Journal articles: 'Dominance behaviors'

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Ralston, Roy W., and Rollie O. Waters. "The Impact of Behavioral Traits on Performance Appraisal." Public Personnel Management 25, no. 4 (December 1996): 409–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009102609602500401.

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This study investigates the effects of supervisor and subordinate measurable behavior on overall subjective/perceptual performance evaluation ratings. The behaviors operationalized as predictors are Dominance (D), Inducement (I), Steadiness (S), and Compliance (C). Correlation and hierarchical regression analyses establish positive effects on behavioral scales measuring: (1) Dominance, (2) Compliance, and (3) Inducement at the supervisory level. In the latter case, positive effects were found when comparing Supervisors with high levels of Inducement (I) to Subordinates with high levels of Compliance (C). Subordinates' Dominance (D) and Steadiness (S) scores also affected the performance evaluation ratings by Supervisors. Implications for employee performance and evaluation are discussed.

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Johnson, Sheri L., and Charles S. Carver. "The dominance behavioral system and manic temperament: Motivation for dominance, self-perceptions of power, and socially dominant behaviors." Journal of Affective Disorders 142, no. 1-3 (December 2012): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.05.015.

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Mazur, Allan, and Alan Booth. "Testosterone and dominance in men." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21, no. 3 (June 1998): 353–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x98001228.

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In men, high levels of endogenous testosterone (T) seem to encourage behavior intended to dominate – to enhance one's status over – other people. Sometimes dominant behavior is aggressive, its apparent intent being to inflict harm on another person, but often dominance is expressed nonaggressively. Sometimes dominant behavior takes the form of antisocial behavior, including rebellion against authority and law breaking. Measurement of T at a single point in time, presumably indicative of a man's basal T level, predicts many of these dominant or antisocial behaviors. T not only affects behavior but also responds to it. The act of competing for dominant status affects male T levels in two ways. First, T rises in the face of a challenge, as if it were an anticipatory response to impending competition. Second, after the competition, T rises in winners and declines in losers. Thus, there is a reciprocity between T and dominance behavior, each affecting the other. We contrast a reciprocal model, in which T level is variable, acting as both a cause and effect of behavior, with a basal model, in which T level is assumed to be a persistent trait that influences behavior. An unusual data set on Air Force veterans, in which data were collected four times over a decade, enables us to compare the basal and reciprocal models as explanations for the relationship between T and divorce. We discuss sociological implications of these models.

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Poirier, Frank E., and Lori J. Fitton. "Primate cultural worlds: Monkeys, apes, and humans." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24, no. 2 (April 2001): 349–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x01503969.

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Monkeys and apes, inhabiting variable environments and subjected to K-selection, exhibit cultural behavior transmitted horizontally and vertically, like cetaceans. Behaviors enhancing better health and nutrition, predator avoidance, or mate selection, can affect differential reproduction.Furthermore, dominance hierarchies and social status not only affect the transmission and acceptance of new behaviors but they may also affect genetic inheritance.

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Warns, Friederike K., Mehmet Gültas, Astrid L. van Asten, Tobias Scholz, and Martina Gerken. "Is There a Link between Suckling and Manipulation Behavior during Rearing in Pigs?" Animals 11, no. 4 (April 20, 2021): 1175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11041175.

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Inadequate possibilities to perform oral manipulation behavior for pigs can lead to misdirection and thus tail biting. Our study aimed to analyze manipulation behaviors of weaner pigs with focus on tail biting and the relationship with agonistic characteristics of the piglets during suckling. We analyzed the individual manipulation behavior of 188 weaner pigs. General health condition and tail lesions were determined weekly. Correlations were estimated between weight at weaning and at the end of rearing period, frequency of manipulative rearing behaviors and Dominance and social tension index based on suckling behavior. Principal component and cluster analyses were performed to identify groups of piglets which showed similar suckling and rearing behaviors. Tail biting increased at the middle and end of rearing with switching roles of biters and victims. Tail lesions were correlated with received tail biting behavior but occurred with a delay of more than a week. The frequency of performed tail biting was correlated with dominance index (rs = −0.256, p < 0.01) and weaning weight (rs = −0.199, p < 0.05). We assume that performed tail biting is more often observed in pigs who show mainly submissive behavior in teat disputes.

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Müller, Christian P., and Davide Amato. "Winner takes it all: Addiction as an example for selfish goal dominance." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 37, no. 2 (April 2014): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x13002112.

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AbstractHere we argue that the selfish goal concept may well be suitable to explain inconsistencies not only in micro-behaviors, but also in the gross behavioral repertoire of an individual, which is often associated with psychopathologies, such as addiction. Neurophysiological evidence for pathological conditions like addiction emerged, and this evidence may also serve as an explanatory model for normal behaviors.

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Linkey, Helen E., and Ira J. Firestone. "Dyad dominance composition effects, nonverbal behaviors, and influence." Journal of Research in Personality 24, no. 2 (June 1990): 206–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(90)90017-z.

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Maner, Jon K. "Dominance and Prestige: A Tale of Two Hierarchies." Current Directions in Psychological Science 26, no. 6 (November 15, 2017): 526–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721417714323.

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Dominance and prestige represent evolved strategies used to navigate social hierarchies. Dominance is a strategy through which people gain and maintain social rank by using coercion, intimidation, and power. Prestige is a strategy through which people gain and maintain social rank by displaying valued knowledge and skills and earning respect. The current article synthesizes recent lines of research documenting differences between dominance- versus prestige-oriented individuals, including personality traits and emotions, strategic behaviors deployed in social interactions, leadership strategies, and physiological correlates of both behaviors. The article also reviews effects that dominance versus prestige have on the functioning and well-being of social groups. The article also presents opportunities for future research and discusses links between dominance and prestige and the social psychological literature on power and status.

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Mech, L. David, and H. Dean Cluff. "Prolonged Intensive Dominance Behavior Between Gray Wolves, Canis lupus." Canadian Field-Naturalist 124, no. 3 (July 1, 2010): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v124i3.1076.

