Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Domestic habitat'

I evaluated some of the factors affecting livestock distribution by conducting experimental (Chapters II and III) and observational (Chapter IV) studies. In Chapter II, I described the effect of locations of familiar foods and social interactions on choice of feeding location by lambs. Lambs were exposed to a pasture as subgroups of strangers and companions with different dietary habits (i.e., three lambs that preferred milo with three lambs that preferred wheat). Milo was placed on one end and wheat on the other, about 100 m apart. Strangers typically fed in different locations, reflecting dietary preferences. Conversely, companions fed in both single subgroups and in separate subgroups because both social interactions and dietary preferences affected choice of feeding location. The objective of Chapter III was to evaluate the effect of experience with a pasture on choice of feeding location. Lambs with different levels of familiarity with the pasture were exposed as subgroups with different dietary habits. Lambs familiar with the pasture typically fed in separate locations, reflecting dietary preferences. Lambs naive to the pasture always fed in one subgroup and consumed both foods because social interactions overrode dietary preferences. Results in Chapter IV describe cattle observations on a 1,030-ha grazing allotment. Cattle home ranges were similar in location (i.e., site fidelity) between 1990 and 1991, even though home ranges increased in size and (or) shifted in location in response to water availability. Moreover, forage availability did not account for changes in home range size or location. Site fidelity probably developed because of experiences early in life while foraging with mother and (or) peers. Managers may be able to improve distribution by manipulating foraging experiences. Placing familiar foods/supplements in underutilized areas, controlling the amount of experience livestock have with different habitat types, and culling animals that spend a disproportionate amount of time in riparian zones may improve · distribution. Herding could also improve distribution. Herding integrates social interactions and experience with foods by controlling the exposure of social groups to particular foods and habitats. Nevertheless, livestock may still spend considerable time in riparian zones unless other watering points are available.

With the advent of global position system (GPS) collar technology, we have developed a much greater understanding of the temporal and spatial distribution of livestock and their associated grazing patterns. While significant research using GPS collars has been reported for cattle, little research is available describing collar use in understanding the behavior of domestic sheep. The purpose of our research was to evaluate the energy requirements of sheep with the use of GPS collars. To accomplish this, we adapted a low-cost i-gotU GPS tracking device that is typically designed for cattle and modified it to fit sheep. Each collar was programmed to record sheep movements within four grazing habitat types during different times of the year. Habitat types included spring pasture (SP), spring low hill habitat (SH), summer mountain habitat (MH) and winter desert habitat (DH). We divided our research into two studies: 1) to track and compare energy expenditure of domestic sheep between four habitats using collars for recording sheep movements, and 2) to model summer mountain selection by sheep using the collar derived coordinate positions and environmental variables in an RSF model process. We hypothesized that there would more energy expended while out on desert habitat in comparison to other range habitats and sheep would select for sites on summer mountain habitat that were close to water, gentle in terrain, and higher in elevation. We used sheep energy equations to determine the energy requirement. Collar derived coordinates were used to measure the horizontal distance traveled on flat terrain or vertical distances both upslope and downhill across variable terrain. Our results found that total distance traveled was not different between SP, SH and MH at 6.7, 7.1 and 6.9 km/d, respectively, however, total movement was different (P<0.05) on DH at 10.5 km/d. Sheep movement was greater (P<0.05) on slopes (altitude change in 3m between waypoints) versus flat terrain (movement between waypoints >20m). For example, sheep spent 65% of movement on slope and 39% on flat movement for SH, 86% of movement was spent on slope and 16% on flat terrain for MH, and 89% of movement was spent on slope and 11% movement was on flat for DH. Total energy required between the four habitats was different (P<0.05) at 5.9, 8.6, 7.1 and 13.9 Mcal ME/d for SP, SH, MH and DH respectively. While on summer MH sheep avoided slopes and rugged terrain, but selected for sites close to water, northern facing aspects and areas higher in elevation. We found that sheep expend the most energy on DH and sheep on MH will select for gentle terrain, areas close to water, northern facing slopes, higher elevation and avoid slopes. With this insight, sheep managers can better meet energy requirements needs and understand habitat utilization of their flocks.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
Free-roaming domestic dogs (FRDD) greatly impact human public health, known for playing key roles in the transmission of numerous zoonotic diseases. Dogs are responsible for 99% of human rabies cases worldwide and FRDD are particularly important as the main source for rabies transmission to humans. Dog-mediated rabies lays a heavy economic, environmental and social burden on human communities, especially on those most vulnerable. Sixty percent of dog-mediated rabies human fatalities worldwide occur in Asia with Indonesia registering, per year, the fourth highest human rabies cases number of the continent. Improved rabies control programs can be attained through the study of dogs’ movements within their available habitat. Yet, little is known about FRDD habitat requirements, particularly in Indonesia. By analysing data on 109 FRDD in two distinct habitats, this project aimed to investigate resources meaningful to FRDD habitat selection in relation to anthropogenic and geographical characteristics in a rural and urban landscape. In particular, we assess whether FRDD select habitat resources differently according to the setting. The chosen methodology employed was spatial mixed effects logistic regression models which, by having as outcome the presence or absence of FRDD in the available habitat resources, provides insight on which resources dogs are more likely to be found and are therefore preferred. Habitat selection by FRDD disclosed slightly different preferences according to the setting. The most sought-after resources in both study sites were the buildings and roads. Vegetation covered areas were positively associated with FRDD presence in the semi-urban, but not in the rural study site. Nevertheless, in the semi-urban area, FRDD preferred the beach over vegetation covered areas. Slope, in the rural setting, and sea, in the semi-urban area, were identified as being negatively associated with the presence of FRDD. Although these results should not be incautiously extrapolated to other regions and should be interpreted keeping in mind the Indonesian context, these results are still novel and relevant to future rabies control actions.
RESUMO - Seleção de Habitat por Cães Domésticos Errantes na Indonésia – Contexto rural versus contexto urbano - Cães domésticos errantes têm um impacto nefasto na Saúde Pública Humana, sendo cruciais na transmissão de inúmeras doenças zoonóticas. Os cães são responsáveis por 99% dos casos de raiva humana registados a nível mundial e, os cães domésticos errantes são a causa principal de transmissão de raiva para o Homem. A raiva humana transmitida por cães impõe um pesado fardo económico, social e ambiental sobre as comunidades humanas. Sessenta porcento das mortes humanas por raiva transmitida por cães ocorre na Ásia e a Indonésia regista, por ano, o quarto número mais elevado de casos de raiva humana no continente. Programas mais adequados de controlo da raiva podem ser conseguidos através do estudo sobre como os cães se movem dentro do seu habitat. No entanto, pouco ou nada se sabe sobre os requisitos de habitat dos cães domésticos errantes, em particular na Indonésia. Através da análise de 109 cães domésticos errantes em dois habitats (ambiente rural e ambiente urbano), este projeto investigou quais os recursos significativos na seleção de habitat por estes cães. Especificamente, avaliou se a seleção de habitat por estes cães difere entre o ambiente rural e urbano. A metodologia empregue neste estudo foram modelos mistos espaciais de regressão logística que, ao utilizarem a presença/ausência do cão num determinado recurso do habitat, permitem inferir sobre quais os recursos onde os cães mais provavelmente se encontram, sendo por isso preferidos pelos mesmos. A seleção de habitat por cães domésticos errantes revelou diferenças ligeiras de acordo com o espaço geográfico em análise. O recurso mais procurado em ambos os espaços geográficos foram os edifícios e as estradas. Áreas cobertas por vegetação estão positivamente associadas com a presença de cães no ambiente urbano, mas não em ambiente rural. No entanto, na área urbana, os cães preferiram a praia a zonas cobertas por vegetação. O declive, na área rural, e o mar, na área urbana, estão negativamente associados com a presença de cães. Apesar destes resultados terem de ser interpretados tendo em conta o contexto indonésio e não poderem ser extrapolados incautamente para outras zonas do mundo, são ainda relevantes para ações de controlo da raiva transmitida por cães.
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The interface between protected and communal lands presents certain challenges for wildlife conservation and the sustainability of local livelihoods. This is a particular case in South Africa, where foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), mainly carried by African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) is transmitted to cattle despite a fence surrounding the protected areas.The ultimate objective of this thesis was to improve knowledge of FMD transmission risk by analyzing behavioral patterns of African buffalo and cattle near the Kruger National Park, and by modelling at fine spatial scale the seasonal risk of contact between them. Since vegetation is considered as a primary bottom-up regulator of grazers distribution, I developed fine-scale seasonal mapping of vegetation. With that purpose, I explored the utility of WorldView-2 (WV-2) sensor, comparing object- (OBIA) and pixel-based image classification methods, and various traditional and advanced classification algorithms. All tested methods produced relatively high accuracy results (>77%), however OBIA with random forest and support vector machines performed significantly better, particularly for wet season imagery (93%).In order to investigate the buffalo and cattle seasonal home ranges and resource utilization distributions I combined the telemetry data with fine-scale maps on forage (vegetation components, and forage quality and quantity). I found that buffalo behaved more like bulk feeders at the scale of home ranges but were more selective within their home range, preferring quality forage over quantity. In contrast, cattle selected forage with higher quantity and quality during the dry season but behaved like bulk grazers in the wet season.Based on the resource utilization models, I generated seasonal cost (resistance) surfaces of buffalo and cattle movement through the landscape considering various scenarios. These surfaces were used to predict buffalo and cattle dispersal routes by applying a cumulative resistant kernels method. The final seasonal contact risks maps were developed by intersecting the cumulative resistant kernels layers of both species and by averaging all scenarios. The maps revealed important seasonal differences in the contact risk, with higher risk in the dry season and hotspots along a main river and the weakest parts of the fence. Results of this study can guide local decision makers in the allocation of resources for FMD mitigation efforts and provide guidelines to minimize overgrazing.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Ce travail de thèse en architecture se veut être une réponse à l’impasse conceptuelle dans laquelle se trouvent la plupart des recherches centrées sur les comportements de consommation d’énergie au logement, étudiés soit sous l’angle technique soit sous l’angle culturel, sans réussir à dresser une image complète des pratiques de consommation d’énergie. Elle repose sur une démarche de recherche inductive menée à partir de deux enquêtes de terrain, l’une auprès de vingt ménages habitant le parc social et l’autre chez six ménages du parc privé, qui ont conduit à une description ethnographique fine des pratiques domestiques. Celle-ci repose principalement sur la mise en place d’une méthodologie originale permettant de rendre lisibles les usages réels de l’énergie en fonction des activités qui ont lieu au domicile, en leur rendant leur contexte et leur dimension spatiale. Les résultats permettent de révéler un lien fort entre le rapport au logement qu’entretiennent les habitants (grâce à l’occupation des différents espaces et des ambiances mises en place, de la mise en scène du logement), et leur rapport à l’énergie (au travers de l’usage des différents appareils utilisant de l’énergie, du chauffage ou de l’aération), qui ne relève de facteurs financiers que dans des cas extrêmes. Les comportements de consommation alors observés prennent place dans le contexte de la construction d’un environnement rendu habitable et confortable par ses habitants, et donc dans une dimension très subjective du « bien habiter » et du « bien consommer »
This architectural thesis is the reaction to the conceptual impasse found within most of the researches centred around behavioural patterns concerning energy consumption within housing, which is examined from either a technical or a cultural angle while failing to represent an overall view of energy consumption practices. The thesis is based on an inductive research approach following two surveys: with twenty households from the social housing sector and with six from the private housing sector, which generate a comprehensive ethnographic definition of domestic practices. This definition is predominantly based on a newly formulated methodology which provides insight into the real uses of energy with regards to domestic activities by applying a spacial quality to the context and dimension of such behaviours. The results reveals a strong link between the connection that the inhabitants have with their dwellings (resulting from their use of various spaces and their creation of particular environments, the staging of the home) and their relationship with energy (via the use of energy-based appliances, of heating and ventilation), rather than economic factors which are only relevent in extreme cases. Behaviours concerning consumption therefore take place within the context of a created environment made liveable and comfortable by its occupants and therefore a very subjective context with regards to «living well» and «consuming well»

