Academic literature on the topic 'Domestic waste user pays system'

Evidence suggests that domestic cold water service sizing methods in many countries around the world tend to overestimate the actual peak water volume flow rate. Oversizing domestic water service systems does waste materials and money, but it also increases the length of time that it takes for water to pass through the system which can increase water temperatures with the associated risks that presents. This paper compares the three commonly used UK domestic cold water service sizing methods and reveals variance in the methods, the design flow rates calculated and the amount of diversity applied by each method. BS EN 806 returns the lowest design flow rates of the three methods and also applies significantly greater diversity. Empirical domestic cold water service volume flow rate data from two case study buildings revealed that all three UK sizing methods significantly overestimated the peak water volume flow rates but that BS EN 806 was the closest. Additional empirical data from seven more buildings have been used to validate the data from this study and add confidence to the findings. This research provides useful evidence to help engineers select the most appropriate UK domestic cold water service sizing method and to anticipate the likely range and fluctuation of domestic cold water service flow rates. Practical application: Engineers tend to be conservative by nature and generally err on the side of caution to ensure that there is never any cause for customer complaint about their designs. This is understandable but there can be negative consequences if the full implications of such decisions are not fully understood. This paper reveals significant oversizing compared to empirical data from each of the three UK domestic water service sizing methods and highlights the reasons for this. The practical application of this paper lies in the presented results data and analysis which will help engineers make this important choice between the available sizing methods.

Abstract Water scarcity and wastewater management are two most serious environmental problems faced by developing countries like India. Recycling and reuse of the treated wastewater for non-potable purpose may significantly reduce the stress on fresh water requirement. Anaerobic digestion methods are used to treat wastewater discharge from various fields. Software tools provide an opportunity for engineers to create models which represent activities, resources, and the environment in powerful, affordable and user-friendly way. Modeling and simulation results serve as an important guideline in the optimization and process control for plant operators and other specialists in the field of engineering. Model-based development of software using tools such as Math Works Simulink has become common in the engineering. The Anaerobic Digestion Model (ADM1) from the International Water Association might be used for modeling and optimization of digestion operations. This research reveals the study of domestic wastewater treatment using ADM1. The process equations are solved using the input data, and output is generated. The results show that the proposed method is capable of predicting process parameters of excellent stream with high degree of accuracy (R2=0.945).

Saving energy has become one of the most important issues these days. The most waste of energy is caused by the inefficient use of the consumer electronics. Particularly, a light accounts for a great part of the total energy consumption. Various light control systems are introduced in current markets, because the installed lighting systems are outdated and energy-inefficient. However, due toarchitectural limitations, the existing light control systems cannot be successfully applied to home and office buildings. Therefore, this paper proposes an Domestic and commercial LED Lighting System Considering low power consumption using intellectual property. The proposed system utilizes multi sensors and wireless communication technology in order to control an LED light according to the user’s state and the surroundings. The proposed LED lighting system can autonomously adjust the minimum light intensity value toenhance both energy efficiency and user satisfaction. We designed and implemented the proposed system in the test bed and measured total power consumption to verify the performance. Our main purpose is to provide the end consumer with an economical fully centralized system in which home appliances are managed by an IEEE 802.15.4- based wireless sensor network. Not only is it necessary to focus on the initial investment, but maintenance and energy consumption costs must also be considered. This paperexplains the developed system along with a brief introduction to usual building automation protocols. The proposed LEDlighting system reduces total power consumption of the test bed up to 31%.

