Journal articles on the topic 'Domestic England History 18th century'
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1
Weiller, Kenneth J., and Philip Mirowski. "Rates of interest in 18th century England." Explorations in Economic History 27, no. 1 (January 1990): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4983(90)90002-g.
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Kirkham, Linda M., and Anne Loft. "THE LADY AND THE ACCOUNTS: MISSING FROM ACCOUNTING HISTORY?" Accounting Historians Journal 28, no. 1 (June 1, 2001): 67–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.28.1.67.
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Amanda Vickery's, The Gentleman's Daughter: Women's Lives in Georgian England, [1998] provides a challenging and controversial account of the lives of genteel women in provincial England. In this review essay, we consider the implications of her insights and revelations for accounting history research. We argue that her work raises a number of issues concerning what and where accounting took place in the 18th century. In particular, it is suggested that the detailed ‘accounts’ contained within genteel women's pocket books were a means by which they came to ‘know’ their household in order to manage their duties and responsibilities. Accounting historians are encouraged to consider these ‘private’ records as a potentially illuminating source of material on accounting within and without the 18th-century household.
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Bogart, Dan. "Turnpike trusts and the transportation revolution in 18th century England." Explorations in Economic History 42, no. 4 (October 2005): 479–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eeh.2005.02.001.
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Croarken, M. "Mary edwards: computing for a living in 18th-century england." IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 25, no. 4 (October 2003): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mahc.2003.1253886.
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Nicolini, Esteban A. "Mortality, interest rates, investment, and agricultural production in 18th century England." Explorations in Economic History 41, no. 2 (April 2004): 130–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eeh.2003.09.001.
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Speck, WA. "Shorter notice. The Writing of Urban Histories in 18th-Century England. R Sweet." English Historical Review 114, no. 456 (April 1999): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/enghis/114.456.457.
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Speck, W. "Shorter notice. The Writing of Urban Histories in 18th-Century England. R Sweet." English Historical Review 114, no. 456 (April 1, 1999): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/114.456.457.
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Wilson, Ross J. "'The mystical character of commodities': the consumer society in 18th-century England." Post-Medieval Archaeology 42, no. 1 (June 2008): 144–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174581308x354038.
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González Vázquez, Araceli, and Montserrat Benítez Fernández. "British 18th-Century Orientalism and Arabic Dialectology." Historiographia Linguistica 43, no. 1-2 (June 24, 2016): 61–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.43.1-2.03gon.
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Summary This article examines a relatively unknown 18th century European source on Moroccan Arabic. It is the article entitled “Dialogues on the vulgar Arabick of Morocco”, published in London in 1797 by William Price (1771–1830), a self-taught linguist and orientalist from Worcester, England. Price’s work is one of the few European texts predating 1800 focused on Moroccan Arabic, and providing some information about this linguistic variety. As we explain, Price obtained these “Dialogues” from “some natives of Barbary”, who happened to be in London. In the first four sections of the article, we examine the life and works of William Price, we place his activities as an expert in Arabic and other of the so-called “Oriental languages” in the context of 18th century British Orientalism, and we analyse the contents of the “Dialogues” provided in his article. These “Dialogues” consist of a conversation between two interlocutors who are taking a stroll in a walled coastal town of the Moroccan Atlantic strip. The fifth section of our contribution is a linguistic dialectological analysis of both the Arabic and Latin character transcriptions of Moroccan Arabic provided by Price. We analyse different issues concerning the transcriptions given, and we focus our linguistic study on phonological, morphological and syntactical issues.
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Croarken, M. "Tabulating the heavens: Computing the Nautical Almanac in 18th-Century England." IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 25, no. 3 (July 2003): 48–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mahc.2003.1226655.
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Верховых, Л. Н. "TO STUDYING THE STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF DOMESTIC LINGUISTIC REGIONAL STUDIES." Актуальные вопросы современной филологии и журналистики, no. 4(43) (January 26, 2023): 102–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36622/aqmpj.2021.98.10.016.
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В статье рассматриваются актуальные вопросы современного лингвокраеведения. Цель работы состоит в описании этапов развития отечественного лингвокраеведения на основе применения методов текстологического анализа, описательного метода, отдельных приемов сравнительно-исторического метода. Автор анализирует особенности употребления лексемы лингвокраеведение и формулирует уточненное значение данного термина, а также предлагает определения понятий лингвокраеведческая компетенция, лингвокраеведческий комментарий. Основную часть статьи составляет характеристика научных работ лингвокраеведческого характера в России (временной интервал - c 1721 года по настоящее время). На основе анализа научной литературы автор приходит к выводу о возможности выделения следующих периодов в истории отечественного лингвокраеведения: донаучный период (с 20-х годов XVIII века до конца 40-х гг. XVIII века), ломоносовский период, или начальный научный период (с конца 40-х гг. XVIII века до конца XVIII века), начальный теоретико-лексикографический период отечественного лингвокраеведения (конец XVIII века - конец XIX века), родиноведческий период (вторая половина XIX - вторая половина XX вв.), основной теоретико-лексикографический период развития лингвокраеведения, период развития лингвокраеведения как учебной и научной дисциплины (вторая половина XX - 20-е годы XXI века). The article deals with topical issues of modern linguistic studies. The purpose of the work is to describe the stages of development of Russian linguistic and ethnographic studies based on the use of methods of textological analysis, descriptive method, and individual techniques of the comparative historical method. The author analyzes the features of the use of the lexeme linguistic studies and formulates the clarified meaning of this term, and also proposes definitions of the concepts of linguistic studies competence, linguistic studies commentary. The main part of the article is the characteristic of scientific works of linguistic local lore character in Russia (time interval - from 1721 to the present). Based on the analysis of scientific literature, the author comes to the conclusion that it is possible to distinguish the following periods in the history of Russian linguistic studies: the pre-scientific period (from the 20s of the 18th century to the end of the 40s of the 18th century), the Lomonosov period, or the initial scientific period (from the end 40s of the 18th century to the end of the 18th century), the initial theoretical and lexicographic period of Russian linguistic studies (late 18th century - late 19th century), homeland studies (second half of the 19th - second half of the 20th centuries), the main theoretical and lexicographic period of development linguistic studies, the period of development of linguistic studies as an educational and scientific discipline (the second half of the XX - 20s of the XXI century).