Théâtre de la conquête des troupes musulmanes au début du VIIe s., le Proche-Orient (Bilād al-Shām) offre un terrain d’étude solide pour interroger la transition entre l’époque byzantine et l’époque islamique. Les données archéologiques, associées aux recherches historiques récentes permettent d’évaluer l’impact de la conquête musulmane sur les villes du Proche-Orient. Cette thèse propose donc d’étudier l’habitat urbain comme marqueur privilégié des transformations sociales à l’œuvre entre la fin du VIe s. et le milieu du VIIIe siècle. Le recensement de la documentation des habitats présents dans les villes entre le VIe s. et le VIIIe s. nous permet dans un premier temps de définir les formes d’habitats et leur implantation durant cette période. Ensuite, l’étude archéologique apporte une analyse technique de l’architecture et des installations domestiques, mais permet également au travers de la typologie d’éclairer le polymorphisme de l’habitat urbain. La thèse envisage finalement de comprendre l’habitat urbain comme révélateur des transformations sociales. En effet, l’évolution des modes de consommation et la mutation des activités hébergées dans les exemples du corpus témoignent d’un changement du cadre de vie du citadin entre le VIe s. et le VIIIe s. au Proche-Orient. L’archéologie nous offre donc les indices nécessaires pour déterminer les cadres de vie urbain et domestique à la fin de l’époque byzantine ainsi que les transformations à l’œuvre suite à la conquête musulmane du Proche-Orient. Ainsi, l’analyse des changements de l’habitat urbain nous permet d’entrevoir une nouvelle société après la conquête islamique
The Near East, also known as Bilād al-Shām, underwent major transformations between the 6th and 8th centuries, corresponding with the shift from the Byzantine to the Umayyad period. Archaeological data, associated with recent publications in History, allows one to evaluate the impact that the Islamic conquest had on the urban settlements of the Near East. This thesis offers to analyse urban dwellings as a marker for social transformations between the 6th and 8th centuries. The first part of the thesis gathers archaeological data pertaining to urban transformations and to households in Near East between 6th and 8th c. that allows us to define the particulars of urban dwellings during the period in question. The second part gives a technical analyse of architecture and domestic structures, in addition, the typology highlights different sorts of dwellings standing in urban contexts. The third step of this study aims to underline how urban dwellings can highlight transformations in living-habits. Indeed, the evolution of consumption practices and the variation of activities within dwellings reveal a profound change in habitation strategies among cities between the 6th and the 8th centuries. During a period where there is little textual data that concerns housing, this thesis shows how archaeological data can give us access to the transformations of everyday life from the end of the Byzantine period to the Islamic period. It also gives us new evidence about how urban society transformed after Islamic conquest in the Near East

Urban areas are increasingly recognised as an important resource for wildlife, as studies have shown that gardens, parks and brownfield sites can contain high insect and plant diversity. Urban centres can also provide resources for species of conservation concern, and it is therefore important to monitor urban habitat quality and ensure the maintenance of urban biodiversity. However urban habitats are often difficult to monitor effectively due to access and sight restrictions in built up areas. This thesis investigates urban habitat quality in relation to an urban specialist species, the House Sparrow Passer domesticus. After considering the importance of urban habitats for biodiversity in general, I review the current status and distribution of the house sparrow in urban areas, with particular reference to the possibility that human socioeconomic status has influenced the decline of the species in some urban areas. I then consider which features of urban houses and gardens may provide a potential explanation for inter-city variation in habitat quality for urban birds. I present evidence that the age of houses; the prevalence of roof repairs; and the presence of extensive paved areas such as driveways are linked to areas with low levels of socioeconomic deprivation. I then use nationwide data to establish that house sparrows in English cities are more likely to occur in areas that are relatively deprived. Furthermore, analysis of land use data confirms that house sparrow occurrence decreases with increasing levels of building and paving, and increases with the area of green space available. However, house sparrow occurrence also appears to decrease with increasing garden area, a surprising finding given that gardens are important foraging habitats for urban birds. By radio tracking house sparrows in urban Bristol, I show that gardens are heavily utilised by house sparrows, but that those with a high proportion of paving are avoided. It appears that changes to areas with low levels of socioeconomic deprivation, notably an increase in paved areas, may have contributed to the urban decline of house sparrows in less deprived parts of English urban areas. These findings are discussed in relation to future urban planning requirements, and the need to mitigate for the detrimental effects of urban development on species of conservation concern. The contribution of large, nationwide datasets to the monitoring of urban habitats, and the implications of these findings for other urban species, including humans, are also highlighted.

To investigate the meaning and understanding of domestic food preparation within the lived experience of the household's main food preparer this ethnographic study used a combination of qualitative and quantitative methodologies. Data were collected from three sources: the literature; an in-store survey of251 food shoppers chosen at random while shopping during both peak and off peak shopping periods at metropolitan supermarkets; and semi-structured interviews with the principal food shopper and food preparer of 15 different Brisbane households. Male and female respondents representing a cross section of socio-economic groupings, ranged in age from 19-79 years and were all from English speaking backgrounds. Changes in paid labour force participation, income and education have increased the value of the respondents' time, instigating massive changes in the way they shop, cook and eat. Much of their food preparation has moved from the domestic kitchen into the kitchens of other food establishments. For both sexes, the dominant motivating force behind these changes is a combination of the their self perceived lack of culinary skill; lack of enjoyment of cooking and lack of motivation to cook. The females in paid employment emphasise all factors, particularly the latter two, significantly more than the non-employed females. All factors are of increasing importance for individuals aged less than 35 years and conversely, of significantly diminished importance to older respondents. Overall, it is the respondents aged less than 25 years who indicate the lowest cooking frequency and/or least cooking ability. Inherent in this latter group is an indifference to the art/practice of preparing food. Increasingly, all respondents want to do less cooking and/or get the cooking over with as quickly as possible. Convenience is a powerful lure by which to spend less time in the kitchen. As well, there is an apparent willingness to pay a premium for convenience. Because children today are increasingly unlikely to be taught to cook, addressing the food skills deficit and encouraging individuals to cook for themselves are significant issues confronting health educators. These issues are suggested as appropriate subjects of future research.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar o espaço doméstico relacionado aos meios de comunicação e ao habitante contemporâneo. Inicialmente foi feito um breve histórico do rádio, televisão, telefone e computador destacando as influências no ambiente doméstico. Posteriormente foram investigadas características do habitante urbano considerando as novas formas de comunicação promovidas pelas redes digitais e o surgimento de novos grupos familiares. Por fim foi realizada uma pesquisa sobre a presença da televisão e computadores em apartamentos do município de São Paulo através de plantas de vendas veiculadas em anúncios publicitários de 1981 a 2010, averiguando os seus impactos e modos de atuação no espaço doméstico. Com base no que foi abordado são feitas interpretações sobre o habitar contemporâneo. Dessa forma, promove reflexões sobre a condição tecnológica da comunicação inserida no âmbito do espaço doméstico.
This work aims to investigate the domestic space related to media of communication and to the contemporary inhabitant. Initially is made a brief history of radio, television, telephone and computer highlighting the influences in the domestic environment. Then, characteristics of urban inhabitant were investigated considering the new forms of communication promoted by digital networks and the emergence of new family groups. Finally, it is carried a survey about the presence of television and computers in apartment\'s sales plan of São Paulo from 1981 to 2010, examining their impacts and influences in the domestic space. Based on what was discussed, it is developed interpretations of the contemporary dwelling. Thus, promotes reflection on the condition of communication technology embedded within the domestic space .

