Academic literature on the topic 'Domain Specialization'
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Journal articles on the topic "Domain Specialization"
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Wang, Chee Keng John, Leonard Tan, and Eugene I. Dairianathan. "Achievement Goals, Implicit Theories, and Intrinsic Motivation: A Test of Domain Specificity Across Music, Visual Art, and Sports." Journal of Research in Music Education 66, no. 3 (June 25, 2018): 320–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022429418784563.
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The purpose of this study was to test the domain specificity of achievement goals across music, visual art, and sports specializations, as measured by Elliot’s 2 × 2 achievement goal framework. Participants in the study were 103 volunteer student teachers from a teacher training institute in Singapore specializing in music, visual art, and physical education. Data were collected via self-report questionnaires that included measures of (a) the 2 × 2 achievement goal orientation constructs; (b) incremental and entity beliefs among the participants in music, visual art, and sports; and (c) participants’ enjoyment, perceived competence, effort, and tension while being engaged in music, visual art, and sports. MANOVA analyses indicated that (a) achievement goals are domain-specific and are highest in participants’ area of specialization; (b) implicit theories can be generalized across the three specializations, with higher incremental beliefs than entity beliefs reported across all specializations; and (c) enjoyment was highest for those who specialized in that particular area. Finally, mastery-approach goals positively predicted enjoyment in each specialization.
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Nakamura, Kimitoshi, Anna Zuppini, Serge Arnaudeau, Jeffery Lynch, Irfan Ahsan, Ryoko Krause, Sylvia Papp, et al. "Functional specialization of calreticulin domains." Journal of Cell Biology 154, no. 5 (August 27, 2001): 961–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200102073.
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Calreticulin is a Ca2+-binding chaperone in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and calreticulin gene knockout is embryonic lethal. Here, we used calreticulin-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts to examine the function of calreticulin as a regulator of Ca2+ homeostasis. In cells without calreticulin, the ER has a lower capacity for Ca2+ storage, although the free ER luminal Ca2+ concentration is unchanged. Calreticulin-deficient cells show inhibited Ca2+ release in response to bradykinin, yet they release Ca2+ upon direct activation with the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3). These cells fail to produce a measurable level of InsP3 upon stimulation with bradykinin, likely because the binding of bradykinin to its cell surface receptor is impaired. Bradykinin binding and bradykinin-induced Ca2+ release are both restored by expression of full-length calreticulin and the N + P domain of the protein. Expression of the P + C domain of calreticulin does not affect bradykinin-induced Ca2+ release but restores the ER Ca2+ storage capacity. Our results indicate that calreticulin may play a role in folding of the bradykinin receptor, which affects its ability to initiate InsP3-dependent Ca2+ release in calreticulin-deficient cells. We concluded that the C domain of calreticulin plays a role in Ca2+ storage and that the N domain may participate in its chaperone functions.
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Pandini, A., and L. Bonati. "Conservation and specialization in PAS domain dynamics." Protein Engineering, Design and Selection 18, no. 3 (March 1, 2005): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/protein/gzi017.
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Nowatzki, Tony, Vinay Gangadhar, Karthikeyan Sankaralingam, and Greg Wright. "Domain Specialization Is Generally Unnecessary for Accelerators." IEEE Micro 37, no. 3 (2017): 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mm.2017.60.
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Schreibmayer, W., and M. Waller. "Domain specialization in voltage-dependent Na+ and Ca2+ channels." Journal of Theoretical Biology 151, no. 1 (July 1991): 141–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5193(05)80148-1.
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Garanina, N. O., I. S. Anureev, O. I. Borovikova, and V. E. Zyubin. "Methods for Domain Specialization of Verification-Oriented Process Ontologies." Automatic Control and Computer Sciences 54, no. 7 (December 2020): 740–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s014641162007007x.
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Petrov, Alexander A., David J. Jilk, and Randall C. O'Reilly. "The Leabra architecture: Specialization without modularity." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 33, no. 4 (August 2010): 286–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x10001160.
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AbstractThe posterior cortex, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex in the Leabra architecture are specialized in terms of various neural parameters, and thus are predilections for learning and processing, but domain-general in terms of cognitive functions such as face recognition. Also, these areas are not encapsulated and violate Fodorian criteria for modularity. Anderson's terminology obscures these important points, but we applaud his overall message.
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Grove, B. D., and A. W. Vogl. "Sertoli cell ectoplasmic specializations: a type of actin-associated adhesion junction?" Journal of Cell Science 93, no. 2 (June 1, 1989): 309–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.93.2.309.
