Relevant bibliographies by topics / Doppler spreads

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Doppler spreads'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Doppler spreads"

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Zhang, Yan, Zunwen He, Wancheng Zhang, Limin Xiao, and Shidong Zhou. "Measurement-Based Delay and Doppler Characterizations for High-Speed Railway Hilly Scenario." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/875345.

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This paper presents results for delay and Doppler spread characterization in high-speed railway (HSR) hilly scenario. To investigate the propagation characteristics in this specific terrain, a measurement campaign is conducted along the “Guangzhou-Shenzhen” HSR in China. A wideband channel sounder with 40 MHz bandwidth is used to collect raw data at 2.4 GHz band. The delay spread and Doppler frequency features are analyzed based on measured data. It is found that there are abundant multipath components (MPCs) in this scenario. We present the relationship between the delay spreads and the transceiver distances. The measured route can be divided into four areas with different delay and Doppler characteristics. Finally, a tapped delay line (TDL) model is proposed to parameterize the channel responses in the HSR hilly environment, which is supposed to provide criterions for evaluations of the radio interface and development of wireless communication system.
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Guo, Huaihai, Ali Abdi, Aijun Song, and Mohsen Badiey. "Delay and Doppler spreads in underwater acoustic particle velocity channels." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 129, no. 4 (April 2011): 2015–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3533721.

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Bernado, Laura, Thomas Zemen, Fredrik Tufvesson, Andreas F. Molisch, and Christoph F. Mecklenbrauker. "Delay and Doppler Spreads of Nonstationary Vehicular Channels for Safety-Relevant Scenarios." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 63, no. 1 (January 2014): 82–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2013.2271956.

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Karlsson, Kristian, Xiaoming Chen, Jan Carlsson, and Anton Skarbratt. "On OTA Test in the Presence of Doppler Spreads in a Reverberation Chamber." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 12 (2013): 886–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2013.2272716.

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Borah, D. K. "Estimation of Frequency-Selective CDMA Channels With Large Possible Delay and Doppler Spreads." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 55, no. 4 (July 2006): 1126–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2006.877473.

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Weitzen, J., M. Sowa, R. Scofidio, and J. Quinn. "Characterizing the Multipath and Doppler Spreads of the High-Latitude Meteor Burst Communication Channel." IEEE Transactions on Communications 35, no. 10 (October 1987): 1050–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcom.1987.1096690.

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Zhang, Mi, Xiaochen Xia, Kui Xu, Xiaoqin Yang, Wei Xie, Yunkun Li, and Yang Liu. "A Structured Sparse Bayesian Channel Estimation Approach for Orthogonal Time—Frequency Space Modulation." Entropy 25, no. 5 (May 6, 2023): 761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25050761.

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Orthogonal time–frequency space (OTFS) modulation has been advocated as a promising waveform for achieving integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) due to its superiority in high-mobility adaptability and spectral efficiency. In OTFS modulation-based ISAC systems, accurate channel acquisition is critical for both communication reception and sensing parameter estimation. However, the existence of the fractional Doppler frequency shift spreads the effective channels of the OTFS signal significantly, making efficient channel acquisition very challenging. In this paper, we first derive the sparse structure of the channel in the delay Doppler (DD) domain according to the input and output relationship of OTFS signals. On this basis, a new structured Bayesian learning approach is proposed for accurate channel estimation, which includes a novel structured prior model for the delay-Doppler channel and a successive majorization–minimization (SMM) algorithm for efficient posterior channel estimate computation. Simulation results show that the proposed approach significantly outperforms the reference schemes, especially in the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) region.
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Rejeb, Nessrine Ben, Ines Bousnina, Mohamed Bassem Ben Salah, and Abdelaziz Samet. "Mean angle of arrival, angular and Doppler spreads estimation in multiple‐input multiple‐output system." IET Signal Processing 9, no. 5 (July 2015): 395–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-spr.2014.0173.