The farm workers who diligently tend and harvest the US fields and produce is a major component of the agriculture industry. This research explores the current issues and challenges that domestic, seasonal farm workers face through the lenses of embodiment and habitus theory. Narratives and insights from interviews were integrated with current literature to present a complete picture of the cyclical life of the domestic farm worker in San Luis, Arizona. This thesis argues that farm work is a unique profession which has left its mark on the body and the behavior. Those in the border region have added agency due to the opportunities the border presents. As this research highlights, additional attention and research is needed to redesign policies and initiatives to adequately assist and provide for a population that provides so much.

Dans la péninsule d'Oman, le passage du Néolithique à l'âge du Bronze est marqué par de profondes transformations socio-économiques. La transition vers une économie agricole et l'intégration progressive dans les sphères d'interactions suprarégionales ont été interprétées comme la réponse adaptative des populations locales, suivant la pression de la demande extérieure pour l'acquisition de matières premières. Toutefois, le rôle de la péninsule omanaise au sein de ce réseau à l'aube de l'âge du Bronze est moins patent qu'on ne l'envisage, mettant en cause la nature des transformations déclenchées au début du 3ème millénaire av. J.-C.. Nous avons exploré ces questions à la lumière de la maisonnée, explicitement conçue en tant qu'élément structurant de la société, « sociogramme d'un système social ». Afin de circonstancier le passage vers la complexification de l'âge du Bronze, l'étude considère brièvement les dernières occupations néolithiques. Elle se focalise sur une analyse diachronique des architectures domestiques et de la culture matérielle au 3ème millénaire av. J.-C. (périodes Hafit et Umm an-Nar), évaluant les différents aspects susceptibles de fournir des informations sur la configuration des activités domestiques et de manufacture, sur la perception sociale de l'espace, sur l'organisation de la force de travail et le degré de spécialisation de celle-ci. Cette démarche a permis d'aborder les acteurs sociaux à l'échelle de l'habitat, valorisant l'importance des mutations socio-économiques amorcées localement, et exprimées par les cycles de développement de la maisonnée sur le long terme
In the Oman peninsula, the transition from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age is marked by deep socioeconomic transformations. The shift towards an agricultural economy and the gradual integration into supraregional interaction spheres have been interpreted as the adaptive response of local populations to the pressure of an external demand for the acquisition of raw materials. Nevertheless, at the dawn of the Bronze Age, the role of the Oman Peninsula within this network is less patent than generally assumed, calling into question the nature of the transformations that characterise the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC. These questions were explored by the point of view of the household, explicitly conceived as a structuring element of the society, the “sociogram of a social system”. Aiming at better understanding of the transition towards the complexification of the Bronze Age, the study briefly addresses the last Neolithic occupations, and focuses on a diachronic analysis of domestic architectures and material culture during the 3rd millennium BC (Hafit and Umm an-Nar periods). It considers a series of different aspects that could offer insights on the configuration of domestic and craft activities, on the social perception of space, on the organisation of the workforce and their degree of specialisation. This approach allowed grasping the social actors at the village level, highlighting the importance of socioeconomic transformations originating at a local scale, and expressed by the developmental cycles of the household in the long term. In addition , new field data lead to the identification of specific chronological markers for the Hafit period and the last Umm an-Nar phase

L’analyse spatiale intrasite de l’habitat ne permet pas de recourir à un modèle général d’étude, applicable à n’importe quel site archéologique. Pourtant, plusieurs d’entre eux ont des profils semblables d’implantation de l’habitat. Peut-on donc envisager de rechercher des protocoles d’analyse qui soient transposables sur des sites d’habitat couramment rencontrés ? C’est l’objet de la présente étude à partir d’une démarche exploratoire, sur deux sites d’habitat protohistoriques. Sur le site rubané de Bucy-le-Long « la Fosselle », l’analyse se concentre sur la distribution spatiale des vestiges mobiliers au sein d’unités architecturales comparables. L’analyse des données est employée pour déterminer les différents paramètres d’étude. Le potentiel informatif des unités d’habitation, établi selon des critères morphologiques et taphonomiques, est évalué et confronté au potentiel archéologique, déterminé à partir de la richesse du mobilier et des différentes catégories d’artefacts. L’analyse globale intrasite est envisagée en regroupant les mobiliers par catégorie fonctionnelle et pour mettre en évidence des assemblages significatifs de vestiges selon les habitations. Ils permettent ainsi de caractériser et sectoriser les ensembles signifiants d’activités vivrières et d’activités techniques à l’échelle du site, à partir d’un partitionnement des maisons. Le site de Changis-sur-Marne « les Pétreaux » connaît une longue occupation du Bronze final à la Tène ancienne, ce qui rend la lecture des implantations difficiles à démêler. L’analyse spatiale est tout d’abord tentée sur des groupes de structures établies lors des travaux de terrain. Puis, la répartition du mobilier est étudiée à plusieurs échelles d’observation. Cependant, il apparaît que ces premiers découpages ne reflètent pas des groupements d’établissements ruraux significatifs. Un partitionnement des structures au sein d’entités spatiales plus restreintes est alors envisagé à partir de la recherche d’agrégats, mis en évidence par l’analyse spatiale de semis de points. La dynamique d’occupation du site est de ce fait plus aisément perceptible. Les deux études de cas sont pour finir confrontées à d’autres études spatiales menées sur des sites d’habitat. Il apparaît qu’aux côtés des vestiges mobiliers très régulièrement pris pour référence dans l’analyse spatiale intrasite de l’habitat, les vestiges immobiliers trouvent toutes leurs places
Intra-site spatial analysis of settlement does not allow use of general model applicable to any archaeological site. However some items have similar habitat settlement profiles. Can we consider looking for protocols transposable to usual settlement sites? The purpose of this study is based on an exploratory approach, on two protohistoric settlements. On the Bandkeramik site of Bucy-le-Long "la Fosselle", the analysis focuses on spatial distribution of the material remains within comparable architectural units. Data analysis is used to determine different study parameters. The informative potential of housing units, established according to morphological and taphonomic criteria, is evaluated and compared with the archaeological potential, determined from the richness of the furniture and the different categories of artifacts. The global intra-site analysis is made by grouping the furniture by functional category, to highlight significant assemblages of vestiges according to the dwellings. They allow to characterize and to segment the significant sets of food and technical activities at the site scale, based on houses partitioning. The site of Changis-sur-Marne "les Pétreaux" having suffered a long occupation from the Late bronze to the Early la Tène period, lead to a difficult reading of the settlements. During excavation spatial analysis is tried on structures groups. Then, the distribution of furniture is studied at various observation scales. However, those first divisions do not reflect groups of obvious rural settlements. A partitioning of the structures within smaller spatial entities is then engaged starting from the search for aggregates, highlighted by the space-time hot spot analysis. The dynamic of occupation of the site is thus more easily perceptible. Two case studies are finally challenged with other spatial studies about settlement sites. In addition to the material remains commonly seen as reference in the intra-site spatial analysis of settlement, archaeological structures find all their places

En France, plus de la moitié de la population se trouve en ville et ce chiffre croît. L'urbanisation change les opportunités de rencontre des habitant.e.s avec la nature, même si leur connaissance de la biodiversité est relativement bonne. L'urbanisation a également des effets, souvent négatifs, sur les populations des autres êtres vivants, dont les insectes pollinisateurs. Dans les milieux péri-urbains, un lieu de rencontre entre habitant.e.s et nature est le jardin privé. En écologie urbaine, les études sur les jardins domestiques se développent mais sont encore peu nombreuses. Cette thèse a cherché à montrer que les jardins sont intégrés dans un contexte paysager et sociétal plus large qui leur permet de jouer un rôle dans la conservation de la biodiversité, notamment celle des insectes pollinisateurs. J'ai pour cela travaillé à plusieurs échelles et mobilisé des cadres conceptuels et des outils de l'écologie, la géographie et la psychologie de la conservation, afin de caractériser différents aspects du socio-écosystème jardin. Je me suis d'abord placée à l'échelle de l'Île-de-France et ai montré que les jardins et zones denses en jardins sont des espaces favorables à la diversité en insectes pollinisateurs au sein d'une matrice urbaine. Par la suite, j'ai précisé les déterminants de la variété (diversité, type de culture, origine, rareté) des fleurs, ressources pour les insectes pollinisateurs dans les jardins : j'ai confirmé l'effet négatif de l'urbanisation, j'ai mis en évidence des effets variables de la structure des jardin et enfin je n'ai pas identifié de relation avec le degré de connexion à la nature des habitant.e.s. L'évolution des ressources se fait de fleurs spontanées et communes à plus cultivées et rares au fil de la saison. Je me suis aussi intéressée à deux actions de protection des pollinisateurs (participation au suivi photographique des insectes pollinisateurs et plantation de fleurs nectarifères) à l'échelle du jardin et j'ai montré l'importance de l'aspect expérientiel de ces actions pour motiver l'intention de réaliser le comportement. Enfin, une dernière partie prend en compte le vécu des habitant.e.s dans leur jardin et montre que habiter un jardin se fait sous la forme d'un réseau de relations plus ou moins dense englobant les éléments de nature : le jardin est un lieu de fleurissement mais aussi d'attention portée au vivant et parfois point de départ pour toucher d'autres lieux ou personnes, dans une perspective de conservation. Cette thèse offre des perspectives pour la prise en compte des expériences et contextes locaux dans la conservation de la biodiversité des insectes pollinisateurs. Une recommandation qui en découle est la nécessité d'un dialogue renouvelé entre les désigné.e.s expert.e.s de la conservation en milieu urbain et les habitant.e.s
More than half of the French population is nowadays living inside cities and this figure is still increasing. The urbanization process changes the opportunities of encounters between inhabitants and nature, even if biodiversity knowledge is quite high. It also impacts other living beings, such as pollinators, often with negative consequences. The domestic gaden stands as a meeting place for inhabitants and nature in peri-urban areas. Studies focusing on domestic gardens in urban ecology are still scarce, even if their number are now increasing. This work aimed at showing that domestic gardens are integrated in a wider landscape and social context, which allow them to play a role in biodiversity conservation, especially pollinators conservation. In order to do this and characterize several aspects of this domestic garden socio-ecosystem, I chose several spatial scales of study and refered to several frameworks from different fields: ecology, geography and conservation psychology. I first studied the Île-de-France scale and showed that gardens and areas with high proportion of domestic gardens were favorable habitats for pollinators within the urban matrix. Then, I precised the nature of insects floral resources determinants (diversity, origine, rarity, type of growing) in gardens: I confirmed the urbanisation negative effect, I showed that garden structure had variable effects and I did not identify effects of inhabitants connexion with nature. Floral resources changed from spontaneous and common flowers at the begining of the season to more cultivated and rarer flowers along the season. I also focused on two pollinator protection behaviors (participation to a citizen science program and growing of pollinator friendly flowers) at the garden scale and showed the importance of experiential aspects in the behavior motivations. Finally, a last chapter took into account inhabitants' life in the garden and showed that inhabiting a garden meant being part of a network of relations with variable density and variable incorporation of nature elements. Gardens are places of flowering but also of attention for living beings and sometimes are starting places from which other people or places are integrated in a conservation perspective. This work gave thoughs for taking into account local experiences and contexts in pollinators biodiversity conservation. One of the possible recommendations dealt with the necessity of a renewed discussion between stated experts of conservation in urban areas and inhabitants