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In this paper we provide evidence that ectoplasmic specializations are a form of intercellular adhesion junction. Ectoplasmic specializations, found at basal junctions between adjacent Sertoli cells and at sites of adhesion between Sertoli cells and germ cells, consist of actin filament bundles sandwiched between the plasma membrane and a cistern of endoplasmic reticulum. The actin filaments in each bundle are unipolar and are hexagonally packed. The bundles are coupled to the adjacent membranes and to each other. Because ectoplasmic specializations are associated with junctional sites, they may play a role in intercellular adhesion. In this study, we report a procedure for obtaining samples enriched for ectoplasmic specializations and identify polypeptides that may be associated with ectoplasmic specializations. On SDS-polyacrylamide gels, an 83K (K = 10(3) Mr) polypeptide is specific to the ectoplasmic specialization-enriched sample, suggesting that it may be a component of ectoplasmic specializations. Other polypeptides at 38, 53, 56 and 69K also may be associated with ectoplasmic specializations. Immunoblots further indicate that fimbrin and vinculin are present in the ectoplasmic specialization-enriched fraction. In addition, immunofluorescence indicates that vinculin is associated with spermatid-Sertoli cell and Sertoli-Sertoli cell junctions. We suspect that fimbrin, an actin-bundling protein, may be involved in cross-linking the hexagonally packed actin filaments in ectoplasmic specializations while vinculin may be associated with actin-membrane linkages. If so, ectoplasmic specializations may be a new class of actin-associated junctional site. Moreover, the presence of vinculin in testicular fractions enriched for ectoplasmic specializations and at junctional sites supports the view that these structures may play a role in intercellular adhesion, possibly by stabilizing an adhesive membrane domain.
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JEFFREY WYATT and MITCHELL RABINOWITZ. "The impact of domain and subject specialization on knowledge organization." American Journal of Psychology 123, no. 3 (2010): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/amerjpsyc.123.3.0295.
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van Zuylen, Henk J. "Multidisciplinarity in Transport Research and Education." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1729, no. 1 (January 2000): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1729-10.
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The evolution of science has followed the path of specialization—a certain domain of knowledge within one discipline becomes a discipline in itself with its own paradigms and social structure of scientists and institutions. Multidisciplinarity is the reverse movement; progress is sought not in further specialization but in the integration of several approaches. This kind of research can take many forms. The simplest form of multidisciplinary problem solving is to split problems into subproblems and then solve each subproblem in a monodisciplinary fashion. Another way is to integrate the monodisciplinary contributions into a single, complete solution. A third way is to apply the paradigms of one discipline to enhance the problem-solving potential of another. Research in the domain of transportation is well suited to the different forms of the multidisciplinary approach. Many problems in transportation have aspects in the domains of disciplines ranging from pure engineering to psychology and ethics. Furthermore, only a few practical transportation problems can be solved satisfactorily without the cooperation of many disciplines. Finally, many examples within the domain of transportation show that completely new areas of knowledge have been developed by the integration of elements from other disciplines. Multidisciplinarity for the education of transport and traffic professionals is essential for the healthy development of the transport domain.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Domain Specialization"
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Castillo, Gonzalo. "Domain-general perspectives on the neurocognitive specialization of language." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/459073.
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This dissertation proposes that the frontotemporal network involved in the neural substrate of language processing is as a subset of a domain-general system mediated by predictive processing mechanisms. Instead of attributing independent functions to each of its patterns of activity, it redescribes them as deriving from differences in the performance of this system when attempting integrations. In particular, it proposes that dorsal-ventral interactions are behind all linguistic and cognitive functions, representing as a single stream the exchange of feedforward (prediction error) and feedback (prediction) information under differing degrees of estimated certainty. This exchange is in turn manifested across a rostrocaudal hierarchy ending in pars triangularis, which connects the current processing context with retrieved task sets for its more efficient, proactive processing, and is generally involved in cognitive control.
The proposed domain-general system produces different cross-network interactivity patterns based on the ongoing levels of expected and unexpected uncertainty, sustaining language and cognition. Evidence for these is gathered from event-related potentials, oscillatory activity, neurochemistry, network neuroscience, and a broad range of cognitive neuroscience studies.
