Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Domestics'
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1
Klocker, Natascha Biological Earth & Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science UNSW. "A participatory, action-oriented and youth-led investigation into child domestic work in Iringa, Tanzania." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/40975.
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This thesis has two distinct yet interrelated parts. In the first instance, it investigates child domestic work in Iringa ? a small town in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania. Second, it examines the participatory action research methodology that was adopted as part of that investigation. Data were collected by a team of researchers that included children and young people who had themselves been domestic workers. A questionnaire, interviews and focus group discussions were conducted with local leaders, employers of child domestic workers and (both current and former) child domestic workers themselves. An agenda for change - that aimed towards the redistribution of power within domestic working arrangements - was developed on the basis of those data and presented to local government authorities in Iringa. This research makes a number of contributions to understandings of both child domestic work and participatory action research methodologies. First, the thesis contends that child domestic work is a complex activity which (despite its frequently exploitative and abusive character) should not be identified as a purely harmful force in the lives of young employees. The multiplicity of ways in which that occupation is experienced can only be uncovered through the incorporation of a range of stakeholders? perspectives. Second, this research found that notions of ?family? were discursively linked to child domestic working arrangements in Iringa. This has inhibited recognition of child domestic work as ?real work?, and contributed to the exploitation of these young employees. This thesis contends that increased formalisation and regulation of child domestic work would offer an opportunity to reconstruct child domestic workers as ?employees? and thereby improve their circumstances. This research has also challenged prevalent notions of children?s incompetence and shown that young people with minimal formal education can (and should) participate as co-researchers in academic endeavours investigating their lives. However, it has also found that young people?s competencies and interests vary, and that notions of appropriate participatory processes have often failed to take such diversity into account. This thesis contends that more participatory forms of evaluation may allow greater flexibility (and relevance) to be fostered when assessing the ?success? of participatory processes. Academics need to be alert to the alienating effects that (unwittingly) ?judgemental? and (unrealistically) ?perfect? accounts of participatory and action-oriented research processes can have on young scholars.
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Al-Muhammad, Hasan. "Domestics in the English comedy : 1660-1737." Thesis, Bangor University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267347.
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Ng, Wai-yung Jennifer. "A study of policy on overseas domestic helpers in Hong Kong." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 1989. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B43893259.
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Cheng, Yin-lee Francie. "A business opportunity in Hong Kong : domestic help services /." Hong Kong : [University of Hong Kong], 1992. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13302814.
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Molema, Tlou Margaret. "Educational needs of domestic workers in Pietersburg Circuit - Polokwane." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/832.
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Hellier, Cathleene Betz. "The Waiting Man: Enslaved Male Domestics In Virginia, 1619-1800." W&M ScholarWorks, 2020. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1593091603.
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This dissertation foregrounds enslaved men who performed personal and domestic service for elite Virginia planters, beginning in the seventeenth century, and eventually for middling planters and urbanites. Because enslaved male domestics have been largely ignored by scholars of slavery in all European colonies, chapters 1 and 2 place their employment in context. Chapter 1 determines as nearly as possible when the practice began among elites in Virginia and became established among the middling. It argues that Virginians adapted the English servant hierarchy to a slave society. Chapter 2 argues that waiting men possessed knowledge and skills prized by their owners and beyond the reach of most poor and middling planters. The social hierarchy that placed all whites above all enslaved men, however, potentially created a disconnect in waiting men's identity formation, perhaps partly mitigated by West African values concerning work and identity. Competence in assimilating gentry culture created material and self-affirming rewards, including skills to resist and escape. Chapter 3 reconstructs the network of urban and rural spaces in which waiting men lived and moved. The social system created by owners and male domestics resulted in many shared intimate and public spaces largely undifferentiated by race, and the "legitimized geography" of male domestics was much larger than that of other enslaved Virginians. Chapter 4 explores the intimate, complicated, and often intense relationships waiting men had with their owners. These relationships, in which the waiting man's skills provided him leverage, involved both masculine contest and cooperation. The domestic's relationship with his master affected his equally complicated relationships within the enslaved community, treated in chapter 5. A waiting man could influence how other enslaved persons in the household or on the plantation, to whom he was often related, were treated, and he could provide his enslaved community with valued information and services. Family formation and maintenance were challenging because of the time the domestic spent with the owner. The waiting man's work allowed him to achieve some, but not all, of the quarter's markers of masculinity. By focusing on one colony/state, this dissertation makes possible an examination of how male domestics lived under and influenced slavery in one social and legal system over time. It is hoped that this study will encourage comparative studies.
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Iglesias, Marisa C. "Secret servants : household domestics and courtship in Eliza Haywood's fiction." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002369.
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Iglesias, Marisa C. "Secret Servants: Household Domestics and Courtship in Eliza Haywood’s Fiction." Scholar Commons, 2008. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/310.
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In Eliza Haywood's fiction, as in eighteenth-century Britain, social restrictions repress the sexual desires of upper class women and men. Therefore, the secret desires of this social class often rely on a different group: domestic servants. Sometimes acting as confidants and other times as active players in the scheming, these servants are privy to the inner secrets of the households in which they live. In Haywood's Love in Excess (1719), Lasselia (1723), Fantomina (1725), and The History of Miss Betsy Thoughtless (1751), the servant class plays significant roles in the narratives.
Since the role of the servant is the central issue in my interpretation of Haywood's works, the historical background of the relationship between master and servant in the eighteenth-century is significant to my investigation. Conduct books, a popular genre of the times, were written to offer practical instruction to domestic servants. Haywood's A Present for A Servant Maid; or the Sure Means of gaining Love and Esteem (1743), offers a view of Haywood's own attitude toward the servant class.
In addition to her career as a writer of amorous intrigue, Haywood worked as both actress and playwright, and, because of her experience, elements of the stage can be seen in her works. I explore the influence of the theatre in Haywood's fiction and connect it to the prominent role of servants in her work.
Though Haywood demonstrates that the servants' loyalty can be bought for the highest price, they are not ruled by the same sexual passion as are their employers. This area is of particular interest to my study. I explore whether the motive of financial gain is greater than sexual desire, or whether it is an awareness that aristocrats are not truly available to the servant class that accounts for the differences in erotic responses. Additionally, I explore how servants affect Haywood's narrative by acting as agents of change and argue that the social restrictions placed on the upper class and the awareness of the sexual freedoms the servant class bring master and servant closer together.
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Banerjee, Swapna M. "Men, women, and domestics : articulating middle-class identity in colonial Bengal /." New Delhi : Oxford University Press, 2004. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40029606s.
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Peterson, Beverly. "The political-domestics: Sectional issues in American women's fiction, 1852-1867." W&M ScholarWorks, 1994. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539623863.