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Donnelly, M. J., O. K. Rediniotis, S. A. Ragab, and D. P. Telionis. "The Interaction of Rolling Vortices With a Turbulent Boundary Layer." Journal of Fluids Engineering 117, no. 4 (December 1, 1995): 564–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2817302.

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Laser-Doppler velocimetry is employed to measure the periodic field created by releasing spanwise vortices in a turbulent boundary layer. Phase-averaged vorticity and turbulence level contours are estimated and presented. It is found that vortices with diameter of the order of the boundary layer quickly diffuse and disappear while their turbulent kinetic energy spreads uniformly across the entire boundary layer. Larger vortices have a considerably longer life span and in turn feed more vorticity into the boundary layer.
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Linnartz, J. P. M. G. "Performance analysis of synchronous MC-CDMA in mobile Rayleigh channel with both delay and Doppler spreads." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 50, no. 6 (2001): 1375–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/25.966570.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Doppler spreads"

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Eggen, Trym H. 1963. "Underwater acoustic communication over Doppler spread channels." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/42768.

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Malachias, Nickolaos. "Doppler shift and spread study for ionospherically propagated signals." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1994. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA284610.

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Wen, Hui. "Comparison and Evaluation of Doppler Spread Estimation Algorithms in WCDMA." Thesis, KTH, Kommunikationsteori, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-152226.

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In a WCDMA transmission systems, the properties of the radio transmissionchannels can be strongly aected by the movement of User Equipment (UE) orthe surrounding objects. The estimation of Doppler spread is therefore of greatimportance since it is closely related to the mobile speed, as it can also be usedto characterize the fast fading in the radio channel. Thus the Doppler spread estimation can have wide range of applications and the relative research on thistopic has drawn much attention. Many Doppler spread estimation algorithms has been proposed in the literature. In this report, these algorithms are divided into four categories, and the comparison is performed from both performanceand implementation point of view to compare these four types of estimators. During the investigation, the Rayleigh fading and Rician fading model withdierent mobile speed and SNR are simulated to analyze the performance of estimation algorithms under dierent conditions. The effect of Rician factor and angle of arrival of Line Of Sight (LOS) component is also taken into consideration in the evaluation. Furthermore, the computational complexity of each algorithm is calculated. Based on simulation results, the underlying reasons for their performances are analyzed individually. The Moser's estimator (correlation based estimator) demonstrates the best performance among these four estimators from the perspective of estimation accuracy. And it also shows the great value for the implementation in real systems.
I ett kommunikationssystem baserat p WCDMA kan egenskaperna hos radiotransmissionskanalernapverkas starkt av mobilens eller omgivningens rrelser.Estimering av Doppler spridningen r drfr av stor betydelse eftersom den r nrabeslktad med mobilens hastighet och den kan ocks anvndas fr att karakteriseraden snabba fdning i radiokanalen. Sledes kan estimat av Dopplerspridning ha ettbrett anvndningsomrde och forskningen om detta mne har varit intesiv. Mngaalgoritmer fr estimatering av Doppler spridning har freslagits i litteraturen. Idenna rapport, dessa algoritmer r indelade i fyra kategorier och analysen utfrsbde med avseende p prestanda och implementerbarhet. Simuleringar r utfrdamed Rayleigh fading och Rician modeller med olika hastigheter hos mobilen,och olika signal till brus frhllanden. Simuleringar har ocks gjorts fr olika vrdenav Ricianfaktorn och vinkel fr inkommande signal. Vidare har den berkningsmssigakomplexiteten av varje algoritm analyserats. Utifrn simuleringsresultathar de bakomliggande orsakerna till de olika algoritmernas prestatandadiskuterats. Dopplerspridningsestimat med Mosers metod (korrelation baseradestimator) visar det bsta resultatet bland dessa fyra estimator med avseendep skattningsnoggrannhet. Denna metod har ven frhllandevis lg berkningskomplexitetvilket gr den implementeringsvnlig.
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Landon, David. "DOPPLER BANDWIDTH CHARACTERIZATION OF ARTM CHANNEL SOUNDING DATA." International Foundation for Telemetering, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/608760.