The last part of the dissertation studies the related problem of how language and speech could evolve simultaneously as a result of continuous, quantitative changes taking place in the aforementioned domain-general system. This section proposes a new framework to study the evolution of vocal learning abilities in connection with domain- general cognition, based on primate neural scaling rules and connectivity enhancements, and argues against comparative perspectives that only focus on animal vocalizations in order to explain human specificity.Esta disertación propone que la red frontotemporal involucrada en el sustrato neuronal del procesamiento del lenguaje es una parte de un sistema de dominio general mediado por mecanismos de codificación predictiva. En lugar de atribuir funciones independientes a cada patrón de actividad, estos son redescritos como derivados de diferencias de rendimiento en este sistema a la hora de realizar integraciones. En particular, se propone que las interacciones dorsales y ventrales sustentan todas las funciones lingüísticas y cognitivas, representando como una única corriente un intercambio de información de tipo feedback (error predictivo) y feedforward (predicción) bajo distintos grados de certidumbre estimada. Este intercambio a su vez se manifiesta a lo largo de una jerarquía rostrocaudal, generalmente involucrada en el control cognitivo, que termina en pars triangularis, la cual conecta el contexto de procesamiento actual con grupos de tareas recordados con el fin de su procesamiento más eficiente y proactivo. Este sistema de dominio general propuesto produce diferentes patrones de interacción entre redes funcionales basados en los actuales niveles de incertidumbre esperada e inesperada, sustentando el lenguaje y la cognición. También se busca evidencia para este modelo en estudios sobre potenciales evocados, actividad oscilatoria, neuroquímica, neurociencia de redes, y múltiples estudios de neurociencia cognitiva. La última parte de esta disertación estudia el problema relacionado de cómo el lenguaje y el habla pudieron haber evolucionado simultáneamente como resultado de cambios continuos y cuantitativos en este sistema de dominio general. Esta sección propone un nuevo marco para estudiar la evolución del aprendizaje vocal en conexión con la cognición de dominio general, basado en reglas de escalado neuronal en primates y mejoras de conectividad. También se argumenta en contra de perspectivas comparativas que solo se basa en la vocalización animal para explicar la especificidad humana.
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Khowaja, Zohra Ahsan. "Structural domain modelling for policy language specialization with conflict analysis." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/10994.
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Policies are descriptive and provide information which can be used to modify the behaviour of a system without the need of recompilation and redeployment. They are usually written in a policy definition language which allows end users to specify their requirements, preferences and constraints. Policies are used in many software application areas: network management, telecommunications, security, and access control are some typical examples. Ponder, KAoS, Rein, XACML, and WSPL are examples of policy definition languages. These languages are usually targeted at a specific domain, hence there is a plethora of languages. APPEL (the Adaptable Programmable Policy Environment Language) [69] has followed a different approach: It is a generic policy description language conceived with a clear separation between core language and its specialization for concrete domains. So far, there has not been any formal method for the extension and domain specialization of the APPEL policy language. Policy conflict can occur when a new or a modified policy is deployed in a policy server, which leads to unspecified behaviour. To make policy based systems conflict free it is necessary to detect and resolve conflicts before they occur, otherwise the intended behaviour of a policy cannot be guaranteed. We introduce a structural modelling approach to specialize the policy language for different domains, implemented in the VIATRA2 graph transformation tool. This approach is applied to APPEL. Our method for conflict analysis is based on the modelling methodology. As conflicts depend on domain knowledge, it is sensible to use this knowledge for conflict analysis. The identified conflicting actions are then encoded in the ALLOY model checker that confirm the existence of actual and potential conflicts.
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Weber, Gabriela. "Auxiliary specialization opportunities in landscape architecture: nature of profession, current view, allied relationships, skills & knowledge, and future directions." Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/19044.
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Master of Landscape ArchitectureLandscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning
Howard D. Hahn
Landscape architecture’s scope of knowledge and professional practice is continuously broadening. Formalized certification and certification standards do not exist to date; as a result, limiting the depth of knowledge in landscape architects. Beyond competency in core skills like natural systems, site planning and design, and visualization graphics, the general knowledge base of most landscape architects spans a variety of disciplines. This ability to “see the bigger picture” offers certain strengths when “placemaking”, interacting with allied professionals, and leading project teams; yet there are limited opportunities for landscape architects to formally develop a depth of expertise. An extensive literature search identified forty-one knowledge domains that exist in landscape architecture. This report identifies fourteen domains that landscape architects need in current and future work supported with identified core skills and knowledge in the profession. This report seeks to update the Council of Landscape Architecture Registration Board’s (CLARB) identification of knowledge domains by layering skills and knowledge found in sixty current job postings, literature search, and structured interviews. In addition, this report identifies future trends in the profession and marketplace and future dilemmas landscape architects must address in the next twenty years. Content analysis of certification programs offered to landscape architecture students at accredited schools was conducted. A certification precedent study was conducted to understand the range of certification standards that exist in order to propose a standardized certification program. Thirteen themes are identified in the structured interviews that are incorporated into themes of this report. Overall, professionals feel that landscape architecture’s strength as a generalist profession makes the profession unique from its allied professions. However, some professionals acknowledge that as a landscape architect progresses in his or her career, they tend toward areas of specialization. This report suggests that certifications be offered to graduate students and professionals, explains specialization in the profession, and identifies areas landscape architects need to increase their skills and knowledge in, to stay relevant.