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Kiyasov, Sergey E. "The Age of Enlightenment and the transformation of freemasonry in England." Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations 22, no. 1 (February 21, 2022): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-4907-2022-22-1-57-64.
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The article studies the topical question of the masonry movement in England’s of the 18th century. It particularly focuses on the history of the Grand Lodge of England. The author touches upon a very important problem of the national Masonic organizations’ transformation. The close connection of the “new” Freemasonry with the events in post-revolutionary England is emphasized.
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Nippel, W. "“Reading the riot act”;: The discourse of law‐enforcement in 18th century England." History and Anthropology 1, no. 2 (February 1985): 399–426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02757206.1985.9960749.
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Gordienko, D. O. "ALL THE KING’S MAN»: MILITIA IN THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND DURING THE STUART AGE." Izvestiya of Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. History Sciences 3, no. 3 (2021): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.37313/2658-4816-2021-3-3-90-97.
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The article presents the results of a study devoted to the history of the British armed forces in the “long” 17th century. The militia was the backbone of England's national military system. The author examines the aspects of the development of the institutions of the modern state during the reign of the Stuart dynasty, traces the process of the development of the militia and the formation of the regular army. He reveals the role of the militia in the political events of the Century of Revolutions: the reign of Charles I, the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, the Restoration age, the Glorious Revolution, and also gives a retrospective review of the eventsof the 18th century.
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Satapathy, Amrita. "The Politics of Travel: The Travel Memoirs of Mirza Sheikh I’tesamuddin and Sake Dean Mahomed." Studies in English Language Teaching 8, no. 1 (February 24, 2020): p66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/selt.v8n1p66.
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Representation of the East in 18th century western travel narratives was an outcome of a European aesthetic sensibility that thrived on imperial jingoism. The 18th century Indian travel writings proved that East could not be discredited as “exotic” and “orientalist” or its history be judged as a “discourse of curiosity”. The West had its share of mystery that had to be unravelled for the curious visitor from the East. Dean Mahomed’s The Travels of Dean Mahomed is a fascinating travelogue cum autobiography of an Indian immigrant as an insider and outsider in India, Ireland and England. I’tesamuddin’s The Wonders of Vilayet is a travel-memoir that addresses the politics of representation. These 18th century travelographies demystify “vilayet” in more ways than one. They analyse the West from a variety of tropes from gender, to religion and racism to otherness and identity. This paper attempts a comparative analyses of the two texts from the point of view of 18th century travel writing and representations through the idea of journey. It seeks to highlight the concept of “orientalism in reverse” and show how memoirs can be read as counterbalancing textual responses to counteract dominant western voices.
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Myers, Scott. "A Survey of British Literature on Buenos Aires During the First Half of the 19th Century." Americas 44, no. 1 (July 1987): 67–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1006849.
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The British involvement with Argentina has a long and, at times, tumultous history. Dating as far back as the 18th century the Rio de la Plata basin held a great attraction for British merchants. England needed Spanish America as a source of bullion and an outlet for individual goods.As early as the 1540s British vessels explored the coastlines, of Argentina. There already existed a considerable amount of trade between Brazil and England throughout the sixteenth century. The buccaneer William Hawkins, along with other Englishmen, was intent on expanding on this clandestine trade to other areas in the New World. Sometimes with the cooperation of the Spanish authorities, certain British merchants were able to maneuver themselves into the commercial life of these new colonies. By the eighteenth century the British had established numerous slave markets in Hispanic America including one in Buenos Aires.
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Tchaparian, Vicky. "Hypocricy of the Rich vs Honesty of the Poor in the English Society of the 18$^\text{th}$ Century." Armenian Folia Anglistika 16, no. 2 (22) (October 15, 2020): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.46991/afa/2020.16.2.119.
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During the 18th century, life was unpleasant and disturbing due to the Horrible Plague and the Great Fire that attacked England and turned the English society upside down. There was a big gap between the rich and the poor. Violence and crimes were everywhere. However, along with all the misfortunes, 18th century was also a period of elegance for England. Education flourished, and the novel genre developed impressively along with fine music and theatre performances. During these times, the rich led a luxurious life, while the poor in extreme poverty hardly preserved their miserable existence. The whole atmosphere was that of contrasts between brightness and staleness, wellness and sickness, abundance and insufficiency, virtue and vice, along with charity and selfishness which, combined with other characteristic features of the English society, created a chaotic situation. Henry Fielding’s novel, The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews and his Friend Mr. Abraham Adams, often called Joseph Andrews artistically mingles all these contrasts on different levels of different aspects of life, depicting the age he lived in while giving credit to the poor and the abandoned, making the good successfully triumphant and the bad miserably overwhelmed until at the end he makes his characters reach poetic justice punishing the vicious and rewarding the virtuous. The article aims at revealing the chaotic situation of the 18th century England through H. Fielding’s novel in question and the writer’s critical attitude to it.
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Magyar, John J. "Debunking Millar v. Taylor: The History of the Prohibition of Legislative History." Statute Law Review 41, no. 1 (August 29, 2018): 32–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/slr/hmy018.
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Abstract The generally accepted belief about the rule prohibiting recourse to legislative history as an aid to statutory interpretation is that it began in the case of Millar v.Taylor in 1769, and it was followed thereafter in England and throughout the United States through to the 20th century. However, all four judges on the panel in Millar v.Taylor considered evidence from the Journal of the House of Commons and changes made to the relevant bill in their opinions. Meanwhile, the case was widely cited for several substantive and procedural matters throughout the 19th century, but it was not cited by a judge as a precedent for the rule against legislative history until 1887. A careful examination of the relevant cases and secondary literature from the 18th and 19th centuries reveals a much more nuanced and complex history to the rule. Its emergence becomes less clear because it is shrouded in judicial silence. Its beginnings must be inferred from a general and often unarticulated principle that lawyers felt free to disregard. Furthermore, the development, refinement, and decline of the rule followed a different timeline in England, the US federal courts and the state courts.