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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 25-28, 1999 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada
Data from ARTM channel sounding test flights is examined to characterize the dynamic channel behavior of aeronautical telemetry channels. The dynamic behavior is characterized using the Doppler power spectrum. The width of the Doppler power spectrum is the Doppler bandwidth of the channel which indicates the required bandwidth of adaptive detection techniques such as adaptive equalization, adaptive modulation, adaptive channel selection and adaptive error control coding. Data collected from ARTM Flight 11 suggest a Doppler bandwidth exceeding 6.7 Hz for the channel, but greater accuracy and resolution will only be possible with more data.
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Peng, Ziqi. "Performance and Complexity Comparison of Doppler Spread Estimation for WCDMA Systems." Thesis, KTH, Kommunikationsteori, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-152225.

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In cellular communication systems, the estimation of Doppler spread has a wide range of applications such as handoff, channel assignment scheme, adaptivetransmission, power control, etc. A great quantity of Doppler spread estimation algorithms have been proposed in the literature. But there has been few investigations which gives a comprehensive comparison of these algorithms. Therefore, it is of great signicance to compare and evaluate the performance of the existing algorithms in the same simulation framework. In this report, the uplink of WCDMA is considered. Four different types of Doppler spread estimation algorithms are evaluated and compared in a link level baseband simulator. The performance and the ability to implement are considered as the metrics for evaluation. Both Rayleigh and Rician fading channel model are applied, and the effect of speed, signal to noise ratio, Rician factor and the angle of arrived line of sight component are also tested. Moreover, the computational complexity is analysed to evaluate the practical value for implementation.
Estimatering av en mobils hastighet i form av Dopplerspridning har ett brett spektrum av tillmpningar i cellulra kommunikationssystem ssom fr yttningen avmobiler mellan celler, kanaltilldelningsschema, adaptiv sndning, eektstyrning,etc. En stor mngd algoritmer fr estimering av Dopplerspriding har frslagitsi litteraturen, men det r ovanligt med heltckande jmfrelser mellan med dessaalgoritmer. Drfr r det av stor betydelse att jmfra och utvrdera resultaten avbentliga algoritmer inom ramen fr samma simuleringsvertyg.I denna rapport anvnds upplnken fr WCDMA fr utvrdering av fyra olikatyper av algoritmer fr estimering av Dopplerspridning. Metriker fr utvrderingenr prestanda och implementeringsvnlighet. Bde Rayleigh och Rician fdningskanalmodeller har utvrderas, samt eekten av mobilens hastighet, signaltill brus frhllande, Rician faktor och infallsvinkel i ppet flt scenario. Dessutomhar den berkningsmssiga komplexiteten analyseras fr att utvrdera den praktiskaanvndbarheten i riktiga system.
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Scaife, Bradley J. "DOPPLER SHIFTED SPREAD SPECTRUM CARRIER RECOVERY USING REAL-TIME DSP TECHNIQUES." International Foundation for Telemetering, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/607365.

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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 26-29, 1998 / Town & Country Resort Hotel and Convention Center, San Diego, California
In any satellite communication, the Doppler shift associated with the satellite’s position and velocity must be calculated in order to determine the carrier frequency. If the satellite state vector is unknown then some estimate must be formed of the Doppler-shifted carrier frequency. One elementary technique is to examine the signal spectrum and base the estimate on the dominant spectral component. If, however, the carrier is spread (as in most satellite communications) this technique may fail unless the chip rate-to-data rate ratio (processing gain) associated with the carrier is small. In this case, there may be enough spectral energy to allow peak detection against a noise background. In this paper, we present a method to estimate the frequency (without knowledge of the Doppler shift) of a spread-spectrum carrier assuming a small processing gain and binary-phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation. Our method relies on a simple, averaged discrete Fourier transform along with peak detection. We provide simulation results indicating the accuracy of this method. In addition, we will describe an all-digital hardware design based around a Motorola DSP56303 and high-speed A/D which implements this technique in real-time. The hardware design is to be used in NMSU’s implementation of NASA’s demand assignment, multiple access (DAMA) service.
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Fofanah, Ibrahim, and Wannaw Assegu. "Delay Spread Characterization of the Aeronautical Channel." International Foundation for Telemetering, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/581653.