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Borggren, Lukas. "Automatic Categorization of News Articles With Contextualized Language Models." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Artificiell intelligens och integrerade datorsystem, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-177004.
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This thesis investigates how pre-trained contextualized language models can be adapted for multi-label text classification of Swedish news articles. Various classifiers are built on pre-trained BERT and ELECTRA models, exploring global and local classifier approaches. Furthermore, the effects of domain specialization, using additional metadata features and model compression are investigated. Several hundred thousand news articles are gathered to create unlabeled and labeled datasets for pre-training and fine-tuning, respectively. The findings show that a local classifier approach is superior to a global classifier approach and that BERT outperforms ELECTRA significantly. Notably, a baseline classifier built on SVMs yields competitive performance. The effect of further in-domain pre-training varies; ELECTRA’s performance improves while BERT’s is largely unaffected. It is found that utilizing metadata features in combination with text representations improves performance. Both BERT and ELECTRA exhibit robustness to quantization and pruning, allowing model sizes to be cut in half without any performance loss.
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Morewitz, Courtney L. "A Specialization Approach to Competition: Self-Evaluation Maintenance in Highly Relevant Performance Domains Within the Context of Romantic Relationships." W&M ScholarWorks, 2003. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626420.
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Killoran, Michael Paul. "Specialization of multiple HRDC domains in bacterial RecQ helicases." 2008. http://www.library.wisc.edu/databases/connect/dissertations.html.
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Mooman, Abdelniser. "Multi-Agent User-Centric Specialization and Collaboration for Information Retrieval." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/6991.
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The amount of information on the World Wide Web (WWW) is rapidly growing in pace and topic diversity. This has made it increasingly difficult, and often frustrating, for information seekers to retrieve the content they are looking for as information retrieval systems (e.g., search engines) are unable to decipher the relevance of the retrieved information as it pertains to the information they are searching for.
This issue can be decomposed into two aspects: 1) variability of information relevance as it pertains to an information seeker. In other words, different information seekers may enter the same search text, or keywords, but expect completely different results. It is therefore, imperative that information retrieval systems possess an ability to incorporate a model of the information seeker in order to estimate the relevance and context of use of information before presenting results. Of course, in this context, by a model we mean the capture of trends in the information seeker's search behaviour. This is what many researchers refer to as the personalized search. 2) Information diversity. Information available on the World Wide Web today spans multitudes of inherently overlapping topics, and it is difficult for any information retrieval system to decide effectively on the relevance of the information retrieved in response to an information seeker's query. For example, the information seeker who wishes to use WWW to learn about a cure for a certain illness would receive a more relevant answer if the search engine was optimized into such domains of topics. This is what is being referred to in the WWW nomenclature as a 'specialized search'.
This thesis maintains that the information seeker's search is not intended to be completely random and therefore tends to portray itself as consistent patterns of behaviour. Nonetheless, this behaviour, despite being consistent, can be quite complex to capture. To accomplish this goal the thesis proposes a Multi-Agent Personalized Information Retrieval with Specialization Ontology (MAPIRSO). MAPIRSO offers a complete learning framework that is able to model the end user's search behaviour and interests and to organize information into categorized domains so as to ensure maximum relevance of its responses as they pertain to the end user queries. Specialization and personalization are accomplished using a group of collaborative agents. Each agent employs a Reinforcement Learning (RL) strategy to capture end user's behaviour and interests. Reinforcement learning allows the agents to evolve their knowledge of the end user behaviour and interests as they function to serve him or her. Furthermore, REL allows each agent to adapt to changes in an end user's behaviour and interests.
Specialization is the process by which new information domains are created based on existing information topics, allowing new kinds of content to be built exclusively for information seekers. One of the key characteristics of specialization domains is the seeker centric - which allows intelligent agents to create new information based on the information seekers' feedback and their behaviours.
Specialized domains are created by intelligent agents that collect information from a specific domain topic. The task of these specialized agents is to map the user's query to a repository of specific domains in order to present users with relevant information. As a result, mapping users' queries to only relevant information is one of the fundamental challenges in Artificial Intelligent (AI) and machine learning research.