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Vasilyev, Dmitry V. "CENTRAL ASIAN REGION OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE: HARMONY OF DOMESTIC POLICY AND IDENTITY OF LEGISLATIVE PRACTICE." Ural Historical Journal 77, no. 4 (2022): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2022-4(77)-147-156.
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The article examines the legislative practice of the Russian Empire in relation to the southeastern possessions (Kazakh Steppe, Russian Turkestan and the Transсaspian region). Based on the analysis of the current legislation, the validity of the use of the regional approach to the study of the history of the Russian Empire is confirmed. The imperial legislation on the Kazakh steppe convinces that during the 18th century it was a colonial possession and consistently experienced methods of indirect and direct rule. From the middle of the 19th century, when Russia became more active in the direction of Afghanistan and China, it came to an understanding of the need to integrate not only Kazakh, but also newly conquered lands into a common state space as ordinary provinces. The approaches used in this direction were the same for all three sub-regions of the Empire’s Southeast. This gives grounds to assert that the Russian leadership perceived them as part of a single geopolitical space. The 18th and 19th centuries Russian legislation makes it possible to highlight the main parameters of administration unification. They allowed the Empire to assimilate a different civilization space confidently. The main instrument was the system of military-and-people’s administration, tested in another region of the Empire (in the Caucasus). It was implemented in special administrative-territorial units (Governorates-General). Their boundaries and composition changed depending on foreign policy circumstances and the solution of another important task — the adaptation of the population to the All-Russian order.
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Verkhovykh, Lyudmila N. "TO THE STUDY OF THE ORIGINS OF DOMESTIC LINGUISTIC LOCAL HISTORY STUDIES AND REGIONAL ONOMASTICS." Proceedings of Southern Federal University. Philology 26, no. 1 (March 20, 2022): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/1995-0640-2022-1-81-93.
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The article presents an analysis of scientific literature devoted to the study of the linguistic local history direction of language learning. The aim of the work is to describe the origins of Russian linguistic local history, regional onomastics based on the use of textological analysis, descriptive method, elements of comparative and comparative-historical methods. The material of the research is presented by works that have a linguistic local history character, starting from the 30s of 18th century. Based on the analysis of scientific works of the 18th and early 19th centuries, including the linguistic local history component, the author comes to the following conclusions. Since the first third of the 18th century in Russia, there have been some fragmentary attempts at linguistic local lore commenting when describing settlements by historians, geographers, physicians, and biologists who participated in research expeditions across Russia. Of particular importance in this respect was the historical and regional studies activities of V.N. Tatishchev, who compiled detailed questions for the study of settlements in Russia, prepared the first part of the “Lexicon of Russian historical, geographical, political and civil”. The material of the research shows that the origins of scientific linguistic regional studies in Russia are associated with the activities of V.K. Trediakovsky and M.V. Lomonosov. M.V. Lomonosov consistently introduced the linguistic local history component into the research methodology, which was applied in practice in the compilation of the “Russian grammar”, in the organization of centralized work on the historical and geographical study of Russian settlements, in the development of the foundations of teaching Russian students in their native language. M.V. Lomonosov is the founder of the linguistic local history direction in Russian linguistics. The beginning of scientific regional onomastic research is associated with the activities of E.A. Bolkhovitinov, who for the first time in 1800 gave a detailed historical and linguistic description of the toponymy and microtoponymy of the Voronezh Territory.
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Tapash, Rudra. "Manifestation of 18th century literary movement through Sir Walter Scott’s Ivanhoe: History has been rewritten." International Journal of Language Teaching and Education 2, no. 2 (August 3, 2018): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/ijolte.v2i2.5003.
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The nationalist feeling is agitating again today. As far as the new and ultra-developed global scenario is concerned, a huge facet of exotic invasiveness is up for grab. People of the modern era are in the thought process that their native country might be under serious threat; even though; they would remain silent until their entity rattles. The national tale before Ivanhoe reflects national character as a synecdoche of an unchanging cultural space; here patriotism is a self-evident legacy, the result of unbroken continuity and a populist community that unites aristocracy and folks. Arguably, Sir Scott for the first time, enlightens the vision of national continuity through the forcible, often violent, entry into history that does the feudal folk community become a nation. Patriotism is a positive thing for every nation and its people. It’s undoubtedly a notion of proud and passion. But here in the novel Ivanhoe, the other aspect of patriotism has been also highlighted, which has the notion of negativity and intolerance. However, we should keep in mind the time when Sir Scott was writing the novel. This was the period where just the resentment happened between France and England. In fact, the novel Ivanhoe was published (1819) just after few years of Napoleonic Wars, where eventually, England went on victorious after the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte at the Battle of Waterloo. Therefore, against this historical backdrop, the continuous struggle in Ivanhoe between domineering Normans (French) and honest Englishmen (Saxon and their allies) took on center stage to redefine the concept of patriotism.
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Slack, Paul. "End of a Pandemic? Contemporary Explanations for the End of Plague in 18th‑Century England." Centaurus 64, no. 1 (June 2022): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.cnt.5.129440.
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SIMMS, BRENDAN. "THE CONNECTIONS BETWEEN FOREIGN POLICY AND DOMESTIC POLITICS IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY BRITAIN." Historical Journal 49, no. 2 (June 2006): 605–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x0600536x.