Cette thèse interroge la place des habitants et de leur jardin dans la gestion de la biodiversité ordinaire, à partir de trois communes situées au cœur de l'agglomération parisienne. Cette question nous conduit à nous intéresser à la sensibilité des habitants-jardiniers au monde vivant, à évaluer le lien entre cette sensibilité et les modes de jardiner et, plus fondamentalement, à envisager le rapport entre cette sensibilité au vivant, ces modes de jardinage et la biodiversité dans les jardins privés. Cette recherche s'appuie sur une base de données constituée d'une enquête par questionnaires (585), enrichie d'un matériau iconographique (110 photos prises par les enquêtés) et de 59 relevés botaniques effectués par des écologues. Nous montrons ainsi que les habitants développent une relation multidimensionnelle avec leur jardin dans laquelle la nature, l'ordre et l'esthétique occupent des places centrales. Au sein de ces rapports pluriels, on identifie comme biophiles des répondants qui justifient leur intérêt pour le jardin par une sensibilité à l'égard du vivant. Les jardins sont ainsi le support d'une relation particulière à la biodiversité caractérisée par des modes de jardinage plus respectueux du vivant. L'indicateur mis en place pour mesurer l'état de la Biodiversité Potentielle dans les Jardins (IBPJ) indique que les jardins forment aussi des espaces de biodiversité, surtout lorsque leurs gestionnaires sont considérés comme biophiles. Dans l'objectif d'améliorer la biodiversité dans les espaces verts privés, nous proposons de dépasser la connexion à la nature souvent préconisée, et d'encourager une connexion au vivant ainsi qu'une nouvelle esthétique du jardin
This thesis investigates the role of inhabitants and their garden in the management of ordinary biodiversity, based on three towns located within the Greater Paris. This core issue leads us to explore the inhabitants-gardeners' sensitivity towards the living world, to assess the connection between this sensitivity and gardening techniques and, more fundamentally, to consider the link between this sensitivity towards the living, gardening practices and the biodiversity that exists in domestic gardens. This study is based on a database mainly composed of a questionnaire survey (585), enriched by iconographic material (110 pictures taken by the respondents) and by 59 botanical surveys conducted by ecologists. Thus, we demonstrate that inhabitants develop a multidimensional connection with their garden in which nature, order and aesthetics play a central role. Within these plural connections, we identify as biophilic the respondents who justify their interest for the garden by a specific care for the living. Domestic gardens are thus the support to a particular connection to biodiversity distinguished by gardening techniques more considerate of the living. We implement an Index to gauge the state of the Potential Biodiversity in Gardens (IPBG). This index reveals that gardens, areas undertaken by inhabitants-gardeners, are also areas of biodiversity, furthermore when their owners are considered as biophilic. With the aim of improving biodiversity in private green areas, we propose to overstep the connection to nature advocated in several scientific work and by governmental policies, and to encourage a connection to the living and a new aesthetic of the garden

Traiter de la construction dans le monde romain, et plus particulièrement dans le cas d’une cité ou d’une colonie, constitue un exercice souvent ardu tant les angles d’approches sont nombreux. Pourtant, Lugdunum constitue une exception dans ce domaine, tant par la richesse de sa documentation archéologique et épigraphique, que par son statut de colonie romaine précocement dévolue en Gaule. Ce travail doctoral s’est donné pour objectif de traiter de l’architecture domestique à Lugdunum, à travers le prisme de la construction, en s’appuyant sur une approche globale, tant par les matériaux étudiés que par les méthodologies mises en place. En suivant les différentes étapes de la construction, l’objectif est de définir les différents approvisionnements des chantiers, l’évolution typologique et chronologique des matériaux et des techniques mises en œuvre, ou encore la diversité des formes de l’habitat, afin de dresser une image la plus précise possible de « l’art de bâtir » à Lyon, et des artisans qui y participent. À ces différentes questions, l’analyse des matériaux, des techniques de construction et des plans, ainsi que d’un corpus d’inscription, apporte des réponses très concrètes et ouvre de nouvelles perspectives de recherche.Dans le cadre d’un Master mené entre 2007 et 2009, l’étude des toitures en tuiles de terre cuite, en Gaule du Centre-est, et plus particulièrement à Lyon, a révélé une évolution typologique des tegulae et imbrices qui se prête à l’établissement d’une typo-chronologie détaillée, permettant de les dater au demi-siècle prés. En m’appuyant sur la méthodologie mise en place au cours de ce master, une analyse exhaustive des fragments de brique, de quart de colonne, de tomette d’opus spicatum ou encore de tubuli a été menée afin, de caractériser une éventuelle évolution de leur morphologie, ou de leur utilisation dans la mise en œuvre des bâtiments. Une attention particulière a également été portée à la nature des moellons (granite, gneiss, calcaire...), aux pierres d’importation (marbres et calcaire), ainsi qu’aux mortiers mis en œuvre dans l’architecture des maisons lyonnaises. Ces études, couplées à une analyse géomorphologique du territoire colonial, permettent de livrer une image complète de l’approvisionnement en matériaux de construction de Lugdunum. Le second axe de recherche concerne les techniques de construction employées pour édifier les domus de la colonie de Lyon. Les maçonneries (fondation et élévation) ont donc été analysées selon des critères techniques et typologiques, en parallèle de l’étude des matériaux (moellons, mortier, TCA). L’architecture en terre crue nous offre un autre angle d’approche. Cette technique de construction est omniprésente à Lyon pour l’architecture domestique et reste cependant peu étudiée. Nous aborderons donc les modalités de sa mise en œuvre, ainsi que sur les différentes formes d’architecture dans laquelle elle intervient (adobe, pans de bois, torchis…), au travers des vestiges découverts en place, ou des restes carbonisés qui nous sont parvenus. Enfin, nous aborderons la question du plan des maisons lyonnaises en reprenant la classification proposée par E. Delaval en 1995. L’apport de l’archéologie préventive et programmée à Lyon a en effet permis de renouveler le corpus des bâtiments à vocation domestique et/ou artisanale, mettant en lumière de nouveaux types d’édifice. Nous élargirons cette réflexion grâce aux comparaisons possibles avec les autres cités et colonies de Gaule et du monde romain. Pour conclure, ce travail doctoral focalisé sur l’évolution des techniques et des matériaux de construction, mais également des plans des édifices domestiques de Lyon, révèle la richesse d’une analyse menée à partir d’une grande variété de matériaux, souvent peu considérés par une partie de la communauté scientifique – à savoir les briques, les tuiles, les moellons, le mortier
Deal with the topic of construction in the Roman world, mostly for a civitates or a colonia, become a difficult exercise because of the many perspectives for this subject. However, Lugdunum is an exception in this field, both its rich archeological or epigraphic documentations and its status of early roman colony in Gaul. This doctoral research has set itself the objective of dealing of domestic architecture in Lugdunum. This work is built on a global approach, based on the studies of construction techniques and building materials as well as new methodology. Following the step of a construction site, the purpose of this work is to characterize the different chains of supply, the typological and chronological evolution of building materials or the diversity of the domestic architecture. The analysis of building materials, construction techniques, typology of the domus, as well as group of funeral inscriptions bring very concrete answers and opens new research opportunities.As part of a Master conducted between 2007 and 2009, studying the terracotta tiled roofs in Gaul, particularly in Lyon, allowed the establishment of a typology of tegulae and imbrices, permitting to date this type of artifact to nearly half a century. Based on the methodology developed in this master, a comprehensive analysis of fragments of brick, column quarter, bricks of opus spicatum or tubuli was conducted in order to characterize any changes in their morphology, or for use in the construction of buildings. Particular attention was also paid to the nature of rubble stone (granite, gneiss, limestone…), as well as the mortar used in the roman houses of Lyon. These studies, coupled with geomorphologic analysis of the colonial territory, allow delivering a complete picture of the supply of Lugdunum in building materials.The second research axis concerns the construction techniques used to build the domus of the colony. Masonry (foundation and elevation) were therefore analyzed using technical and typological criteria, in parallel to the study of materials (rubble stone, mortar, terracotta materials). The mud brick architecture and earth structures offering another angle of approach. This construction technique is ubiquitous in Lyon for domestic architecture and remains poorly studied. We will discuss the modalities of its implementation, as well as the various forms of architecture in which it operates (adobe, wood-framed, mud ...), through the remains found in place, or the carbonized artifacts discovered in the colony.Finally, we will discuss the issue of Roman houses plan in Lyon, incorporating the classification proposed by E. Delaval in 1995. The contribution of preventive archeology these past years in Lyon has allowed to renew the corpus of domestic buildings, highlighting new types of building. We will extend this thinking through the possible comparisons with other cities and colonies of Gaul and in the Roman world.In conclusion, this doctoral work focused on the evolution of techniques and building materials, but also plans of domestic buildings in Lyon, reveals the richness of an analysis from a variety of materials, often not considered by a part of the scientific community. At the scale of a colony, these various lines of research provide a better understanding for the concepts of manufacturing and material supply, but also to improve our knowledge of construction techniques. These different aspects, treated in a comprehensive manner and diachronic way, open to historical and sociological reflection concerning the organization of workshops (role of corporations, degree of independence) or evolving status of craftsmen of the Lugdunum colony working in construction site. These conclusions are based on an original corpus of funerary inscriptions of Lyon craftsmen