Our approach employs intelligent cooperative agents that specialize in building personalized ontology information domains that pertain to each information seeker's specific needs. Specializing and categorizing information into unique domains is one of the challenge areas that have been addressed and various proposed solutions were evaluated and adopted to address growing information. However, categorizing information into unique domains does not satisfy each individualized information seeker. Information seekers might search for similar topics, but each would have different interests. For example, medical information of a specific medical domain has different importance to both the doctor and patients. The thesis presents a novel solution that will resolve the growing and diverse information by building seeker centric specialized information domains that are personalized through the information seekers' feedback and behaviours. To address this challenge, the research examines the fundamental components that constitute the specialized agent: an intelligent machine learning system, user input queries, an intelligent agent, and information resources constructed through specialized domains.
Experimental work is reported to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed solution in addressing the overlapping information growth. The experimental work utilizes extensive user-centric specialized domain topics. This work employs personalized and collaborative multi learning agents and ontology techniques thereby enriching the queries and domains of the user.
Therefore, experiments and results have shown that building specialized ontology domains, pertinent to the information seekers' needs, are more precise and efficient compared to other information retrieval applications and existing search engines.
Books on the topic "Domain Specialization"
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Galton, Antony. Processes as Patterns of Occurrence. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777991.003.0003.
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This chapter explores the idea that processes may be understood as patterns of occurrence, whose individual realizations may take on the character of states or events, depending on the perspective from which they are considered. In this way the ontological relations between states, processes, and events are clarified by effectively defusing the question as to whether processes should be classed as subordinate to events, or vice versa, or whether they are both specializations of some broader superordinate category. A key distinction is made between open and closed patterns, initially in the spatial domain and then in the temporal domain, where new light is thrown on why the term ‘process’ has come to be used in strikingly different ways by different authors. Finally, the account of processes as patterns is put to use in providing a fruitful framework within which to investigate aspectual phenomena in natural language.
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Jacobs, Jerry A. The Need for Disciplines in the Modern Research University. Edited by Robert Frodeman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198733522.013.4.
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How does the concept of interdisciplinarity relate to the established liberal arts disciplines? “The Need for Disciplines in the Modern Research University” suggests that disciplines are an indispensable feature of a modern research university. Disciplines represent an institutionalized form of specialization that is inevitable in the context of the vast and rapidly growing domains of knowledge. They are forms of social organization that generate, evaluate, organize, and disseminate research and scholarship. A closer examination reveals that disciplines have many virtues: They are broad, not narrow; open, not siloed; dynamic, not ossified, and their contributions will be essential for addressing any of the world’s grand challenges. Specific policies intended to promote interdisciplinarity need to be designed in ways to strengthen the disciplinary strengths of the university.
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Klein, Julie Thompson, and Robert Frodeman. Interdisciplining Humanities. Edited by Robert Frodeman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198733522.013.13.
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This chapter surveys the predisciplinary past and more recent inter- and trans-disciplinary developments in humanities. After presenting a snapshot of two disciplines—art history and music studies—it outlines the trajectories of two traditionally text-based disciplines, philosophy and literary studies. While the English word “humanities” derives from a cultural development beginning in ancient Rome, the formation of the modern disciplines in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was a watershed in this history. Counter-traditions of general and holistic knowledge persisted, but specialization in segmented discipline-based domains increasingly shaped the contours of humanities education and research—to the detriment of older, transdisciplinary elements. Over the course of the twentieth century, a number of developments fostered interactions across the disciplines, extending from the importation of European philosophy and literary studies to postcolonial critique. Today new interdisciplinary fields appear as well as fresh efforts at transdisciplinary cultural and epistemological transformations.
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Klein, Julie Thompson. Typologies of Interdisciplinarity. Edited by Robert Frodeman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198733522.013.3.
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The dominant structure of knowledge in the twentieth century was division into domains of disciplinary specialization. In the latter half of the century this system was challenged by an increasing number of interdisciplinary activities. This chapter examines typologies of interdisciplinary activities, identifying patterns of consensus and fault lines of debate from the first major classification scheme in 1970 and continues to recent taxonomies that recognize new developments. The chapter compares similarities and differences in a framework of multidisciplinary juxtaposition and alignment of disciplines, interdisciplinary integration and collaboration, and transdisciplinary synthesis and trans-sector problem solving. It further distinguishes major variants of methodological versus theoretical interdisciplinarity, bridge building versus restructuring, and instrumental versus critical interdisciplinarity. Typologies are neither neutral nor static. They reflect choices of representation in a semantic web of differing purposes, contexts, organizational structures, and epistemological frameworks. They reassert, extend, interrogate, and reformulate existing classifications to address both ongoing and unmet needs.
Book chapters on the topic "Domain Specialization"
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Naujokat, Stefan, Johannes Neubauer, Tiziana Margaria, and Bernhard Steffen. "Meta-Level Reuse for Mastering Domain Specialization." In Leveraging Applications of Formal Methods, Verification and Validation: Discussion, Dissemination, Applications, 218–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47169-3_16.