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ITC/USA 2012 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Eighth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 22-25, 2012 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, California
Radio transmission channel influences greatly the quality of transmitted voice and data signal in terms of data rate and robustness. This degradation is as a result of many factors, notable amongst them are having multiple replica of the transmitted signal at the receiver (multipath), changes of frequency as a result of the movement of the aircraft (Doppler shift) and noise. This paper characterizes the scattered components of the aeronautical channel in terms of delay spread. Geometric representation is used to derive expressions for the maximum delay spread using the 2-ray model and the three dimensional model of the scattered path. Furthermore, the delay and Doppler frequencies are described as a function of the horizontal distance to the specular reflection point between a ground station and a test article. The simulated results are compared to measured data of related articles and the value of the maximum delay spread is compared with the proposed intersymbol guard band for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) in the Integrated Network Enhanced Telemetry (iNET) program to see if this proposition can be adapted to the aeronautical channel.
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Widodo, Slamet. "Wind and Doppler Shift Compensation for Spread Spectrum Sound-based Positioning System." Kyoto University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/180518.

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Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第17901号
農博第2024号
新制||農||1017(附属図書館)
学位論文||H25||N4797(農学部図書室)
30721
京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻
(主査)教授 近藤 直, 准教授 小川 雄一, 教授 飯田 訓久
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Landon, David. "PARAMETRIC ESTIMATION OF THE SCATTERING FUNCTION FOR ARTM CHANNEL SOUNDING DATA." International Foundation for Telemetering, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/608249.

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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 23-26, 2000 / Town & Country Hotel and Conference Center, San Diego, California
Parameterized data from ARTM channel sounding test flights are used to derive a parameter-based estimate of the scattering function. The Doppler bandwidth and Doppler spread, important measures of channel dynamics, can be estimated from such a scattering function. Data collected from ARTM Flight 11 suggest that the Doppler bandwidth is larger than 6.7 Hz. Even for very small collections of parameterized data, surprising agreement is shown to non-parametric scattering function estimates. This confirms modeling assumptions and offers a way to achieve significant reductions of storage requirements.
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Jian-zhong, Qi, Gong Yan, and Song Peng. "Realization of Fast Acquisition for Spread Spectrum Signal Based on FFT." International Foundation for Telemetering, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/595763.

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ITC/USA 2011 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Seventh Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 24-27, 2011 / Bally's Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada
Acquisition based on Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) can acquire Pseudo-random code phase quickly and improve the performance of the satellite navigation receivers. In the paper Real-time receiver adopts the FPGA to realize the function of FFT and uses DSP processor to control the implementation process of Acquisition. For increasing the sensitivity of Acquisition incoherent accumulation were used in the process. Also, in the paper we have discussed the process method for decreasing the negative influence of signal power changes and carrier's Doppler frequency.
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Books on the topic "Doppler spreads"

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Eggen, Trym H. Underwater acoustic communication over Doppler spread channels. Woods Hole, Mass: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1997.

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Malachias, Nickolaos. Doppler shift and spread study for ionospherically propagated signals. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Doppler spreads"

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Weik, Martin H. "Doppler spread." In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 454. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_5520.

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Welch, Thad B., and Rodger E. Ziemer. "Simulation of a DSSS/MCM System in a Doppler Spread Channel." In Multi-Carrier Spread-Spectrum, 219–26. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6231-3_26.

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Nagai, N., M. Okada, M. Saito, and H. Yamamoto. "Array Antenna Assisted Doppler Spread Compensator with Vehicle Speed Estimator for OFDM Receiver." In Multi-Carrier Spread-Spectrum, 299–306. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0502-8_34.

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Okada, Minoru, Hideaki Takayanagi, and Heiichi Yamamoto. "Array Antenna Assisted Doppler Spread Compensator for OFDM." In Multi-Carrier Spread-Spectrum & Related Topics, 337–44. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3569-7_36.