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This is a study of five novels written by American women during the middle of the nineteenth century. The novels are Aunt Phillis's Cabin (1852) by Mary Henderson Eastman, Northwood (1827 and 1852) by Sarah Josepha Hale, The Planter's Northern Bride (1854) by Carolyn Lee Hentz, Macaria (1864) by Augusta Evans, and Cameron Hall (1867) by Mary Anne Cruse. In advancing their authors' opinions on sectional issues like slavery and secession, these novels make overt political statements of a kind not usually associated with writers of domestic fiction.;All of the novels in this study conform in some ways to the conventions of the domestic fiction genre, but the authors have bent the framework of that genre to accommodate their political purposes. In some cases genric practices and polemics are mutually disruptive; in some they reinforce each other; and in some the authors choose between politics and domesticity. The degree to which domestic fiction is incompatible with a traditional world view shows that genres are not ideologically neutral. In examining the adaptations made by five novelists, this dissertation demonstrates that "genre" is not a static category. Instead, genres respond to cultural and historical forces.;To read mid-nineteenth-century novels written by women only from a gynocritical perspective--that is, for what they say about women's psychological or social realities--is to miss the way fiction reflects and helps to shape broader political concerns. More nuanced readings of domestic fiction show how a genre associated with women writers and readers became inflected to advance the authors' political opinions. Reading these novels as political-domestic fiction contributes to an ongoing discussion of how American women have always participated in politics.
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Parikh, Rita Carleton University Dissertation International Affairs. ""I could put this house on fire!" the everyday resistance of Filipina domestics in Canada." Ottawa, 1994.
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Cheng, Shu-Ju Ada. "Serving the household and the nation : Filipina domestics and the development of nationhood in Taiwan /." Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3008300.
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Wong, Po-chun Rosita. "A study of household domestic service : the impact of social changes on property management service in the private housing sector /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21028734.
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Stiglich, Janice. "No Amotines el Gallinero: Domestic Worker Agency and Identity in Lima, Peru and the Daily Struggle." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5708.
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For centuries, indigenous women have been forced to labor in slave-like conditions as domestic workers in Lima, Peru. With neoliberal practices on the rise, Peru's domestic labor informal economic sector struggles with sociopolitical representation. The downtrodden women of the household work economy exemplify the national perception of desconfianza, or distrust, as it trickles down from the wealthier individuals to those living in poverty. Although the nature of domestic work is a product of hegemonic colonial relations and, recently, violent social movements in the late 20th century, increasing attempts for government transparency and nongovernmental involvement, have created a slowly recovering broken social system. In this thesis, I ascertain that the identity of trabajadoras, or female workers, is primarily driven by their agency as they struggle to become upwardly mobile.M.A.
Masters
Anthropology
Sciences
Anthropology
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Lau, Man-yiu. "An examination of the policy on foreign domestic workers in Hong Kong." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21038211.
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Schecter, Tanya. "Race, class, women and the state : the case of domestic labour in Canada." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=20464.
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This thesis examines the history of female immigrant domestic labour in Canada from a socialist feminist perspective. Over the past hundred years, Canadian immigration policy with respect to domestic workers became increasingly regressive with the shift in the racial composition of foreign female domestics. The women's movement contributed to this change as gains in Canadian women's public rights did not effectively challenge the dominant social paradigm of women's roles, and so left intact the public-private divide and the sexual division of labour to which were allied biases of race and class. The women's movement thus became an unwitting participant in the formulation of regressive immigration policies which rebounded on the women's movement itself, reinforcing its internal divisions.
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Khangala, Lavinia Musiwa. "Minimum wage fixing for domestic employees." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/17505.
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Spencer, S. R. "Androgen metabolism in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus)." Thesis, University of Kent, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.380574.
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Botting, Ingrid. "Getting a Grand Falls job, migration, labour markets, and paid domestic work in the pulp and paper mill town of Grand Falls, Newfoundland, 1905-1939." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ62446.pdf.
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Gomes, Raquel Saucier. "Infec??o natural por Cryptosporidium sp. em aves dom?sticas comercializadas em mercados municipais no Rio de Janeiro." Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2006. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/tede/780.
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Previous issue date: 2006-03-09Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico
The aim of the present work was to identify the occurrence of natural Cryptosporidium infection in domestic birds, commercialized in two public markets, in the city of Rio de Janeiro. 180 birds were acquired, being 60 ducks (Anas platyrhynchos), 60 chicks (Gallus gallus) and 60 quails (Coturnix japonica). The birds were housed in individual cages at the Protozoology laboratory of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro. As diagnostic method for the occurrence and infection dynamics was used de centrifuge - fluctuation technique. Measurements of the major and minor oocyst diameters were realized and compared between the origins of the birds. From the market of Madureira, a total of 29 (96,7%) ducks, 20 (66,66%) quails and 30 (100%) chicks were infected with Cryptosporidum sp. At the market of Campo Grande 17 (56, 7%) ducks, 13 (43, 33%) quails and 22 (73, 33%) chicks were infected. Statistically significant differences between the origin of the birds and infection rate were encountered for the ducks and the chicks, but not for the quails. The pre-patent period of the infection varied between 2 and 8 days, and the patent period varied between 3-46 days. Ducks present major resistance to the infection, but once established they present a longer patent period, with higher oocyst shedding than do quails and chicks. Observing the presented results can be concluded that the natural infection with Cryptosporidium is frequent in the studied domestic birds commercialized in public markets. Ducks, chicks and quails may play an important part in the dissemination of cryptosporidiosis in public markets, possibly representing a risk for human infection in persons that work or does frequent the markets. More studies should be undertaken to clarify about the risk factors associated with cryptosporidiosis and molecular studies for the characterization of the Cryptosporidium species involved.
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo identificar a ocorr?ncia da infec??o pelo protozo?rio do g?nero Cryptosporidium em aves dom?sticas comercializadas em dois mercados municipais situados no munic?pio do Rio de Janeiro - RJ, e associar poss?veis fatores de risco relacionados ? infec??o. No total foram adquiridas 180 aves, sendo 60 patos (Anas platyrhynchos), 60 pintos (Gallus gallus) e 60 codornas (Coturnix japonica). As aves foram encaminhadas ao laborat?rio de Protozoologia da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro e acondicionadas em gaiolas individuais. A ocorr?ncia e din?mica de Cryptosporidium sp. nessas aves foram estudadas atrav?s da t?cnica de centr?fugo-flutua??o. Mensura??es do maior di?metro e menor di?metro dos oocistos foram realizadas e comparadas entre as aves dos mercados. No mercado de Madureira um total de 29 (96,7%) patos, 20 codornas (66,66%) e 30 pintos (100%) apresentaram infec??o por Cryptosporidum sp. e no mercado de Campo Grande 17 (56,7%) patos, 13 codornas (43,33%) e 22 (73,33%) pintos estavam infectados. Diferen?as estatisticamente significativas foram encontradas para a ocorr?ncia da infec??o entre os pintos e de patos dos dois mercados, por?m n?o para codornas. O per?odo pr?-patente da infec??o variou entre 2 e 8 dias e per?odo patente entre 3 a 46 dias. Patos possuem uma maior resist?ncia ? aquisi??o da infec??o por Cryptosporidium sp. que pintos e codornas, por?m uma vez estabelecida a infec??o, esta possui maior per?odo patente, com altas concentra??es de oocistos nas fezes, se comparado a pintos e codornas. Pode-se concluir que a infec??o natural por Cryptoporidium ? frequente nas aves estudadas. Patos, pintos e codornas podem ser disseminadores de criptosporidiose em mercados municipais, cria??es dom?sticas e/ ou de subsist?ncia dentro do munic?pio do Rio de janeiro, assim como podem constituir risco para infec??o em humanos, como crian?as, tratadores, comerciantes e frequentadores do local. Mais estudos ser?o feitos para a elucida??o dos fatores de risco associados ? infec??o por Cryptosporidium sp., assim como estudos de caracteriza??o molecular de isolados provenientes dos mercado municipias no Rio de Janeiro.