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Dominance is one of the most pervasive and important behaviors among wolves in a pack, yet its significance in free-ranging packs has been little studied. Insights into a behavior can often be gained by examining unusual examples of it. In the High Arctic near Eureka, Nunavut, Canada, we videotaped and described an unusually prolonged and intensive behavioral bout between an adult male Gray Wolf (Canis lupus) and a male member of his pack, thought to be a maturing son. With tail raised, the adult approached a male pack mate about 50 m from us and pinned and straddled this packmate repeatedly over 6.5 minutes, longer than we had ever seen in over 50 years of studying wolves. We interpreted this behavior as an extreme example of an adult wolf harassing a maturing offspring, perhaps in prelude to the offspring's dispersal.

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Schrempf, Scott D., Kevin W. Burke, Jillian D. Wettlaufer, and Paul R. Martin. "Behavioral dominance interactions between Nicrophorus orbicollis and N. tomentosus burying beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae)." PeerJ 9 (February 23, 2021): e10797. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10797.

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Asymmetric interference competition, where one species is behaviorally dominant over another, appears widespread in nature with the potential to structure ecological communities through trade-offs between competitive dominance and environmental tolerance. The details of how species interact and the factors that contribute to behavioral dominance, however, are poorly known for most species, yet such details are important for understanding when and why trade-offs occur. Here, we examine behavioral interactions between two species of burying beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae) that compete for limited breeding resources (i.e., small vertebrate carcasses) in nature, to identify behaviors involved in interference competition and to test if large body size, species identity, or time of arrival best predict behavioral dominance among species. To test these ideas, we placed same-sex individuals of Nicrophorus orbicollis (early to mid-summer breeder) and N. tomentosus (late summer to fall breeder) into an enclosure together with a 25–30 g mouse carcass (Mus musculus). We then video-recorded all behaviors, including neutral and aggressive interactions, for 13 h per trial (N = 14 trials). For each interaction, we assigned a winner based on which beetle retained its position instead of fleeing or retained possession of the carcass; the overall behavioral dominant was determined as the individual that won the most interactions over the length of the trial. We found that large body size was the best predictor of behavioral dominance. In most interactions, N. orbicollis was larger and dominant over N. tomentosus; however, when N. tomentosus was larger they outcompeted smaller N. orbicollis, illustrating the importance of body size in aggressive contests. The order of arrival to the carcass (priority effects) did not predict behavioral dominance. The larger size and abundance of N. orbicollis in nature suggest a competitive asymmetry between the species, supporting the idea that N. orbicollis constrains the ability of N. tomentosus to breed earlier in the summer.

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Dabbs, James M. "Testosterone and the concept of dominance." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21, no. 3 (June 1998): 370–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x98331222.

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Testosterone is related to dominance, but in a broader sense than Mazur & Booth suggest. Dominance need not be competitive. It can arise from strong personal characteristics that produce admiration and deference in others. To understand the testosterone–dominance relationship fully, we must examine behaviors that affect ordinary social encounters. Baseline testosterone levels may be more important than testosterone changes in predicting everyday dominance.

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Guerra, Rodrigo da Silva, Hitoshi Aonuma, Koh Hosoda, and Minoru Asada. "Behavior Change of Crickets in a Robot-Mixed Society." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 22, no. 4 (August 20, 2010): 526–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2010.p0526.

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This paper presents a study on cricket behavior using an interdisciplinary robot/insect mixed society setup. Field crickets of the species Gryllus bimaculatus were allowed to interact with micro-robots equipped with decoys. This allows the stimulation of insect behaviors that are usually difficult to bring out evoke insects alone, allowing consistent behavioral research. We performed a set of experiments focused on the comparative study of the behavior of dominant and subordinate male crickets after a dominance dispute is settled. From these experiments we were able to collect evidence on the differences between subordinate and dominant behavior towards different decoys.

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Latu, Ioana M., and Marianne Schmid Mast. "Male Interviewers’ Nonverbal Dominance Predicts Lower Evaluations of Female Applicants in Simulated Job Interviews." Journal of Personnel Psychology 15, no. 3 (July 2016): 116–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1866-5888/a000159.

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Abstract. Using the theoretical framework of circumplex models, we investigated how the actual nonverbal behaviors of interviewers can hinder female applicants’ performance in simulated job interviews. Fifty-seven dyads conducted mock job interviews for a managerial position. Applicants were always women, whereas interviewers were either men or women. Interviewers’ nonverbal dominance (visual dominance, speaking interruptions) and friendliness (smiling, nodding) were coded based on videotapes. Male interviewers’ dominance (but not friendliness) predicted lower self-evaluations of female applicants and lower evaluations made by the interviewers. Female interviewers’ nonverbal behavior did not predict outcomes. Implications for the advancement of women in the workplace are discussed, such as the importance of acknowledging and changing nonverbal dynamics to improve women’s performance in job interviews.

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Jawor, Jodie M. "Female Dominance and Aggressive Behaviors in House Sparrow Flocks." Auk 117, no. 3 (July 1, 2000): 799–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/117.3.799.

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Cabral, João Carlos Centurion, and Rosa Maria Martins de Almeida. "Effects of anger on dominance-seeking and aggressive behaviors." Evolution and Human Behavior 40, no. 1 (January 2019): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2018.07.006.

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Boccia, Maria L., Mark Laudenslager, and Martin Reite. "Food distribution, dominance, and aggressive behaviors in bonnet macaques." American Journal of Primatology 16, no. 2 (1988): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajp.1350160203.

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Macht, Victoria, Natalie Elchert, and Fulton Crews. "Adolescent Alcohol Exposure Produces Protracted Cognitive-Behavioral Impairments in Adult Male and Female Rats." Brain Sciences 10, no. 11 (October 28, 2020): 785. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10110785.