Micro-cogeneration (micro-combined heat and power) is a technology that simultaneously produces decentralized thermal and electrical energy with a power of less than 50 kWel. This technology consists of using the waste heat generated by a thermodynamic process to meet the heating and hot water demands of buildings. The use of biomass as a fuel offers important advantages: use of a renewable energy, carbon neutrality, availability, and low cost. Furthermore, the analysis and optimization of hybrid energy systems, which include existing micro-cogeneration systems powered by renewable energy, is a scientific challenge needing experimental characterization of such micro-cogeneration systems. In this context, a biomass Stirling micro-CHP unit (μCHP), was tested to characterize its energy performance. A dynamic model based on these experimental investigations was developed to evaluate its thermal power output and energy efficiencies. The dependence of the nominal load on the water flow rate of the consumer and the inlet temperature of the fluid heated by the cogeneration system was studied. Results showed that the flow rate of the heat transfer fluid rejecting heat from the μCHP unit influences the temperature of the heat transfer fluid exiting the μCHP to supply domestic hot water to the user, which, if too high, will prompt the self-guarding mechanism of the machine.

This study investigated a double loop network operated with ultra-low supply/return temperatures of 45/25 °C as a novel solution for low heat-density areas in Denmark and compared the proposed concept with a typical tree network and with individual heat pumps to each end-users rather than district networks. It is a pump-driven system, where the separate circulation of supply and return flow increased the flexibility of the system to integrate and displace heating and cooling energy along the network. Despite the increased use of central and local water pumps to operate and control the system, the simulated overall pump energy consumption was 0.9% of the total energy consumption. This was also an advantage at the design stage as the larger pressure gradient, up to 570 Pa/m, allowed minimal pipe diameters. In addition, the authors proposed the installation of electrically heated vacuum-insulated micro tanks of 10 L on the primary side of each building substation as a supplementary heating solution to meet the comfort and hygiene requirements for domestic hot water (DHW). This, combined with supply water circulation in the loop network, served as a technical solution to remove the need for bypass valves during summer periods with no load in the network. The proposed double loop system reduced distribution heat losses from 19% to 12% of the total energy consumption and decreased average return temperatures from 33 °C to 23 °C compared to the tree network. While excess heat recovery can be limited due to hydraulic issues in tree networks, the study investigated the double loop concept for scenarios with heat source temperatures of 30 °C and 45 °C. The double loop network was cost-competitive when considering the required capital and operating costs. Furthermore, district networks outperformed individual heat pump solutions for low-heat density areas when waste heat was available locally. Finally, although few in Denmark envisage residential cooling as a priority, this study investigated the potential of embedding heating and cooling in the same infrastructure. It found that the return line could deliver cold water to the end-users and that the maximum cooling power was 1.4 kW to each end-user, which corresponded to 47% of the total peak heat demand used to dimension the double loop network.