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Cantwell, Elizabeth Layne. "The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the domestic chicken, Gallus domesticus." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4655.
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The avian circadian system is composed of multiple inputs, oscillators and
outputs. Among its oscillators is a hypothalamic structure presumed to be homologous
to the primary circadian pacemaker in mammals, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN).
The SCN in avian species is poorly defined: two structures in the hypothalamus, the
medial SCN (mSCN) and visual SCN (vSCN), have been referred to in the literature as
the SCN. The present studies were designed to answer one central question: where is
the avian homolog to the mammalian SCN? Uptake of 2-[14C]-deoxyglucose (2DG), an
indicator of glucose metabolism, fluctuates in the mSCN and vSCN in both a daily and
circadian manner. These data indicate a possible role in the circadian system for both
the vSCN and the mSCN. Additionally, several visual structures display daily
fluctuations of 2DG uptake, two of which exhibit circadian variations, supporting
previous studies indicting circadian regulation of the visual system. Efferents and
afferents of the mSCN and vSCN were identified and compared to those of rodents.
While the mSCN bears a stronger resemblance to the rodent SCN in its efferent
connections than the vSCN, afferents of both are comparable. The total number of
mSCN and vSCN neuronal connections far exceeds that of the rodent SCN. A subset of these connections is strikingly similar to those of the rodent SCN, while others are found
to connect these two nuclei to the visual system. These data further support the
involvement of both the mSCN and vSCN in the circadian and visual systems.
Suprachiasmatic organization was addressed using classical techniques. Though loosely
similar in location to the mammalian SCN, the mSCN is cyto- and chemoarchitecturally
different, while the vSCN bears more similarity to the mammalian SCN in this regard.
A unique astrocytic bridge exists between the mSCN and vSCN, suggesting a role for
astrocytes in the circadian system. Finally, the vSCN efferent to the medial nucleus of
Edinger-Westphal was verified using a technique that may advance future studies of
avian of circadian organization. The current data and the available literature were
considered in the development of a working model of the avian SCN.
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Roberts, Rhys Dafydd. "The ovarian IGF system in the domestic hen (Gallus domesticus)." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/20147.
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An assessment was made of the role of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in the growth of granulosa and thecal cells of the pre-ovulatory follicles in the ovary of the domestic hen (Gallus domesticus). The presence of IGF-I in granulosa and thecal tissues was demonstrated by radioimmunoassay (RIA) of tissue extracts and by immunocytochemical analysis of cultured cells. Both studies showed that immunoreactive IGF-I was present in granulosa and thecal tissues. Reverse-transcription, polymerase chain reaction and Southern blotting analysis showed that IGF-I mRNA was present in total RNA extracted from granulosa and thecal tissue of the four largest follicles in the follicular hierarchy. Cell culture systems for chicken granulosa and thecal cells were established and used to determine the effects of IGN-I alone, and with gonadotrophins, on DNA synthesis using the incorporation of [3-H] thymidine into the cell as an index. The results of these studies showed that IGF-I stimulated DNA synthesis in both cell types in a dose-dependent manner. FSH and LH were shown to stimulate steroidogenesis, as measured by RIA, in thecal and granulosa cells respectively, but neither gonadotrophin stimulated DNA synthesis in thecal cells. LH but not FSH was shown to have a dose-dependent stimulatory effect on DNA synthesis in granulosa cells; when IGF-I and LH treatments were combined their stimulatory effects were synergistic. Serum factors were also shown to act synergistically with IGF-I in this respect. The effects of IGF-I were found to depend on follicle size, as did the effects of LH on granulosa cells. The synergistic actions of IGN-I and LH with respect to DNA synthesis in granulosa cells were independent of follicular size. The production of IGF binding proteins (IGFBP) by granulosa and thecal cell cultures was demonstrated using Western ligand blotting. A range of IGFBPs were shown to be produced by both cell types; when the patterns were compared, both were found to produce four proteins of the same size, but granulosa cells produced an additional protein not detected in thecal cell conditioned medium. The stimulation of cultures with IGF-I resulted in increased production of IGFBPS by granulosa but not by thecal cells; stimulation with LH had no effect on IGFBPs by granulosa cells.
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Morandi, Raikova Anastasia. "Lateralization of hippocampal functions in domestic chicks (Gallus gallus domesticus)." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/321134.
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The domestic chick (Gallus gallus domesticus) has been widely used as an animal model to investigate spatial orientation and the neural mechanisms underlying this function. In all vertebrate species the hippocampus plays an essential role in spatial orientation. Since the hippocampus is a bilateral structure, it is important to investigate the specific role of the left and the right hippocampi in spatial processing. Although, the domestic chick has been often used as animal model to assess cognitive lateralization, the involvement of the left and the right hippocampal formation in spatial orientation has been poorly investigated in this model. Behavioral studies using monocular eye occlusion have shown that in chicks the left eye-system (right hemisphere) is involved in the elaboration of spatial relational information, while the right eye-system (left hemisphere) processes local information. However, while visual lateralization in chicks had been traditionally considered to be induced by embryonic light exposure, recent studies suggest the presence of structural and behavioural asymmetries also in dark-incubated chicks. Thus, the main aim of this thesis was to test the lateralization of hippocampal functions in dark incubated chicks, both in spatial and non-spatial tasks. In the first study dark-incubated chicks were trained to orient in a large circular arena using spatial relational information provided by free-standing objects. Once chicks reached a learning criterion they were tested binocularly or under a monocular eye-occlusion condition. This study provided the first demonstration that domestic chicks are able to orient by
relational spatial information provided by free-standing objects, in binocular vision conditions. However, if either one of the two eyes was occluded, chicks failed the orientation task. These results show that at least in dark-incubated chicks binocular integration is needed to solve this spatial orientation task. We also investigated if chicks have a preference to orient by local or spatial information provided by free-standing objects and if this ability is influenced by eye occlusion. Chicks preferred to use local over spatial cues to orient, both in binocular and monocular conditions (independently of which eye was occluded). These results indicate that local cues are processed by both eye-systems and do not require access
to information from both eyes, contrary to relational spatial cues. Using the same setup, in the second study we directly investigated the involvement of
chicks’ left and right hippocampal formation during orientation by free-standing objects. For this purpose we performed an immunohistochemical staining of the immediate early gene product c-Fos (a neural activity marker). Two independent groups of dark-incubated chicks were trained to find food in the large circular arena and the level of hippocampal activation was compared between the two groups. One group was trained to orient exclusively by local cues, while the other was orienting by spatial relational information provided by free-standing objects. This revealed selective activation of the right hippocampus during orientation by spatial relational information in dark-incubated chicks. While monocular occlusion has often been used to test lateralization of spatial functions in chicks, it is still unclear whether this manipulation affects hippocampal activation. The aim of the third study was to clarify this issue, by exposing dark-incubated chicks to a novel environment in conditions of monocular occlusion or binocular vision. Activation of the hippocampal formation was once again measured by c-Fos expression. Exposure to a novel environment is known to trigger hippocampal activation in different animals, including domestic chicks. As expected, exposure to the novel environment activated the hippocampus in binocular vision conditions. However, if either one of the eyes was occluded, the hippocampal c-Fos expression did not rise above what observed in the baseline condition (chicks maintained in a familiar environment). Thus, successful hippocampal response to a novel environment requires input from both eyes. Our results also suggest that monocular occlusion equally affects the left and the right hippocampus. Overall, access to information from both eyes plays a crucial role for the acquisition of a spatial map of a novel environment, in line with the behavioral results of the first study. Moreover, a task independent lateralization effect, with higher c-Fos expression in the left compared to the right hippocampus, could be observed in all the experimental conditions. This confirms the presence of neuroanatomical lateralization in dark-incubated chicks. The last study investigated whether chicks’ hippocampus would also respond to novel social stimuli, in line with the activation observed in this structure after exposure to a novel
environment. Only few studies have directly investigated the involvement of birds’ hippocampal formation in social functions. Here, the hippocampal activation was compared between chicks exposed to an unfamiliar conspecific vs. chicks exposed to a familiar one. We found that the ventral and dorsomedial portion of the right hippocampus of dark-incubated chicks responds to an unfamiliar individual. This provides the first demonstration of hippocampal sensitivity to social novelty in birds. Overall the studies performed in this thesis indicate a selective lateralized involvement of domestic chicks’ hippocampal formation not only in spatial, but also in social functions.
