Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Dommages induits par les microcracks'
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Shi, Yue. "Micro-mechanics-based models of monotonic and cyclic behaviors of quasi-brittle rock-like materials having an elasto-viscoplastic matrix with microcracks." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/ToutIDP/EDENGSYS/2023/2023ULILN057.pdf.
Full textThe primary objective of this thesis is to model the macroscopic mechanical behavior of geomaterials under both instantaneous and time-dependent loading conditions. In this context, the studied material is modeled from the view of microstructure using well-suited localization and homogenization schemes. At the microscopic scale, it is assumed that microcracks have a penny-shaped morphology and are randomly embedded in an isotropic solid matrix. In framework of thermodynamics, two internal variables, inelastic strain and microcrack-induced damage, are both classified in consideration of instantaneous microcracking and sub-critical microcracking. The instantaneous damage is driven by a conjugated thermodynamics force, while the time-dependent damage evolves towards microstructure equilibrium. Further, the emphasis is put on modeling the solid matrix as a cohesive-friction component. This needs to introduce a new internal variable, plastic strain of matrix, resulting in a clearer brittle-ductile transition in the pre-peak regime, especially under relative high confining pressures. Next, the plastic compressible matrix is separately described by an associated and a non-associated flow rule in comparison with a large amount of test results. It is found that the non-associated model can well reproduce the compaction-dilatation transition with cyclic numbers. Finally, the unified model is developed to investigate the long-term behavior in terms of matrix viscoplasticity. The deformation mechanisms are analyzed regarding the coupling between matrix viscoplasticity and sub-critical propagation of microcracks
Lahaie, Pierre-Olivier. "Nouvelle méthode expérimentale pour mesurer les dommages à l'ADN induits par la radiation." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/7527.
Full textAbstract : DNA is the principle target of radiotherapy (RT) due to its crucial role in cellular growth and function. Ionizing radiation (IR) delivers its energy into the cell and its nucleus via sequential ionization events that produce many low-energy electrons (LEE)(10[superscript 5]e[superscript −] per MeV) which drive subsequent molecular dissociations and the formation of radicals and other reactive species. Since a better understanding of these mechanisms is needed to develop new strategies for radioprotection and RT, it is essential to identify and to quantify the initial damage induced by IR. Recent chromatographic (HPLC) analysis of short oligonucleotide irradiated with LEE in vacuo (Li et al., 2010) revealed that only ∼30 % of the loss of intact molecules could be explained by the formation of identifiable radiation products. We hypothesize that electron stimulated desorption (ESD) may account for some of the unexplained loss of the missing molecules. Here we propose a new experimental method to quantify this loss using a quartz crystal microbalance to measure in situ the total mass change due to ESD. This thesis describes the design and the construction of the novel apparatus and presents results for LEE irradiated thymine (thy) and thymidine (dT). We find that at 25 ◦ C, the thermal-induced mass loss is important for small molecules such as thy (126 amu). Upon irradiation at 50 eV, the rate of mass loss initially increases, but then decreased by factors between 5 and 15 indicating structural changes occurring at the sample surface. For larger molecules such as dT (242 amu), there is no thermal evaporation at 25 ◦ C and the LEE induced rate of desorption at 50 eV is 0.4 ± 0.1 amu/e[superscript -]. This work is needed to calibrate HPLC and mass spectrometry experiments allowing us to quantify the fragment species produced by LEE that are expected to induce further and biologically significant damage.
Bezine, Elisabeth. "Analyse des dommages à l'ADN induits par la toxine CDT et de leur réparation." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015INPT0142/document.
Full textThe Cytolethal Distending Toxin (CDT) is a virulence factor produced by many pathogenic gram-negative bacteria, its production being associated to various diseases, including tumorigenesis. A causal relationship has been established between DNA damage, mutagenesis and cancerogenesis. Different studies classified CDT among the bacterial genotoxins. The CDT-related pathogenicity relies on the catalytic subunit CdtB action, shown to induce double-strand breaks (DSB) on the host genomic DNA. Previously, our team showed that, at doses 1000 times lower than those used in the literature, CDT probably induces single-strand breaks that degenerate into DSB during S-phase. To document this model, we studied the repair systems involved in host-cell in response to CDT-induced DNA damage. Since various repair pathways allow cells to respond different type of DNA damage, we speculated that non-DSB repair mechanisms might contribute to the cellular resistance to CDT-mediated genotoxicity. First, we confirm that HR is involved in the management of CDT-induced lesions, but also Non Homologous End Joining, the second major DSB repair mechanism. Next we show that nucleotide excision repair, involved in adducts repair, is not important to take care of CDT-induced DNA damage, whereas base excision repair impairment sensitizes CDT-treated cells, suggesting that CDT induce single-strand breaks. Moreover, we demonstrate for the first time the involvement and the activation of the Fanconi Anemia repair pathway in response to CDT. Finally, to better characterize CDT-induced damage, we initiate experiments to study CdtB nuclease activity in vitro. For this, different CdtB mutants have been generated, purified and their nuclease activity tested. A similar nuclease activity has been obtained for the wt or mutant CdtB in an in vitro assay (digestion of a supercoiled plasmid). However, a cell assay (nuclear expression of CdtB in eukaryotic cells) confirms the loss of activity for the mutant subunit. Our results thus indicate the importance to test the CdtB subunit in different context. To conclude, our work reinforces a model where CDT induces single-strand damage and not direct DSB. This also underlines the importance of cell proliferation to generate DSB and sheds light on the activated host-cell systems, after CDT-induced DNA damage
Dumont, Ariane. "Protection des ions organiques contre les dommages induits à l'ADN par les électrons de basse énergie." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2009. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/4025.
Full textLoquet, Jean-Gabriel. "Étude numérique et expérimentale des dommages permanents induits par une particule lourde dans les composants électroniques." École nationale supérieure de l'aéronautique et de l'espace (Toulouse ; 1972-2007), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ESAE0015.
Full textMamouni, Kenza. "Rôle de la GTPase RhoB dans la réponse aux dommages à l'ADN induits par la camptothécine." Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2031/.