Intimate partner abuse and control is one of the most common forms of violence against women, and is considered an international problem of social, political, legal and human rights significance. Yet few studies have attempted to understand this problem from the perspective of male perpetrators. This gap is addressed by conducting in-depth interviews with 16 able-bodied men of white European ancestry born and educated in New Zealand or Australia, who have been physically violent and/or emotionally, intellectually, sexually or financially controlling of a live-in female partner. This thesis extends and deepens the dominant ways of thinking about men’s intimate partner abuse by utilising a new theoretical framework compatible with contemporary feminist scholarship. A synthesis of Connell’s theory of masculinities and Bourdieu’s field theory is utilised for the purpose of exploring more nuanced, complex understandings of manliness and men’s relationships with men, women and social structures. Through such an analysis, this thesis finds that men’s perpetration of power and control over women is driven by a need to avoid the stigma of appearing weak. As a consequence, their desire and ability to show love, care and empathy is suppressed in favour of a presumed honourable manliness, and their female partners are used as weapons in the pursuit of symbolic capital in the form of recognition, prestige and acceptance from real and/or imagined men. This research also uncovers the complex interplay between masculine practices and particular social contexts. For example, the norms of practice encountered from those in authority, such as teachers, sports coaches, police, court judges and workplace management, influences the decision making of the men in this study, to use, or not to use, physical violence, psychological abuse and structural control. The principal conclusion is that there is a repertoire of paradoxical masculinities and contradictory social messages available to the men in this study. But gender policing by other men, complicit women and those in authority provides little room for legitimate complexity in masculine practices. Perpetrators in this study reconcile these conflicts of interest by generally avoiding subordinated masculinity and possible ostracism, and instead practicing more heroic hegemonic masculinities by abusing and controlling women and particular other men. This thesis concludes that for intimate partner abuse and control to cease, changes in power structures have to occur at all levels of society.

Cette thèse analyse les modes de vie et d’habitation des groupes populaires de la ville de Santiago, Chili, ainsi que ses principales transformations tout au long du XXème siècle. L’accent est mis particulièrement sur la migration paysanne qui est à l’origine de la formation de ces univers sociaux. De cette manière, ce travail cherche à explorer les importants processus de conformation urbaine du XXème depuis une perspective très peu développée : la maison et l’expérience quotidienne et domestique de ses habitants. Centré sur l’analyse de la maison, celle-ci comprise comme une entité à la fois matérielle, sociale et symbolique, ce texte a été organisé autour de trois périodes, correspondantes aux trois générations présentes dans ces contextes. Dans chacune de ces périodes prévaut un « mode d’habitation » particulier, c’est-à-dire, un ensemble d’idées, formes et pratiques, liées au domestique. C’est ainsi que ce travail cherche à s’approcher à la compréhension des classes populaires urbaines de Santiago et ses transformations pendant le XXème siècle, et plus spécifiquement, à la construction d’univers culturels propres à ces espaces sociaux
This thesis analyzes the modes of living and inhabiting of low income/popular groups in the city of Santiago and their main transformations throughout the last century, with special emphasis on the processes of peasant migration that are at the origin of the formation of these universes. In this way, the goal is to study the important processes of urban formation in the 20th century, adopting a rarely taken approach: that of the home, and of the domestic and daily experience of its inhabitants. By focusing on the home, understood as an entity that is at once social, symbolic and material, this work has been organized around three periods, which correspond to the three generations present in these universes, in each of which a certain "mode of inhabiting" prevails, that is, a set of ideas, forms and practices associated with the domestic. This work thus tries to address the understanding of popular classes and their transformations during the 20th century, and especially the construction of their own and distinctive cultural universes, of these social spaces

Dans l'histoire de la peinture murale en Italie, la riche documentation campanienne, antérieure à l'éruption du Vésuve, a longtemps retenu l'attention des chercheurs, au détriment de la période comprise entre la fin du Ier et la fin du IIIe s. Nous avons choisi de nous intéresser à cette dernière, en l'abordant par le prisme du décor domestique. L'objectif principal était de replacer les évolutions stylistiques dans le contexte des maisons. Pour ce faire, nous avons développé une base de données qui a permis de mettre en relation le décor peint, les caractéristiques spatiales d'une pièce et les autres éléments de décor associés. A ainsi été mise en lumière la façon dont la peinture structure l'espace domestique tout au long de la période. Celle-ci montre une cohérence certaine d'un point de vue chronologique, sans bouleversement profond - au moins jusqu'au milieu du IIIe s., date après laquelle la documentation se fait rare. Les différences sont d'une autre nature. Les deux zones géographiques sur lesquelles nous avons centré nos recherches, l'Italie centrale et l'Italie septentrionale, connaissent en effet des évolutions divergentes, non seulement d'un point de vue stylistique, mais également dans la façon dont le décor structure l'habitat. La riche documentation d'Ostie, examinée dans le contexte plus large de l'Italie centrale, a également permis de mettre en lumière les écarts qui existent entre les différents milieux socio-économiques. Ainsi, en replaçant les peintures dans leur contexte, nous espérons leur avoir redonné toutes leurs dimensions, celles d'objets vivants, qui habitaient le quotidien de toute une société
For a long time, studies on Roman wall paintings in Italy have been focusing their attention on the glorious Vesuvian documents, consequently overlooking evidence from the late 1st to the late 3rd c. AD. This thesis aims at exploring this neglected period and at understanding stylistic evolutions in relation to domestic architecture and decoration. In order to reach this objective, a relational database has been designed, bringing together data on wall painting, other elements of decoration, and architectural and spatial features of the room. This has enables us to bring to light how wall painting structured domestic space throughout the period. From the late 1st up to the mid 3rd c. (after which evidence become scarce), there are strong elements of continuity. But the zone under study can be divided in two main regions, Central Italy and Northern Italy, that experienced divergent evolutions, not only stylistically, but also in the way decoration structured domestic space. Furthermore, a particular focus on the rich evidence from Ostia, considered in the broader context of Central Italy, emphasised how the role assigned to decoration was also dependent on the socioeconomic bakcground of the occupant. By putting wall paintings back in its context, this study thus contributes to a better understanding of its evolution, function and status, at the heart of Roman everyday life

Panoramic Sham is sunset and sunrise, a walk through a field of wildflowers or a day in the forest. It is that moment when a light breeze tousles your hair and chirping birds reaffirm vitality. Panoramic Sham is also a heap of outdated home goods that once transformed our living rooms into artificial habitats. I reimagine decommissioned domestic goods as a way to confront trends of mass-production, habits of consumption and to explore systems of artifice, authenticity, and the consumer haze perpetuated by contemporary American society. Comprised of synthetic materials and manufactured to impersonate nature, these 20th century cast-offs provide an abundant cycle of cultural and generational refuse.

Cette étude s’attache à comprendre ce qu’est un habitat seigneurial secondaire en Hainaut à la fin du Moyen Age et aux Temps Modernes. La disparition de la plupart des résidences de la haute noblesse en Hainaut, nous a amenée à nous pencher sur l’étude des habitats de la petite noblesse, dont le manque de reconnaissance, entrainant la démolition ou les transformations irréversibles de ces habitats, rend ces édifices sujets à l’oubli. Ajoutons à cela que, victimes d’une tradition castrale héritée du 19e siècle, archéologues et historiens de l’art ont bien souvent eu leur attention d’abord attirée par les grands châteaux et donc la haute noblesse, laissant de côté toute une tranche de la population noble et de leurs possessions. Notre étude a comme objectif majeur de comprendre comment ces habitats ont fonctionné comme structures de vie, mais aussi comme des architectures à travers lesquelles et par lesquelles les habitants pouvaient exprimer leurs identités. Dans cette optique, après avoir considéré les différents types architecturaux (types de plans, types de corps de logis, types de tours), suivant une typo-chronologie, nous considérons les matériaux utilisés et la distribution intérieure de ces édifices.

Ce sont ensuite les entourages de l’habitat en tant qu’espace construit, leur situation dans le paysage, et par rapport au relief, à l’hydrographie, aux villages, aux terres de cultures, et aux réseaux de communication, qui occupent une grande partie de l’étude. Les liens avec leurs habitants, ces membres de la « petite noblesse » sont ensuite considérés. Leurs fonctions, leurs origines et leurs zones de déplacements sont abordés, afin de mieux percevoir le rôle et la détermination de ce groupe social, qui s’avère être en rupture avec la haute noblesse. L’opposition traditionnelle entre villes et campagnes est dépassée, de même que la question des maisons principales et secondaires, au profit d’une approche plus fluide, favorisant une interaction entre villes et campagnes, et considérant les mouvements de population émergeant de l’un ou l’autre milieu.