The objective of the study is to build an instrument that allows to know the acceptance of the population towards a technology for the removal of human excreta by propulsion adapted to the dry toilet instead of the conventional system. The sample consisted of 200 lower-middle class residents. The study was quantitative; a survey was applied based on the Likert scale. The respective validation was carried out applying the methodology of exploratory factor analysis through the method of estimating maximum likelihood factors with reliability estimation and measurement bias analysis. The final questionnaire is made up of 6 dimensions, a factorial structure that includes 14 items and its consistency shows an α of 0.81. The instrument was appropriate for psychometric measurement. It is concluded that the acceptance of the technology is conditioned to factors of functionality, aesthetics and hygiene of the system, and there is a predisposition of the user to promote the technology. Keywords: Instrument, toilet, propulsion, excreta, technology. References [1]H. Moule, “Baño seco ecológico”, Reino Unido Patente Nº 1316, mayo 28, 1860. [2]K. L. Kyung, “Designing a Waterless Toilet Prototype for Reusable Energy Using a User-Centered Approach and Interviews”, Applied Sciences, vol. 9, no.919, pp. 2-11, March 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi:10.3390/app9050919. [3]S. Saxena, B. Ebrazibakhshayesh, S. K. Dentel, D., K. Cha, y P. T. Imhoff, “Drying of fecal sludge in 3D laminate enclosures for urban waste management”, Science of The Total Environment vol. 672, no. 1, pp. 927-937, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.487. [4]O.D. Oluwasola Afolabi y M. Sohail. “Microwaving human faecal sludge as a viable sanitation technology option for treatment and value recovery-A critical review”, Journal of Environmental Management journal, vol.187, no.1, pp.401-415, February 2017. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.10.067. [5]P. Moya, S. López, J. Guardiola and F. Gómez. “Determinants of the acceptance of domestic use of recycled water by use type”, Sustainable Production and Consumption journal, Research article, vol.27, no.4, pp. 575-586, July 2021. [Online]. Available: doi: 10.1016/j.spc.2021.01.026. [6]C. Sutherland, E. Reynaert, R.C. Sindall, “Socio-technical analysis of a sanitation innovation in a peri-urban household in Durban, South Africa”, Science of The Total Environment, vol.755, Part 2, 143284 , February 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143284-11. [7]H.J. Lease, D.H. MacDonald, and D.N. Cox, “Consumers’ acceptance of recycled water in meat products: The influence of tasting, attitudes and values on hedonic and emotional reactions”, Journal Food Quality and Preference, vol.37, pp. 33-44, October 2014. [Online]. Available: https://doi: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2014.04.002. [8]C. Hou, Y. Wen, H. Fu and X. Liu. “Impacts of regional water shortage information disclosure on public acceptance of recycled water d evidences from China’s urban residents” Sustainable Cities and Society, vol. 61, October 2020. [Online]. Available: https:// doi:10.1016/j.scs.2020.102351. [9]K.M. Lamichhane , y J.R. Babcock, “Survey of attitudes and perceptions of urine-diverting toilets and human waste recycling in Hawaii”, Journal Science of The Total Environment, vol.443, no.15, pp.749-756, January 2013. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.039. [10]S. Prithvi, C. Lalander, “what do consumers think about recycling human urine as fertiliser? Perceptions and attitudes of a university community in South India.” Water Research vol.143, pp.527-538, October 2018. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/rsap.v16n4.46723. [11]Y. Ding, and X. Liu, “The association between emotions and public acceptance of recycled water for urban residents”, Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, vol.27, no. 2, pp.76–86, February 2021. [Online] Available: doi: https://doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2021.13754. [12]J. Hennigs, K. Ravndal, T. Blose, “Field testing of a prototype mechanical dry toilet flush”. Journal Science of the Total Environment, vol 668, no. 10, pp. 419-431, July 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.220. [13]J. Tavares, I. Cardoso, B. Alves, J. Barbosa and B. Martini, “TrailCare: An indoor and outdoor Context-aware system to assist wheelchair users”, International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, vol.116, pp.1-14, April 2018. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2018.04.001. [14]S. Lloret, A. Ferreres, A. Hernández and I. Tomas, “El análisis factorial exploratorio de los ítems: una guía práctica, revisada y actualizada”, Anales de Psicología, vol. 30, no.3 , pp.1151-1169 , October 2014. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.30.3.199361. [15]V. Pedrero, M. Bernales, M. Chepo, J. Manzi and M. Pérez, “Development of an instrument to measure the cultural competence of health care workers”, Revista de saude publica. vol.54, no.29, pp. 1-10, March 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054001695. [16] M. Salvador, L. Moreno, D. Hernández, A. Martínez and E. Ochoa, “Construcción y validación de un instrumento para medir la satisfacción de los pacientes del primer nivel de atención medica en la Ciudad de México”, Gaceta Medica de México, vol.152, pp. 43-50, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.anmm.org.mx/GMM/2016/n1/GMM_152_2016_1_043-050.pdf. [17] M. Garmendia, “Análisis factorial: una aplicación en el cuestionario de salud general de Goldberg, versión de 12 preguntas”, Rev. Chilena de Salud Pública, vol.11, no.2, pp.57-65, 2007. [Online] Available: https://revistasaludpublica.uchile.cl/index.php/RCSP/article/view/3095/2963. [18]L.M. Zita, G.E. Figueroa, and H.L. Narváez, “Impacto de los atributos determinantes de un sanitario seco urbano en la aceptación del consumidor”, Revista internacional de contaminación ambiental,, vol.33 no. 04, pp. 671-679, March 2017. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.20937/rica.2017.33.04.10. [19]L. Zhu, Z. Zhao, Y. Wang, Q. Huang, Y. Sun and D. Bi, “Weighting of toilet assessment scheme in China implementing analytic hierarchy process”, Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 283, 2021.“tobe published”, [Online].Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.111992. [20]V. Kumar, and B. Chandra,” An application of theory of planned behavior to predict young Indian consumers' green hotel visit intention”, Journal of Cleaner Production, vol.172, no.20, pp.1152-1162, January 2018. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.047. [21]P.P. Regalado, C.A. Guerrero, and R.F. Montalvo, “Una aplicación de la teoría del comportamiento planificado al segmento masculino latinoamericano de productos de cuidado personal “, Revista EAN Escuela de Administración de Negocios, no.83, pp. 141-163, July-December 2017. [Online]. Available: https://doi: 10.21158/01208160.n83.2017.1821.

