsequent comparison of one letter with the sequence. Activation was analyzed during three periods of the task compared to the rest period, as well as temporal dynamics of changes in BOLD signal intensity in three regions: left dorsolateral prefrontal, left posterior parietal and left occipital cortex. According to the results, significant activation of the regions in prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex was observed during all periods of the task (p < 0.05), but there were changes in its localization and lateralization. The activation pattern during the maintenance period corresponded to the fronto-parietal control network components. According to the analysis of temporal dynamics of changes in BOLD signal intensity, the most prominent activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and parietal cortex was observed in the end of the encoding period, during the maintenance period and in the beginning of the retrieval period, which confirmed the role of those areas in the working memory processes. The maximum of occipital cortex activation was observed during encoding period. The study confirmed the functional role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex in the working memory mechanisms during all stages of the Sternberg task.

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Qi, Xue-Lian, Anthony C. Elworthy, Bryce C. Lambert, and Christos Constantinidis. "Representation of remembered stimuli and task information in the monkey dorsolateral prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 113, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 44–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00413.2014.

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Both dorsolateral prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex have been implicated in spatial working memory and representation of task information. Prior experiments training animals to recall the first of a sequence of stimuli and examining the effect of subsequent distractors have identified increased ability of the prefrontal cortex to represent remembered stimuli and filter distractors. It is unclear, however, if this prefrontal functional specialization extends to stimuli appearing earlier in a sequence, when subjects are cued to remember subsequent ones. It is also not known how task information interacts with persistent activity representing remembered stimuli and distractors in the two areas. To address these questions, we trained monkeys to remember either the first or second of two stimuli presented in sequence and recorded neuronal activity from the posterior parietal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The prefrontal cortex was better able to represent the actively remembered stimulus, whereas the posterior parietal cortex was more modulated by distractors; however, task effects interfered with this representation. As a result, large proportions of neurons with persistent activity and task effects exhibited a preference for a stimulus when it appeared as a distractor in both areas. Additionally, prefrontal neurons were modulated to a greater extent by task factors during the delay period of the task. The results indicate that the prefrontal cortex is better able than the posterior parietal cortex to differentiate between distractors and actively remembered stimuli and is more modulated by the task; however, this relative preference is highly context dependent and depends on the specific requirements of the task.

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Vasic, N., H. Walter, F. Sambataro, and R. C. Wolf. "Aberrant functional connectivity of dorsolateral prefrontal and cingulate networks in patients with major depression during working memory processing." Psychological Medicine 39, no. 6 (October 10, 2008): 977–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291708004443.

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BackgroundIn patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), functional neuroimaging studies have reported an increased activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) during executive performance and working memory (WM) processing, and also an increased activation of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) during baseline conditions. However, the functional coupling of these cortical networks during WM processing is less clear.MethodIn this study, we used a verbal WM paradigm, event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and multivariate statistical techniques to explore patterns of functional coupling of temporally dissociable dorsolateral prefrontal and cingulate networks. By means of independent component analyses (ICAs), two components of interest were identified that showed either a positive or a negative temporal correlation with the delay period of the cognitive activation task in both healthy controls and MDD patients.ResultsIn a prefronto-parietal network, a decreased functional connectivity pattern was identified in depressed patients comprising inferior parietal, superior prefrontal and frontopolar regions. Within this cortical network, MDD patients additionally revealed a pattern of increased functional connectivity in the left DLPFC and the cerebellum compared to healthy controls. In a second, temporally anti-correlated network, healthy controls exhibited higher connectivity in the ACC, the ventrolateral and the superior prefrontal cortex compared to MDD patients.ConclusionsThese results complement and expand previous functional neuroimaging findings by demonstrating a dysconnectivity of dissociable prefrontal and cingulate regions in MDD patients. A disturbance of these dynamic networks is characterized by a simultaneously increased connectivity of the DLPFC during task-induced activation and increased connectivity of the ACC during task-induced deactivation.