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Parliament and foreign policy in the eighteenth century. By Jeremy Black. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. Pp. xiii+261. ISBN 0-521-83331-0. £45.00.Art and arms: literature, politics and patriotism during the seven years' war. By M. John Cardwell. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004. Pp. xii+306. ISBN 0-7190-6618-2. £49.99.The British Isles and the war of American independence. By Stephen Conway. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. Pp. vii+407. ISBN 0-19-820649-3. £60.00.Revolution, religion and national identity: imperial Anglicanism in British North America, 1745–1795. By Peter M. Doll. London: Associated University Presses, 2000. Pp. 336. ISBN 0-8386-3830-9. £38.00.Politics and the nation: Britain in the mid-eighteenth century. By Bob Harris. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. Pp. 392. ISBN 0-19-924693. £45.00.Parliaments, nations, and identities in Britain and Ireland, 1660–1850. Edited by Julian Hoppit. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003. Pp. xii+225. ISBN 0-7190-6247-0. £15.99.Politik-Propaganda-Patronage. Francis Hare und die englische Publizistik im spanischen Erbfolgekrieg. By Jens Metzdorf. Mainz: Verlag Philip von Zabern, 2000. Pp. xv+566. ISBN 3-8053-2584-3. DM 114.00.Irish opinion and the American Revolution, 1760–1783. By Vincent Morley. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Pp. x+366. ISBN 0-521-81386-7. £48.00.Breaking the backcountry: the Seven Years War in Virginia and Pennsylvania, 1754–1765. By Matthew C. Ward. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2003. Pp. 329. ISBN 0-8229-4214-3. $34.95.The Jacobites and Russia, 1715–1750. By Rebecca Wills. East Linton: Tuckwell Press, 2002. Pp. 253. ISBN 1-86232-142-6. £20.00.It has never been possible to write the history of eighteenth-century Britain as that of an island entirely by itself. Over a century ago, the Cambridge historian, J. R. Seeley, famously insisted that the history of England (sic) lay as much in America and Asia as in England, whilst G. M. Trevelyan's classic narrative of England under Queen Anne (3 vols., 1930–4) was presented against the background of the War of the Spanish Succession. More recently, John Brewer's remarkable Sinews of power: war, money and the English state, 1688–1784 (1989) demonstrated the extent to which the British state, and its fiscal-political structures, were geared towards the mobilization of military power, primarily to be deployed against France. In The sense of the people: politics, culture and imperialism in England, 1715–1785 (1995), Kathleen Wilson revealed the importance of empire and imperial expansion in popular politicization, whilst Linda Colley's Britons (1992) showed just how central the struggle with France was to the development of eighteenth-century British national identity. At the same time, our understanding of the European and global state system in which Britain played such a prominent role has been illuminated by Hamish Scott's British foreign policy in the age of the American revolution (1990), together with many publications by Jeremy Black including British foreign policy in the age of Walpole (1985) and America or Europe? British foreign policy, 1739–1763 (1997).
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Borovkova, Natalia V., Anastasiya R. Pilipenko, and Mar’ya N. Yakimaha. "From England to Russia: Fluorite Vases from the Second Half of the 18th — Beginning of the 19th Centuries." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts 12, no. 2 (2022): 380–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu15.2022.208.
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The article explores English stone-cutting products of the 18th century from Blue John fluorite. The objects of research are items from the Mining Museum collection. The authors have identified a wide range of analogues from various collections of Russian and European museums, auction houses. The article considers the history of the development of stone-cutting production from Blue John fluorite; possible stone-cutting workshops have been identified. In the study determined the technical and technological features of the manufacture of fluorite products in England at the end of the 18th century. The article deals with issues of attribution and reconstruction of museum items using 3D-visualization. The technical and technological features of fluorite processing and the technology for producing art objects was clarified thanks to the involvement of the laboratory base of the Center for Collective Use of the Mining University. A chemical study was carried out on samples of the substance used to stabilize the stone material of objects. On the basis a wide visual range the appearance of the destroyed vases was restored using 3D-technologies and the places of loss in objects from the Mining Museum were supplemented. The use of modern technological innovations made it possible to restore the appearance of monuments with unsatisfactory preservation and include objects of the 18th century. into scientific circulation. A significant corpus of archival documents has been revealed, giving an idea of the sources and methods of entry of items from English fluorite into the collection of the Mining Museum. The results obtained allowed us to change the idea of the formation of the collection of the Mining Museum; to supplement previously known information about the production of fluorite objects of arts and crafts in England.
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Dodsworth, Francis Martin. "Habit, the Criminal Body and the Body Politic in England, c. 1700–1800." Body & Society 19, no. 2-3 (May 22, 2013): 83–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1357034x12474476.
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This article explores the role that ‘habit’ played in discourses on crime in the 18th century, a subject which forms an important part of the history of ‘the social’. It seeks to bridge the division between ‘liberal’ positions which see crime as a product of social circumstance, and the conservative position which stresses the role of will and individual responsibility, by drawing attention to the role habit played in uniting these conceptions in the 18th century. It argues that the Lockean idea that the mind was a tabula rasa, and that the character was thereby formed through impression and habit, was used as a device to explain the ways in which certain individuals rather than others happened to fall into a life of crime, a temptation to which all were susceptible. This allowed commentators to define individuals as responsible for their actions, while accepting the significance of environmental factors in their transgressions. Further, the notion that the character was formed through habit enabled reformers to promote the idea that crime could be combated through mechanisms of prevention and reformation, which both targeted the individual criminal and sought more generally to reduce the likelihood of crime.
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Slozhenikina, Yulia V., and Andrey V. Rastyagaev. "The dispute on the language norm in A.P. Sumarokov’s article “To typographers”." Russian Language Studies 18, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 469–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2618-8163-2020-18-4-469-480.
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The actuality of the undertaken research is conditioned by the necessity to study the role of Russian literature and journalism, separate linguistic programs of the middle of the 18th century in assertion of the main characteristics of the literary standard, which began to take shape in 80 years of this century. The aim of the scientific study is to analyze the similarities and differences between the linguistic theories of A. Sumarokov and V. Trediakovsky, to establish the place of this polemic in the history of Russian literary language of the 18th century, its significance for the formation of the literary standard. The language material is the original text of Sumarokov's article To typographers (K tipografskim naborshhikam), published in the May issue of the journal Trudolyubivaya pchela (1759). The system of views of scholars and writers of the mid-18th century on the Russian language are presented by means of descriptive and comparative methods with revealing the specifics of each language concept. An integral part of the methodology was the observation of the word usage in the texts by A. Sumarokov and V. Trediakovsky. The use of methods of linguoculturology made it possible to present linguistic polemics as a phenomenon of Russian culture. The extra-linguistic method and the method of reconstruction from historical sources were used to establish the phenomena of extra-linguistic reality that influenced the problems of the philological discussion. The results of the research showed that the extra-linguistic reason for writing the article was determined, the tradition of the writers' appealing to the typesetters in the history of domestic printing of the first half of the 18th century was traced, the group of works with which Sumarokov-philologist enters polemics was determined, the main concepts of the article were identified, the position of Sumarokov from the point of view of normalization of graphic, morphological, orthographic practice in the middle of the 18th century was fixed; the article by Sumarokov was considered in accordance with the concept of metatextual unity in the world. The prospects of the research relate to the fundamental theoretical development of the role of 18th century Russian literature in the formation of the Russian literary language standard.