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Robson, Helen. "Calcium and growth hormone secretion in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus)." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 1993. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/20102/.
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Extracellular calcium is a ubiquitous molecule required for secretagogue induced growth hormone release from somatotroph cells of the chicken anterior pituitary. Growth hormone release can be induced via different intracellular pathways and these in turn can act to produce a synergistic hormone release. This thesis sought to further characterise the intracellular and membrane dependent pathways involved in growth hormone release with regard to the regulation of calcium ion and other ion fluxes, and to determine the mechanism for GRF and TRH synergy in the domestic fowl. Growth hormone secretion from chicken somatotroph cells was dependent upon the extracellular calcium concentration and its subsequent influx into dispersed chicken somatotroph cells in vitro, which was blocked by voltage dependent calcium channel antagonists. Both parameters also demonstrated a dependence on extracellular sodium. TRH stimulated growth hormone release was similarly dependent on the influx of calcium from the extracellular space in dispersed chicken somatotroph cells in vitro. hpGRF-44/TRH synergy, however, failed to show a corresponding potentiated calcium influx with the synergistic growth hormone release - this response was merely additive with respect to the two secretagogues. The intracellular second messenger dbc-AMP produced similar responses, in the presence of the various modulatory agents, to those observed with hpGRF-44, although the maximal levels reached were lower. hpGRF-44 depolarised chicken somatotroph cells in vitro. The profile of changes in the membrane potential indicated the presence of sodium, calcium and potassium channels. Removal of extracellular sodium abolished hpGRF-44 induced depolarisation. Low and high extracellular calcium concentrations resulted in potentiated and reduced responses respectively. Repolarisation of the somatotroph cells was dependent on calcium and although none of the calcium dependent potassium channel antagonists affected the maximal depolarisation that was reached, apamin removed the ability of the cells to repolarisc and thus depolarisation was prolonged. In the presence of these agents an enhanced release of growth hormone was observed under conditions of a prolonged depolarisation whilst it was diminished when the depolarisation was shortened or abolished. It is therefore concluded that hpGRF-44 induced growth hormone release in chickens is dependent on the influx of extracellular calcium which in turn is dependent on a variety of mechanisms not least the voltage dependent calcium channels. Ion fluxes are also modulated via a hpGRF-44 induced depolarisation characterised by its sodium, calcium and potassium components and which are necessary for eliciting and maintaining the growth hormone release. Synergistic growth hormone release involves a mechanism other than a potentiated calcium influx and in short involves the integration of a complex array of intracellular events and pathways. A model is suggested which summarises the role of extracellular calcium in GH release from somatotroph cells of the domestic fowl integrating the regulatory mechanisms involved both at the membrane level and the intracellular level.
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Lang, Malcolm R. "Studies on egg shell pigmentation in the domestic fowl Gallus domesticus." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/28400.
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衛善敏 and Sen-mun Wai. "A survey on isozyme genetics of the domestic chicken (Gallus domesticus)." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31223552.
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Wai, Sen-mun. "A survey on isozyme genetics of the domestic chicken (Gallus domesticus) /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B22054856.
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Cooke, Victoria Elizabeth. "Growth associated and stress-induced myopathies in the domestic chicken (Gallus domesticus)." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/24481.
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Genetic selection of broiler chickens for growth related production traits may have led to an increased susceptibility to both growth and stress induced myopathies. A comparison of a broiler (B); broiler great-grandparent (GGP) and layer (L) line revealed that by 25 weeks of age, the mean body weights reached by B, GGP and L lines were 5.1 kg, 5.2 kg and 1.9 kg. Increased Pectroalis major (Pm) breast muscle yield through increased fibres sizes may contribute to the greater B and GGP body weights. At 25 weeks, the mean Pm breast muscle fibre size reached by the B and GGP lines (65.9μm and 59.8μm respectively) were 1.5 times greater than that of the L line (38.1μm). Furthermore, there was divergence in muscle fibre growth between the mean Pm and Biceps femoris (Bf) leg muscle fibres of the B and GGP lines, but not the L line during growth. Cores, rims and split fibres observed in the leg muscles from older B and GGP birds may result from metabolitic stress associated with larger fibre sizes and inadequate capillary support. Enzyme markers of muscle damage were indicative of a greater growth associated myopathy in the B and GGP lines compared to the L line. Histopathological assessments also revealed muscle damage. The type and incidence of structural changes were related to bird line (B>GGP?L), age (prominent at 5 and 18-23 weeks), muscle (Ps: necrotic and basophilic fibres; Bf: hyaline and basophilic fibres), and circulating steroid levels (regenerative rather than degenerative processes associated with estrogen secretion). A reduction in enzyme markers of muscle damage preceded egg yolk precursor production and increased calcium (Ca2+) uptake for egg-shells synthesis. Estrogen may induce increased satellite cell activity and fibre regeneration, protecting muscle from the potential threat of Ca2+-induced muscle damage due the increased Ca2+ uptake. The demonstration of the alpha and beta estrogen receptor mRNA in chicken skeletal muscle indicates that the myoprotective effect of estrogen may involve receptor mediated gene regulation. The profile of muscle damage during the 48 hour period following exposure to acute heat stress was determined in birds from the B line. All or a combination of catching, handling sampling and crating procedures induced a hypocapnic alkalosis in the blood, which was associated with subsequent muscle damage. The heat stress was not severe enough to exacerbate this response, with the body temperature of the birds rising to just 42.5°C during heat stress exposure. Enzyme markers of muscle damage peaked between 12 and 48 hours following exposure to heat stress/control conditions.
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Swart, Hannelize. "Microsatellite-based characterization of Southern African domestic pig (Sus scrofa domestica) breeds." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/885.
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Hölscher, Christian. "Behavioural and pharmacological studies of memory formation in the domestic chick, Gallus domesticus." Thesis, Open University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.385848.
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Watkins, Jenny Ann Sarah. "Lateralisation of auditory learning and processing in the domestic chick (Gallus gallus domesticus)." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313945.
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Dennis, Rachel Lynn. "Effects of marks on aggression and stress in the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus)." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/1479.