Full textRhoB is a GTPase implicated in various intracellular functions such as cytoskeletal organization. Besides its well-established roles, RhoB recently emerged as an early DNA damage-inducible gene. RhoB is overexpressed and activated in response to various genotoxics although the mechanism of induction and functional relevance remain unclear. RhoB also possesses tumor suppressor properties. Its expression decreases during tumor progression and loss of RhoB promotes cell proliferation and invasion. To study the role of RhoB in the DNA damage response and its potential implication in tumor progression, we used camptothecin (CPT), a selective inhibitor of topoisomerase I that produces DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). We show that, in CPT-treated cells, DSBs induce RhoB expression by a mechanism that depends on Chk2 and its substrate HuR that binds to and protects RhoB mRNA against degradation. RhoB deficient cells fail to dephosphorylate gamma-H2AX following CPT removal suggesting defective DSB repair. These cells also show decreased activity of PP2A, a phosphatase for gamma-H2AX and other DNA damage signaling and repair proteins. We propose that DSBs activate a Chk2-HuR-RhoB pathway that promotes PP2A-mediated dephosphorylation of gamma-H2AX. Finally, we show that RhoB deficient cells accumulate endogenous gamma-H2AX and chromosomal abnormalities, suggesting that RhoB loss increases DSB-mediated genomic instability and tumor progression
Hennebelle, Marie. "Acides gras polyinsaturés n-3 (AGPI n-3) e prévention des dommages cérébraux induits par un stress chronique." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00691980.
Full textNghiem, Huu-Luyen. "Evaluation des dommages induits par des mouvements de terrain sur des structures en maçonnerie à l'aide de la modélisation physique." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAI012/document.
Full textMasonry structures present a significant proportion of individual houses and are especially more vulnerable when subjected to ground movements. To deal with consequences of this problem, a test-platform has been developed in order to simulate ground movements and their effect on structure models on the surface. This thesis is based on a reduced physical model and develops damage assessment methods for masonry structures using physical modelling. Firstly, a small-scaled physical model under Earth's gravity (1g) has been developed to reproduce this phenomenon. This model of soil-foundation-masonry interaction has a scale factor of 1/40. The analogue soil consists of the Fontainebleau sand. The foundation part of the structure is made of liquid silicon and masonry walls are made from small wooden blocks. To measure displacements fields of the soil and the structure, a digital image correlation (DIC) technique is used. Discussions about the use of this technique when performing a test, especially the consideration of measurement errors, are also addressed. Secondly, we first assess the damage through conventional methods based on damage indicators and graphs. Then, new easy to use tools based on the DIC technique are proposed to carry out a more effective damage assessment. The first tool helps identify failure modes in the structure, based on the Winkler soil-structure interaction model. To do this, the inverse problem of soil-structure interaction is resolved, and the failure modes, based on internal forces, are identified. Then, a DIC-M model is proposed to reproduce the crack propagation in the masonry wall. The key point of this model consists in the simulation of the block movements in a discrete element system (DES). Consequently, cracks can appear easily, and then the crack identification and quantification become easier. More precisely, a new damage indicator related to the cumulated length of cracks allows to better quantify the damage and the cartography the cracks. The measurement uncertainty is determined by Monte-Carlo simulation. Thirdly, the performance of proposed tools is discussed through an example of assessing potential damages. An individual house in masonry subjected to ground movements was studied using physical experimentation. A test campaign related to the most sensitive positions of the structure with respect to the subsidence centre is performed. Damage assessment is conducted using deformation measurement and crack characteristics. The comparison between conventional and developed methods shows the relevance of the damage indicator related to the cumulated length of cracks, and this indicator can be considered as a new tool for damage assessment in practice. Finally, operational recommendations are suggested in order to obtain a better estimation of the damage level of the structure
BUSCH, MARIE-CLAUDE. "Contribution a l'etude des dommages induits par les ions lourds de grande energie dans les films d'oxyde de silicium thermique." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992STR13097.
Full textAdam, Salomé. "Dynamique des variants de l'histone H3 en réponse aux dommages de l'ADN induits par les UVC dans les cellules humaines." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066288/document.
Full textIn eukaryotic cells, the DNA damage response involves a reorganization of chromatin structure. This structure, in which DNA is associated with histone proteins, conveys the epigenetic information, which is critical for cell identity. However, we are still far from understanding the mechanisms underlying chromatin dynamics in response to DNA damage, which challenges both the structural and functional integrity of chromatin architecture. During my PhD, I thus decided to explore this issue in human cells, by deciphering the dynamics of histone H3 variants and their dedicated chaperones in response to UVC lesions. By combining local UVC irradiation with an innovative technology that allows specific tracking of parental and newly synthesized histones, I revealed that the histone chaperone HIRA (Histone Regulator A) is recruited early to UVC-damaged chromatin regions, where it promotes local deposition of new histone H3.3 variant and facilitates transcription recovery upon repair completion. We also demonstrated that old H3 histones are initially redistributed around the damaged chromatin zone, this conservative redistribution requiring the UVC damage sensor DDB2 (DNA Damage Binding protein 2). Later in the repair process, most parental histones recover and mix with newly deposited histones in repairing chromatin regions. The recovery of pre-existing histones may contribute to preserve the integrity of the epigenetic information conveyed by chromatin before genotoxic stress
Adam, Salomé. "Dynamique des variants de l'histone H3 en réponse aux dommages de l'ADN induits par les UVC dans les cellules humaines." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2015PA066288.pdf.
Full textIn eukaryotic cells, the DNA damage response involves a reorganization of chromatin structure. This structure, in which DNA is associated with histone proteins, conveys the epigenetic information, which is critical for cell identity. However, we are still far from understanding the mechanisms underlying chromatin dynamics in response to DNA damage, which challenges both the structural and functional integrity of chromatin architecture. During my PhD, I thus decided to explore this issue in human cells, by deciphering the dynamics of histone H3 variants and their dedicated chaperones in response to UVC lesions. By combining local UVC irradiation with an innovative technology that allows specific tracking of parental and newly synthesized histones, I revealed that the histone chaperone HIRA (Histone Regulator A) is recruited early to UVC-damaged chromatin regions, where it promotes local deposition of new histone H3.3 variant and facilitates transcription recovery upon repair completion. We also demonstrated that old H3 histones are initially redistributed around the damaged chromatin zone, this conservative redistribution requiring the UVC damage sensor DDB2 (DNA Damage Binding protein 2). Later in the repair process, most parental histones recover and mix with newly deposited histones in repairing chromatin regions. The recovery of pre-existing histones may contribute to preserve the integrity of the epigenetic information conveyed by chromatin before genotoxic stress
Bérubé, Roxanne. "Persistance des dommages à l'ADN induits par une irradiation chronique aux rayons ultraviolets B et leurs conséquences dans le génome humain." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27866.