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Robertson, Patrick, and Stefan Kaiser. "Doppler Spread Analysis and Simulation for Multi-Carrier Mobile Radio and Broadcast Systems." In Multi-Carrier Spread Spectrum & Related Topics, 279–86. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4463-0_32.

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Ziemer, Rodger E., and Thaddeus B. Welch. "MCM-DSSS with DPSK Modulation and Equal Gain Combining in Delay and Doppler-Spread Rician Fading." In Multi-Carrier Spread Spectrum & Related Topics, 99–108. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4463-0_11.

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Jeong, Haeseong, and Heung-Gyoon Ryu. "Efficient Doppler Spread Compensation with Frequency Domain Equalizer and Turbo Code." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 9–18. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27186-1_2.

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Manzini, E., N. A. McFarlane, and C. McLandress. "Middle Atmosphere Simulations with the ECHAM4 Model: Sensitivity to the Doppler Spread Gravity Wave Parameterization." In Gravity Wave Processes, 367–81. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60654-0_25.

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Mayr, Hans G., J. G. Mengel, C. O. Hines, K. L. Chan, and N. F. Arnold. "Modeling the Seasonal Cycles and Equatorial Oscillations with a Parameterization of the Doppler Spread Gravity Wave Theory." In Gravity Wave Processes, 257–74. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60654-0_18.

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McFarlane, N., C. McLandress, and S. Beagley. "Seasonal Simulations with the Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model: Sensitivity to a combination of orographic and Doppler Spread Parameterizations of Gravity Wave Drag." In Gravity Wave Processes, 351–66. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60654-0_24.

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Conference papers on the topic "Doppler spreads"

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Liu, Ting-Li, Wei-Ho Chung, Hongke Zhang, Chung-Hsiu Chung, Chih-Hsiang Ho, and Sy-Yen Kuo. "Optimal Frequency Offsets with Doppler Spreads in Mobile OFDM System." In 2012 IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Fall). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vtcfall.2012.6399256.

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Robertson, P., and S. Kaiser. "The effects of Doppler spreads in OFDM(A) mobile radio systems." In Gateway to 21st Century Communications Village. VTC 1999-Fall. IEEE VTS 50th Vehicular Technology Conference (Cat. No.99CH36324). IEEE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vetecf.1999.797150.

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Panigrahi, Smruti Ranjan, Shaikh Masud Rana, Niclas Bjorsell, and Mats Bengtsson. "A Study of Delay and Doppler Spreads at 24 GHz ISM band." In 2020 16th International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wimob50308.2020.9253376.

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Bousnina, Ines, Nessrine Ben Rejeb, M. Bassem Ben Salah, and Abdelaziz Samet. "Doppler and angular spreads estimation using the derivatives of the cross-correlation functions." In 2012 International Conference on Communications and Information Technology (ICCIT). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccitechnol.2012.6285833.

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Guo, H., A. Abdi, A. Song, and M. Badiey. "Characterization of delay and Doppler spreads of underwater particle velocity channels using zero crossing rates." In 2010 44th Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems (CISS). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ciss.2010.5464725.

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Pasic, Faruk, Markus Hofer, Mariam Mussbah, Herbert Groll, Thomas Zemen, Stefan Schwarz, and Christoph F. Mecklenbräuker. "Statistical Evaluation of Delay and Doppler Spreads in sub-6 GHz and mmWave Vehicular Channels." In 2023 IEEE 97th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2023-Spring). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vtc2023-spring57618.2023.10199960.

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Zhang, Jiayi, Hamid Gharavi, and Bin Hu. "MIMO-OFDM transmissions invoking space-time/frequency linear dispersion codes subject to Doppler and delay spreads." In 2016 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wcnc.2016.7564881.

