Journal articles: 'Dog ownership'

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Dunn, Susan L., Michael Sit, Holli A. DeVon, Devynn Makidon, and Nathan L. Tintle. "Dog Ownership and Dog Walking." Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 33, no. 2 (2018): E7—E14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jcn.0000000000000418.

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Roger, Paul. "Irresponsible dog ownership." In Practice 33, no. 8 (August 31, 2011): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/inp.d4961.

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Hancock, Jude, Sue Jackson, and Andrew B. Johnson. "The Importance of Dog Ownership." American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 11, no. 1 (June 23, 2016): 86–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1559827615606668.

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Gastric banding (GB) is considered an option to support weight loss for individuals who are unable to lose weight through diet and exercise alone. Exercise is an important element of maintaining gradual weight loss following GB. Dog walking may be one method to encourage exercise and contribute to continued weight loss. Over a 5-year period, 24 individuals aged between 31 and 58 years (21 female; 12 dog-owners) were weighed at 7 time points. Intention to treat MANOVA analysis showed both groups lost a significant amount of weight, F(6, 17) = 15.7, P = .001, ηp2 = .85, but no difference was observed between dog owners and non–dog owners, F(6, 17) = 0.66, P = .68, ηp2 = .19, although from 24 months postbanding, data indicated dog owners appear to weigh less than non–dog owners. Further longitudinal research is warranted beyond 5 year post-GB; and encouraging exercise through dog walking may be a useful adjunct to increasing activity and promoting weight loss following GB.

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Minatoya, Machiko, Atsuko Ikeda-Araki, Chihiro Miyashita, Sachiko Itoh, Sumitaka Kobayashi, Keiko Yamazaki, Yu Ait Bamai, et al. "Association between Early Life Child Development and Family Dog Ownership: A Prospective Birth Cohort Study of the Japan Environment and Children’s Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13 (July 2, 2021): 7082. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18137082.

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Pets may play a role in the social-emotional development of children. In particular, some studies have suggested that family dog ownership is associated with better health outcomes. To date, no study has assessed child development in association with dog ownership of different time points. The purpose of the current study was primary to investigate whether “ever” family dog ownership was associated with early child development, and secondary to further examine whether associations between family dog ownership and early child development differ among family dog ownership of status, including “past only”, “current only”, and “always” groups, using the data of family dog ownership obtained at multiple time points. Associations between family dog ownership and infant development at 3 years of age were examined using data from a nationwide prospective birth cohort study, the Japan Environment and Children’s Study (n = 78,941). “Ever” family dog ownership was categorized to “past only”, “current only”, and “always”. We observed that children with “ever” family dog ownership showed a significantly decreased risk of developmental delay in the communication (odds ratio [OR] = 0.87; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.78, 0.96), gross motor (OR = 0.83; 95% CI: 0.76, 0.92), problem-solving (OR = 0.89; 95% CI: 0.83, 0.96) and personal-social (OR = 0.86; 95% CI: 0.72, 0.92) domains compared to children with “never” family dog ownership. Furthermore, a significantly decreased risk of developmental delay in gross motor function was observed in association with living with dogs in the “past only” (OR = 0.83; 95% CI: 0.73, 0.95) and “always” (OR = 0.86; 95% CI: 0.75, 0.98). In addition, a decreased risk of developmental delay in the problem-solving domain was associated with “past” family dog ownership (OR = 0.87; 95% CI: 0.79, 0.97) and in the personal-social domain was associated with “always” family dog ownership (OR = 0.81; 95% CI = 0.68, 0.95). Given the possible positive association between early life child development and family dog ownership, living with dogs may be an important factor to be considered when assessing child development.

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Trapp, G., H. Christian, and K. Villanueva. "Dog ownership, dog walking and children's independent mobility." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 15 (December 2012): S112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2012.11.274.

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Walton, John R., and Diane M. McConocha. "Relational Dimensions of Dog Ownership." Psychological Reports 79, no. 3 (December 1996): 947–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.79.3.947.

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The objective was to identify the perceptual dimensions which underlie the relationship between a dog and its owner. Perceptions of 248 dog owners concerning their dogs' skills and activities were assessed. A principal factor analysis yielded dimensions of freedom and privileges of a family member, advanced skills, and basic skills. Their interrelations are discussed and some consequences explored.

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Endo, Kaori, Syudo Yamasaki, Shuntaro Ando, Takefumi Kikusui, Kazutaka Mogi, Miho Nagasawa, Itsuka Kamimura, et al. "Dog and Cat Ownership Predicts Adolescents’ Mental Well-Being: A Population-Based Longitudinal Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3 (January 31, 2020): 884. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030884.