Full textUltraviolet (UV) rays are known to be the main initiator of skin cancer, as they induce different types of DNA damage, including cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD). CPD are mostly produced by UVB rays and are the predominant premutagenic DNA damage responsible for non-melanoma skin cancers. While most CPD are repaired by the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway, some remain unrepaired and persist in the genome. We recently observed those residual CPD after exposure of human fibroblasts cells to chronic low dose of UVB (CLUV). Then, we aimed to observe the distribution of residual CPD occurring in dividing cells submitted to CLUV irradiation. Human dermal fibroblasts were irradiated with CLUV (75 J/m² every 12h for 7.5 days). Our results showed that residual CPD are tolerated and diluted in the genome by DNA replication. Then, localization of CLUV-induced residual CPD was observed and compared with residual CPD induced by a single and acute UVB irradiation (400 J/m²). Euchromatin and heterochromatin fraction were isolated and the amount of CPD was quantified in each fraction. The quantification showed that residual CPD accumulate mostly in the heterochromatin fraction of the genome, where the amount of CPD was two times greater than in the euchromatin. This suggests that DNA compaction has an impact on CPD accumulation and repair. Then, we measured the frequency of the different types of residual CPD by LC-MS/MS technique. A lower proportion of cytosine containing CPD was found in CLUV irradiated cells than in acute irradiated cells. The quantification of the different types of 6-4 photoproducts (6-4 PP) demonstrated that they were almost all absent after a CLUV irradiation, in the residual damage. Finally, genomic instability was investigated in CLUV irradiated cells by measuring the amount of SCE induced after the irradiation. A higher number of SCE was observed in CLUV-irradiated cells than in control cells, suggesting that residual CPD are responsible for an increase of genomic instability. Overall, we observed that residual CPD, mostly TT-CPD, accumulate in the heterochromatin where they are tolerated. These CPD are diluted during cellular division but they are causing genomic instability. Finally, my project aimed to characterise residual CPD induced by chronic irradiation and to gain more knowledge on their impact in skin carcinogenesis initiation.
Loignon, Martin. "Rôles de la voie régulatrice P53/p21waf1/PRB dans la réponse aux dommages induits par les UV dans les cellules humaines." [Montréal] : Université de Montréal, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/umontreal/fullcit?pNQ75920.
Full text"NQ-75920." "Thèse présentée à la faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de philosophiae doctor (Ph. D.) en biologie moléculaire." Version électronique également disponible sur Internet.
Bencherit, Djihad. "Etude des dommages à l'ADN induits par le virus de la maladie de Marek et de leur implication dans la pathogénèse virale." Thesis, Tours, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOUR4003/document.
Full textMarek’s disease virus (MDV) is an alphaherpesvirus responsible of T lymphoma in chickens. Mechanisms leading to cellular transformation mediated by MDV are still incompletely understood. DNA damage and the associated cellular response participate actively in the life cycle of viruses, especially herpesviruses. Here, we aimed at deciphering the role of DNA damages in MDV pathogenesis. We show that MDV lytic infection leads to DNA lesions in lymphocytes and fibroblasts of chickens. Moreover, we demonstrated that MDV latently-infected lymphocytes exhibits undamaged DNA whereas MDV reactivation leads to an onset of DNA lesions. Also, using an original in vivo approach, we objectified the role of VP22 on DNA damages induction. Finally, we established that DNA damage and/or the associated DNA damage response are not only benefic to MDV replication but also that the DNA lesions onset might participate to MDV oncogenicity
Elias, Jan. "Modélisation mathématique du rôle et de la dynamique temporelle de la protéine p53 après dommages à l'ADN induits par les médicaments anticancéreux." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066253/document.
Full textVarious molecular pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic models have been proposed in the last decades to represent and predict drug effects in anticancer therapies. Most of these models are cell population based models since clearly measurable effects of drugs can be seen on populations of (healthy and tumour) cells much more easily than in individual cells.The actual targets of drugs are, however, cells themselves. The drugs in use either disrupt genome integrity by causing DNA strand breaks and consequently initiate programmed cell death or block cell proliferation mainly by inhibiting proteins (cdks) that enable cells to proceed from one cell cycle phase to another. DNA damage caused by cytotoxic drugs or $\gamma$-irradiation activates, among others, the p53 protein-modulated signalling pathways that directly or indirectly force the cell to make a decision between survival and death.The thesis aims to explore closely intracellular pathways involving p53, ``the guardian of the genome", initiated by DNA damage and thus to provide oncologists with a rationale to predict and optimise the effects of anticancer drugs in the clinic. It describes p53 activation and regulation in single cells following their exposure to DNA damaging agents. We show that dynamical patterns that have been observed in individual cells can be reconstructed and predicted by compartmentalisation of cellular events occurring either in the nucleus or in the cytoplasm, and by describing protein interactions, using both ordinary and partial differential equations, among several key antagonists including ATM, p53, Mdm2 and Wip1, in each compartment and in between them. Recently observed positive role of Mdm2 in the synthesis of p53 is explored and a novel mechanism triggering oscillations is proposed. For example, new model can explain experimental observations that previous (not only our) models could not, e.g., excitability of p53.Using mathematical methods we look closely on how a stimulus (e.g., $\gamma$-radiation or drugs used in chemotherapy) is converted to a specific (spatio-temporal) pattern of p53 whereas such specific p53 dynamics as a transmitter of cellular information can modulate cellular outcomes, e.g., cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. Mathematical ODE and reaction-diffusion PDE models are thus used to see how the (spatio-temporal) behaviour of p53 is shaped and what possible applications in cancer treatment this behaviour might have. Protein-protein interactions are considered as enzyme reactions. We present some mathematical results for enzyme reactions, among them the large-time behaviour of the reaction-diffusion system for the reversible enzyme reaction treated by an entropy approach. To our best knowledge this is published for the first time
La, Madeleine Carole. "Utilisation de l'essai comète et du biomarqueur [gamma]-H2AX pour détecter les dommages induits à l'ADN cellulaire par le 5-bromodéoxyuridine post-irradiation." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2009. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/4021.
Full textHeliez, Christophe. "Dommages aux microtubules induits par le paclitaxel : caractérisation de la voie de signalisation mettant en jeu p21, inhibiteur des kinases dépendantes des cyclines." Toulouse 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU30089.