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M. Yufik, Yan. "Brain Functional Architecture and Human Understanding." In Connectivity and Functional Specialization in the Brain. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95594.
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The opening line in Aristotle’s Metaphysics asserts that “humans desire to understand”, establishing understanding as the defining characteristic of the human mind and human species. What is understanding and what role does it play in cognition, what advantages does it confer, what brain mechanisms are involved? The Webster’s Dictionary defines understanding as “apprehending general relations in a multitude of particulars.” A proposal discussed in this chapter defines understanding as a form of active inference in self-adaptive systems seeking to expand their inference domains while minimizing metabolic costs incurred in the expansions. Under the same proposal, understanding is viewed as an advanced adaptive mechanism involving self-directed construction of mental models establishing relations between domain entities. Understanding complements learning and serves to overcome the inertia of learned behavior when conditions are unfamiliar or deviate from those experienced in the past. While learning is common across all animals, understanding is unique to the human species. This chapter will unpack these notions, focusing on different facets of understanding. The proposal formulates hypotheses regarding the underlying neuronal mechanisms, attempting to assess their plausibility and reconcile them with the recent ideas and findings concerning brain functional architecture.
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Paquette, Gilbert, Michel Léonard, and Karin Lundgren-Cayrol. "The MOT+Visual Language for Knowledge-Based Instructional Design." In Handbook of Visual Languages for Instructional Design, 132–53. IGI Global, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-729-4.ch008.
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This chapter states and explains that a Learning Design is the result of a knowledge engineering process where knowledge and competencies, learning design, media and delivery models are constructed in an integrated framework. Consequently, we present our MOT+ general graphical language and editor that help construct structured interrelated visual models. The MOT+LD editor is the newly added specialization of this editor for learning designs, producing IMS-LD compliant Units of Learning. The MOT+OWL editor is another specialization of the general visual language for knowledge and competency models based on the OWL specification. We situate both models within our taxonomy of knowledge models respectively as a multi-actor collaborative process and a domain theory. The association between these “content” models and learning design components is seen as the essential task in an instructional design methodology, to guide the construction of high quality learning environments.
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Lorenzi, Fabiana, Ana L. C. Bazzan, and Mara Abel. "Multiagent Truth Maintenance Applied to a Tourism Recommender System." In Tourism Informatics, 54–72. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-818-5.ch004.
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This chapter presents a multiagent recommender system applied to the tourism domain. The multiagent approach is able to deal with distributed expert knowledge to support travel agents in recommending tourism packages. Agents work as experts cooperating and communicating with each other, exchanging information to make the best recommendation possible considering the travelers’ preferences. Each agent has a truth maintenance system component that helps the agents to assume information during the recommendation process as well as to keep the integrity of their knowledge bases. The authors have validated the system via simulations where agents collaborate to recommend travel packages to the user and specialize in some of the tasks available. The experiments show that specialization is useful for the efficacy of the system.
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Franchi, Enrico, and Michele Tomaiuolo. "A Unified Framework for Traditional and Agent-Based Social Network Modeling." In Interdisciplinary Applications of Agent-Based Social Simulation and Modeling, 184–99. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-5954-4.ch011.
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In the last sixty years of research, several models have been proposed to explain (i) the formation and (ii) the evolution of networks. However, because of the specialization required for the problems, most of the agent-based models are not general. On the other hand, many of the traditional network models focus on elementary interactions that are often part of several different processes. This phenomenon is especially evident in the field of models for social networks. Therefore, this chapter presents a unified conceptual framework to express both novel agent-based and traditional social network models. This conceptual framework is essentially a meta-model that acts as a template for other models. To support this meta-model, the chapter proposes a different kind of agent-based modeling tool that we specifically created for developing social network models. The tool the authors propose does not aim at being a general-purpose agent-based modeling tool, thus remaining a relatively simple software system, while it is extensible where it really matters. Eventually, the authors apply this toolkit to a novel problem coming from the domain of P2P social networking platforms.
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Costa, Joana, Catarina Costa, and Aurora A. C. Teixeira. "Did Smart Specialization Approach Universities and Firms?" In University-Industry Collaboration Strategies in the Digital Era, 130–54. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3901-9.ch007.
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Smart specialisation is a major driver of contemporary regional development policy in the European Union. Politicians, policymakers, and academics enthusiastically wave smart specialisation as the remedy that will fix the problems affecting previous policy rounds. The expectations towards the ‘remedial' effect of smart specialisation bear on the assumption that the policy approach will place the emphasis on what is unique in a given region by means of a so-called entrepreneurial process of discovery, basically a wide participatory process, underpinning a learning mechanism aimed at revealing the R&D and innovation domains in which that region can hope to excel. Universities are generally seen as central organisations in smart specialisation strategies, as made explicit in policy documents and academic papers. The chapter aims at knowing more about the power of smart specialisation policies to induce change in university-industry interactions and the promotion of sustainable growth.