La partie interprétative suit ensuite, permettant d’aboutir à une caractérisation de ce type d’habitat. Le but est notamment de mettre en lumière la relation entre les aspects défensifs et résidentiels des édifices. Pour ce faire, les éléments de défense active et passive sont examinés, ainsi que le degré d’efficacité de ces structures.

La suite de cette partie a pour but de replacer les habitats de la petite noblesse dans le contexte des types architecturaux des campagnes, de la haute noblesse et des villes du Hainaut et des anciens Pays-Bas, afin de mieux dégager les liens ou les ruptures entre les différents groupes sociaux et architecturaux. Les rapports avec les habitats ruraux sont établis en ce qui concerne les diverses composantes que sont les douves, les pont-levis, les orifices de tir, les espaces verts et les aménagements hydrographiques d’agrément, la basse-cour, les tours, les typologies des plans et de maisons, les matériaux et leur qualité de mise en œuvre, les intérieurs, les ouvertures et les styles, les armoiries et les millésimes. La catégorie intermédiaire que sont les habitats des élites rurales, est également abordée, puisqu’elle développe des types architecturaux ambigus et se rapprochant davantage des habitats de la petite noblesse que des autres ruraux. Cette catégorie est examinée d’un point de vue architectural et social./This research is aiming at understanding what is a gentry’s settlement in the County of Hainault at the end of the Middle Ages and during the Modern Times. The disappearance of most of the castles of the high nobility in Hainault, led us to study the gentry’s settlement. The lack of recognition of this kind of building is often leading to their destruction and irreversible transformations. There is also the fact that the archaeologists and art historians often inherited from the 19th century tradition, whose attention was mostly attracted by the main castles and the high nobility, forgetting by the same occasion a side of the nobility –the gentry- and his settlement.

The main objective of this research is to understand how these settlements were linked with their inhabitants, expressing their identities, ways of living and behaviours. In this framework, we first analyse the architectural typologies (plans, residential buildings, towers) in connection with the chronology, the materials, and the inner organisation of these buildings.

Afterwards, we consider the surroundings of the buildings, the location in the landscape, the relief, hydrography, the village, the lands, the communication net. The lesser nobility is also studied, through its functions, origins, movement areas, in order to have a better understanding of the role and definition of this social group which is distinctly separated from the high nobility. The traditional opposition between cities and countryside, and between the main and secondary housing, is overstepped, in order to reach a more flexible approach. We therefore consider the topic through an interaction between cities and countryside, and their inhabitants.

The rest of the research is dedicated to the interpretations, in order to draw the characterists of the gentry’s settlement. First, the relationships between the defensive and residential aspects are considered. The active and passive defensive elements are studied, as well as the efficiency of these structures.

Secondly, we replace the gentry’s settlement in the context of the other architectural types of the countryside, high nobility and cities of the county of Hainaut and the Southern Low Countries, in order to have a better understanding of the links and breaks between the different social and architectural groups. The link with the rural settlement is established concerning the following elements :drawbridges, moats, arrow slits, green spaces and water structures, farms, towers, plans and houses typologies, materials and their quality, interiors, openings and styles, coats of arms. The intermediate category of the settlement of the rural elites is also considered, as the architectural types are close to the gentry’s settlement. This category is examined on an architectural and social point of view.

The link with the settlement of the cities and the high nobility is also studied, allowing to see a lack of link between the different categories at least until the end of the 17th century.

In the last chapters, the gentry’s settlement of Hainault is replaced in the context of the Southern Low Countries, through a comparative approach. We also consider the link with this kind of settlement and the tradition and the modernity, as well as the link with the social status of their inhabitants and builders.

The conclusion is the occasion to remind all the characteristics of the gentry’s settlement in Hainault, and the evolution of the architectural types through the centuries. Some comparisons with the same kind of settlement in surroundings countries are also established, opening new research perspectives. In the epilogue, we consider the buildings on a conservation, restoration and preservation point of view. The state of the art of the legislative situation is given, and prescriptions for a better future conservation are drawn, in order to avoid a disappearance of the architectural information, together with an important part of the history.

Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Cette thèse en Anthropologie filmique porte sur l’espace habité des Bédouins de Syrie, en termes d’espace humanisé, c’est-à-dire modelé et rendu utilisable par les personnes qui l’occupent. La recherche, tout à la fois anthropologique et filmique, met en œuvre pour la première fois une méthode d’enquête audiovisuelle appliquée à l’étude de l’espace habité nomade. A partir de l’observation et de l’analyse de l’habitation (tentes et abris) d’une famille bédouine syrienne vivant dans un campement aux alentours de Palmyre (Nord-Est de la Syrie), ce travail dévoile comment le mode de vie des Bédouins influence la forme et la fonction de leur habitation. Le texte est accompagné de dix films qui décrivent le campement et les différentes utilisations de l’espace
This thesis in Visual Anthropology examines the Syrian Bedouins’ living space in terms of humanized space, i.e. built and functionally transformed by the persons living in it. The field research was anthropological, but used the camera as the main tool for investigation. For the first time, this research proposes a filmic investigation method for the study of the nomads’ dwellings. Through the observation and analysis of the habitation (tents and shelters) of a Bedouin family living in a camp near Palmyra (North-East Syria), it shows how the Bedouin way of life influences the structure and the functions of their living space. Ten films describing the camp and its different utilization complement the text

The purpose of this study is to examine what pupils in the ninth grade eats for lunch and also whether there is any connection between their lunch habits and perceived ability to concentrate and fatigue. A further aim was to study pupils' experience of dining environment in schools.The study is based on a quantitative method with questionnaires. The study was implemented on four schools in elementary school in themunicipalityofKristianstadand Tanum. Our results demonstrate, in accordance with several previous studies conducted in the same age group, that it is about half of the pupils who eats school lunch every day and that the majority are eating school lunch 3-5 days a week. Furthermore, our study shows that the pupils who rarely eat vegetables in school feel tired and distracted to a greater extent than the group of pupils who eat vegetables almost daily. Our result also shows that the group of pupils who eat the main course 3-5 days a week feel both tired and distracted to a greater extent than the group of students who eat the main course more rarely. In accordance with previous studies our study shows that differences exist between boys and girls regarding food that is eaten instead of school lunch. Food containing empty calories is the most popular kind, it causes glucose levels to get out of balance which makes students tired and distracted.The result of our study shows that most pupils claim that they often feel tired and distracted during the school day. Hunger affects the individual's emotions, motivation and cognition (Lennernäs, 2011), which can be linked to the fact that only 6 % of pupils feel that they are getting satisfied every day after eating the school lunch. There are also many pupils who choose not to eat anything else those days they choose to skip the school lunch. Nevertheless, the majority of pupils are still happy with the environment in the school dining room and it is barely half the pupils who want bigger influence on what is served for school lunch.

Cette thèse traite des effets de la migration sur le statut professionnel et social des travailleuses domestiques et des nouveaux rapports de subordination qui en découlent, analysés à l'intersection des rapports de genre, de classe et de « race ». Le but de cette recherche est d'aborder l'ordre hiérarchique de ces différents rapports et d'analyser les causes structurelles de la subordination. Les travailleuses migrantes chaoxianzu appartenaient à la classe symboliquement au pouvoir dans la Chine socialiste, en tant qu’ouvrières industrielles et agricoles. En examinant leur expérience de travail dans cinq villes de trois pays - France, Corée du Sud et Chine - nous analysons comment les conditions de travail de chaque société d’immigration affectent leur statut en tant que travailleuses. Les participantes à notre recherche vivent et perçoivent leur expérience de travail à la lumière de l’habitus professionnel de la Chine socialiste, basé sur la fierté en tant que travailleuses. Selon leur perception, dans la migration, elles ne changent pas pour un niveau hiérarchique et professionnel inférieur, mais souffrent, collectivement, de la position subalterne des travailleurs domestiques sans-papiers dans le référentiel de l’ordre hiérarchique de la société capitaliste. Plutôt qu'un travail trivial, elles perçoivent leur métier comme une somme de tâches nobles, physiques et émotionnelles. Elles s’inscrivent dans la chaîne globalisée du care. Mais, en s'interrogeant sur leur statut subalterne, elles remettent en cause la logique de reproduction de la hiérarchie sociale
This thesis deals with the effects of migration on the occupational and social status of domestic workers and the resulting new relationships of subordination that are analyzed at the intersection of gender, class and ‘race’ relations. The purpose of this research is to address the hierarchical order of these different relationships and to analyze the structural causes of subordination. The Chaoxianzu women migrant workers belonged to the class symbolically in power in socialist China, as industrial and agricultural workers. By examining their work experience in five cities in three countries - France, South Korea and China - we analyze how the working conditions of each immigration society affect their status as women workers. The participants in our research live and perceive their work experience in light of their professional habitus of socialist China, based on pride as women workers. According to their perception, in migrating they do not change for a lower hierarchical and professional level, but collectively suffer from the subordinate position of undocumented domestic workers typical for capitalist society’s hierarchical order. Rather than perceiving their job as trivial, they see it as a sum of noble, physical and emotional tasks. They are part of the global chain of care. But, in questioning their subordinate status, they undermine the logic inherent to the reproduction of social hierarchies

This thesis serves to highlight the significance of food and diet in the servant problem narrative of eighteenth and nineteenth-century Britain and the role of food in master-servant relationships as a source of conflict. The study also shows how attitudes towards servant labor, wages, and perquisites resulted in food-related theft. Employers customarily provided regular meals, food, drink, or board wages and tea money to their domestic servants in addition to an annual salary, yet food and meals often resulted in contention as evidenced by contemporary criticism and increased calls for legislative wage regulation. Differing expectations of wage components, including food and other perquisites, resulted in ongoing conflict between masters and servants. Existing historical scholarship on the relationship between British domestic servants and their masters or mistresses in context of the servant problem often tends to place focus on themes of gender and sexuality. Considering the role of food as a fundamental necessity in the lives of servants provides a new approach to understanding the servant problem and reveals sources of mistrust and resentment in the master-servant relationship.