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A potential association between pet ownership and mental well-being is suggested, but there is a shortage of high-quality longitudinal studies that consider probable differences among different species. We aimed to examine whether ownership of the most popular pets (dogs and cats) would predict mental well-being. The Tokyo Teen Cohort (TTC), a prospective population-based birth cohort study, had dog and cat ownership data at age 10 and mental well-being score at ages 10 and 12 from 2584 adolescents. Linear regression analysis with adjusting for covariates showed that dog ownership had a positive effect on mental well-being compared to no dog ownership, however, cat ownership had a negative effect compared to no cat ownership. Two-factor mixed-design analysis of variance showed that dog ownership predicted maintained mental well-being, while cat ownership predicted progressing decline of mental well-being. Thus, dog and cat ownership may have different effects on adolescents’ mental well-being, implying that the underlying mechanisms that are activated by these types of ownership may differ.

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Case, Deena B. "Dog Ownership: A Complex Web?" Psychological Reports 60, no. 1 (February 1987): 247–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1987.60.1.247.

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Current interest in pets and their therapeutic effects has created a need for comprehensive model of pet ownership. Although Kling and Scacchi's (1982) web model was designed to explain organizational computing systems, it makes a useful metaphor for dog ownership. The web model considers the resource to be an ensemble of equipment, applications and techniques, with costs and benefits only partially identifiable. A complex infrastructure is necessary to support the resource. Both resource and infrastructure are social objects, highly charged with meaning. Points from the web model were compared with examples from human-animal bond literature and the author's experience.

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Ikeuchi, Tomoko, Takumi Abe, Yu Taniguchi, Satoshi Seino, Yui Tomine, Chiho Shimada, Akihiko Kitamura, and Shoji Shinkai. "The Effects of Pet Ownership on Psychological Well-Being Among Socially Isolated Older Adults." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 322–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1033.

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Abstract Accumulating evidence suggests that pet ownership associates with positive psychological outcomes (i.e., less loneliness, lower depression, etc.) in older adults. Yet, the role of pet ownership in psychological well-being (PWB) of socially isolated older adults is not fully explored. In this study, we hypothesized that pet (i.e., dog or cat) ownership would have positive effects on PWB among socially isolated older adults. The study used cross-sectional data of 9875 community-dwelling older adults collected in 2016 in a metropolitan area of Japan. Overall, 2841 (28.8%) participants were socially isolated (i.e., having social interactions with others less than once a week). Stratified by dog and cat ownership, 3143 (31.8%) were current or previous dog owners, and 1724 (17.5%) were current or previous cat owners. PWB was dichotomized using a score of the WHO-5 Well-Being Index, and 2730 (27.6%) were identified as low levels of PWB. Logistic regression models, adjusted for demographic confounders, showed that social isolation was associated with lower PWB (OR: 2.39; 95% CI: 2.17, 2.64) and lower odds of having a dog (OR: 0.70; 0.63, 0.77). When social isolation and dog ownership were entered into a model simultaneously as independent variables, dog ownership was associated with greater PWB (OR: 0.90; 0.81, 0.99). There was a significant partial mediating effect of dog ownership found on the association between social isolation and PWB (Sobel test p=.034). No such associations were observed in cat ownership. Our results suggest that having a dog may be effective for increasing PWB for socially isolated older adults.

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Powell, Lauren, Brittany Lee, Chelsea L. Reinhard, Margaret Morris, Donya Satriale, James Serpell, and Brittany Watson. "Returning a Shelter Dog: The Role of Owner Expectations and Dog Behavior." Animals 12, no. 9 (April 19, 2022): 1053. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12091053.

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Millions of animals are adopted from animal shelters in the United States each year, although some are returned post-adoption, which can decrease both the animals’ chances of future adoptions and the owners’ willingness to adopt again. In this study, we investigated the impact of adopter expectations for ownership and animal behavioral problems on post-adoptive dog returns at a large animal shelter in South Carolina. Between June–September 2021, 132 dog adopters completed a survey about their expectations for ownership through Qualtrics. Twenty-nine adopters returned their dogs to the shelter within three months of adoption, with a median length of ownership of eight days. Owners completed follow-up questionnaires about their perceptions of adoption and dog behavior at two days, two weeks, and four months post-adoption. Categorical principal component analysis revealed three factors pertaining to adopters’ expectations for ownership. Independent t-tests showed returning owners had significantly higher expectations for dog behavior and health (t = −2.32, p = 0.02) and the human–dog bond compared with non-returning owners (t = −2.36, p = 0.02). Expectations for ownership responsibilities did not differ between the groups. Two-thirds of adopters experienced dog behavioral problems post-adoption, although training difficulty decreased significantly between two days and four months (F = 5.22, p = 0.01) and nonsocial fear decreased between two weeks and four months post-adoption (X2 = 10.17, p = 0.01). Shelters may benefit from utilizing adoption counselling to ensure adopters understand the potential for dog behavioral problems in the early stages of ownership and develop appropriate expectations for the human–dog relationship. Post-adoption behavioral support may also help some owners to overcome behavioral difficulties as their dogs adapt to the new environment.