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Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2004.Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Animal and Avian Sciences. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Hoerl, Erin Natalie. "Foraging strategies, use of space and aggressive behavior of domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus)." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/1431.
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Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2004.Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Animal and Avian Sciences. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Harbuz, M. S. "Hypothalamic catecholamines in the regulation of LH secretion in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus)." Thesis, University of Reading, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.382172.
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Beattie, Savannah Ellen. "Immunity to and transport of sporozoites of Eimeria species in the domestic fowl, Gallus domesticus." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ27480.pdf.
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Coles, H. "Hypothalmic monoamines and the regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus)." Thesis, University of Reading, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.233159.
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Lovell, Tristan M. "Inhibin A, activin A and total inhibin #alpha#-subunit in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus)." Thesis, University of Reading, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301897.
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Williamson, R. A. "Interactions between the thyroid, stress and the immune system of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus)." Thesis, Open University, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371071.
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The involvement of the thyroid hormones and corticosterone in the response to stressors, the influence of these hormones on the immune system and their possible role in the stress-induced changes in immune function, were investigated. Food and/or water deprivation, food restriction, exposure to heat or cold, all influenced serum thyroid hormone concentrations. Changes in food intake probably influenced serum concentrations of T3 and kT4 by reducing extrathyroidal 5 and 5' monodeiodination of T4. The effects on thyroid hormone concentrations, of heat, and possibly also cold and deprivation of water, were in part mediated by food intake. Deprivation of food or water, food restriction and cold all cause increases in circulating corticosterone. Though corticosterone influenced thyroid function in unstressed birds, it did not mediate the effects of underfeeding on serum T3 and T4. Circulating corticosterone was not increased during heat exposure, though changes in other physiological variables indicated a severe stress. It is concluded that circulating corticosterone cannot be relied upon as the sole index of stress. Thyroid hormones did not markedly affect humoral immunity, whereas corticosterone suppressed antibody production, probably by reducing T-helper cell function. Both thyroid hormones and corticosterone influenced cell-mediated immunity as evinced by changes in lymphoblastogenic responses to PHA and Con A. Food restriction, heat exposure and social stress suppressed PHA and/or Con A responses. However, these effects were not accounted for by the observed changes in thyroid hormones or corticosterone. It is concluded that although the thyroid hormones and corticosterone can influence cell-mediated immunity in unstressed birds, they are not directly responsible for the immuno-suppression associated with food restriction, heat or social stress.
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Pisana, M. "Cytoarchitecture and connectional organization in the telencephalic medial wall of the domestic chick (Gallus domesticus)." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.380548.
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Taguchi, Renato Leandro. "Gestão integrada de resíduos sólidos urbanos domiciliares com uso do Balanced Scorecard." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/96/96132/tde-06122010-183411/.
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O aumento da população nos meios urbanos, juntamente com o modo de produção capitalista que incentiva o consumo, resultaram no aumento da produção de resíduos em todo o mundo, tornando-se mais um problema a ser administrado pelo município. A gestão integrada dos resíduos sólidos não é tarefa simples, pois envolve vários aspectos a serem gerenciados como políticas públicas, estrutura física, escassez de recursos e conhecimento sobre o assunto, além de capacidade técnica das operações envolvidas. Os impactos provenientes da disposição final inadequada dos resíduos sólidos, conseqüência da má gestão de resíduos sólidos, comprometem o meio ambiente, influenciam a qualidade de vida da população e aumentam os gastos das prefeituras com a remediação dos problemas, sendo que estes recursos poderiam ser alocados em outros setores mais necessitados. No Brasil, grande parte dos municípios com menos de 20.000 habitantes não conseguem destinar seus resíduos sólidos de maneira adequada, sendo eles os mais atingidos por esse problema. O objetivo principal desta pesquisa foi a de realizar uma proposta de gestão integrada de resíduos sólidos urbanos domiciliares, com uso da ferramenta de gestão Balanced Scorecard (BSC), elaborada a partir dos princípios e objetivos da Política Estadual de Resíduos Sólidos de São Paulo. A pesquisa visou à sustentabilidade como foco e por isso foram considerados na construção dessa ferramenta aspectos relacionados às dimensões econômicas, ambientais, sociais, culturais e políticas. Para o desenvolvimento da proposta de BSC foram utilizados dados secundários técnicos e acadêmicos, além de informações da legislação e regulação brasileira e paulista que serviram de base para a proposição de indicadores de sustentabilidade. O resultado foi a elaboração de uma estrutura de BSC genérica para auxílio na gestão pública deste setor. A ferramenta proposta pode ser aplicada a qualquer localidade, bastando adaptá-la às necessidades e às características locais. Verificou-se que para a máxima eficiência na gestão dos resíduos sólidos há necessidade de participação popular efetiva e vontade política dos governantes, pois o grande desafio do setor seria ainda fazer com que toda sociedade revisse o seu modo de consumo. Para que isso aconteça, ações governamentais de conscientização são de fundamental importância. A ferramenta proposto é de grande auxílio na Gestão Integrada de Resíduos Sólidos, pois consegue integrar aspectos de gestão e de gerenciamento das atividades deste setor. O usa da ferramenta tem como característica o alcance da sustentabilidade por meio da inserção das dimensões econômicas, ambientais e sociais nas quatro perspectivas do BSC Além disso, a ferramenta proposta deve ser continuada entre governos, pois o BSC tem a característica de alcance de resultados em longo prazo. Pretendeu-se, com essa pesquisa, auxiliar os municípios em sua gestão de resíduos sólidos além de contribuir com a promoção da conscientização ambiental no meio acadêmico e da sociedade em geral.The increase of the population in the cities due to some factors, resulted in the enlargement of the production of the garbage, becoming this in another sector to be managed by the municipal district. To make the management of solid waste is not easy question, therefore it involves some aspects to be managed as publish politics, physical structure, scarcity of resources, the lack of knowledge on the subject and capacity limited technique. The impacts from inadequate final disposition of the solid waste, consequence of repute management, impact the environment, act on the quality life of population and increase the expenses of the City Hall destining resources in the remediation of problems, in fact that these resources could be replaced in others weakness sectors. In Brazil the cities with less than 20.000 do not achieve the destination of these solid wastes on the right form. They have been reached by this problem in a large scale. The main objective of this research was to make a proposal for integrated management of municipal solid waste at home, using the management tool Balanced Scorecard (BSC), developed from the principles and objectives of State Policy for Solid Waste São Paulo. The research aimed to focus on sustainability and therefore was considered in developing this tool aspects of the economic, environmental, social, cultural and political. For the development of the proposed BSC secondary data were used - technical and academic, in addition to information legislation and regulation Brazil and Sao Paulo that formed the basis for the proposal of sustainability indicators. The result was the elaboration of a structure of BSC general to aid in the management of public sector. The proposed tool can be applied to any location, just adapt it to local needs and theirs characteristics. It was found that for maximum efficiency in the management of solid waste there is need a popular participation and effective political will of rulers, because the great challenge of the sector would also make the entire society revise its mode of consumption. For that to happen, government action awareness is essential. The proposed tool is a great help in Integrated Solid Waste, for it can integrate aspects of management and managing the activities of this sector. The use of the tool is characterized by achieving sustainability through the integration of economic, environmental and social in the four BSC perspectives. Moreover, the proposed tool should be continued between governments, because the BSC has the characteristic of achieving results in long term. It was intended, with this research, assist municipalities in their solid waste management in addition to contributing to the promotion of environmental awareness in academia and society in general.