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Binge drinking is common in adolescence. Rodent studies modeling adolescent binge drinking find persistent effects on the brain’s physiology, including increased expression of neuroimmune genes, impaired neurogenesis, and changes in behavioral flexibility. This study used females and males to investigate the effects of adolescent intermittent ethanol (AIE) on a battery of behaviors assessing spatial navigation using a radial arm water maze, working memory using the Hebb-Williams maze, non-spatial long-term memory using novel object recognition, and dominance using a tube dominance test. Results indicate that AIE impairs adult acquisition in spatial navigational learning with deficits predominantly driven by females. Surprisingly, AIE slowed the transition from random to serial search strategies in both sexes, suggesting AIE impairs flexibility in problem-solving processing. In the Hebb-Williams maze working memory task, adult AIE rats exhibited deficits in problem solving, resulting in more errors across the 12 maze configurations, independent of sex. Conversely, AIE decreased dominance behaviors in female rats, and at 7 months post-alcohol, female AIE rats continued to exhibit deficits in novel object recognition. These results suggest that cognitive-behavioral alterations after adolescent binge drinking persist well into middle age, despite abstinence. Future studies should focus on intervening treatment strategies in both females and males.

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Hammond, Matthew D., and Nickola C. Overall. "Men’s Hostile Sexism and Biased Perceptions of Partners’ Support: Underestimating Dependability Rather Than Overestimating Challenges to Dominance." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 46, no. 10 (March 10, 2020): 1491–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167220907475.

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Hostile sexism expresses derogation of women’s competence and emphasizes that women will exploit men’s relational dependence. Men who endorse hostile sexism perceive their female partners more negatively, but do these negative perceptions stem from motives for dominance or insecurities about dependence? We tested both perspectives by assessing bias in perceptions of partners’ behaviors that challenge dominance (criticism, instruction, taking over) versus affirm partners are dependable (love, care, availability). Both members of 100 heterosexual couples reported how much they received and enacted these behaviors in (a) a lab-based discussion and (b) six monthly retrospective reports about an ongoing important goal. In both support contexts, men’s hostile sexism was associated with underestimating dependability-relevant support, particularly when partners reported providing low support. This pattern did not emerge for dominance-relevant behaviors. These results indicate that men’s hostile sexism involves insecurities about dependence, producing perceptions that female partners are less dependable than they actually are.

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Marcus, David K., Samantha L. Robinson, and Alexander E. Eichenbaum. "Externalizing Behavior and Psychopathy: A Social Relations Analysis." Journal of Personality Disorders 33, no. 3 (June 2019): 310–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2018_32_343.

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Most conceptualizations of psychopathy emphasize its interpersonal consequences, yet most research on psychopathy has been conducted at the individual level. In small groups, well-acquainted members of sororities and fraternities (N = 111) rated one another and themselves on a variety of externalizing behaviors (e.g., cheating, risky sex), and completed a self-report measure of psychopathy. There was consensus about the extent to which members of the groups engaged in these behaviors. The associations between these target effects and respondents' self-reports suggest that these consensual judgments were reasonably accurate. Individuals who reported higher levels of psychopathic personality traits were seen as more likely to engage in externalizing behaviors, with self-centered impulsivity most strongly associated with these behaviors. Although fearless dominance was unrelated to self-reported externalizing behaviors, it was related to peers' ratings of marijuana use, academic dishonesty, and future legal troubles, suggesting that individuals high in fearless dominance may underreport their problem behaviors.

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Weisfeld, Glenn E., and Peter LaFreniere. "Emotions, not just decision-making processes, are critical to an evolutionary model of human behavior." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 30, no. 1 (February 2007): 43–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x07000866.

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An evolutionary model of human behavior should privilege emotions: essential, phylogenetically ancient behaviors that learning and decision making only subserve. Infants and non-mammals lack advanced cognitive powers but still survive. Decision making is only a means to emotional ends, which organize and prioritize behavior. The emotion of pride/shame, or dominance striving, bridges the social and biological sciences via internalization of cultural norms.

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Galvis, Daniel, Wei Wu, Richard L. Hyson, Frank Johnson, and Richard Bertram. "Interhemispheric dominance switching in a neural network model for birdsong." Journal of Neurophysiology 120, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 1186–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00153.2018.

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Male zebra finches produce a sequence-invariant set of syllables, separated by short inspiratory gaps. These songs are learned from an adult tutor and maintained throughout life, making them a tractable model system for learned, sequentially ordered behaviors, particularly speech production. Moreover, much is known about the cortical, thalamic, and brain stem areas involved in producing this behavior, with the premotor cortical nucleus HVC (proper name) being of primary importance. In a previous study, our group developed a behavioral neural network model for birdsong constrained by the structural connectivity of the song system, the signaling properties of individual neurons and circuits, and circuit-breaking behavioral studies. Here we describe a more computationally tractable model and use it to explain the behavioral effects of unilateral cooling and electrical stimulations of HVC on song production. The model demonstrates that interhemispheric switching of song control is sufficient to explain these results, consistent with the hypotheses proposed when the experiments were initially conducted. Finally, we use the model to make testable predictions that can be used to validate the model framework and explain the effects of other perturbations of the song system, such as unilateral ablations of the primary input and output nuclei of HVC. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this report, we propose a two-hemisphere neural network model for the bilaterally symmetrical song system underlying birdsong in the male zebra finch. This model captures the behavioral effects of unilateral cooling and electrical stimulations of the premotor cortical nucleus HVC during song production, supporting the hypothesis of interhemispheric switching of song control. We use the model to make testable predictions regarding the behavioral effects of other unilateral perturbations to the song system.

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Cleveland, David W., and Kari L. Lavalli. "Factors influencing the establishment of dominance hierarchies of the grey triggerfish Balistes capriscus." Current Zoology 56, no. 1 (February 1, 2010): 18–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/56.1.18.