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Ploner, Christoph J., Sophie Rivaud-Péchoux, Bertrand M. Gaymard, Yves Agid, and Charles Pierrot-Deseilligny. "Errors of Memory-Guided Saccades in Humans With Lesions of the Frontal Eye Field and the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 82, no. 2 (August 1, 1999): 1086–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.82.2.1086.

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Behavioral studies in monkeys and humans suggest that systematic and variable errors of memory-guided saccades reflect distinct neuronal computations in primate spatial memory. We recorded memory-guided saccades with a 2-s delay in three patients with unilateral ischemic lesions of the frontal eye field and in three patients with unilateral ischemic lesions of the frontal eye field and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Results suggest that systematic errors of memory-guided saccades originate in the frontal eye field and variable errors in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. These data are the first human lesion data to support the hypothesis that these regions provide functionally distinct contributions to spatial short-term memory.

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Ballard, Hannah K., Sydney M. Eakin, Ted Maldonado, and Jessica A. Bernard. "Using high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation to investigate the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in explicit sequence learning." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 18, 2021): e0246849. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246849.

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Though we have a general understanding of the brain areas involved in motor sequence learning, there is more to discover about the neural mechanisms underlying skill acquisition. Skill acquisition may be subserved, in part, by interactions between the cerebellum and prefrontal cortex through a cerebello-thalamo-prefrontal network. In prior work, we investigated this network by targeting the cerebellum; here, we explored the consequence of stimulating the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex using high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) before administering an explicit motor sequence learning paradigm. Using a mixed within- and between- subjects design, we employed anodal (n = 24) and cathodal (n = 25) HD-tDCS (relative to sham) to temporarily alter brain function and examine effects on skill acquisition. The results indicate that both anodal and cathodal prefrontal stimulation impedes motor sequence learning, relative to sham. These findings suggest an overall negative influence of active prefrontal stimulation on the acquisition of a sequential pattern of finger movements. Collectively, this provides novel insight on the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in initial skill acquisition, when cognitive processes such as working memory are used. Exploring methods that may improve motor learning is important in developing therapeutic strategies for motor-related diseases and rehabilitation.

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Grafton, Scott T., Eliot Hazeltine, and Richard Ivry. "Functional Mapping of Sequence Learning in Normal Humans." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 7, no. 4 (October 1995): 497–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1995.7.4.497.

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The brain localization of motor sequence learning was studied in normal subjects with positron emission tomography. Subjects performed a serial reaction time (SRT) task by responding to a series of stimuli that occurred at four different spatial positions. The stimulus locations were either determined randomly or according to a 6-element sequence that cycled continuously. The SRT task was performed under two conditions. With attentional interference from a secondary counting task there was no development of awareness of the sequence. Learning-related increases of cerebral blood flow were located in contralateral motor effector areas including motor cortex, supplementary motor area, and putamen, consistent with the hypothesis that nondeclarative motor learning occurs in cerebral areas that control limb movements. Additional cortical sites included the rostral prefrontal cortex and parietal cortex. The SRT learning task was then repeated with a new sequence and no attentional interference. In this condition, 7 of 12 subjects developed awareness of the sequence. Learning-related blood flow increases were present in right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, right premotor cortex, right ventral putamen, and biparieto-occipital cortex. The right dorsolateral prefrontal and parietal areas have been previously implicated in spatial working memory and right prefrontal cortex is also implicated in retrieval tasks of verbal episodic memory. Awareness of the sequence at the end of learning was associated with greater activity in bilateral parietal, superior temporal, and right premotor cortex. Motor learning can take place in different cerebral areas, contingent on the attentional demands of the task.

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Molina, V., J. Sanz, S. Reig, R. Martínez, F. Sarramea, R. Luque, C. Benito, J. D. Gispert, J. Pascau, and M. Desco. "Hypofrontality in men with first-episode psychosis." British Journal of Psychiatry 186, no. 3 (March 2005): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.186.3.203.