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Ferreira, Célia Marisa Fonseca, Paula Guerra, and Teresa Sá Marques. "Entrepreneurial Mission of an Academic Creative Incubator." In Smart Specialization Strategies and the Role of Entrepreneurial Universities, 187–208. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-6152-1.ch008.
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In Porto, like most European cities, cultural dimension and cultural activities have become increasingly important in recent years. Simultaneously, incubators became a way to promote creative business and support creative entrepreneurs, aiming at the local economic development. This is also recognized in academic institutions that boost academic third mission with, among others, the local positive cultural dynamics, responding to the domains of smart specialization defined to the northern region of Portugal. City center of Porto is, because of its centrality, where the expression of cultural and creative dimension assumes particular contours, being more concentrated and effervescent. In this chapter, the authors present the UPTEC PINC. For it, a methodological approach that combines qualitative and quantitative methods, namely interviews of the executive manager and start-ups installed in PINC and analysis of statistical indicators, is used.
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Iliescu, Dragoș, Felicia Veronica Banciu, and Simona Vasilache. "Collaborative Scientific Writing Between Writing Art and Project Management." In Handbook of Research on Student-Centered Strategies in Online Adult Learning Environments, 339–64. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5085-3.ch016.
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This chapter investigates collaborative scientific writing. The study presents a baseline and concepts embedded by research for an ad hoc group of authors. Transactive memory, which is a quality of a group achieving the desired synergy, is approached in literature through metaphors. The investigation focuses on a proposal to evaluate the transactive memory's quale. A specialization between group and team expresses the ability of online technology to enhance the authors' communication. The research examines synergy among the authors for different phases of experienced collaboration to achieve successful publishing. Three hypotheses were researched for the evaluation of transactive memory's quale. The findings suggest that the total amount of knowledge experienced by the group of authors, as resulting from the collaborative scientific writing, corresponds to the aggregated domains of deterministic and probabilistic spaces.
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"Natural Brains and Motivated, Emotional Mind." In Reductive Model of the Conscious Mind, 82–138. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-5653-5.ch004.
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We know that the brain is the seat of the mind. Constructing the reductive model of the conscious mind requires an indication of the laws according to which the mind emerges from biophysical processes occurring in natural brains. Because in Part I, the authors presented the theoretical model referring to the ideal structures of the imagined neural network, we now have easier task, because we need to indicate in the brains of the living beings those processes that functionally correspond to our postulates. Such suitability is not guaranteed by known processes occurring in specialized parts of the brain. The role of the primary sensory areas is a detailed analysis of sensory stimuli with specific modality. They result in analysis of the meaning of all useful stimuli and their interpretation used in various parts of the cortex. The high specialization of individual cortex areas is striking and are the result of evolutionary development of the brain. New brain structures, such as the new cortex, were added on the outskirts of existing structures, improving their performance in the ever more demanding environments, where other intelligent beings ravened. But even as we know the brain organization, we struggle to understand how it works. How neurons that make the brain work together to create the conscious mind. To discover functionally effective processes in the brain, one need to reach for the biophysical properties of the astrocyt-neural network. In this chapter, the authors suggest that some concepts of neuro-electro-dynamics and the phenomena of neuro- and synapto-genesis as well as synaptic couplings may explain the processes of categorization, generalization and association leading to the formation of extensive, semihierarchical brain structures constituting neural representations of perceptions, objects and phenomena. Natural brains meet the embodiment condition. They are products of evolution, so they have intentionality, their own goals and needs. So they can naturally show emotions, drives and instincts that motivate to act. This determines the nature of constructed mental representations. They are the subject of psychological research, which shows the motivation of pain and pleasure in the field of intelligent activities, as well as the motivation of curiosity and the need for understanding in the domain of propositional and phenomenal consciousness. They describe the way pain is felt in organisms as basic quale. The role of other qualia for “how-it-is-like to feel something” and their subjective character was explained, as well as their interspecies specificity was characterized. In this chapter, the authors present an elementary biophysical phenomenon, that is a flash of consciousness. This phenomenon is synaptic coupling formed in the course of learning. They justify that the stream of such phenomena is the foundation of consciousness. They also point out that the astrocytic-neural network meets all the conditions required to generate conscious sensations.
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Krawiec, Krzysztof, Christopher Simons, Jerry Swan, and John Woodward. "Metaheuristic Design Patterns." In Handbook of Research on Emergent Applications of Optimization Algorithms, 1–36. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2990-3.ch001.