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Lawrence, Jennifer Thomson. "The Third Person in the Room: Servants and the Construction of Identity in the Eighteenth-Century Gothic Novel." unrestricted, 2008. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04172008-130053/.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2008.Title from file title page. Malinda Snow, committee chair; Murray Brown, Tanya Caldwell, committee members. Electronic text (223 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed July 11, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 215-223).
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Hermansson, Alexandra. "Effects on the reproductive system in domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus) after embryonic exposure to estrogenic substances /." Uppsala : Dept. of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/200720.pdf.
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Breward, John. "An electrophysiological investigation of the effects of beak trimming in the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus)." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/30004.
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Backlund, Emma. "Assessment of ventricular morphology using echocardiography in Ornate tinamous (Nothoprocta ornata) and domestic chickens (Gallus domesticus)." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Biologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-103754.
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The Ornate Tinamou (Nothoprocta ornata), an ancient bird, has adapted to life at high altitude (>2.400 m.a.s.l) for a longer period than the domestic chicken (Gallus domesticus), which came to South America with the Spanish conquerors. Ornate tinamous have a smaller heart in relation to body size than domestic chickens. This study was made to evaluate heart morphometric measurements comparing Ornate Tinamou and domestic chicken using echocardiography measurements to determine wall thickness and chamber size and to evaluate whether it can retrieve measurements consistent with previous results on dissected hearts. I was also interested in evaluating potential adaptations of the Ornate Tinamou to life in hypoxic environments by exposing the heart to positive inotropic stimulation. The results were compared with those previously obtained on dissected hearts. The results showed that the chamber size of the domestic chicken was significantly larger than in Ornate Tinamou, both in conscious and anesthetized birds. Injection of 1µg/kg isoproterenol caused domestic chickens’ systolic chamber size to decrease significantly and fractional shortening to increase significantly. The same changes were seen in the Ornate Tinamou but they were not significant. In conclusion, this study confirms that echocardiography is a valid method for retrieving cardiac measurements without euthanizing animals, opening for the possibility of taking several measurements at different ages.
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Anjum, Ahmed Din. "Adenocarcinoma of the oviduct of the domestic fowl (Callus domesticus) and its relationship to steroid sex hormones." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312734.
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Kennelly, Estelle M. "Culture of indifference : dilemmas of the Filipina domestic helpers in Hong Kong." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/509.
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In this study, an examination of the everyday experiences of the contract migrant Filipina domestic helpers exposes a culture of indifference which pervades the Hong Kong society on all levels--individual, community, and judiciary. At the centre of the abuses inflicted upon the Helpers is the employment contract with extraordinarily restrictive terms which promotes abuse by many employers. This study also looks at the transnational informal social infrastructure which has been organized by the Filipino community to mediate the hostile working environment engendered by the indifference of the global economic and political climate upon their lives. Faced with the task of implementing new policies for controlling labour migration into Hong Kong, the legislators have focused on the end result and finding the means with which to accomplish their goal. Embedded within this process are unexamined cultural mores and practices. Although the starting point is to benefit the community, by providing domestic helpers to serve the middle and upper class households, too often the abusive consequences to individual migrants are ignored as the women become the means to an end. Migration has often been viewed as an aberration to the notion of the sedentary community. Treated as an anomaly, it is the migrant who problematizes simple theoretical positions of social organization and structure. The migrant is always treated as the one who does not conform to the ideal community and is conveniently merged into existing social categories, such as the lower status of women in Hong Kong, and the lower status of domestic workers -- relegated thereby to the periphery of the society's consciousness.
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Cassone, Cristina. "Effects of Perfluoroalkyl Acids on In Ovo Toxicity and Gene Expression in the Domestic Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus)." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23162.
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Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are a family of synthetic substances used in a wide variety of consumer and industrial applications, including non-stick and stain-resistant products. PFAAs, specifically perfluorinated sulfonates and carboxylates, are chemically stable and virtually non-biodegradable in the environment. In recent years, PFAAs have been detected in tissues and blood of humans and wildlife. Furthermore, PFAAs have a tendency to bioaccumulate and biomagnify in biota. Perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoate are known to be toxic when animals are exposed to environmentally-relevant levels, but scientists and regulators are challenged with determining and predicting their modes of action. There is some evidence to suggest that PFAAs can impact the thyroid hormone (TH) pathway and neurodevelopment. The studies presented in this thesis investigated the developmental effects and potential modes of action of newer PFAAs that are being introduced into the global market place. Egg injection experiments were performed in domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) embryos to assess the in ovo toxicity of perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) and perfluorohexanoate (PFHxA) during development. Real-time RT-PCR was used to measure the transcription of candidate genes in the liver and cerebral hemisphere of day 21-22 embryos. Candidate genes were selected based on their responsiveness to PFAA exposure in an in vitro screening assay conducted previously. In ovo exposure to PFHxS decreased embryo pipping success and overall growth at 38,000 ng/g; several orders of magnitude higher than concentrations reported in wild bird eggs. The expression of TH-responsive genes, including type II and III 5'-deiodinase, neurogranin, and octamer motif binding factor 1, were induced. In addition, PFHxS diminished free thyroxine (T4) levels in plasma. PFHxA had no affect on pipping success, gene expression or T4 levels in chicken embryos at the doses assessed. The transcriptional profiles in the cerebral hemisphere of chicken embryos exposed to 890 and 38,000 ng/g PFHxS were compared to a solvent control using microarray technology. The expression of 78 different genes were significantly altered (fold change > 1.5, p < 0.001) by PFHxS. Functional analysis showed that PFHxS affected genes involved in tissue development and morphology and cellular assembly and organization. Pathway and interactome analysis suggested that gene expression may be affected through integrin receptors and signaling pathways via TH–dependent and –independent modes of action. It is expected that the findings presented in this thesis will be of general relevance and importance to regulatory agencies and of interest to research scientists and risk assessors.
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Fioreze, Mariele. "Uso de modflow para simulação da hidrodinâmica de meios porosos em wetlands construídos." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2017. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/12184.