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BackgroundDecreased metabolic activity in the prefrontal cortex during cognitive activation is a recurrent finding and a likely functional marker of schizophrenia.AimsTo investigate the occurrence of hypofrontality in patients with first-episode psychosis, with or without evolution to schizophrenia.MethodWe used fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography during the performance of an attention task and magnetic resonance imaging to study the dorsolateral prefrontal region in 13 men with a first episode of psychosis. Data from patients who progressed to schizophrenia were compared with those of patients who did not meet criteria for this diagnosis after 2 years.ResultsPatients who developed schizophrenia demonstrated a significant hypofrontality in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in comparison with the non-schizophrenia and control groups.ConclusionsOur results suggest that hypofrontality could be a marker of schizophrenia at the time of the first psychotic episode, in agreement with neurodevelopmental theories of schizophrenia.

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Blain-Brière, Bénédicte, Caroline Bouchard, Nathalie Bigras, and Geneviève Cadoret. "Development of active control within working memory." International Journal of Behavioral Development 38, no. 3 (November 26, 2013): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025413513202.

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This study aimed to compare children’s performance on two mnemonic functions that engage the lateral prefrontal cortex. Brain imaging studies in adults have shown that the mid-ventrolateral prefrontal cortex is specifically involved in active controlled retrieval, and the mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is specifically involved in monitoring mnemonic information (Petrides, 2005). Eighty-two children aged from 6 years, 8 months to 8 years, 7 months were tested. They showed equivalent success rates in active retrieval and monitoring with color and shape information. However, children were slower in monitoring than in active retrieval in color trials. The results demonstrate that the specialized contributions of the lateral prefrontal cortex emerge conjointly during childhood giving children multiple tools to exert an active control within memory.

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Stevenson, Rebecca F., Jie Zheng, Lilit Mnatsakanyan, Sumeet Vadera, Robert T. Knight, Jack J. Lin, and Michael A. Yassa. "Hippocampal CA1 gamma power predicts the precision of spatial memory judgments." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 40 (September 17, 2018): 10148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1805724115.

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The hippocampus plays a critical role in spatial memory. However, the exact neural mechanisms underlying high-fidelity spatial memory representations are unknown. We report findings from presurgical epilepsy patients with bilateral hippocampal depth electrodes performing an object-location memory task that provided a broad range of spatial memory precision. During encoding, patients were shown a series of objects along the circumference of an invisible circle. At test, the same objects were shown at the top of the circle (0°), and patients used a dial to move the object to its location shown during encoding. Angular error between the correct location and the indicated location was recorded as a continuous measure of performance. By registering pre- and postimplantation MRI scans, we were able to localize the electrodes to specific hippocampal subfields. We found a correlation between increased gamma power, thought to reflect local excitatory activity, and the precision of spatial memory retrieval in hippocampal CA1 electrodes. Additionally, we found a similar relationship between gamma power and memory precision in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and a directional relationship between activity in this region and in the CA1, suggesting that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is involved in postretrieval processing. These results indicate that local processing in hippocampal CA1 and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex supports high-fidelity spatial memory representations.

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Qi, Xue-Lian, and Christos Constantinidis. "Lower neuronal variability in the monkey dorsolateral prefrontal than posterior parietal cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 114, no. 4 (October 2015): 2194–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00454.2015.

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The dorsolateral prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex are two brain areas involved in cognitive functions such as spatial attention and working memory. When tested with identical tasks, only subtle differences in firing rate are present between neurons recorded in the two areas. In this article we report that major differences in neuronal variability characterize the two areas during working memory. The Fano factors of spike counts in dorsolateral prefrontal neurons were consistently lower than those of the posterior parietal cortex across a range of tasks, epochs, and conditions in the same monkeys. Variability differences were observed despite minor differences in firing rates between the two areas in the tasks tested and higher overall firing rate in the prefrontal than in the posterior parietal sample. Other measures of neuronal discharge variability, such as the coefficient of variation of the interspike interval, displayed the same pattern of lower prefrontal variability. Fano factor values were negatively correlated with performance in the working memory task, suggesting that higher neuronal variability was associated with diminished task performance. The results indicate that information involving remembered stimuli is more reliably represented in the prefrontal than the posterior parietal cortex based on the variability of neuronal responses, and suggest functional differentiation between the two areas beyond differences in firing rate.