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Dekker, Rudolf. "Labour Conflicts and Working-Class Culture in Early Modern Holland." International Review of Social History 35, no. 3 (December 1990): 377–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000010051.
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SUMMARYFrom the 15th to the 18th century Holland, the most urbanized part of the northern Netherlands, had a tradition of labour action. In this article the informal workers' organizations which existed especially within the textile industry are described. In the 17th century the action forms adjusted themselves to the better coordinated activities of the authorities and employers. After about 1750 this protest tradition disappeared, along with the economic recession which especially struck the traditional industries. Because of this the continuity of the transition from the ancien régime to the modern era which may be discerned in the labour movements of countries like France and England, cannot be found in Holland.
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Noll, Mark A. "Review Article: “American Religious Thought of the 18th and 19th Centuries”." Church History 58, no. 2 (June 1989): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3168725.
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Perry Miller, with characteristic lése majesté, told readers of his New England Mind that, if they wanted to see his footnotes, they would have to make a pilgrimage to the Harvard College Library (The Seventeenth Century [New York, 1939], p. ix). Times have changed, and at least some scholars have become more accommodating. Bruce Kuklick, for example, not only provided notes for his “New England Mind”—the superb recent study Churchmen and Philosophers from Jonathan Edwards to John Dewey (New Haven, 1985)—but now, through the good offices of Garland Publishing, has made available many of the sources to which those notes refer in American Religious Thought of the 18th and 19th Centuries: A Thirty-two Volume Set Reprinting the Works of Leading American Theologians from Jonathan Edwards to John Dewey and including Recent Dissertations (New York: Garland Publishing, 1988), $2,290. Kuklick and Garland deserve highest commendation for rescuing from unwarranted obscurity the authors and works reprinted here. The set's title may be inaccurate, and one may quibble about the exact lineup of books and articles included, but these volumes remain a magnificent achievement.
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Milroy, Christopher M. "A Brief History of the Expert Witness." Academic Forensic Pathology 7, no. 4 (December 2017): 516–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.23907/2017.044.
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Expert witnesses are now an accepted part of criminal and civil trials. The use of expert witnesses and the admissibility of their science has developed over the last 250 years, when the concept of allowing an expert witness to give opinion evidence on the facts of other witnesses was allowed by Lord Mansfield in the case of Folkes v. Chadd in 1782. This paper briefly describes how court procedures have changed over the centuries before opinion evidence was admitted and then traces the history of the expert witness in England, USA, and Canada, examining issues of admissibility and duties of the expert from the 18th century to the 21st century. The paper further describes the change in admissibility with US decisions in Frye and Daubert and how they have affected courts in the UK and Canada. Also described are recent decisions in the UK on duties of experts and immunity from suit.
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Jones, Peter. "The spread of bottom trawling in the British Isles, c.1700–1860." International Journal of Maritime History 30, no. 4 (November 2018): 681–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871418804486.
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Widespread bottom trawling in British waters has traditionally been dated from the last decades of the 18th century, and its early heartland has most commonly been identified as the Torbay area of Devon. This article shows that, in fact, by the time Torbay became known as a centre for the industry, bottom trawling was already well-known and relatively widespread around much of England and Wales, as well as large parts of Eastern and Southern Ireland. Following on from an earlier contribution in this journal, it also demonstrates that bottom trawling’s unbroken history, going back to at least the first decades of the 17th century, has always been beset by controversy, but that the middle decades of the 19th century saw a sea-change in official attitudes that, in effect, ushered in an era of unfettered expansion in industrial beam trawling by the 1890s.
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Kumari, Renu, Priya Sharma, and Dr Qysar Ayoub Khanday. "Industrial Revolution and Deindustrialization of Indian History – An Overview." International Journal of All Research Education & Scientific Methods 10, no. 05 (2022): 278–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.56025/ijaresm.2022.10502.
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The idea that India suffered deindustrialization during the 19th century has a long pedigree. The image of skilled weavers thrown back on the soil was a powerful metaphor for the economic stagnation Indian nationalists believed was brought on by British rule. However, whether and why deindustrialization actually happened in India remains open to debate. Quantitative evidence on the overall level of economic activity in 18th and 19th century India is scant, let alone evidence on its breakdown between agriculture, industry, and services. Most of the existing assessments of deindustrialization rely on very sparse data on employment and output shares. Data on prices are much more plentiful, and this paper offers a new (price dual) assessment of deindustrialization in 18th and 19th century India supported by newly compiled evidence on relative prices. A simple model of deindustrialization links relative prices to employment shares. We think the paper sheds new light on whether and when deindustrialization happened, whether it was more or less dramatic in India than elsewhere, and what its likely causes were. The existing literature primarily attributes India’s deindustrialization to Britain’s productivity gains in textile manufacture and to the world transport revolution. Improved British productivity, first in cottage production and then in factory goods, led to declining world textile prices, making production in India increasingly uneconomic (Roy 2002). These forces were reinforced by declining sea freight rates which served to foster trade and specialization for both Britain and India. As a result, Britain first won over India’s export market and eventually took over its domestic market as well. This explanation for deindustrialization was a potent weapon in the Indian nationalists’ critique of colonial rule (see e.g. Dutt 1906/1960, Nehru 1947). The historical literature suggests a second explanation for deindustrialization in the economic malaise India suffered following the dissolution of Mughal hegemony in the 18th century. We believe the turmoil associated with this political realignment ultimately led to aggregate supply-side problems for Indian manufacturing, even if producers in some regions benefited from the new order. While deindustrialization is easy enough to define, an assessment of its short and long run impact on living standards and GDP growth is more contentious and hinges on the root causes of deindustrialization.