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Constructed wetlands (CWs) are artificial systems used for wastewater treatment, whose objective is to reproduce, under controlled conditions, the treatment mechanisms that occur in natural environments, through the exploration and improve the processes that involve the vegetation, porous media and microbial assemblages. Horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands (HSSF-CWs) is characterized by flow in a horizontal direction, in a gravel or sand beds planted or unplanted with emergent macrophytes whose the inlet and outlet are horizontally opposed, which allows the wastewater flow through the rhizosphere and have contact with the biofilm formed in subsurface. Traditional studies about CWs focuses on the efficiency of contaminants removal look at systems as a "black-boxes" from empirical approaches and do not distinguish between the different active removals processes. The development of numerical models, in order to helping to identify and improve the role of each element acting in the treatment, whether the properties of the porous media, constructive geometry, flow characteristics, among others, appears as an alternative to reach a more detailed understanding of the internal processes involved in CWs. In general, numerical models consist of governing equations (derived from the mathematical combination of the water balance and Darcy's law), initial conditions (they refer to the distribution of the hydraulic head in the model domain) and boundaries conditions (define the hydraulic or physical boundaries that delimit the model domain). In the last decade, different 1D and 2D numerical models have been developed and applied for the simulation of subsurface flow CWs under conditions of saturated horizontal flow (CWM1-RETRASO and PHWAT), variably saturated vertical flow (FITOVERT and HYDRUS-CW2D) and vertical or horizontally saturated flow (HYDRUS-CWM1). However, few studies regarding the application of 3D numerical models for CWs simulation are reported in the scientific literature. In this study, the hydrodynamic simulation of the porous media in a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland was run through the application of a 3D numerical model. The flow patterns were simulated according to the project design and scenarios with changes in the porous media hydrodynamic (hydraulic conductivity) and in the positioning of the wastewater distribution mechanisms (distribution along the cross section with two pipes) in order to verify the influence of these factors in the flow pattern and also to indicate advantages and disadvantages that contribute to the design. The softwares MODFLOW and MODPATH, in the GMS family code, were used for to simulate the direction and flow velocity, hydraulic head and pathlines. The model proved to be a powerful tool to simulation, allowing observing the interdependence between the hydrodynamic parameters and the hydraulic characteristics in the porous media. The simulated scenarios showed the possibility of improving the flow patterns, mainly using two pipes to distribute the wastewater in a more homogeneous way along the cross section of the bed. The use of a porous media with lower hydraulic conductivity also showed improvement in flow characteristics evaluated. However, the general context of wastewater treatment facilities (pretreatment units and tributary loads) should be considered, since materials with low hydraulic conductivity are more susceptible to clogging. Proper design is crucial to improving the treatment conditions in the HSSF-CWs and also to avoid the occurrence of hydraulic problems and damage to the treatment, such as the clogging.Wetlands construídos (WCs) são tecnologias empregadas para o tratamento de águas residuárias, cujo objetivo é reproduzir, sob condições controladas, os mecanismos de depuração que ocorrem em meios naturais, através da exploração e aperfeiçoamento dos processos que envolvem a vegetação, o substrato e os microrganismos. Wetlands construídos de escoamento subsuperficial de fluxo horizontal (WCFH) são caracterizados pelo fluxo em direção horizontal através de um leito de cascalho ou areia, vegetado ou não com macrófitas emergentes, cujas entrada e saída dos efluentes são horizontalmente opostas, o que permite que as águas residuárias fluam através da rizosfera e tenham contato com o biofilme formado em subsuperfície. Tradicionalmente, os estudos sobre WCs incidem apenas sobre a remoção das concentrações de contaminantes, considerando esses sistemas como “black-boxes” a partir de abordagens empíricas, sem fazer distinção entre os diferentes processos atuantes. O desenvolvimento de modelos numéricos, como forma de auxiliar a identificar e aperfeiçoar o papel de cada elemento atuante no tratamento, quer sejam as propriedades do meio poroso, a geometria construtiva, as características de fluxo, entre outros, surge como alternativa para o alcance de uma compreensão mais detalhada dos processos internos intervenientes nos WCs. De uma forma geral, os modelos numéricos são constituídos por equações governantes (derivada da combinação matemática da equação de balanço de água e da lei de Darcy), por condições iniciais (dizem respeito à distribuição da carga hidráulica no domínio do modelo) e por condições de contorno (definem as fronteiras hidráulicas ou físicas que delimitam o domínio do modelo). Na última década, diferentes modelos 1D e 2D foram desenvolvidos e aplicados para a simulação de WCs de escoamento subsuperficial em condições de fluxo horizontal saturado (CWM1-RETRASO e PHWAT), vertical variavelmente saturado (FITOVERT e HYDRUS-CW2D) e vertical ou horizontal variavelmente saturado (HYDRUS-CWM1). Porém, poucas experiências relativas à aplicação de modelos 3D para simulação de WCs são relatadas pela literatura científica. Neste trabalho, a simulação da hidrodinâmica do meio poroso de um sistema de tratamento de efluentes do tipo wetlands construídos de escoamento subsuperficial de fluxo horizontal foi realizada por meio da aplicação de um modelo numérico 3D. Foram simuladas as condições de fluxo conforme as especificações de um projeto de engenheria, e também cenários com mudanças nas características hidrodinâmicas do meio poroso (condutividade hidráulica) e no posicionamento dos mecanismos de distribuição das águas residuárias (distribuição ao longo da seção transversal por meio de duas tubulações) visando verificar a influência desses fatores no sistema de fluxo e também indicar vantagens e desvantagens que contribuam para a elaboração de projetos. Os softwares MODFLOW e MODPATH, executados por meio da interface GMS, foram utilizados para a simulação da direção e velocidade de fluxo, nível hidráulico e linhas de trajetória das partículas transportadas por advecção. O modelo provou ser uma ferramenta poderosa para a simulação, permitindo visualizar a interdependência entre os parâmetros hidrodinâmicos e as características hidráulicas do meio poroso. Os cenários simulados mostraram a possibilidade de melhoria dos padrões de fluxo, principalmente por meio do uso de duas tubulações para distribuição dos efluentes de forma mais homogênea ao longo da seção transversal do leito. O uso de materiais com menor condutividade hidráulica também apresentou melhoria nas características de fluxo avaliadas. Porém, deve-se considerar o contexto geral das instalações de tratamento das águas residuárias (unidades de tratamento preliminar e cargas afluentes), visto que materiais com baixa condutividade hidráulica são mais susceptíveis ao entupimento. A concepção adequada é crucial para melhorar as condições de tratamento verificadas nos WCFH e também para evitar a ocorrência de danos e problemas hidráulicos, como a estagnação de fluxo em zonas de baixa velocidade de escoamento.
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Medeiros, Brenda Batista Lemos 1970. "Bem-estar e desempenho de suínos criados em sistema "wean to finish"." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/256790.