The info1mation society marks a shift from the dominance of the industrial to the rise of the "informational" (Castells, 1996, p. 21 ). The effects of this shift on social arrangements generally have been greeted in diverse ways, ranging from the enthusiasm of Negroponte (1995) to the more cautious scepticism of Postman (1992). While recognised as an inevitable and ongoing process, the wider social imperatives for change have brought people and technology together in ways that are often highly problematic. Older people, as one group among others identified as experiencing the disadvantage in the information society, face challenges of adaptation to a new form of literacy and communicative practice. A large body of research is developing to investigate the needs of older people in the new information society, yet little of this focuses on the full complexity of relationships that exist between the wider institution of communication technologies and the management of these changes in everyday places. Everyday, mundane activities of older people, as they interface with the discourses and practices of the information society, are, therefore, prioritised in this qualitative study. A purposively structured case study applies Bourdieu's concepts of field and habitus (Bourdieu, 1990) in an ethnomethodological investigation. Levels of social phenomena representative of the field in the context of older people's experiences are assembled in the case study. Qualitative methods of data collection bring three elements of the field together. Firstly, discourses of the digital divide set the contextual scene for examining persuasions towards computer literacy for older people. Then observations in settings for older learners provide information about building computer competencies. In addition, interviews with geographically dispersed older people allow a range of users, from novices to experts, to contribute to the study. Data analysis based on the dramaturgical perspective of Goffman (1973a, 1973b) and the grammar of motives advocated by Burke (1969a) produce an interpretive ethnography in which older people's strategies and motives are revealed. The thesis finds that within the full set of relationships in the field of older people's use of ICT, a complex network of influences operates as discursive and interactive strategies. Motives implied in discourses of the digital divide direct attention towards the field of ICT and the settings of older people's active engagement with information and communication technologies. Within such settings a range of dispositions towards technology become obvious. These dispositions are critically important to the ways in which technology is integrated into everyday practices of individuals. In a field of opportunities and constraints computer technology is involved in creating particular communities of interest. Practices with technology promote self-esteem, secure networks of friendship, and connect the person within the home to the world beyond in real and virtual ways. The case study effectively describes the field of older people's engagement with computer technology as a microcosm of strategic everyday practices, a contingent set of experiences that enjoin older people with the process of change to an information society.

Le travail présenté dans cette thèse s’inscrit dans le champ de la géographie culturelle et veut participer à prouver qu’il existe un tournant spatial tel qu’il a été défini par Edward Soja en 1996, qui permet de porter un regard autre sur les sociétés en les analysant à partir des objets culturels qu’elles produisent. Les albums pour enfants, ces livres conçus pour le jeune public qui combinent images, supports et très souvent textes dans un rapport d’interdépendance, constituent les objets de ce travail de recherches. Envisagés comme des produits culturels géographiques, ils interrogent, disent, représentent et mettent en scène espaces et spatialités. S’intéressant à un corpus d’albums iconotextuels narratifs édités en France entre 1919 et 2012, ce travail s’emploie à démontrer qu’il existe une interdépendance entre trois instances narratives (textuelle, iconique et plastique) et que cette interdépendance génère et imagine non seulement de l’espace pour le lecteur mais également une intentionnalité spatiale, une transmission d’un habiter tel qu’il est pensé par l’auteur-illustrateur. La dernière partie de ce travail, plus exploratoire, propose de voir dans l’album pour enfants un lieu de communication dans lequel l’intentionnalité spatiale aiderait le lecteur-enfant à agir sur de l’espace. La réception, l’expérience esthétique, la lecture performative de l’album permettraient à l’enfant de se construire un capital culturel spatial dans lequel il pourrait puiser pour « faire avec » l’espace qu’il habite ou qu’il aura à habiter
The work presented in this dissertation fits in the field of cultural geography and hopes to prove that there exists a spatial turning point as defined by Edward Soja in 1996, which will allow a further look into societies, analyzing them by means of the cultural objects that they produce.Children’s picture books, these books conceived for the young public which combine images, props, and very often text in a relationship of interdependence, constitute the objects of this research work. Considered as geographic cultural products, they question, state, represent, and stage spaces and spatialities.Drawing from a body of narrative, iconotextual picture books published in France between 1919 and 2012, this work intends to demonstrate that there exists an interdependence among three narrative instances (textual, iconic, and plastic) and that this interdependence generates and imagines not only space for the reader but also a spatial intentionality, a transmission of living such as envisioned by the author-illustrator.The last part of this work, more exploratory, proposes seeing in children’s books a place of communication in which the spatial intentionality would help the child-reader to act on the space. The reception, the esthetic experience, the performative reading of the picture book would allow the child to construct for himself a spatial cultural capital in which he could delve to “play with” the space in which he lives or that he will have to live

This thesis explores the way social and spatial relations produce social order. It does this through an examination of the women's refuge. The women's refuge is a particularly appropriate case to examine this relationship. While many other social institutions share the purpose of transforming populations, the refuge intensifies this process. This is because the refuge is about producing 'independent women' in a setting that is not purpose built, within a period of three months. Thus, the process of transformation is intensified socially, because it is compressed temporally and spatially. This thesis proposes a conceptual framework that is informed by Bourdieu and the theorists of 'the interaction order' - Goffman, Garfinkel and Sacks - and a case study using a number of qualitative methods to investigate this process. It does this by comparing the way the notions of 'independence', 'empowerment' and 'home' are embedded in daily practices of three examples of the refuge, in operation in urban Southeast Queensland. This provides a means to formulate a comprehensive picture about the production of the 'refuge culture', and the social and spatial relations that construct social order in this kind of social organisation. There are two reasons why this kind of investigation is important. Firstly, this investigation makes a substantive contribution to the study of the women's refuge. Existing literature about the women's refuge does not clearly describe the way this social world is produced and the way 'independent women' are constructed. This study does this by examining the social and spatial relations of this setting and the rhetoric that accompanies it. Furthermore, this case study examines three different refuge models in order to understand the way social order is produced and how social and spatial relations contribute to this process. This provides an opportunity to explore different versions of 'independence' and explain why one refuge model is more likely to produce 'independent women' in keeping with feminist rationale. Secondly, conceptually and methodologically, the contribution of this thesis is made possible by exploring the relevance of concepts proposed by Bourdieu to the issues of social and spatial relations and the way they construct social order. These concepts are operationalised and applied to theories of 'the interaction order' - proposed by Goffman, Garfinkel and Sacks - in order to understand the women's refuge. This research approach offers a framework to capture the everyday experience of the refuge by focusing on the way social actors sustain daily action. The methods used to do this are participant observation, focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews. The application of this method of social inquiry means that it is possible to comprehend the process of transformation, the way this is operationalised on a daily basis, and the set of relations that produce the ordered social world of the refuge. Furthermore, the application of this method of social inquiry provides a way to further comprehend the mechanisms that produce social order in social institutions intent on transforming populations in transition. This investigation makes substantive theoretical and methodological contributions to the disciplines of sociology and design. In relation to the sociological study of social organisations, this study demonstrates the importance of using a particular method of social inquiry to uncover the relationship between social and spatial orders in the construction of social order. In relation to design, this investigation demonstrates the way spatial organisation is intertwined with aspects of social and cultural organisation. Collectively, the findings presented in this study demonstrate the reflexive relationship between social and spatial orders and the construction of social institutions. This is managed by describing the relationships that produce the social institution of the women's refuge and the way these facilitate the transformation of a population in transition. This study concludes by discussing the significance of these findings in relation to theories and policies about the refuge, and the benefit of future research of this kind in the investigation of social organisations intent on producing transformation.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Arquitetura apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
Consequente de um atribulado contexto social e cultural, o decorrer do século XIX e respetiva transição para o século XX na Europa, acompanha uma transformação brusca no campo da arquitetura, bem como nas formas de habitar burguesas. Escondido no seu invólucro privado, o habitante burguês revela, no início do século XIX, uma postura defensiva em relação à grande cidade, que cresce abruptamente no exterior urbano. Mais do que um lugar físico, esse interior positivo é uma prefiguração do sonho burguês, onde o habitante assegura que a sua identidade é preservada, dentro das quatro paredes da sua habitação, face à indiferença cosmopolita. Porém, o fim do século revela uma clara obsessão pela autoridade cultural e artística, culminando no período estilístico da Arte Nova. Ansioso pela arte, o habitante burguês entrega-se vivamente à originalidade das novas formas que, pretensiosamente decoradas e ornamentadas, acabam como todo o sentido de apropriação e identidade no interior doméstico. É nesse interior tenso que a personalidade do habitante é ofuscada pela arte, bem como pelos ideais artísticos do arquiteto que, inevitavelmente se refletem nas formas domésticas. Nesse sentido, o habitante vive “intoxicado” pelas formas inquietantes e deambulantes que se apoderam vivamente da sua mente. O orgânico funde-se com o inorgânico e o sonho funde-se com a realidade concreta. Para além de uma reflexão acerca da complexidade do interior habitado – já que representa a união entre a arquitetura e a componente psíquica do habitante – a presente dissertação aborda a imprudência estilística da Arte Nova, bem como a respetiva incompatibilidade entre o processo de uniformidade artística e as exigências do habitar. Representante da articulação contraditória entre o moderno e o arcaico, o período da Arte Nova não só questiona o papel do arquiteto na conceção do espaço doméstico, como evidencia a importância da apropriação do habitante nesse lugar tão pessoal. O que deveria ser uma representação da identidade do habitante é – nas representações artísticas da Arte Nova – um reflexo expressivo do individualismo do arquiteto, bem como das suas aspirações artísticas. Toda a plasticidade fantasiosa das conceções da Arte Nova, comprovam o caráter efémero e fugaz do estilo arquitetónico, bem como a necessidade do pensamento racional e funcional do arquiteto, especialmente na conceção do espaço doméstico. Nesse sentido, a presente dissertação procura refletir e responder à questão: de que forma o estilo arquitetónico e respetiva visão artística do arquiteto, pode influenciar e/ou romper, positiva ou negativamente, com o interior doméstico e respetivas formas de habitar?
Consequence of a troubled social and cultural context, the course of the nineteenth century and its transition to the twentieth century in Europe, followed a sudden transformation in the architecture field, as well as in the ways of inhabiting bourgeois. Hidden in its private nest, the bourgeois inhabitant reveals, at the beginning of the nineteenth century, a defensive posture towards the great city, which grows abruptly in the urban surroundings. More than a physical place, this positive interior is a prefiguration of the bourgeois dream, the place where the inhabitant ensures that his identity is preserved within the four walls of his home, towards the cosmopolitan indifference. However, the end of the century reveals a clear obsession for cultural and artistic authority, culminating in the stylistic period of the Art Nouveau. Desiring for art, the bourgeois inhabitant surrenders lively to the originality of the new forms which, pretentiously decorated and ornamented, drastically disturbed the sense of appropriation and identity in the domestic interior. In this tense interior, the inhabitant's personality is overshadowed by the architect's artistic ideals, which are inevitably reflected in the domestic forms. In this sense, the inhabitant lives "intoxicated" by the disturbing and wandering forms of Art Nouveau style, where the organic merges with the inorganic, and the dream merges with concrete reality.In addition to reflecting on the complexity of the inhabited interior - since it represents the union between the architecture and the psychic component of the inhabitant - the present dissertation approaches the stylistic recklessness of the Art Nouveau and the consequent incompatibility between the artistic process and the requirements of domestic living. As a contradictory articulation between the modern and the archaic, the period of the Art Nouveau not only problematizes the architect's role in the design of the domestic space, as support the importance of the appropriation of the inhabitant in his personal and intimate place. What should be a representation of the inhabitant identity is - in the artistic representations of the Art Nouveau - an expressive reflection of the individualism of the architect as well as his artistic aspirations. The bizarre plasticity of the Art Nouveau conceptions proves the ephemeral and fleeting character of the architectural style, as well as the need for the rational and functional thinking of the architect, especially in the design of the domestic space.In this sense, the present dissertation seeks to reflect and answer the question: how can the architectonic style and the artistic vision of the architect influence and / or break, positively or negatively, the domestic interior and the respective ways of living?