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Vanderhasselt, Marie-Anne, Rudi De Raedt, and Chris Baeken. "Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and Stroop performance: Tackling the lateralization." Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 16, no. 3 (June 2009): 609–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/pbr.16.3.609.

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Priori, A., F. Mameli, F. Cogiamanian, S. Marceglia, M. Tiriticco, S. Mrakic-Sposta, R. Ferrucci, S. Zago, D. Polezzi, and G. Sartori. "Lie-Specific Involvement of Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Deception." Cerebral Cortex 18, no. 2 (June 21, 2007): 451–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhm088.

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Seminowicz, David A., and Massieh Moayedi. "The Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Acute and Chronic Pain." Journal of Pain 18, no. 9 (September 2017): 1027–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2017.03.008.

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Kringelbach, Morten L., Ivan E. T. de Araujo, and Edmund T. Rolls. "Taste-related activity in the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex." NeuroImage 21, no. 2 (February 2004): 781–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.09.063.

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van Veelen, Nicoletta M. J., Matthijs Vink, Nick F. Ramsey, and René S. Kahn. "Left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex dysfunction in medication-naive schizophrenia." Schizophrenia Research 123, no. 1 (October 2010): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2010.07.004.

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Coelho, Carl, Karen Lê, Jennifer Mozeiko, Frank Krueger, and Jordan Grafman. "Discourse production following injury to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex." Neuropsychologia 50, no. 14 (December 2012): 3564–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.09.005.

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Sato, Yuta, Munekazu Yamada, Toshio Iijima, and Ken-Ichiro Tsutsui. "Involvement of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in inductive reasoning." Neuroscience Research 58 (January 2007): S228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2007.06.509.

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Wegener, Stephen P., Kevin Johnston, and Stefan Everling. "Microstimulation of monkey dorsolateral prefrontal cortex impairs antisaccade performance." Experimental Brain Research 190, no. 4 (July 19, 2008): 463–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-008-1488-4.

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Bachus, S. E., T. M. Hyde, M. M. Herman, and J. E. Kleinman. "Elevated cholecystokinin mRNA in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in suicides." Biological Psychiatry 39, no. 7 (April 1996): 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(96)84385-x.

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MITSUYAMA, Yuki, Yuka MIYAKE, Shoji IMAI, Hiroaki KUMANO, and Shinobu NOMURA. "Effect of alexithymia on activation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 76 (September 11, 2012): 1AMC30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.76.0_1amc30.

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Kumar, Sanjeev, Reza Zomorrodi, Zaid Ghazala, Daniel Blumberger, Corinne Fischer, Zafiris Daskalakis, Benoit Mulsant, Bruce Pollock, and Tarek Rajji. "361. Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Neuroplasticity Deficits in Alzheimer’s Disease." Biological Psychiatry 81, no. 10 (May 2017): S148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.02.378.

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Wang, Xiao-Jing. "Discovering spatial working memory fields in prefrontal cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 93, no. 6 (June 2005): 3027–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/classicessays.00028.2005.

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This essay looks at the historical significance of one APS classic paper that is freely available online: Funahashi S, Bruce CJ, and Goldman-Rakic PS. Mnemonic coding of visual space in the monkey's dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. J Neurophysiol 61: 331–349, 1989 ( http://jn.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/61/2/331 ).

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Osaka, Naoyuki. "How does the attentional pointer work in prefrontal cortex?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 26, no. 6 (December 2003): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x03460160.

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The current model, based on event-related potential (ERP) studies, posits that the working-memory system is a state of activated long-term memory; this appears comprehensive, but it needs further detailed analysis of functional neural connectivity analysis within the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and between the posterior and prefrontal cortex. Specifically, the role of dorsolateral PFC and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is probably critical for PFC's attentional controller. Neural implementation of the executive function in working memory appears critical to build a firm model.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex'

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