Full textJuraszek, Jean. "Dommages induits par irradiation aux ions lourds dans des matériaux magnétiques : multicouches metalliques Fe/Tb et grenat isolant Y 3Fe 5O 1 2." Rouen, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ROUES016.
Full textRobu, Mihaela. "Rôle de la poly(ADP-ribose) polymérase 1 dans la reconnaissance et la réparation des dommages directs induits à l'ADN par les radiations ultraviolettes." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/29852.
Full textLa poly(ADP-ribose) polymérase 1 (PARP1) est une enzyme nucléaire très abondante chez les eucaryotes supérieurs, humains compris, mais néanmoins absente chez les bactéries et les levures. En réponse aux dommages à l’ADN, elle utilise le substrat nicotinamide adénine dinucléotide (NAD+) pour former des polymères d’ADP-ribose (PAR) sur elle-même et sur d’autres protéines cibles. L’enzyme PARP1 et son activité catalytique sont impliquées dans la réparation des dommages à l’ADN contenant des cassures simple et double brin. Cependant, l’hypothèse que l’enzyme PARP1 joue un rôle dans la réparation de dommages sans cassures de brin a toujours rencontré des réticences. Par exemple, la PARP1 est activée rapidement par ces dommages, comme ceux induits par les radiations ultraviolettes (UV), mais son rôle dans leur réparation par excision de nucléotides (NER) n’était pas accepté généralement. Ainsi, ce projet de doctorat consiste à déterminer le mécanisme exact par lequel la PARP1 et son activité catalytique contribuent à la NER. Cette voie de réparation utilise plus de 30 protéines pour réparer une très grande variété de dommages. Bien que nous ayons une bonne connaissance des étapes de la NER grâce aux études in vitro chez les bactéries et les levures, les facteurs qui influencent le fonctionnement de la NER chez les eucaryotes supérieurs ne sont pas tous connus. Cependant, de récentes études ont montré que des complexes de remodelage de la chromatine et des modifications post-traductionnelles facilitent la NER dans la chromatine. Dans ce contexte, l’implication de la modification posttraductionnelle effectuée par la PARP1, dite PARylation, est encore inconnue dans la NER. Dans la NER, l’étape cruciale de la réparation globale du génome est la reconnaissance des quelques bases endommagées qui sont entourées de nombreuses bases non modifiées par la protéine «Xeroderma pigmentosum C» (XPC). Un autre facteur clé de cette phase est le facteur «UV-damaged DNA binding protein 2» (DDB2) qui fait partie du complexe ubiquitine-ligase UV-DDB. Ici, nous avons démontré que, après irradiation aux UVC, la PARP1 se lie asymétriquement à la photolésion et elle interagit avec le facteur DDB2. Ce dernier stimule l’activité catalytique de la PARP1 et est à son tour PARylé par la PARP1. Les polymères formés autour de la photolésion agissent comme signal de recrutement pour le complexe PARP1-XPC déjà présent dans le nucléoplasme. La confluence de ces facteurs de réparation au site de dommage assure la séparation de la protéine XPC de ce complexe suivi de son transfert et de sa stabilisation autour du dommage. Ainsi, la PARP1 n'est pas seulement l'une des premières protéines recrutées aux lésions induites par les UV, mais son activation rapide par ces dommages joue un rôle clé dans les étapes situées en aval de la phase de reconnaissance des dommages de la NER. En effet, nous avons montré que l’inhibition ou la déplétion de la PARP1 ralentit radicalement la réparation par la NER des dommages directs induits à l’ADN par les UV. Cette étude montre que la PARP1, en coopération avec les protéines DDB2 et XPC augmente l’efficacité de la voie NER dans les cellules des mammifères.
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) is a highly abundant nuclear enzyme which is present in higher eukaryotes but absent in bacteria and yeasts. In response to DNA damage, it uses the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to form polymers of ADPribose (PAR) on itself and other target proteins. PARP1 and its catalytic activity are involved in the repair of DNA damages comprising of single and double strand breaks. However, the role of PARP1 in repairing DNA damage without strand breaks has not been readily accepted. For example, although PARP1 is rapidly activated in response to such damages caused by ultraviolet radiation (UV), its role in their repair by nucleotide excision repair pathway (NER) was not generally recognized. Thus, the project of my doctoral work is to determine the exact mechanism by which PARP1 and its catalytic activity influence NER. This pathway uses more than 30 proteins to repair a wide variety of DNA damages. Although we have a good understanding of NER steps through studies in vitro, bacteria and yeasts, we still do not know all the factors that influence the functioning of the NER in higher eukaryotes including humans. Recent studies have shown that chromatin remodelling complexes and post-translational modifications facilitate NER in the context of chromatin. However, the contribution of PARylation, the post-translational modification carried out by PARP1, in NER remains largely unknown. Xeroderma pigmentosum C protein (XPC) plays a crucial role in NER by recognizing the few UV induced lesions in the vast undamaged chromatin. Another key factor in damage recognition is the UV- damaged DNA binding protein (DDB2), which is part of the UV-DDB ubiquitin-ligase complex. Here, we have demonstrated that after UVC irradiation, PARP1 binds asymmetrically to the photolesions and interacts with DDB2. DDB2 stimulates the catalytic activity of PARP1 and in turn it is PARylated. The polymers formed around the photolesion act as recruitment signal for the PARP1-XPC complex already present in the nucleoplasm. The confluence of these repair factors at the damage site ensures the separation of the XPC protein from its complex with PARP1 followed by its transfer and stabilization at the site of damage. Thus, PARP1 is not only one of the first proteins to respond to UV induced DNA damage, but also its early rapid activation plays a key role in the downstream events of NER. Indeed, we have shown that both inhibition and depletion of PARP1 significantly delays the repair of these lesions. This study demonstrates that PARP1 increases the efficiency of NER in cooperation with the DDB2 and XPC proteins in mammalian cells.
Bissonauth, Vickram. "Évaluation de l'efficacité d'un écran solaire FPS 30 à protéger la peau humaine reconstruite contre les dommages structuraux et moléculaires induits par les rayons ultraviolets." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ57848.pdf.
Full textCloutier, Jean François. "Caractérisation et distribution des dommages à l'ADN induits par les Métabolites réactifs de la 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone spécifique à la fumée de tabac." Thesis, Université Laval, 2001. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2001/19626/19626.pdf.
Full textCloutier, Jean-François. "Caractérisation et distribution des dommages à l'ADN induits par les Métabolites réactifs de la 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone spécifique à la fumée de tabac." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/17778.