The article discusses green tourism and notes that green tourism in the regions of Georgia is at an early stage of development, with the potential and desire of the local population as a major user of green services. The proposed system of indicators may be universal for express-evaluation of the state at the regional level. The existing system of green tourism has shown that the state has to change its approaches to the formation of green tourism products (lack of green certification, etc.). The study identified trends in the growth of domestic tourism flows that can be proposed as effective promotion of regional tourism. For the further successful development of green tourism, it is first and foremost necessary to educate the public on a clear understanding of the increase in the price of these tours. One must realize and be aware that the money he or she pays to achieve a high quality of tourism is to serve specific ecological measures, one must feel the result of their implementation. Directions for improving green tourism include management system, ecotourism transport support, infrastructure development and provision of a wide range of services to the population that do not harm the ecological condition of the area, enhances the general ecological culture of the population, introduces new technologies for resource consumption and for waste recycling.

The article discusses green tourism and notes that green tourism in the regions of Georgia is at an early stage of development, with the potential and desire of the local population as a major user of green services. The proposed system of indicators may be universal for express-evaluation of the state at the regional level. The existing system of green tourism has shown that the state has to change its approaches to the formation of green tourism products (lack of green certification, etc.). The study identified trends in the growth of domestic tourism flows that can be proposed as effective promotion of regional tourism. For the further successful development of green tourism, it is first and foremost necessary to educate the public on a clear understanding of the increase in the price of these tours. One must realize and be aware that the money he or she pays to achieve a high quality of tourism is to serve specific ecological measures, one must feel the result of their implementation. Directions for improving green tourism include management system, ecotourism transport support, infrastructure development and provision of a wide range of services to the population that do not harm the ecological condition of the area, enhances the general ecological culture of the population, introduces new technologies for resource consumption and for waste recycling.

The increase in costs for electricity consumption has gone up, significantly affecting the economy of users, within the tariffs of residential users is the “DAC” rate (that means high consumption domestic rate). An economic analysis of electricity consumption rates indicates that, as of January 1st, 2019, the cost per kWh used in the “DAC” tariff corresponds to $ 5.121 MXN, which means that a “DAC” user pays more than 200% than a user 1C rate for each kWh consumed. For this purpose, a photovoltaic system has been designed for interconnection to the network, this system allows users to change from “DAC” rate to tariff 1C, and consequently will allow the reduction of these costs about the electric power service, this system can be installed in any yard, besides generating electricity, the photovoltaic products will be 2: a swing and a gazebo, with an installed capacity of 1.1 kWh, which will provide a rest and relaxation service.

Environmental regulation in South Africa relies significantly on the “command and control” approach which employs environmental authorisations as the primary regulatory mechanisms. The National Water Act 36 of 1998 currently provides for an alternative regulatory mechanism (economic) in the form of the Waste Discharge Charge System (WDCS) which is to be implemented during the course of 2007. The WDCS is based on the polluter- and user-pays principles which are both economic principles aimed at internalising external costs of pollution. The main aim of the WDCS is to attach a cost to the impact caused by waste discharge with the intentionof reducing the damaging effects of waste on water resources. This article investigates the WDCS by making some preliminary remarks on the rationale, nature, design, and aims of the system as it is established in the broader South African environmental and water law framework.