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Abstract Unlike other balistids, grey triggerfish Balistes capriscus occur in social groups in subtropical reef assemblages and have been noted to cooperate in capturing large crustacean prey. The objective of this study were to determine the structure of dominance hierarchies of these social groups and the factors that influence hierarchies of wild-caught grey triggerfish in a naturalistic setting. From observations of four groups of triggerfish (n = 19 fish) in both dyad and group (4 - 5 fish) settings, we provide a description of triggerfish behaviors and coloration patterns and an explanation of the social context in which suites of behaviors are used by dominant, middle-ranking, and subordinate fish. Sixteen behaviors and nine coloration patterns were noted for grey triggerfish. Grey triggerfish groups form linear hierarchies in both dyads and groups as measured by Landau's Index of Linearity (h = 1.0 for Groups 1, 3, and 4 and h = 0.95 for Group 2 in dyads; h = 1.0 for all groups in group settings). Dyadic hierarchies, however, were not necessarily good predictors of the hierarchies found in larger group settings, as they only predicted two of the four group hierarchies. Sex played no role in influencing status or behavior. Size had the greatest influence on dominance status, with larger fish being more dominant than smaller fish. An individual's dominance ranking influenced both body coloration and posture. These results suggest that color patterns and body postures may also be used by observers as an indicator of an individual's social status in groups.

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Halali, Eliran, Anna Dorfman, Sora Jun, and Nir Halevy. "More for Us or More for Me? Social Dominance as Parochial Egoism." Social Psychological and Personality Science 9, no. 2 (October 13, 2017): 254–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550617732819.

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Intergroup interactions allow members of advantaged groups to cooperate with in-group and out-group members alike (universal cooperation), cooperate with in-group members exclusively (parochial cooperation), or withhold cooperation altogether. These behaviors impact the intergroup hierarchy differently; therefore, individuals’ ideological support of intergroup hierarchy may predict their choices among them. Universal cooperation is inherently egalitarian and hence inconsistent with social dominance orientation (SDO). Although parochial cooperation strengthens the in-group relative to the out-group, and hence consistent with SDO, it is unclear to what extent members of advantaged groups higher in SDO are willing to pay the costs associated with participation in parochial cooperation. Studies conducted across three distinct intergroup contexts in the United States and Israel consistently find that SDO coincides with behavioral selfishness, a pattern we label parochial egoism. These findings illuminate a gap between individuals’ ideological worldview and their social behavior and elucidate the motivational meaning of SDO.

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Ge, Xian-Hong, Li Ding, and Zai-Yun Li. "Nucleolar dominance and different genome behaviors in hybrids and allopolyploids." Plant Cell Reports 32, no. 11 (July 18, 2013): 1661–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00299-013-1475-5.

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Choma, Becky L., Gordon Hodson, David Sumantry, Yaniv Hanoch, and Michaela Gummerum. "Ideological and psychological predictors of COVID-19-related collective action, opinions, and health compliance across three nations." Journal of Social and Political Psychology 9, no. 1 (February 19, 2021): 123–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jspp.5585.

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Until vaccines or treatments are widely available and used, behavioral change (e.g. social distancing) on an unparalleled collective scale is the chief way to curb the spread of COVID-19. Relying on ideology and collective action models as conceptual frameworks, in the present study the role of ideological and psychological factors in COVID-19-related opinions, health compliance behaviors, and collective action were examined in three countries. Results, examining country as a moderator, showed some politically conservative orientations, especially social dominance orientation, relate to less collective action, less support of measures to manage COVID-19, and lower compliance. Variables, including empathy for those affected by COVID-19 and group efficacy also predicted COVID-19-related attitudes and behavior. Belief in science and perceived risk also emerged as key factors to impact compliance-related attitudes and behaviors. Implications for motivating collective compliance are discussed.

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Johnson, John A., Joseph Carroll, Jonathan Gottschall, and Daniel Kruger. "Hierarchy in the Library: Egalitarian Dynamics in Victorian Novels." Evolutionary Psychology 6, no. 4 (October 1, 2008): 147470490800600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147470490800600414.

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The current research investigated the psychological differences between protagonists and antagonists in literature and the impact of these differences on readers. It was hypothesized that protagonists would embody cooperative motives and behaviors that are valued by egalitarian hunter-gatherers groups, whereas antagonists would demonstrate status-seeking and dominance behaviors that are stigmatized in such groups. This hypothesis was tested with an online questionnaire listing characters from 201 canonical British novels of the longer nineteenth century. 519 respondents generated 1470 protocols on 435 characters. Respondents identified the characters as protagonists, antagonists, or minor characters, judged the characters' motives according to human life history theory, rated the characters' traits according to the five-factor model of personality, and specified their own emotional responses to the characters on categories adapted from Ekman's seven basic emotions. As expected, antagonists are motivated almost exclusively by the desire for social dominance, their personality traits correspond to this motive, and they elicit strongly negative emotional responses from readers. Protagonists are oriented to cooperative and affiliative behavior and elicit positive emotional responses from readers. Novels therefore apparently enable readers to participate vicariously in an egalitarian social dynamic like that found in hunter-gatherer societies. We infer that agonistic structure in novels simulates social behaviors that fulfill an adaptive social function and perhaps stimulates impulses toward these behaviors in real life.

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Hines, Melissa. "Adult testosterone levels have little or no influence on dominance in men." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21, no. 3 (June 1998): 377–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x98401225.

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There is substantial evidence that psychological factors influence human testosterone levels, but little support if any for an influence of circulating testosterone on dominance in men. Persistent interest in testosterone as an explanation of behaviors such as dominance and aggression might reflect the influence of cognitive schemas regarding race and sex rather than empirical evidence.

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schirillo, james a., and melissa fox. "when dominance and sex are both right." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28, no. 4 (August 2005): 612–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x05450104.

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we have found that the left side of faces displayed in rembrandt's portraits capture how humans rank male dominance, helping to coordinate avoidance behaviors among asymmetric individuals. moreover, the left side of faces may also coordinate approach responses, like attractiveness, in human females. therefore, adding sexual selection to dominance paints a more realistic picture of what the contralateral right hemisphere is doing.

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Assaad, Lily, Sean Lane, Christopher J. Hopwood, C. Emily Durbin, and Katherine M. Thomas. "Personality Pathology and Spouses' Moment-to-Moment Interpersonal Behaviors." Journal of Personality Disorders 34, no. 4 (August 2020): 519–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/pedi_2019_33_444.