Full textAndré, Camille. "Analyse des dommages liés aux submersions marines et évaluation des coûts induits aux habitations à partir de données d'assurance : perspectives apportées par les tempêtes Johanna (2008) et Xynthia (2010)." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00961315.
Full textBizouerne, Maxime. "Développement de procédés de gravure plasma sans dommages pour l'intégration de l'InGaAs comme canal tridimensionnel de transistor nMOS non-planaire." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAT030/document.
Full textIncreasing the performance of transistors for the next decade still relies on transistor downscaling which is inevitably accompanied by an increasing complexity of the architectures and materials involved. At the beginning of this thesis, one strategy to pursue the downscaling was to replace, in a finFET architecture, the silicon channel with high-mobility semiconductor, such as In0,53Ga0,47As for the nMOS transistors. The patterning of the channel architecture by plasma etching is an essential step to overcome in the fabrication of InGaAs-based finFET transistors. Indeed, to ensure optimal performances of the device, it is crucial that the plasma etching process do not generate defects on the channel sidewalls such as a loss of stoichiometry and roughness formation. Thus, the major aim of this thesis is to pattern the 3D InGaAs channel by plasma etching with minimal sidewalls damage. For this, we investigated three plasma etching strategies. First, this work focused on the development of plasma etches process with halogen chemistries at ambient temperature (60°C). Such process leads to sloped and rough patterns due to the redeposit of low volatile InClx etch by products. Secondly, Cl2/CH4 plasma etching processes at high temperature (200°C) have been studied and developed. Anisotropic and relatively smooth patterns can be obtained using such plasma process thanks to enhanced volatility of InClx products and a SiOx sidewall passivation formation. Finally, an atomic layer etching concept has been investigated to pattern InGaAs with minimal damage. This concept consists in alternating two self-limited steps: first, an implantation step using He/O2 plasma modifies the InGaAs surface to a limited thickness. Then, the modified layer is removed by HF wet. For all these etching strategies, a methodology was implemented to perform a systematic characterization of the damage generated on the sidewalls. The Auger spectroscopy was used to determine the sidewall stoichiometry while the sidewall roughness is measured by AFM. The results from the sidewall characterizations revealed the necessity to implement a surface restoration process. It consists in oxidizing the InGaAs sidewalls with O2 plasma and to removed the oxidized layer with a HF step. This process was efficient to smooth the InGaAs pattern sidewalls but enhances an arsenic enrichment which was already present after the etching processes
Ghodgaonkar, Medini. "Rôle de la poly(ADP-ribose) polymérase-1 (PARP-1) dans les réponses cellulaires aux dommages à l'ADN induits par les UV; mécanisme d'inactivation de l'interférence de l'ARN durant l'apoptose." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25127/25127.pdf.
Full textTESTARD, ISABELLE. "Etude des dommages chromosomiques induits par les ions lourds dans les cellules humaines. Application a l'etablissement d'une dosimetrie biologique pour les cosmonautes participant a des missions spatiales de longue duree." Paris 7, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA077285.
Full textDos, Santos Morgane. "Modélisation de la topologie des dépôts d'énergie créés par un rayonnement ionisant à l'échelle nanométrique dans les noyaux cellulaires et relation avec les événements précoces radio-induits." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00931869.
Full textEl, HAJJ Carine. "Méthodologie pour l’analyse et la prévention du risque d’accidents technologiques induits par l’inondation (Natech) d’un site industriel." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EMSE0719/document.
Full textA Natech accident is the impact of a NAtural event on an industrial plant (such as an ICPE- Classified Installation for the Environmental Protection). The impact can trigger a TECHnological accident, damaging the vicinity of the industrial facility (inhabitants, their properties and the environment). The final objective of this work is to develop a risk analysis methodology for the prevention of technological accidents triggered by flooding of industrial facilities. Therefore, the work begins with an analysis of past technological accidents triggered by floods. Thus, it was identified that Natech accidents are the consequences of hazardous materials releases from critical equipment, which in turn are damaged directly and indirectly by flood waters. Depending on the type of hazardous substances released, three categories of technological accidents are observed (fire, pollution and explosion). Afterwards, a risk analysis methodology was developed. It is mainly based on the MADS-MOSAR method, which was modified in order to be adapted to the Natech issue. The analysis resulted in the identification of five generic scenarios of technological accidents triggered by floods that can occur within an industrial installation. These scenarios were represented using the bow-tie tool. Then, around sixty preventive and protective measures were identified. The validation of the elaborated scenarios was done, on one hand, in the surface treatment industrial sector and, on the other hand, in two specific industrial facilities. The validation phase helped to test the completeness and plausibility of the generic scenarios, as well as the relevance of the measures previously identified. Furthermore, the validated scenarios were used to develop a checklist helping operators to decrease the vulnerability of their industrial facilities to technological accidents triggered by floods, along with a catalog of preventive and protective measures. Finally, the tool was applied to an industrial installation in order to enhance it and test its relevance by operators
Dos, Santos Morgane. "Modélisation de la topologie des dépôts d’énergie créés par un rayonnement ionisant à l’échelle nanométrique dans les noyaux cellulaires et relation avec les événements précoces radio-induits." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR14865/document.
Full textIonizing radiations are known to induce critical damages on biological matter and especially on DNA. Among these damages, DNA double strand breaks (DSB) are considered as key precursor of lethal effects of ionizing radiations. Understand and predict how DNA double and simple strand breaks are created by ionising radiation and repaired in cell nucleus is nowadays a major challenge in radiobiology research. This work presents the results on the simulation of the DNA double strand breaks produced from the energy deposited by the irradiation at the intracellular level. At the nanometric scale, the only method to accurately simulate the topological details of energy deposited on the biological matter is the use of Monte Carlo codes. In this work, we used the Geant4 Monte Carlo code and, in particular, the low energy electromagnetic package extensions, referred as Geant4-DNA processes.In order to evaluate DNA radio-induced damages, the first objective of this work consisted in implementing a detailed geometry of the DNA on the Monte Carlo simulations. Two types of cell nuclei, representing a fibroblast and an endothelium, were described in order to evaluate the influence of the DNA density on the topology of the energy deposits contributing to strand breaks. Indeed, the implemented geometry allows the selection of energy transfer points that can lead to strand breaks because they are located on the backbone. Then, these energy transfer points were analysed with a clustering algorithm in order to reveal groups of aggregates and to study their location and complexity.In this work, only the physical interactions of ionizing radiations are simulated. Thus, it is not possible to achieve an absolute number of strand breaks as the creation and transportation of radical species which could lead to indirect DNA damages is not included. Nevertheless, the aim of this work was to evaluate the relative dependence of direct DNA damages with the DNA density, radiation quality, cell nuclei morphology or also chromatin condensation. The results presented in this work have allowed the quantification of the influence of these different parameters in the number and complexity of directs DNA damages which can then contribute to the late effects on cell fate
Ghodgaonkar, Medini M. "Rôle de la poly(ADP-ribose) polymérase-1 (PARP-1) dans les réponses cellulaires aux dommages à l'ADN induits par les UV; mécanisme d'inactivation de l'interférence de l'ARN durant l'apoptose /c Medini Ghodgaonkar." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19856.