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Preda, Alex. "In the Enchanted Grove: Financial Conversations and the Marketplace in England and France in the 18th Century." Journal of Historical Sociology 14, no. 3 (September 2001): 276–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-6443.00147.
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JOHNSTON, WARREN. "REVELATION AND THE REVOLUTION OF 1688–1689." Historical Journal 48, no. 2 (May 27, 2005): 351–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x05004437.
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The tendency to draw a sharp line of demarcation between pre- and post-1660 England has long been standard historical practice. This separation is especially evident in the study of apocalyptic thought, which is accepted as important to understanding the history of early and mid-seventeenth-century England: despite the efforts of some scholars to trace its subsequent developments, the presence of eschatological language and belief in the later seventeenth century is most often relegated to the radical margins and lunatic fringes of English society. This article demonstrates that apocalyptic convictions were not dismissed from mainstream relevance after 1660. Using the Revolution of 1688–9 as a case-study, it demonstrates that hopes and predictions of eschatological fulfilment were present among nonconformists and Church of England proponents alike. In their works are found apocalyptic celebrations of the events of 1688 and 1689, and also the continued concern with issues that had dominated domestic religious and political discourse for the previous three decades.
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Bobrov, D. S., and L. G. Zaitseva. "Key Approaches to the Study of History of Altai in 18th Century in Modern Russian Historiography." Nauchnyi dialog 1, no. 10 (October 31, 2020): 310–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2020-10-310-322.
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The article is devoted to a comprehensive examination of theoretical approaches to the study of the history of Altai in the 18th century, developed by Russian specialists over the past three decades. The relevance of the study is associated with the emerging trend in domestic science towards a holistic understanding of the retrospective of individual regions, including through understanding the interdependent role of various social and administrative factors in the colonization process. Special attention is paid to the conceptual assessment of the nature of the initial development of Altai. The methodological grounds for applying the theories of military colonization, frontier, frontier modernization to the history of the region are outlined. The authors state the presence in the scientific literature of two non-identical approaches to the characterization of the Russian border in the south of Western Siberia. The authors demonstrate the obvious desire of historians to carry out comprehensive studies of regional and local levels of civil and mining management, which has emerged against the background of the preservation of the heuristic significance of microhistorical analysis of the role of individual fortified (fortresses, forts) or production facilities (factories). The diversity and conceptual heterogeneity of modern Russian historiography of the history of Altai in the 18th century is summarized. Some forecasts of the development of the historiographic situation are formulated.
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Minns, Chris, and Patrick Wallis. "The price of human capital in a pre-industrial economy: Premiums and apprenticeship contracts in 18th century England." Explorations in Economic History 50, no. 3 (July 2013): 335–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eeh.2013.02.001.
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Teleshov, Sergey, and Elena Teleshova. "EDUCATIONAL TEXTS FOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS, REALISTS AND CA-DETS OF THE XIX CENTURY: METHODICAL ASPECT." Natural Science Education in a Comprehensive School (NSECS) 24, no. 1 (April 15, 2018): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.48127/gu/18.24.105.
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Until the end of the 18th century, Russia did not have original chemistry textbooks. Every-body had to use translations, including textbooks of physics, in which there was always a section on chemical phenomena. In the early 19th century domestic textbooks of chemistry appeared. At first they were few. Their undoubted advantage was that they were made by those who directly taught at school. Your attention is invited to the history of textbooks containing information on school chemistry. For the best of them, a brief description is given. Of considerable interest are the methodical views of the authors of first original textbooks. Their approach is quite appropriate in the preparation of modern educational texts on natural Sciences. Key words: school textbooks, 19th century, chemistry methodics, methodical experience.
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Razzell, Peter. "The Growth of Population in Eighteenth-Century England: A Critical Reappraisal." Journal of Economic History 53, no. 4 (December 1993): 743–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700051305.
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Population growth in eighteenth-century England was due mainly to a fall in mortality, which was particularly marked during the first half of the century. The fall affected all socioeconomic groups and does not appear to have occurred for primarily economic reasons. In addition to an explanation involving the introduction of smallpox inoculation, the major hypothesis considered in this article is that the significant improvement in domestic hygiene associated with the rebuilding of housing in brick and tile brought about a major reduction in mortality.
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Honka, Johanna, Matti Heino, Laura Kvist, Igor Askeyev, Dilyara Shaymuratova, Oleg Askeyev, Arthur Askeyev, Marja Heikkinen, Jeremy Searle, and Jouni Aspi. "Over a Thousand Years of Evolutionary History of Domestic Geese from Russian Archaeological Sites, Analysed Using Ancient DNA." Genes 9, no. 7 (July 20, 2018): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes9070367.
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The European domestic goose is a widely farmed species known to have descended from the wild greylag goose (Anser anser). However, the evolutionary history of this domesticate is still poorly known. Ancient DNA studies have been useful for many species, but there has been little such work on geese. We have studied temporal genetic variation among domestic goose specimens excavated from Russian archaeological sites (4th–18th centuries) using a 204 base pair fragment of the mitochondrial control region. Specimens fell into three different genetic clades: the domestic D-haplogroup, the F-haplogroup that includes both wild and domestic geese, and a clade comprising another species, the taiga bean goose. Most of the subfossil geese carried typical domestic D-haplotypes. The domestication status of the geese carrying F-haplotypes is less certain, as the haplotypes identified were not present among modern domestic geese and could represent wild geese (misclassified as domestics), introgression from wild geese, or local domestication events. The bones of taiga bean goose were most probably misidentified as domestic goose but the domestication of bean goose or hybridization with domestic goose is also possible. Samples from the 4th to 10th century were clearly differentiated from the later time periods due to a haplotype that was found only in this early period, but otherwise no temporal or geographical variation in haplotype frequencies was apparent.
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Berman, Anna A. "The Family Novel (and Its Curious Disappearance)." Comparative Literature 72, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00104124-7909939.