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We assessed the association of personality pathology with romantic couples' observed interpersonal behaviors. Couples engaged in four discussion tasks, after which observers used the Continuous Assessment of Interpersonal Dynamics method to continuously rate each participant's dominance and warmth over the course of each discussion. Using these ratings, we derived indices of average behaviors and changes in behaviors over the course of discussions. Generally, results indicated that the more personality pathology either spouse reported, the colder husbands were on average, and the colder they became toward their wives over time. However, personality disorder symptoms and overall interpersonal problems were largely unassociated with wives' behaviors. Results also indicated that the more dominance-related problems husbands and wives reported, the more dominantly and coldly they behaved, the more submissive or withdrawn their partners were, and the colder wives became over time; and the more warmth problems wives reported, the more dominantly, they behaved.

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Elsacker, Linda Van, Hilde Vervaecke, and Han De Vries. "AN EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF THE CONSISTENCY OF COMPETITIVE ABILITY AND AGONISTIC DOMINANCE IN DIFFERENT SOCIAL CONTEXTS IN CAPTIVE BONOBOS." Behaviour 136, no. 4 (1999): 423–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853999501405.

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AbstractBonobos have been described as a relatively egalitarian and female dominant species. The exact nature and quality of their dominance relationships and the existence of female dominance are current topics of dispute. We investigated the consistency across social contexts, the stability in time, and the degree of expression of the competitive feeding ability and agonistic dominance in a captive group of bonobos. First, we examined whether the competitive feeding ranks and agonistic ranks differed in different dyadic contexts, triadic contexts and the whole group context. For some pairs of animals the dominance relationships with respect to competitive feeding altered with different group compositions. The agonistic dominance relationships changed accordingly. The competitive feeding ranks and agonistic ranks in the experiments correlated strongly with each other. The alpha position was occupied by a female, but not all females outranked all males. We suggest that females can profit from each others presence to gain inter-sexual dominance. Second, although the agonistic rank order in the whole group remained the same over at least five years, some dyadic competitive feeding ranks changed over time, resulting in a stronger female intersexual dominance. Third, the degree of expression of the behaviors used to quantify dyadic competitive and agonistic dominance was not high, in line with the popular 'egalitarian' epithet. Notwithstanding its low consistency across contexts, the dominance hierarchy in the whole group has a strong predictive value for other social relationships such as grooming. Given this strong effect of rank on other behaviours and given the strong dependency of rank on social context, the choice of the right party members may be a crucial factor in the fission-fusion processes of free-ranging bonobos.

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Hohenbrink, Sarah, Maren Koberstein-Schwarz, Elke Zimmermann, and Ute Radespiel. "Shades of gray mouse lemurs: Ontogeny of female dominance and dominance-related behaviors in a nocturnal primate." American Journal of Primatology 77, no. 11 (July 23, 2015): 1158–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22452.

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Fox, Robin. "Testosterone is not alone: Internal secretions and external behavior." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21, no. 3 (June 1998): 375–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x98381224.

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Using testosterone alone as a measure of dominance presents problems, especially when dominance is loosely defined to include a range of behaviors that may arise from multiple causes. Testosterone should be examined in relation to other hormonal and neurotransmitter factors, such as serotonin. Various hypotheses about the relationship between high and low levels of testosterone with serotonin and with impulse control are suggested for future study.

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Adair, Wendi L., and Zhaleh Semnani-Azad. "The Display of “Dominant” Nonverbal Cues in Negotiation: The Role of Culture and Gender." International Negotiation 16, no. 3 (2011): 451–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180611x592950.

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AbstractThe current study extends prior negotiation research on culture and verbal behavior by investigating the display of nonverbal behaviors associated with dominance by male and female Canadian and Chinese negotiators. We draw from existing literature on culture, gender, communication, and display rules to predict both culture and gender variation in negotiators’ display of three nonverbal behaviors typically associated with dominance: relaxed posture, use of space, and facial display of negative emotion. Participants engaged in a dyadic transactional negotiation simulation which we videotaped and coded for nonverbal expression. Our findings indicated that male Canadian negotiators engaged in more relaxed postures and displayed more negative emotion, while male Chinese negotiators occupied more space at the negotiation table. In addition, use of space and negative emotion partially mediated the relationship between culture and joint gains, as well as satisfaction with negotiation process. We discuss contributions to cross-cultural negotiation literature, implications for cross-cultural negotiation challenges, as well as future studies to address cultural variation in the interpretation of nonverbal cues.

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Kordsmeyer, Tobias L., Daniel Freund, Mark van Vugt, and Lars Penke. "Honest Signals of Status: Facial and Bodily Dominance Are Related to Success in Physical but Not Nonphysical Competition." Evolutionary Psychology 17, no. 3 (July 2019): 147470491986316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474704919863164.

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Recent studies suggest that both facial and bodily dominance promote high status positions and predict status-seeking behaviors such as aggression and social dominance. An evolutionarily relevant context in which associations between these dominance signals and status outcomes may be prevalent are face-to-face status contests. The present study examined whether facial and bodily dominance predicted success in dyadic competitions (one physical discipline, arm wrestling, and three nonphysical disciplines) in men ( N = 125) in a controlled laboratory setting. Men’s bodies and faces were independently rated for physical dominance, and associations of these ratings with contest outcomes as well as mediating and moderating variables (such as physical strength, body height, trait dominance, baseline and reactive testosterone) were examined. Both facial and bodily dominance positively predicted success in the physical discipline, mediated by physical strength, but not in the three nonphysical disciplines. Our findings demonstrate that facial and bodily physical dominance may be honest signals for men’s formidability and hence status potential, at least in a physically competitive context.

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Won, June, and J. Lucy Lee. "The effectiveness of multiple brand portfolios: the role of directional dominance and brand interference on brand evaluation." International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship 21, no. 2 (April 8, 2020): 285–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsms-09-2019-0100.