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Orientador: Daniella Jorge de MouraTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola
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Resumo: O "wean to finish" é um sistema de criação de suínos que ainda é novo no Brasil, e não existem muitos estudos a respeito do tamanho de grupos e área disponível/animal ideal para suínos criados numa mesma instalação, mas acredita-se que serão obtidos bons resultados, principalmente, no que se refere ao bem-estar e o desempenho dos animais. O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o bem-estar e o desempenho de suínos, criados em sistema "wean to finish", em diferentes números de animais/baia e em diferentes fases de vida dos animais. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: T1= avaliados 22 animais e área disponível de 1,12 m2/animal, T2= 24 animais e área disponível de 1,02 m2/animal, T3= 26 animais e área disponível de 0,94 m2/animal, T4= 28 animais e área disponível de 0,88 m2/animal e T5= 30 animais e área disponível de 0,82 m2/animal. Foram avaliados o ambiente térmico (temperatura, umidade relativa e velocidade do ar) e foi calculado o índice de temperatura e umidade; o ambiente aéreo (gases - NH3 e CO2). Foi utilizada a técnica de geoestatística para monitorar a homogeneidade da distribuição das variáveis térmicas e aéreas da instalação; o ambiente acústico; as variáveis comportamentais; temperatura superficial da pele; os níveis de cortisol salivar, monitoria sanitária (índice de tosse e espirro e escore de consistência de fezes), frequência respiratória, escore de lesão de pele e o desempenho dos animais (peso inicial e final, ganho de peso no período, ganho de peso médio diário e conversão alimentar). O experimento foi conduzido no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, Teste de Tukey (P<0,05) para a comparação entre médias, pelo programa estatístico SAEG e para as análises não - paramétricas o Teste de Kruskall - Wallis (P<0,05), utilizado o programa estatístico Minitab 15. Os resultados de temperatura e umidade do ar estavam dentro do preconizado como adequado, conforme cada fase de criação estudada. As concentrações dos gases e a velocidade do ar estavam heterogêneas, devido o tipo de ventilação natural, dificultando o controle na instalação. Isso também foi observado em alguns mapas de geoestatística, sendo que apresentaram particularidades para serem justificados. A distribuição dos níveis de pressão sonora em todos os tratamentos de todas as fases estavam abaixo de 85 dB (A), considerado bom. Na avaliação dos comportamentos dos suínos foi nítida a maior frequência em todos os tratamentos dos comportamentos de fuçar e os animais permanecerem deitados e dormindo na fase 1. Já na fase 4, o comportamento que se destacou foi dos animais ficarem deitados. As temperaturas superficiais da pele e a monitoria fisiológica e sanitária também estavam de acordo com a literatura, levando em consideração os horários avaliados e a fase de criação. Para o desempenho foi observado que os melhores resultados foram obtidos no T5. De modo geral, pode-se concluir que os resultados encontrados tanto da monitoria do bem-estar dos animais como de desempenho se complementam, em todos os tratamentos e nas diferentes fases de criação. Como na maioria dos tratamentos e fases de criação, os animais estavam em bem estar, consequentemente verificaram-se no desempenho dos animais ganhos satisfatórios ou até superiores aos esperados
Abstract: The "wean to finish" system is a new way to raise piglets in Brazil. Studies about ideal group size or ideal stocking density for raising these animals in the same building are rarely seen in the literature. Nothing is known about the size of the piglets group or ideal densities to raise the piglets in relation to their performance and welfare. This study has the objective to evaluate the welfare and performance of piglets raised in system wean to finish in different group and in different raising phases. The treatments consist of different number of animals and space allowance per pig: T1 = 22 animals (1.12 m2/pig), T2= 24 animals (1.02 m2/pig), T3= 26 animals (0.94 m2/pig) T4= 28 animals (0.88 m2/pig) e T5= 30 animals (0.82 m2/pig). The environmental variables of the buildings and outside them were evaluated such as: temperature, relative humidity and air velocity the THI index was calculated. The NH3 and CO2 were collected. The geostatistics technique was used to study the homogeneity of the environmental conditions. The sound pressure of the buildings was also evaluated, such as the behavior of the piglets, the surfaces temperatures, the cortisol salivar levels, the health status of the piglets (index coughing and sneezing and consistency of stool), respiratory frequency, frequency of skin injuries and their performance (initial and final weight, weight gain and feed conversion). The treatments was assigned in a completely randomized experimental design, a Tukey test (P <0.05) was performing for means comparison of each treatment using a statistical software for analysis (SAEG). For non-parametric analysis was used Kruskall - Wallis test (P <0.05) and the analysis was performed in the statistical software Minitab 15. The results of temperature and relative humidity of the air were within the expected data by the literature recommendations, in all phases of the piglets. The air velocity and the gases concentration showed an heterogeneous pattern in standard statistics results and in geostatistics, as expected in natural ventilated buildings. The sound pressure levels in all treatments and studied phases were below the recommended by the literature, 85 dB (A). For pig behavioral analysis, pigs spent more time rooting and lying down during phase 1. Lying down was also more frequent during phase 4. Analyzing the piglets behavior, it was observed that some behaviors showed up in a greater frequency depend on the piglet's age. The skin surface temperature and the health status were within the limits recommended by the literature. The results also showed that the best results were obtained in treatment 5, the group of the higher number of animals. Was concluded that all the treatments had the same welfare status, but the higher number of animals presented the best results of performance
Doutorado
Construções Rurais e Ambiencia
Doutora em Engenharia Agrícola
50
O'Brien, Jason. "The Effects of Perfluoroalkyl Compounds on In Ovo Toxicity and Hepatic mRNA Expression in the Domestic Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus)." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/19924.
Full textAbstract:
Perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) are a group of chemical surfactants most notably used in non-stick and stain-resistance applications. Due to their wide-spread use and inherent resistance to degradation, several PFCs have become persistent environmental contaminants. Despite the high concentrations of PFCs reported in wild birds and their eggs, very little is known about the toxicological effects they have on avian species.
This thesis investigates the developmental toxicity of PFCs in an avian model species: the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus). Egg injection experiments were performed to assess the in ovo toxicity of perfluorooctane sulfonate (technical grade, T-PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorodecane sulfonate (PFDS) and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUdA). Real-time RT-PCR was then used to measure the transcription of candidate biomarker genes in the liver tissue of day 20 embryos. Candidate genes were selected based on their responsiveness to PFC exposure in previously conducted in vitro screening assays. In ovo exposure to PFOS resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in embryo pipping success (a measure of hatching success) with an LD50 of 93 μg/g (3.54 μg/g-672,910 μg/g, 95% confidence interval), however the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα)-regulated genes was not affected in liver tissue as hypothesized. PFOA, PFDS and PFUdA had no effect on the pipping success of chicken embryos. The expression of cytochrome P450 1A4 (CYP1A4) and liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) mRNA increased in embryo liver tissue following in ovo exposure to PFUdA but was only statistically significant at 10 μg/g, which is several orders of magnitude higher than concentrations reported in wild bird eggs.
The isomer-specific accumulation of PFOS in chicken embryo livers was also investigated using an in-port derivatization gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. Prior to incubation, chicken eggs were injected with T-PFOS, composed of 63% linear isomer (L-PFOS) and 37.3% branched isomers. The isomer profiles in day-20 embryo liver tissue showed up to 20% enrichment in the proportion of L-PFOS, compared to T-PFOS, with a corresponding decrease in the proportion of branched isomers. This enrichment was inversely proportional to dose.
Finally, the transcriptional profiles of cultured chicken embryonic hepatocytes (CEH) exposed to either T-PFOS or L-PFOS were compared using Agilent 4x44k Chicken (V2) Gene Expression microarrays. At equal concentrations (10 μM), T-PFOS altered the expression of significantly more genes (340 genes, >1.5 fold change, false discovery rate adjusted p<0.05) compared to L-PFOS (130 genes). Functional analysis showed that L-PFOS and T-PFOS affected genes involved in lipid metabolism, cellular growth and proliferation, and cell-cell signaling. Pathway and interactome analysis suggested that gene expression may be affected through RXR, oxidative stress response, TP53 signaling, MYC signaling, Wnt/β-catenin signaling and PPARγ and SREBP receptors. In all functional categories and pathways examined, T-PFOS had a more pronounced disruptive effect on transctional regulation than L-PFOS.
In summary, egg injection experiments showed that T-PFOS (but not linear PFOA, PFDS or PFUdA) may affect the hatching success of the chicken at environmentally relevant concentrations. It was also demonstrated that the accumulation of PFOS in embryonic liver is isomer specific, and leads to an enrichment of L-PFOS. The increased transcriptional disruption caused by T-PFOS in cultured hepatocytes over L-PFOS suggests that the branched isomers may be largely responsible for the toxicological effects of PFOS. Combined, the results from this thesis demonstrate the importance of considering PFOS isomer burdens during risk assessment. In addition, gene expression analysis identified several candidate mechanisms for PFOS toxicity.