Full textMeylan, Sylvain. "Développement d'un outil de simulation multi-échelle adapté au calcul des dommages radio-induits précoces dans des cellules exposées à des irradiations d'ions légers (proton et alpha)." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0184/document.
Full textThis work was performed in the frame of the ROSIRIS (IRSN) and Geant4-DNA research projects and describes the development of a simulation tool to compute radioinduced early DNA damages in a cell nucleus. The modeling tool is based on a modified version of the Monte Carlo code Geant4-DNA and is able to simulate the physical interactions between ionizing particles and the biological target (physical stage), the creation of chemical species within the cell nucleus (physico-chemical stage) as well as the reactions and diffusion processes of these chemical species (chemical stage). During all the simulation, a geometrical model that describes the DNA content of a human diploid cell nucleus is taken into account. This model was generated with a new software (DnaFabric) developed in the frame of this work and has a molecular level of detail.The first results (in term of DNA strand breaks) obtained with this tool are detailed and compared with experimental data from the literature. The good agreement between the simulation results and those data shows the coherence of our modeling. The significant influence of the selection criteria used to identify the DNA damages is also demonstrated
Vianna, François. "Micro-irradiation ciblée par faisceau d'ions pour la radiobiologie in vitro et in vivo." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0030/document.
Full textThe main goal of radiobiology is to understand the effects of ionizing radiations on the living.These past decades, ion microbeams have shown to be important tools to study for example the effects oflow dose exposure, or the bystander effect. Since 2003, the CENBG has been equipped with a system toperform targeted micro-irradiation of living samples. Recently, microbeams applications on this subjecthave diversified and the study of DNA repair mechanisms at the cellular and multicellular scales, in vitroand in vivo, has become possible thanks to important evolutions of fluorescence imaging techniques andcellular biology. To take into account these new approaches, the CENBG micro-irradiation beamline hasbeen entirely redesigned and rebuilt to implement new features and to improve the existing ones. My PhDobjectives were i) commissioning the facility, ii) characterizing the system on track etch detectors, and onliving samples, iii) implementing protocols to perform targeted irradiations of living samples with a controlleddelivered dose, at the cellular and multicellular scales, and to visualize the early consequencesonline, iv) modelling these irradiations to explain the biological results using the calculated physical data.The work of these past years has allowed us i) to measure the performances of our system: a beam spotsize of about 2 μm and a targeting accuracy of ± 2 μm, and to develop ion detection systems for an absolutedelivered dose control, ii) to create highly localized radiation-induced DNA damages and to see onlinethe recruitment of DNA repair proteins, iii) to apply these protocols to generate radiation-induced DNAdamages in vivo inside a multicellular organism at the embryonic stage: Caenorhabditis elegans.These results have opened up many perspectives on the study of the interaction between ionizing radiationsand the living, at the cellular and multicellular scales, in vitro and in vivo
Houplin, Justine. "Structuration chimique induite et contrôlée par impact d’électrons lents sur films moléculaires supportés." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112124/document.
Full textSelf-Assembled Monolayers (SAMs) are good candidates to develop molecular platforms with controlled physico-chemical properties. A SAM is an ordered monolayer of bi-functionnal molecules. These molecules consist of an adjustable terminal function, separated from a headgroup by a chosen spacer chain. Thus, SAMs properties can be adjusted for the development of molecular electronic systems or (bio)-chemical sensors. Furthermore, additional chemical structuration can be induced by irradiation.Most current methods of irradiation involve high energy particles. The induced damages result from several competitive mechanisms (ionisations, excitations, dissociations). In this thesis, low energy electrons (0-20 eV) are used as primary particles, and the interaction processes between electrons and SAMs are studied in order to identify electron attachment resonances. At the associated energies, selective and effective dissociative processes can be induced to propose irradiation strategies leading to controlled and optimized chemical modifications.Model SAMs of thiols on gold are studied by a vibrational spectroscopy technique of strong surface sensibility, high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS). It allows at the same time to characterize SAMs and to probe electron-molecule interaction processes. The result obtained deal with : 1) Aromatic model SAMs of Terphenyl-thiol (HS-(C₆H₄)₂-C₆H₅), which can be stabilized by cross-linking under irradiation. Induced reactive processes at 1, 6 and 50 eV were compared and opposed, thanks to an advanced vibrational characterization of the SAM before and after irradiation, and by paying a particular attention to the stretching mode ν(CH) behaviour.2) Mercaptoundecanoic acid SAMs (HS-(CH₂)₁ ₀ -COOH), whose terminal functions allow for example the peptide anchoring. The interface SAM / environment (COO-/COOH, residual water) was characterized thanks to the strong sensitivity of the stretching modes ν(OH) to hydrogen bonding. The approach that was developped can be easily transposed to other systems
Sala, Leo Albert. "Low-energy Electron Induced Chemistry in Supported Molecular Films." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS438/document.