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PurposeThe purposes of the study were (1) to examine whether directional dominance between co-existing athlete brands and sponsor brands exists; (2) to explore whether directional dominance influences consumers' memory interference; and (3) to test whether brand interference interacts with directional dominance among brands to influence consumer evaluation and behaviors under multiple endorsement and sponsorship portfolios.Design/methodology/approachThe research is a 3 (directional dominance: symmetric dominance vs. asymmetric dominance with existing vs. asymmetric dominance with newly endorsed brand) x 2 (brand memory interference: interference vs. no interference) between-subjects factorial design.FindingsThe results indicate that (1) directional dominance influenced consumer brand interference, and directional dominance interacted with brand interference on (2) brand evaluation and (3) purchase intention in multiple brand portfolios.Originality/valueConsidering that conventional single-sponsor sponsorship or single-endorser endorsement portfolios are increasingly rare, research on concurrent circumstances of multiple endorsers and multiple endorsed brands in multiple brand portfolios was necessary. By expanding and reconceptualizing the context of brand networks, this study provides empirical evidence on how the dominance and directionality between endorser and (existing and newly) endorsed brands—an athlete endorser's strong pre-existing association with an existing endorsed brand in particular—influenced consumer brand interference and the brand evaluation in multiple brand portfolios.

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Miller, Jane E., Paul D. Windschitl, Teresa A. Treat, and Aaron M. Scherer. "Comparisons as Predictors of People’s Beliefs About the Importance of Changing Their Health Behaviors." European Journal of Health Psychology 27, no. 1 (January 2020): 14–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2512-8442/a000043.

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Abstract. The current study tested relative strengths of different comparison beliefs for predicting people’s self-assessments of whether they should increase their health-relevant behaviors (exercise, sleep, and fruit and vegetable consumption). Comparison beliefs relevant to three standards (perceived global, local, expert standards) were evaluated. Data were combined from three similar studies (total N = 744) that had a cross-sectional, within-subject design. Participants completed importance-of-change scales regarding the three health behaviors and reported comparison beliefs and absolute behavior frequencies/amounts. Results were consistent across the three behaviors. Comparison beliefs predicted ratings of importance of changing one’s behavior, even beyond what is predicted by reports of absolute behavior frequency. Expert comparisons were consistently most predictive above and beyond the absolute estimates and the other comparison standards. There was no evidence of a local dominance effect when examining local versus global comparisons. Comparison beliefs have unique utility for predicting people’s perceived importance of changing their heath behavior. The fact that expert comparisons were consistently most predictive (and local comparisons the least) may have implications for interventions designed for encouraging behavior change.

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Nyquist, Linda V., and Janet T. Spence. "Effects of dispositional dominance and sex role expectations on leadership behaviors." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 50, no. 1 (1986): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.50.1.87.

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Heinzen, Thomas E., Richard C. Teevan, and Michael A. Britt. "Correlates of Achievement, Dominance, and Creativity." Psychological Reports 63, no. 2 (October 1988): 443–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1988.63.2.443.

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A review of literature suggests that creativity and authoritarianism are negatively correlated. Based on a validation study by Ray and Lovejoy in 1983 in which need for achievement and dominance were offered as better predictors of authoritarian behaviors than traditional authoritarianism scales, we examined this relationship using a projective test for Need for Achievement (the Thematic Apperception Test) and a self-descriptive scale (the Adjective Check List) which produced multiple measures of achievement plus scores on dominance and creativity. The anticipated negative relationship between creativity and this operationalization of authoritarianism was not produced by any of the measures. Instead, we replicated Gough and Heilbrun's 1983 data in which dominance and achievement are positively related to creativity. The results are discussed in terms of how researchers might examine the relations between authoritarianism and creativity as the social psychology of creativity.

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Mao, Tiantian, Qinyu Wu, and Taizhong Hu. "Further properties of fractional stochastic dominance." Journal of Applied Probability 59, no. 1 (March 2022): 202–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpr.2021.44.

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AbstractA continuum of stochastic dominance rules, also referred to as fractional stochastic dominance (SD), was introduced by Müller, Scarsini, Tsetlin, and Winkler (2017) to cover preferences from first- to second-order SD. Fractional SD can be used to explain many individual behaviors in economics. In this paper we introduce the concept of fractional pure SD, a special case of fractional SD. We investigate further properties of fractional SD, for example the generating processes of fractional pure SD via $\gamma$ -transfers of probability, Yaari’s dual characterization by utilizing the special class of distortion functions, the separation theorem in terms of first-order SD and fractional pure SD, Strassen’s representation, and bivariate characterization. We also establish several closure properties of fractional SD under quantile truncation, under comonotonic sums, and under distortion, as well as its equivalence characterization. Examples of distributions ordered in the sense of fractional SD are provided.

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Purdy, Jesse E., Arthur Harriman, and Joseph Molitorisz. "Contributions to the History of Psychology: XCV. Possible Relations between Theories of Evolution and Animal Learning." Psychological Reports 73, no. 1 (August 1993): 211–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1993.73.1.211.

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It is proposed that the dominance of continuity learning theory as set against noncontinuity learning theory during the middle third of the 20th century rested importantly on its derivation from Darwin's theory of evolution. The kinship is shown in several ways. First, Thorndike and Hull echoed the principle of natural selection in their belief that behaviors underwent gradual modification because acts that were attended steadily by favorable consequences tended to occur with increasing frequency. Second, they denied both nonphysical explanations of behavior and a priori purposes which might guide that behavior. Third, the laws of learning were said to hold for all organisms. It is argued that the continuity approach may have enjoyed success because it was consistent with the Darwinian world view. Had punctualist, rather than gradualist, explanations of evolution come to the fore in the late 19th century, learning theories might have proceeded quite differently with the dominance of noncontinuity approaches.

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Towler, Anna, Areana Eivers, and Ron Frey. "Warning Signs of Partner Abuse in Intimate Relationships: Gender Differences in Young Adults’ Perceptions of Seriousness." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 35, no. 7-8 (March 28, 2017): 1779–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260517696869.