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Takatsuki, Asuka, Keitaro Motoi, Katsuhiko Sugita, Shuichi Umezawa, Hisanobu Kawasima, and Tsuneaki Ishima. "Spray Properties With Various Spray Nozzles for Cooling Suction Air of Gas Turbine by Means of a Phase Doppler Anemometry." In ASME 2017 Power Conference Joint With ICOPE-17 collocated with the ASME 2017 11th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, the ASME 2017 15th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2017 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power-icope2017-3417.

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A cooling suction air with water spray has been used for the gas turbine. The cooling efficiency depends on spray properties and surrounding conditions. The aim of this study is to know spray properties and to clarity an influence of spray nozzle type on the cooling efficiency. A Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA) is used for measurements. This measurement system is able to measure size and velocity of each droplet. A pin type nozzle, two different hole type nozzles are tested. The distribution of spray properties for the pin type nozzle becomes asymmetry due to the existence of pin. Its spray spreads widely and has broad size distribution in all spray area. Spray spreading area of hole type nozzles is narrow. Small particles gather on the spray center and large particles gather in the spray outer edge. Properties of each nozzle are also discussed for evaluating the cooling efficiency.
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Ragab, Reda, and Ting Wang. "An Experimental Study of Mist/Air Film Cooling With Fan-Shaped Holes on an Extended Flat Plate: Part 2 — Two-Phase Flow Measurements and Droplet Dynamics." In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-26170.

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A Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer (PDPA) system is employed to measure the two-phase mist flow behavior including flow velocity field, droplet size distribution, droplet dynamics, and turbulence characteristics. Based on the droplet measurements made through PDPA, a projected profile describing how the air-mist coolant jet flow spreads and eventually blends into the hot main flow is prescribed for both cylindrical and fan-shaped holes. The mist film layer consists of a typical coolant film layer and a wider droplet layer. The droplet layer is identified by a wedge-shaped enclosure prescribed by the data rate (droplet number per second) distribution. The apex of the enclosure, depicting by the maximum data rate, roughly indicating the core region of the coolant film. The upper boundary of the film layer, characterized by active mixing with the main flow, is found to be close to relatively high values of local Reynolds shear stresses. Thanks to higher inertia possessed by larger droplets (>20 μm in diameter) at the injection hole, the larger droplets tend to shoot across the coolant layer, resulting in a wider droplet layer than the cooling film layer. With the prescribed coolant film and droplet layer profiles, the heat transfer results on the wall presented in Part 1 are reexamined. The 3-D droplet measurements show that the droplets injected from the fan-shaped holes tend to spread wider in lateral direction than cylinder holes and accumulate at the location where the neighboring coolant film layers meet. This flow and droplet behavior explains the higher cooling performance as well as mist-enhancement occurs between the fan-shaped cooling holes, rather than along the hole’s centerline as demonstrated in the case using the cylindrical holes.
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Zhao, Lei, and Ting Wang. "An Experimental Study of Mist/Air Film Cooling on a Flat Plate With Application to Gas Turbine Airfoils: Part 2 — Two-Phase Flow Measurements and Droplet Dynamics." In ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-94478.

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Abstract:
A Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer (PDPA) system is employed to measure the two-phase mist flow behavior including flow velocity field, droplet size distribution, droplet dynamics, and turbulence characteristics. Based on the droplet measurements made through PDPA, a projected profile describing how the air-mist coolant jet flow spreads and eventually blends into the hot main flow is proposed. This proposed profile is found to be well supported by the measurement results of the turbulent Reynolds stresses. The coolant film envelope is identified with shear layers characterized by higher magnitudes of turbulent Reynolds stresses. In addition, the separation between the mist droplet layer and the coolant air film is identified through the droplet measurements — large droplets penetrate through the air coolant film layer and travel further into the main flow. With the proposed air-mist film profile, the heat transfer results on the wall presented in Part 1 are re-examined and more in-depth physics is revealed. It is found that the location of optimum cooling effectiveness is coincided with the point where the air-mist coolant stream starts to bend back towards the surface. Thus, the data suggests that the “bending back” film pattern is critical in keeping the mist droplets close to the surface, which improves the cooling effectiveness for mist cooling.
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