Mackay City Council introduced a Domestic Waste User Pays System in late 2006. The rationale behind this decision was to reduce waste being sent to landfill and to recover some of the costs associated with waste management. A User Pays System involves the costs associated with the management of waste being borne by those persons who generated the waste.

Community opposition to the introduction of Domestic Waste Fees included perceptions that illegal dumping would increase within the municipality, that there would be a rise in recycling contamination, and that residents would be unfairly impacted upon socially and environmentally. This research project attempts to identify any impacts on illegal dumping and recycling activities following the introduction of a Domestic Waste User Pays System at Mackay City Council Waste Disposal Facilities. It also discusses the effectiveness of associated Waste Education Programs and Environmental Compliance Activities, to determine whether the initial community opposition to the fees was in fact justified.

In order to investigate the issues further, a large quantity of data were collected, including Council illegal dumping complaints data, recycling volumes data, recycling contamination data, and a large amount of literature and reports relating to the issues in general, and more specifically relating to the Mackay City Council Integrated Waste Management Strategy.

Content From the perspective of the system, the problem is analyzed according to various elements such as the use environment of the trash can, user needs, mall resources, and stakeholders, and combined with AI intelligent visual recognition and voice-assisted recognition technology to assist design practices to explore new forms of waste classification and recycling. Methods Through field research and literature comparative analysis methods, the relevant advanced experience of domestic and foreign garbage classification and recycling is analyzed, and the relevant table method is used to focus the problems, and the current situation of classification and recycling in commercial blocks is analyzed according to my country's national conditions.Conclusion Design a garbage classification and recycling system for the master and slave stations in the commercial block, integrate the resources of the commercial zone, and achieve the purpose of overall garbage classification through the cooperation between the systems, and create a better commercial block environment. Only by solving the front-end treatment of garbage classification and coordinating the back-end garbage recycling can the purpose of harmless treatment of garbage be achieved. Taking the garbage classification in commercial blocks as the starting point, the purpose of efficient classification and recycling of garbage in commercial blocks is realized, and the garbage classification of the people is improved. consciousness.

District heating networks are important infrastructures to provide high efficient heating and domestic hot water to buildings located in urban areas. Modern district heating networks may involve the use of waste heat, renewable sources and heat from cogeneration thermal storage systems. In addition, management is operated through advanced ICT solutions able to minimize the global primary energy consumption and to increase end user awareness. Detailed thermo-fluid dynamic simulation tools can be of extreme importance for the optimal management of modern district heating networks. Some of the issues that simulation tools are requested to face are: peak shaving, selection of the operating temperature, operation in the case of malfunctions, storage management. An important requirement consists in the possibility to perform fast simulations, even in the case of complex networks. This paper aims at presenting a detailed simulation approach that can be applied to large district heating networks. The entire network is represented as constituted by the main pipeline, which may be a tree shaped or a looped network, and various tree shaped subnetworks that distribute water from the main network to each single building. The main pipeline is fully modeled considering fluid flow and transient heat transfer. Subnetworks are simulated using a reduced model obtained from the full model. This modeling approach is applied to the analysis of transient operation of the Turin district heating network. The thermal request of the users is obtained from temperature and mass flow rate measurements at the thermal substations, available each six minutes. Thermo-fluid dynamic simulation allows one obtaining the corresponding thermal load profiles at the various thermal plants. Results show that a peak request is caused by the temperature reduction in the entire system due to the small thermal request at night. Due to the advective transport of water in the network and the thermal losses, the shape and amplitude of the peak at the plant is completely different than that at the users. A comparison between simulations and experimental results shows that the model is able to predict the network operation with good accuracy. Using this simulation approach it is therefore possible to examine the effects of variations, obtained through night attenuation or the installation local storage systems, on the thermal request profiles of some of the users on the global thermal load of the network during the start-up transient. The proposed simulation approach is shown to represent a versatile and important tool for the implementation of advanced management to district heating systems.