Full textHigh-energy irradiation of condensed matter leads to the production of copious amounts of low-energy (0-20 eV) secondary electrons. These electrons are known to trigger various dissociative processes leading to observed damages including erosion and chemical modifications. The resulting reactive species within the condensed media can also lead to the synthesis of new molecules. This has implications in several applications most especially in the design of lithographic methods, focused beam-assisted deposition, as well as in astrochemistry. In all these applications, it is important to identify the processes induced by low-energy electrons, study the reactive fragments and stable molecules produced to determine possibilities of controlling them, and generate quantitative data to gauge the efficiencies of these processes. The approach developed for this PhD work consists of directly irradiating surfaces and interfaces using low-energy electrons and studying the processes that arise. The responses of different model molecular films (of varying thickness) were studied as a function of incident electron energy and dose. In favorable cases, methodologies proposed herein can be used to estimate effective cross sections of observed processes. Three complementary surface-sensitive techniques were utilized for this purpose. To characterize the deposited films and formed residues, the High Resolution Electron-Energy Loss Spectroscopy (HREELS) and Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD) were used. Neutral fragments (as opposed to their often-detected ionic counterparts) desorbing under electron irradiation were monitored using a mass spectrometer in a technique called Electron Stimulated Desorption (ESD).Within the context of surface functionalization, the grafting of sp2-hybridized carbon centers on a polycrystalline hydrogenated diamond substrate was realized through electron irradiation of a thin layer of benzylamine precursor deposited on its surface. At 11 eV, the dominant mechanism is proposed to be neutral dissociation of the precursor molecules. The effective cross section of the grafting process was estimated in only a single measurement from the HREELS map of the sample surface, taking advantage of the electron beam profile. Within the context of astrochemistry, on the other hand, the responses of crystalline and amorphous NH3 ices were studied under electron impact. The desorption of intact NH3 was observed which resulted in the direct erosion of the film proceeding through a mechanism consistent with desorption induced by electronic transitions (DIET). Different fragmentation and recombination processes were also observed as evidenced by detected neutral species like NHx (x=1,2), N2, and H2. Aside from desorption, a wealth of chemical processes was also observed at 13 eV. Temporal ESD at this energy allowed for the estimation of the effective cross section of NH3 desorption and observing the delayed desorption of N2 and H2. TPD analysis of the residues also provided evidence of N2H2 and N2H4 synthesis in the film. These results can help explain the observed discrepancies in abundances of NH3 and N2 in dense regions in space. Lastly, this PhD work will present prospects for these electron-induced processes to be constrained spatially in microscopic dimensions for lithographic applications. The feasibility of the procedure utilizing Low-Energy Electron Microscope (LEEM) was demonstrated on a terphenylthiol self-assembled monolayer (TPT SAM) specimen. Spots of 5 μm in diameter with different work functions were imprinted on the surface using energies from 10-50 eV. Electron-induced reactions in thin-film resists (PMMA, poly(methyl methacrylate)) were also studied at low-energy identifying opportunities for energy- and spatially-resolved surface modification
Rajotte, Vincent. "Réparation par excision de nucléotides des dommages induits par rayons ultraviolets dans les mélanomes humains." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6211.
Full textMalignant melanoma (MM) is the second most frequent neoplasia among young Canadian adults (aged 20-44); moreover the incidence of this disease continues to rise annually at an alarming rate. Unless primary melanoma is diagnosed early and promptly resected the patient prognosis is dismal since this deadly tumour type metastasizes extremely aggressively and is highly refractory to conventional treatment protocols. It is well established that exposure to UV light, and subsequent induction of genotoxic DNA photoproducts, is a primary determinant in the initiation of MM. Furthermore nucleotide excision repair (NER) clearly represents a critical frontline defence against MM because it is the only human pathway designed to remove the aforementioned DNA photoproducts. Despite this, the potential contribution of NER defects to sporadic MM development in the general population has remained unclear. Our laboratory previously developed a novel flow cytometry-based assay to evaluate the efficiency of NER as a function of cell cycle. This method was employed to demonstrate that functional ATR kinase is strictly required for NER during S phase in primary human fibroblasts. Intriguingly we also reported that many model tumour cell lines are deficient in NER uniquely in S phase populations, raising the possibility that such a defect might be characteristic of certain types of cancers. We therefore hypothesized that a significant proportion of human MM cell lines may exhibit reduced NER capacity specifically during S phase, and that this in turn might be attributeable to reduced ATR signaling. To test this hypothesis, three major specific aims were proposed: (i) To measure the efficiency of NER as a function of cell cycle among a panel of human MM cell lines and in primary melanocytes; (ii) To investigate whether any correlation exists between NER status and ATR activity during S phase in human MM cell lines; (iii) To investigate whether frequently mutated genes in melanoma (eg., PTEN, BRAF) might cooperate with ATR to regulate S phase-specific NER in MM cell lines. We were able to demonstrate that, in fact, 13/16 MM cell lines display remarkably diminished capacity to remove UV-induced DNA photoproducts specifically during S phase. Furthermore this defect correlates strongly with reduced activation of ATR kinase and, for a majority of MM, higher Akt phosphorylation levels. RNAi-mediated knockdown of the PTEN tumour suppressor, while stimulating Akt phosphorylation as expected, also engenders reductions in both photoproducts repair and ATR activation in S phase cells. In addition, (i) ectopic expression in PTEN-null strains of wild type PTEN but not of PTEN variants deficient in phosphatase activity, or (ii) pharmacological inhibition of Akt, significantly rescue S phase-specific repair as well as ATR activation. Our data indicate that reduced PTEN/Akt-dependent ATR signaling leading to defective repair of UV DNA photoproducts uniquely during S phase may represent an heretofore unrecognized major determinant in sunlight-induced melanoma development.
Lapointe, Benoît. "Dégénérescence et adaptation aux dommages musculaires induits par l'exercice : un rôle pour la réponse inflammatoire /." 2002. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=765052271&sid=48&Fmt=2&clientId=9268&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Full textChang, Shiao-Ying. "Diabète maternel et/ou hypertension et dommages rénaux induits par le système rénine-angiotensine intrarénal : rôle de Nrf2." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18551.