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In response to the high rates of intimate partner abuse (IPA) among young adults and related negative health effects, this study examined 18- to 26-year-old Australians’ perceptions of unhealthy partner behaviors that may constitute early warning signs of abuse in intimate relationships. This research is the first to examine gender differences on this issue in a young adult population. A convenience sample of 49 males and 152 females ( N = 201) completed an online survey, rating how seriously they viewed a list of partner warning sign behaviors (WSBs). WSBs consisted of three subscales: Dominance-Possessiveness, Denigration, and Conflict-Retaliation. Participants’ perceived seriousness of WSBs was analyzed by gender and WSB type. Results revealed large and significant gender differences in perceptions of WSBs, with females likely to rate all WSBs more seriously than males. Furthermore, females’ responses were negatively skewed and leptokurtotic indicating high levels of convergence in the view that such behaviors are a concern. Analysis by WSB type revealed that conflict-retaliation behaviors were perceived most seriously by both genders, with more than half of males and 67% of females rating these as very serious. In contrast, significantly lower levels of perceived seriousness were observed for denigration and dominance-possessiveness behaviors. Half to two thirds of females viewed dominance-possessiveness and denigration WSBs as very serious, respectively, whereas just one third of males endorsed both these WSB types as very serious. Findings reveal that females have a heightened awareness of the subtle warning signs of abuse in intimate relationships and that as partner WSBs become more overt, both genders are more likely to recognize them as serious. Findings also indicate that subtler WSBs, such as control and denigration, are less readily identified as unhealthy, particularly among males.

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Darvin, Lindsey, and Michael Sagas. "Objectification in Sport Media: Influences on a Future Women’s Sporting Event." International Journal of Sport Communication 10, no. 2 (June 2017): 178–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsc.2017-0022.

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Gendered processes in the sport industry often perpetuate male dominance and female inferiority. While these gendered occurrences have been well documented, the outcomes of such processes are underexplored. Under the guidance of objectification theory and the production–reception relationship, the authors investigated the influence of objectification in sports-media outlets’ coverage of a female sporting event for a national sample of U.S. consumers (N = 225). In addition, given the lack of coverage directed toward female sporting events, the current study investigated the influence of previous viewership on consumer behaviors for a future women’s sporting event. Findings suggest that processes of objectification influence both men’s and women’s consumer behaviors and that previous viewership influences future consumer-behavior motives. Furthermore, objectified images and language did not adversely affect future consumer behaviors for those who had previously viewed a similar women’s sporting event. Sport-media and communications professionals alike can leverage these relationships.

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Sun, Chyng Feng, Paul Wright, and Nicola Steffen. "German Heterosexual Women’s Pornography Consumption and Sexual Behavior." Sexualization, Media, & Society 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 237462381769811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2374623817698113.

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This study found that German heterosexual women’s personal and partnered consumption of pornography were positively correlated with their desire to engage in or having previously engaged in submissive (but not dominant) sexual behaviors such as having their hair pulled, having their face ejaculated on, being spanked, choked, called names, slapped, and gagged. The association between women’s partnered pornography consumption and submissive sexual behavior was strongest for women whose first exposure to pornography was at a young age. The findings also indicated that women’s personal and partnered pornography consumption were uniquely related to their engagement in submissive sexual behavior. Public Health Significance Statement: This study suggests that greater exposure to pornography among heterosexual German women is associated with their desire to engage in or having previously engaged in submissive sexual behaviors but not dominant behaviors. This pattern of correlations aligns with sexual script theory and content analyses of dominance and submission and gender in pornography. It does not align with the perspective that measures of pornography consumption are simply proxies for factors such as a high sex drive or an adventurous approach to sex.

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Weisfeld, Glenn E., and Lisa M. Dillon. "Applying the dominance hierarchy model to pride and shame, and related behaviors." Journal of Evolutionary Psychology 10, no. 1 (March 2012): 15–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/jep.10.2012.1.2.

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Howlett, Caroline, and Brandon C. Wheeler. "Prenatal Androgen Effects as a Proximate Mechanism Underpinning Variation in Social Behavior Among Female Nonhuman Primates." International Journal of Primatology 42, no. 2 (March 22, 2021): 301–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10764-021-00204-8.

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AbstractWhile the role of ecological factors in shaping primate social systems has been a central focus for decades, less attention has been given to phylogenetic relationships and the potential role of underlying proximate mechanisms. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between one such proximate mechanism, prenatal androgen effects (PAEs), and aspects of social behavior in female nonhuman primates using the 2D:4D ratio as a proxy for PAEs and phylogenetically controlled methods. In general, female 2D:4D ratios were highest in monogamous species (low inferred PAEs) and lowest in polygynandrous and polygynous species (high inferred PAEs). 2D:4D ratios also varied with the form of polygyny/polygynandry, potentially with regard to the need for competitive over cooperative behaviors and the intensity of female reproductive competition. Species characterized by female dominance had lower 2D:4D ratios than species characterized by male dominance or codominance. There were no significant relationships between 2D:4D ratio and either degree of frugivory or group size. Relationships between 2D:4D ratios and the directional consistency index and 2D:4D ratios and rates of female–female agonism were also nonsignificant although sample sizes for both of these variables were small. Female social relationships are a manifestation of complex competitive and cooperative behaviors and the results suggest that PAEs may act as a proximate mechanism underlying the expression of certain aspects of behavior in female primates in ways that are adaptive to their social system.

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Win-Shwe, Tin-Tin, Chaw Kyi-Tha-Thu, Yuji Fujitani, Shinji Tsukahara, and Seishiro Hirano. "Perinatal Exposure to Diesel Exhaust-Origin Secondary Organic Aerosol Induces Autism-Like Behavior in Rats." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 2 (January 7, 2021): 538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020538.