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Abstract What is a family novel? Russian literary scholars—who use the term frequently—claim that it is originally an English genre, yet in English scholarship the term has virtually disappeared. This article recovers the lost history of the family novel, tracing two separate strands: usage of the term and form/content of the novels. The genre began in England with Richardsonian domestic fiction and spread to Russia, where it evolved along different lines, shaped by the different social and political context. In England, the fate of the term turns out to be tied up with the fate of women writers in the nineteenth century, and then with the rise of feminist studies in the late twentieth that, in validating the importance of the domestic sphere, caused family novel to be superseded by domestic fiction. In Russia, by contrast, the great family novels of the nineteenth century were not associated with women or the domestic sphere, nor—as it turns out—were they considered to be family novels at the time they were written. Only in twentieth-century scholarship, as the original meaning of the term was lost, did they become family novels. In recovering the lost history of the term, this article illustrates the way later ideology and theoretical emphases that shape the language of scholarship ultimately reshape our understanding of the past.
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Souckova, Tatana. "Matthias Bel and the Russian Academic Milieu during the Enlightenment." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 67, no. 2 (2022): 467–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.209.
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Since the 1950s the Czech, Slovak, and Hungarian scholars have carried out research aimed at analysing the personal correspondence of Matthias Bel, a Hungarian polymath and one of the most significant intellectuals of the first half of the 18th century in the Habsburg monarchy. Analysis of Bel’s letters has revealed many interesting facts about Bel’s life as a Baroque scholar. It has also brought to light the sphere of his collaborations with various colleagues, both domestic and foreign ones. Amongst Bel’s contacts, there were also German scientists from the St Petersburg Academy of Sciences, most importantly, Gottlieb Siegfried Bayer and Christian Goldbach. With the recent emergence of the projects supporting the publication of the bilingual Latin-Slovak translations of Bel’s major work Notitia Hungariae novae historico geographica, historians have been seeking for to widen a range of its possible interpretations or to compare Bel’s opus magnum with similar works of his contemporaries. The study thus focuses on the analysis of a trace, which Bel’s communication left in the Russian historical milieu in the first half of the 18th century. On the basis of historical sources, and with corresponding relevant scholarship, a connection with Vasilii Nikitich Tatishchev’s work Istoriia rossiiskaia is outlined. With Bayer being in contact with both Bel and Tatishchev, a rather unexpected bridge was built between the Hungarian and Russian science in the era of the early Enlightenment. The aim of the study is to introduce new, and yet unpublished discoveries about the work of Matthias Bel and Vasilii Nikitich Tatishchev.
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Lastovskyi, Valerii. "A view from Poland: the state and the Orthodox church in the Ukrainian lands in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries as reflected in the Polish historical research." Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 14, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rjbns-2022-0005.
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Abstract This article explores the shifting perspectives of Polish academics about the role of the Orthodox Church in domestic and interstate relations within the Commonwealth and the Russian Empire. Why Poland’s sovereignty crumbled at the end of the 18th century was one of the most critical questions Polish historians sought to explain. Since Bohdan Khmelnytskii’s uprising, Moscow’s geopolitical objectives had placed the Ukrainian territories in the forefront of their attention. It has been documented that the nineteenth-century Polish scientific research was more concerned with the social and political impact of Orthodox Churches in Commonwealth regions than any other aspect of its history. However, this scenario has altered through time. Since the eighteenth century, the viewpoints of Polish historians have changed drastically. Additionally, they investigated the inner workings of churches and religious activity in Ukraine.
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Morgan, Carol E. "The Domestic Image and Factory Culture: The Cotton District in Mid-Nineteenth-Century England." International Labor and Working-Class History 49 (1996): 26–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547900001691.
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Sokolov, Andrey. "Crime and Punishment in England in the 18th century (S. Vasilieva, I. Ehrlichson. Crime and Punishment in English Social Thought of the 18th century. Essays on intellectual history. Saint-Petersburg, 2020)." Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, no. 1 (2021): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640013393-0.
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Hodacs, Hanna, and Mathias Persson. "Globalizing the savage: From stadial theory to a theory of luxury in late-18th-century Swedish discussions of Africa." History of the Human Sciences 32, no. 4 (July 22, 2019): 100–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695119836590.
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This article examines the effects of globalization on changing notions of the ‘savage’. We compare discussions taking place in different contexts in the late 18th century concerning two Swedish scholars and travellers to Africa: Anders Sparrman (1748–1820), a naturalist and Linnaean disciple, and Carl Bernhard Wadström (1746–99), an engineer and economist. Both moved in Swedish Swedenborgian circles, and both became involved in the British abolitionist movement. Nevertheless, their images of African ‘Others’ diverged in crucial respects, reflecting differences in their ideological outlooks, institutional affiliations, and understandings of how the world was changing. More specifically, we argue that the perception of global change brought about by a new economic framework of production and consumption provides a key for reading and comparing Wadström’s and Sparrman’s texts. Comparing their divergent uses of ‘savagery’, the article also highlights the versatility of the savage as a tool for presenting distant parts of the world to a domestic audience.
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Hickman, Clare. "The garden as a laboratory: the role of domestic gardens as places of scientific exploration in the long 18th century." Post-Medieval Archaeology 48, no. 1 (June 2014): 229–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/0079423614z.00000000054.
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Yu, Sukyung. "Production and Consumption of Coromandel Lacquer Screens in the 17th and 18th Centuries." Korean Journal of Art History 312 (December 31, 2021): 75–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.31065/kjah.312.202112.003.