The human use of landscape causes fragmentation and loss of original habitats. Different species vary in their sensitivity to habitat loss. Especially carnivores can be more sensitive to decrease of their habitat because of lower abundance of their prey. On the other hand several opportunistic carnivores can profit in human modified habitats. This study was carried out in the České Budějovice basin, Czech Republic during the years 2008 and 2009 and the aim of this study was to determine carnivore{\crq}s habitat preferences in the fragmented landscape. During these two years were seven carnivore species monitored in forest patches by using scent stations. Records of this monitoring were compared with physiognomy of these patches and structure of surrounding landscape.

Cette thèse traite des effets de la migration sur le statut professionnel et social des travailleuses domestiques et des nouveaux rapports de subordination qui en découlent, analysés à l'intersection des rapports de genre, de classe et de « race ». Le but de cette recherche est d'aborder l'ordre hiérarchique de ces différents rapports et d'analyser les causes structurelles de la subordination. Les travailleuses migrantes chaoxianzu appartenaient à la classe symboliquement au pouvoir dans la Chine socialiste, en tant qu’ouvrières industrielles et agricoles. En examinant leur expérience de travail dans cinq villes de trois pays - France, Corée du Sud et Chine - nous analysons comment les conditions de travail de chaque société d’immigration affectent leur statut en tant que travailleuses. Les participantes à notre recherche vivent et perçoivent leur expérience de travail à la lumière de l’habitus professionnel de la Chine socialiste, basé sur la fierté en tant que travailleuses. Selon leur perception, dans la migration, elles ne changent pas pour un niveau hiérarchique et professionnel inférieur, mais souffrent, collectivement, de la position subalterne des travailleurs domestiques sans-papiers dans le référentiel de l’ordre hiérarchique de la société capitaliste. Plutôt qu'un travail trivial, elles perçoivent leur métier comme une somme de tâches nobles, physiques et émotionnelles. Elles s’inscrivent dans la chaîne globalisée du care. Mais, en s'interrogeant sur leur statut subalterne, elles remettent en cause la logique de reproduction de la hiérarchie sociale
This thesis deals with the effects of migration on the occupational and social status of domestic workers and the resulting new relationships of subordination that are analyzed at the intersection of gender, class and ‘race’ relations. The purpose of this research is to address the hierarchical order of these different relationships and to analyze the structural causes of subordination. The Chaoxianzu women migrant workers belonged to the class symbolically in power in socialist China, as industrial and agricultural workers. By examining their work experience in five cities in three countries - France, South Korea and China - we analyze how the working conditions of each immigration society affect their status as women workers. The participants in our research live and perceive their work experience in light of their professional habitus of socialist China, based on pride as women workers. According to their perception, in migrating they do not change for a lower hierarchical and professional level, but collectively suffer from the subordinate position of undocumented domestic workers typical for capitalist society’s hierarchical order. Rather than perceiving their job as trivial, they see it as a sum of noble, physical and emotional tasks. They are part of the global chain of care. But, in questioning their subordinate status, they undermine the logic inherent to the reproduction of social hierarchies

This thesis explores the use of domicilium as a criterion in choice of law and jurisdiction in South African law with special reference to private-law status. In this area of the law adherence to the status theory has, in the recent past, resulted in the use of domicile as an exclusive ratio jurisdictionis. This has impacted negatively on choice of law issues in status matters: since domicile constituted the sole jurisdictional criterion, little attention was devoted to choice of law. Even though the lex domicilii was, in actual fact, applied to choice of law issues concerning private-law status, it happened only as a result of the assumption of jurisdiction by the forum domicilii. With the emergence of alternative jurisdictional criteria, such as ordinary residence, choice of law issues will have to be addressed from a conflict of laws perspective, since the jurisdictional criteria will no longer ensure the application of the appropriate lex causae. In this regard recognition of the functional diversification of jurisdictional and conflicts connecting factors is crucial: different principles and policies underlie the fields of jurisdiction and choice of law and this must be borne in mind when a connecting factor is selected. In view of the prominence of domicilium as a connecting factor, problem areas in regard to the interpretation and ascertainment of domicile, especially the domicile of choice, is investigated within the context of the Domicile Act 3 of 1992 and with a view to future reform. It is submitted that the subjective animus requirement for the acquisition of a domicile of choice remains uncertain and undefined. Since domicile constitutes such an important connecting factor in issues pertaining to private-law status, as well as other non-status matters, it is essential that it should be readily and easily ascertainable. In this regard certain concrete proposals for future reform are advanced. Ultimately the domicile of an individual should indicate the community to which he/she truly belongs: only then will domicile constitute a conflicts connecting factor which satisfies the demands of conflicts justice.
Private Law
LL. D. (Law)

This inquiry has been concerned with identifying aesthetic languages that make visible relationships and processes that connect body and world beyond the surface of the skin. It hypothesised that aesthetic language provides a material connection which co-enables this exchange. Examining the aesthetic dimension of the embodiment-environment intersection, this inquiry reasoned, could make tangible the material continuum generated through transient processes of living. The key sites of the home and the landscape framed the scope of this research. The methodology used to undertake this research combined multi-artform practice spanning sculpture, video, installation, and drawing, visual diary-led observation and critical reflection, theoretical research, and critical engagement with the work of other artists and practitioners working in two- and three-dimensions. An examination of subjectivity and of aesthetics as an intersection of body and world centres this research. A new materialist perspective provides a logic and drive for scrutinising this intersection. New materialism unsettles traditional assumptions about the passivity of matter. It provides a framework for re-imagining the materiality of the world and the position of human subjectivity within it: a re-imagining, this research contends, that the current ecological crisis demands. The notion of aesthetics used in this inquiry is an embodied aesthetics that refers to the meaningful sensuousness that adheres and orients the body in the world. Ideas from John Dewey and the field of everyday aesthetics informed critical engagement in this embodied aesthetics through creative practice. This approach enabled a dialogue between special aesthetic experiences, everyday aesthetics, and habitual perception to emerge in the research. This research used aesthetics to examine how spaces are demarcated and different experiences enabled. Over time, the home as it is situated within the landscape became analogous for the body’s intertwining with the environment. In this context, the material passage of water through the home provided a powerful and instructive embodiment of this intertwining, revealing both the demarcation and the continuity of disparate spaces. The final body of artwork is an installation that integrates the key aesthetic languages developed through this inquiry to form a three-dimensional river that is animated with the everyday sounds of water and the textures of domestic warmth. It is titled Oikos, the Greek root for ecology. ‘Oikos’ means ‘whole house and dwelling place’. The artwork reflects the multi-layering of aesthetic relationships through which our bodies fuse with this world.

The movement of people from county to country brought about an increase in international marriages. However, South African private international law rules with regard to the proprietary consequences of marriage are not on par with their foreign counterparts. The prejudicial rule which governs proprietary consequences of marriage has raised difficulties for our courts in past and recent cases. The advent of a new constitutional dispensation in South Africa forbids discrimination based on sex, gender and marital status. Furthermore, the question is asked whether parties to a marriage with a foreign matrimonial domicile may rely on section 7(3) of the Divorce Act 70 of 1979. The classification of redistribution orders in private international law matters has given rise to uncertainty. The objectives of the study are to suggest workable alternatives to the current connecting factor for proprietary consequences of marriage in South African private international law and to investigate the availability of redistribution orders to spouses applying for divorce in South Africa.
Private Law
LL. M.