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired social communication, poor social interactions, and repetitive behaviors. We aimed to examine autism-like behaviors and related gene expressions in rats exposed to diesel exhaust (DE)-origin secondary organic aerosol (DE-SOA) perinatally. Sprague–Dawley pregnant rats were exposed to clean air (control), DE, and DE-SOA in the exposure chamber from gestational day 14 to postnatal day 21. Behavioral phenotypes of ASD were investigated in 10~13-week-old offspring using a three-chambered social behavior test, social dominance tube test, and marble burying test. Prefrontal cortex was collected to examine molecular analyses including neurological and immunological markers and glutamate concentration, using RT-PCR and ELISA methods. DE-SOA-exposed male and female rats showed poor sociability and social novelty preference, socially dominant behavior, and increased repetitive behavior. Serotonin receptor (5-HT(5B)) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNAs were downregulated whereas interleukin 1 β (IL-β) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) mRNAs were upregulated in the prefrontal cortex of male and female rats exposed to DE-SOA. Glutamate concentration was also increased significantly in DE-SOA-exposed male and female rats. Our results indicate that perinatal exposure to DE-SOA may induce autism-like behavior by modulating molecules such as neurological and immunological markers in rats.

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Win-Shwe, Tin-Tin, Chaw Kyi-Tha-Thu, Yuji Fujitani, Shinji Tsukahara, and Seishiro Hirano. "Perinatal Exposure to Diesel Exhaust-Origin Secondary Organic Aerosol Induces Autism-Like Behavior in Rats." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 2 (January 7, 2021): 538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020538.

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired social communication, poor social interactions, and repetitive behaviors. We aimed to examine autism-like behaviors and related gene expressions in rats exposed to diesel exhaust (DE)-origin secondary organic aerosol (DE-SOA) perinatally. Sprague–Dawley pregnant rats were exposed to clean air (control), DE, and DE-SOA in the exposure chamber from gestational day 14 to postnatal day 21. Behavioral phenotypes of ASD were investigated in 10~13-week-old offspring using a three-chambered social behavior test, social dominance tube test, and marble burying test. Prefrontal cortex was collected to examine molecular analyses including neurological and immunological markers and glutamate concentration, using RT-PCR and ELISA methods. DE-SOA-exposed male and female rats showed poor sociability and social novelty preference, socially dominant behavior, and increased repetitive behavior. Serotonin receptor (5-HT(5B)) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNAs were downregulated whereas interleukin 1 β (IL-β) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) mRNAs were upregulated in the prefrontal cortex of male and female rats exposed to DE-SOA. Glutamate concentration was also increased significantly in DE-SOA-exposed male and female rats. Our results indicate that perinatal exposure to DE-SOA may induce autism-like behavior by modulating molecules such as neurological and immunological markers in rats.

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Rabinowicz, Sophie, Natalia García, Tristan Herwood, Amanda Lazar, Benjamin Hein, Eliot Miller, and Leonardo Campagna. "An avian dominance hierarchy at a supplemental water source in the Patagonian steppe." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 31, 2020): e0244299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244299.

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Birds often compete and engage in interspecific agonistic interactions for access to resources such as food and breeding territories. Based on the observed outcomes from such interactions (i.e., patterns of displacements) dominance hierarchies can be established. Knowing which species can outcompete others for essential resources allows researchers to make predictions about the broader ecological impacts of interspecific interactions. We constructed an interspecific dominance hierarchy of twelve avian species which visited an artificial water source in an arid region of coastal Patagonia, Argentina. Displacements were categorized into four types, based on the behaviors involved in the interaction, and we tested if they could predict the difference in dominance between the interacting species (the difference between calculated dominance coefficients for the two focal species). Indirect displacements, involving only the arrival of the dominant species to the water source without direct aggression toward the subordinate bird, occurred more frequently between species with a large difference in dominance. The most dominant bird observed was the kelp gull (Larus dominicanus), which, due to an increasing population and expanding range, in part due to food supplementation from fisheries waste, is likely to outcompete terrestrial and marine avian species for other scarce resources.

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Hawley, Patricia H., Todd D. Little, and Noel A. Card. "The myth of the alpha male: A new look at dominance-related beliefs and behaviors among adolescent males and females." International Journal of Behavioral Development 32, no. 1 (January 2008): 76–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025407084054.

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Evolutionary and biological approaches tend to suggest that social dominance is predominately an aspect of male social organization. Furthermore, when females behave non-normatively, they are less positively evaluated than males engaging in the same behavior. Alternate, less familiar models of females and dominance/aggression underlie the present study which proposes that dominant males and females are more similar in both behavioral profile and social reception than commonly believed. Participants ( N = 1723; grades 5—10) self-rated their aggression, social motivations, and strategies and beliefs associated with interpersonal influence. Peer ratings of strategies of influence, aggression, and the degree to which peers were liked and disliked were also obtained. Results demonstrated that socially dominant males and females balance prosocial and coercive strategies and win positive peer regard, their aggressiveness notwithstanding. These findings highlight competitiveness in females and provide insights into the paradoxical relationship between positive peer regard and aggression (the peer regard—aggression paradox).

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Milfont, Taciano L., Paul G. Bain, Yoshihisa Kashima, Victor Corral-Verdugo, Carlota Pasquali, Lars-Olof Johansson, Yanjun Guan, et al. "On the Relation Between Social Dominance Orientation and Environmentalism." Social Psychological and Personality Science 9, no. 7 (August 23, 2017): 802–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550617722832.

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Approval of hierarchy and inequality in society indexed by social dominance orientation (SDO) extends to support for human dominance over the natural world. We tested this negative association between SDO and environmentalism and the validity of the new Short Social Dominance Orientation Scale in two cross-cultural samples of students ( N = 4,163, k = 25) and the general population ( N = 1,237, k = 10). As expected, the higher people were on SDO, the less likely they were to engage in environmental citizenship actions, pro-environmental behaviors and to donate to an environmental organization. Multilevel moderation results showed that the SDO–environmentalism relation was stronger in societies with marked societal inequality, lack of societal development, and environmental standards. The results highlight the interplay between individual psychological orientations and social context, as well as the view of nature subscribed to by those high in SDO.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Dominance behaviors'

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