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Coromandel lacquer screen is a Chinese folding screen made from the 17th century to 19th century in China. The screen is usually about 250cm high, 600cm width and consisting of twelve panels. Although these screens were made in China during the Qing dynasty, they received their name from India’s Coromandel coast, where they were transshipped to Europe in the late 17th and early 18th centuries by merchants of the English and Dutch East India companies. The Dutch traders carried these screens from Bantam in Java, and in early accounts they were frequently called Bantam screens as well as Coromandel screens. This paper examines Coromandel lacquer screen's art historical significance in the incising global interaction and consumer culture in the 17th and 18th centuries. It first discusses historical and cultural background of production in China which have been little known about. The primary sources focus on the record of <i>Xiu Shi lu</i>, the 16th century book about lacquer, and the inscriptions left on the screens. They will give information about when the screens were produced, what was the purpose of them, and the technique of decoratively incising lacquer and adding polychrome to the voids, called <i>kuan cai</i> in Chinese. The lacquer screen features a continuous scene run through all twelve panels, just like a hand-scroll painting with variety of colours. The prominent subjects for decoration are human figures, landscape and bird-and-flower. The narrative theme with human figures, such as Birthday Reception for General Guo Ziyi and the World of Immortals were shaped by literature or play. Also, the parallels between the lacquer screens and the paintings on the same theme are found. The scenes with Europeans are rare but bring various interpretations within the historical context of the time. The landscape themes, such as the Scenes of Lake Xihu and the Nine Bend in Mountain Wuyi, were depicted famous scenic spots in China. The composition and expression of the screens were probably inspired by landscape woodblock prints, it’s because the technique of lacquer screen and woodblock cutting are similar. Lastly, bird-and-flower theme has a long tradition of wishing longevity, happiness and peace in one’s life and produced in various medium. Thanks to the enormous progress in navigation and discovered sea roots in the 16th century, Dutch and England East India Companies imported quantities of Chinese lacquerworks in the 17th century. As Chinoiserie gain popularity all over Europe, Chinese objects were consumed in various ways. Imported Coromandel lacquer screens were incorporated into European interiors. They were cut into a number of panels, which mounted within wood paneling on walls and inserted into contemporary furniture. The lacquer screen also inspired European’s imitation of Asian lacquer known by a variety of names. This paper surveys Coromandel lacquer screen’s domestic production, exploding consumption and global conquest from the 17th century to 18th centuries, when the screen was explosively made. The lacquer screen is an active participant in cross-cultural interaction, not merely a passive commodity of china. Investigating the material culture of the lacquer screen, it was originally created in chinese domestic background concerned with social prestige, in Europe, consumed to show off exotic luxury and triggered a new stylistic changes in chinoiserie.
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Román, Gustavo. "Vascular Dementia: A Historical Background." International Psychogeriatrics 15, S1 (July 2003): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610203008901.
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The history of vascular dementia can be traced back to cases of dementia postapoplexy described by Thomas Willis in 1672. During most of the 18th and early 19th century, “brain congestion” (due in all likelihood to the effects of untreated hypertension) was the most frequent diagnosis for conditions ranging from stroke to anxiety and to cognitive decline, and bloodletting became the commonplace therapy. The modern history of vascular dementia began in 1894 with the contributions of Otto Binswanger and Alois Alzheimer, who separated vascular dementia from dementia paralytica caused by neurosyphilis. In the 1960s, the seminal neuropathological and clinical studies of the New Castle school in England inaugurated the modern era of vascular dementia.
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Lasser, Carol. "The domestic balance of power: Relations between mistress and maid in nineteenth-century new England." Labor History 28, no. 1 (January 1987): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00236568700890011.
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Shul'zhenko, Yury. "The problem of constitutionalism in domestic constitutional projects of the second half of the XVIII century." Sociopolitical sciences 10, no. 1 (February 28, 2020): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2223-0092-2020-10-1-21-27.
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Abstract. Today, one of the most important, most difficult tasks in Russia is the development, improvement of real, practical constitutionalism. For its successful solution, of great importance is the study, taking into account the historical experience of our country in this area. And it is precisely in this that the relevance of the presented article lies, which is devoted to the analysis of the first domestic constitutional projects that appeared in the second half of the 18th century, the consolidation, regulation of the institutions of constitutionalism in them, their possibility of using, of course, with appropriate amendments in modern conditions. Note that these issues have been and remain in the focus of attention of foreign scientists, for example, D.L. Ransel, S.N. Wittaker, C.S. Lenard, M. Raev, S. Bartolissi. The author’s approach to the very concept of “constitutionalism” as a multilateral phenomenon associated with the real presence of the constitution is presented; practical constitutionalism; theoretical constitutionalism. The characteristic of constitutional drafts, the provisions contained in them, concerning constitutionalism of representatives of various kinds of currents of political and legal thought of the second half of the 18th century, and especially the nobility, enlightenment, and popular movement, is given. Based on the analysis, it is concluded that, first of all, in the Russian constitutional projects of that time, three most important institutes of constitutionalism are fixed – representation, and in this regard, representative democracy, parliamentarism; self management; separation of powers. Their contents are disclosed. Note that all these three institutions are present in modern Russia. But the question of their improvement, real effective functioning remains in demand. First of all, three fundamental research methods were used in the work: dogmatic; historical and legal; comparative legal. The article is of interest to government officials, students, university professors, researchers, all those who are interested in issues of constitutional law of the Russian Federation, the domestic history of the state and law.
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Niu, Lili, KeYu Shi, Jing-Jing Xie, Sen Liu, and Tao Zhong. "Divergent Evolutional Mode and Purifying Selection of the KIT Gene in European and Asian Domestic Pig Breeds." BioMed Research International 2018 (August 19, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8932945.
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The recent geographic expansion of wild boars and the even more recent development of numerous domestic pigs have spurred exploration on pig domestic origins. The porcine KIT gene has been showed to affect pleiotropic effects, blood parameters, and coat colour phenotypes, especially the white colour phenotype formation in European commercial breeds. Here, we described the use of SNPs to identify different selection patterns on the porcine KIT gene and the phylogenetic relationships of the inferred haplotypes. The phylogenetic tree revealed four clades in European and Asian wild and domestic pigs: two major clades with European and Asian origins and one minor clade with Iberian origins as well as the other minor clade in Asia, consistent with the major introgression of domestic Asian pigs in Europe around 18th -19th century. The domestication history of pigs, which occurred in the domestication centers (Europe and Asia), has also been demonstrated by mtDNA analysis. Furthermore, both Asian and European domestic pigs evolved under purifying selection. This study indicated that domestic pigs in Europe and Asia have different lineage origins but the porcine KIT gene was undergoing a purifying selection during their evolutional histories.