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Design patterns capture the essentials of recurring best practice in an abstract form. Their merits are well established in domains as diverse as architecture and software development. They offer significant benefits, not least a common conceptual vocabulary for designers, enabling greater communication of high-level concerns and increased software reuse. Inspired by the success of software design patterns, this chapter seeks to promote the merits of a pattern-based method to the development of metaheuristic search software components. To achieve this, a catalog of patterns is presented, organized into the families of structural, behavioral, methodological and component-based patterns. As an alternative to the increasing specialization associated with individual metaheuristic search components, the authors encourage computer scientists to embrace the ‘cross cutting' benefits of a pattern-based perspective to optimization algorithms. Some ways in which the patterns might form the basis of further larger-scale metaheuristic component design automation are also discussed.
Conference papers on the topic "Domain Specialization"
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Fors, Niklas, and Görel Hedin. "Visual Instance Inlining and Specialization." In RWDSL '16: 1st International Workshop on Real World Domain Specific Languages. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2889420.2889423.
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Berkovsky, Shlomo, Tsvi Kuflik, and Francesco Ricci. "Distributed collaborative filtering with domain specialization." In the 2007 ACM conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1297231.1297238.
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Mutti, Simone, Enrico Bacis, and Stefano Paraboschi. "Policy Specialization to Support Domain Isolation." In CCS'15: The 22nd ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2809826.2809832.
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Kamil, Shoaib, Derrick Coetzee, and Armando Fox. "Bringing Parallel Performance to Python with Domain-Specific Selective Embedded Just-in-Time Specialization." In Python in Science Conference. SciPy, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.25080/majora-ebaa42b7-00f.
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Bastos, Erick Casagrande, Monalessa Perini Barcellos, and Ricardo De Almeida Falbo. "Semantic Documentation in Project Management." In XV Simpósio Brasileiro de Qualidade de Software. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sbqs.2016.15152.
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The existence of project management supporting tools did not eliminate the need of using desktop documents in this domain. However, retrieving information from documents is usually not trivial and depends on human effort. In this work we propose the use of semantic documentation in the project management domain as a way of getting useful information from data recorded in documents and spreadsheets. For this, we developed the Software Project Management Ontology and explored it to create features to support activities related to scope, time and cost management. The features were implemented in a specialization of the Infrastructure for Managing Semantic Documents, which was evaluated through an experimental study.
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Segapeli, Jean-Luc, and Annie Cavarero. "An Artificial Intelligence Based Algorithm for Object-Oriented Design." In ASME 1996 Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/96-detc/dac-1429.
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Abstract It is possible to classify the Object-Oriented design methods in two sets. The first set, which is the most numerous, uses an entity relationship approach to build a static class schema. Then this schema is completed by the use of different models (dynamic, functional). The second set tries to obtain a class schema but they don’t provide a guide to build it. So if different designers work on the same application, it is impossible to obtain the same schema. So, in this paper we want to prove that we have defined a new design process (generalization process) which is based upon a set of rules to guide the users and the designers to build a representation of their application. The originality of our process lays upon works developped in machine learning and artificial intelligence. We try to translate the expertize of users or designers given through examples into a class schema. Therefore we have defined a new algorithm of clustering to organize examples into a hierarchy of classes. This process is included in a project called C.O.D. (Class and Object Definition). The project is composed of different processes which take into account the expertize level of the designers and their knowledge about the application domain: specialization process, which is based upon generic application and fuzzy object classes; composition process, which uses a functional application definition with an algorithm to build classes and links between classes; generalization process, which is developed in this paper.
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Santos, Mariana, Rodrigo Amador, Paulo Henrique De Souza Bermejo, and Heitor Costa. "Similar Characteristics of Internal Software Quality Attributes for Object-Oriented Open-Source Software Projects." In XIII Simpósio Brasileiro de Qualidade de Software. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sbqs.2014.15254.
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Organizations are becoming increasingly concerned about software quality. In object-oriented (OO) systems, quality is characterized by measurements of internal quality attributes. An efficient and proper method to analyze software quality in the absence of fault-prone or defective data labels is cluster analysis. The aim of this paper is to find similarities among project structures by measuring characteristics of internal software quality. In a sample of 150 open-source software systems, we evaluated software using macro and micro categories. Results obtained using cluster analysis indicated that some domains such as Graphics, Games, and Development tend to have similarities in specialization, abstraction, stability, and complexity. These results exploit the ability of OO software metrics to find similar behavior across domains. The results provide an immediate view of the trends and characteristics of internal software quality of Java systems that need to be addressed so that software systems can continue to be maintainable.