Full textThe term ‘perinatal programming’ is used to describe the phenomenon that maternal adverse environment during pregnancies which have profound influences to their offspring later in life. And this concept is well accepted. Previously, we successfully created an in vivo murine model and demonstrated that maternal diabetes constitutes an adverse in utero environment that may fundamentally impair nephrogenesis and subsequently program of the offspring to develop hypertension and kidney injury in adulthood. It appears that enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, activation of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB), intrarenal renin- angiotensin system (RAS) and p53 pathways were involved in the underlying mechanisms. In our first study, we investigated whether overexpression of catalase (CAT) in renal proximal tubular cells (RPTCs) could prevent the perinatal programming of hypertension and kidney injury in male offspring of diabetic dams and examined the potential underlying mechanisms both in vivo and in vitro. Our data demonstrate that CAT overexpression in RPTCs exert a direct effect on nephrogenesis in utero and ameliorate maternal diabetes- induced dysnephrogenesis. And further consequently, CAT overexpression in RPTCs preventing maternal diabetes-induced perinatal programming, mediated at least in part, via the nuclear factor-erythroid 2p45 (NF-E2) related factor-2 (Nrf2)- heme oxygenase (HO)- 1 defense system. Intrarenal RAS activation has attracted more attention in recent years due to studies have been reported that activation of the intrarenal RAS can elicit hypertension and kidney injury independently from the systemic RAS. Previously, we established a murine model (Agt-Tg) that specifically overexpress rat angiotensinogen (Agt) in their RPTCs and develops hypertension and nephropathy. Aquaporin 1 (AQP1) is the major water channel within renal RPTCs, but whether it has a regulatory role in the development of hypertension and nephropathy remains elusive. Our second study aimed to examine the regulation of AQP1 expression in an intrarenal RAS-induced hypertension and kidney injury, focusing on underlying molecular mechanisms. We believe that both our in vivo and in vitro studies identified a novel mechanism(s) in which Agt overexpression in RPTCs enhances cytosolic accumulation of Nrf2 via the phosphorylation of pGSK3β Y216. Consequently, less intranuclear Nrf2 is available to trigger HO-1 expression as a defense mechanism and subsequently diminishes AQP1 expression in RPTCs. In conclusion, our data suggest that Agt mediated-downregulation of AQP1 and Nrf2 signaling may play an important role in intrarenal RAS-induced hypertension and kidney injury. Hypertension and kidney injury is a heterogeneous and multifactorial disease that involves the interaction of various molecules/pathways and the influence of environmental factors, for instance, diet and perinatal programming. Such diverse causes contribute to the progression of hypertension and kidney disease, making the strategy of treatment even more complex. In our present study, we evaluated the development of hypertension under two circumstances: maternal diabetes-programmed hypertension in offspring and intrarenal RAS activation-induced hypertension. We found that ROS generation in the kidneys is a major and common factor in both hypertensive mice model. Also, the ROS-sensitive antioxidant gene/transcription factor – Nrf2, plays an important role in the process. By understanding the pathways that lead to hypertension progression, we can hopefully develop more effective treatments to cope with the disease.
Nghiem, Huu Luyen. "Evaluation des dommages induits par des mouvements de terrain sur des structures en maçonnerie à l'aide de la modélisation physique." Thesis, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GRENI012/document.
Full textMasonry structures present a significant proportion of individual houses and are especially more vulnerable when subjected to ground movements. To deal with consequences of this problem, a test-platform has been developed in order to simulate ground movements and their effect on structure models on the surface. This thesis is based on a reduced physical model and develops damage assessment methods for masonry structures using physical modelling. Firstly, a small-scaled physical model under Earth's gravity (1g) has been developed to reproduce this phenomenon. This model of soil-foundation-masonry interaction has a scale factor of 1/40. The analogue soil consists of the Fontainebleau sand. The foundation part of the structure is made of liquid silicon and masonry walls are made from small wooden blocks. To measure displacements fields of the soil and the structure, a digital image correlation (DIC) technique is used. Discussions about the use of this technique when performing a test, especially the consideration of measurement errors, are also addressed. Secondly, we first assess the damage through conventional methods based on damage indicators and graphs. Then, new easy to use tools based on the DIC technique are proposed to carry out a more effective damage assessment. The first tool helps identify failure modes in the structure, based on the Winkler soil-structure interaction model. To do this, the inverse problem of soil-structure interaction is resolved, and the failure modes, based on internal forces, are identified. Then, a DIC-M model is proposed to reproduce the crack propagation in the masonry wall. The key point of this model consists in the simulation of the block movements in a discrete element system (DES). Consequently, cracks can appear easily, and then the crack identification and quantification become easier. More precisely, a new damage indicator related to the cumulated length of cracks allows to better quantify the damage and the cartography the cracks. The measurement uncertainty is determined by Monte-Carlo simulation. Thirdly, the performance of proposed tools is discussed through an example of assessing potential damages. An individual house in masonry subjected to ground movements was studied using physical experimentation. A test campaign related to the most sensitive positions of the structure with respect to the subsidence centre is performed. Damage assessment is conducted using deformation measurement and crack characteristics. The comparison between conventional and developed methods shows the relevance of the damage indicator related to the cumulated length of cracks, and this indicator can be considered as a new tool for damage assessment in practice. Finally, operational recommendations are suggested in order to obtain a better estimation of the damage level of the structure
Mansouri, Soukaina. "Le rôle d’Akt dans la réponse cellulaire aux dommages à l’ADN induits par les ultraviolets dans les cellules de mélanomes humains." Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/12071.
Full textMalignant melanoma is one of the deadliest cancers whose incidence continues to rise each year with a few effective long-term treatments. It is caused and initiated mainly by excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation generating highly genotoxic DNA photoproducts. It is well known that the PI3K/Akt signaling cascade plays a crucial role in the regulation of processes commonly deregulated in tumor development such as proliferation, cell cycle control and apoptosis. Nevertheless, the nuclear involvement of this molecular pathway in the genotoxic response is poorly characterized. In mammals, three Akt kinase isoforms have been identified: Akt1, Akt2 and Akt3. Although these exhibit a high degree of homology, several studies have shown that they have distinct biological functions; therefore, we suggest that these isoforms may contribute differently to the regulation of genotoxic response. The objectives of this project were to: (i) evaluate Akt activation in UV-irradiated melanoma cells, (ii) determine the effect of the Akt phosphorylation inhibition on the regulation of the cellular response to UV, (iii) evaluate whether the loss of the expression of one or more of Akt isoforms can regulate the cellular response to UV. We demonstrated that Akt undergoes transient hyperactivation after UV treatment in melanoma cell lines. To determine the importance of this activation, our approach was to reduce (i) the phosphorylation of Akt by the use of pharmacological inhibitors or (ii) the expression of each individual Akt isoform using RNA interference. We have shown that inhibition of Akt phosphorylation leads to increased rates of UV-induced apoptosis in an isoform specific manner, while exerting no effect on regulation of nucleotide excision repair (NER), the only human pathway for eliminating UV-induced DNA damage. In summary, our study provides a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of malignant melanoma development in response to UV.
Ghodgaonkar, Medini M. "Rôle de la poly(ADP-ribose) polymérase-1 (PARP-1) dans les réponses cellulaires aux dommages à l'ADN induits par les UV; mécanisme d'inactivation de l'interférence de l'ARN durant l'apoptose /c Medini Ghodgaonkar." 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25127/25127.pdf.
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