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Taniguchi, Yu, Satoshi Seino, Bruce Headey, Toshiki Hata, Tomoko Ikeuchi, Takumi Abe, Shoji Shinkai, and Akihiko Kitamura. "Evidence that dog ownership protects against the onset of disability in an older community-dwelling Japanese population." PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (February 23, 2022): e0263791. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263791.

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Objectives This study examined the association between dog and cat ownership, the onset of disability and all-cause mortality in an older population. Dog and cat owners take more regular exercise and have closer social relationships than non-owners. We further assess the beneficial effects of these moderating variables on the onset of disability and mortality. Methods Dog and cat ownership data were collected from 11233 community-dwelling adults age 65 years and older. These data were matched with data about the onset of disability held by the Japanese long-term care insurance system. Local registry data were used to ascertain all-cause mortality. Results During the approximately 3.5 year follow-up period, 17.1% of the sample suffered onset of disability, and 5.2% died. Logistic regression analysis indicated that, compared with a reference group of those who had never owned a dog (odds ratio fixed at 1.0), older adults who were currently dog owners had a significantly lower odds ratio of onset of disability (OR = 0.54 95% CI: 0.37–0.79). Our results further show that regular exercise interacts with dog ownership to reduce the risk of disability. The association of dog and/or cat ownership with all-cause mortality was not statistically significant. Conclusions Dog ownership appears to protect against incident disability among older Japanese adults. Additional benefits are gained from ownership combined with regular exercise. Daily dog care may have an important role to play in health promotion and successful aging.

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Smith, Lauren Margaret, Rupert Quinnell, Alexandru Munteanu, Sabine Hartmann, Paolo Dalla Villa, and Lisa Collins. "Attitudes towards free-roaming dogs and dog ownership practices in Bulgaria, Italy, and Ukraine." PLOS ONE 17, no. 3 (March 2, 2022): e0252368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252368.

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Free-roaming dog population management is conducted to mitigate risks to public health, livestock losses, wildlife conservation, and dog health and welfare. This study aimed to determine attitudes towards free-roaming dogs and their management and describe dog ownership practices in three European countries. We distributed an online questionnaire comprising questions relating to dog ownership practices and attitudes towards free-roaming dogs using social media. We used logistic regression and ordinal probit models to determine associations between demographic and other factors with ownership practices and attitudes towards free-roaming dogs. This study found that most surveyed respondents wanted to see a reduction in free-roaming dog numbers, and felt that this should be achieved through sheltering, catch-neuter-release, and by controlling owned dog breeding. We identified significant associations between both attitudes and ownership practices with gender, religious beliefs, age, education level, reason for dog ownership, previous experience with free-roaming dogs, and country of residence. Respondents who identified as: (i) male, (ii) holding religious beliefs, (iii) owning dogs for practical reasons, (iv) being young, or (v) having no schooling or primary education had a lower probability of neutering and a higher probability of allowing dogs to roam. Respondents who identified as: (i) female, (ii) feeling threatened by free-roaming dogs, (iii) older, or (iv) having more education had a higher probability of answering that increases in free-roaming dog numbers should be prevented. These findings can help to inform future dog population management interventions in these countries. We emphasise the importance of considering local attitudes and dog ownership practices in the development of effective dog population management approaches.

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Carr, Eloise C. J., Jean E. Wallace, Rianne Pater, and Douglas P. Gross. "Evaluating the Relationship between Well-Being and Living with a Dog for People with Chronic Low Back Pain: A Feasibility Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 8 (April 25, 2019): 1472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16081472.

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Chronic low back pain is a significant societal and personal burden that negatively impacts quality of life. Dog ownership has been associated with health benefits. This study evaluated the feasibility of surveying people with chronic low back pain to assess the relationship between dog ownership and well-being. A mail-out survey was sent to 210 adult patients with chronic low back pain. Measures of quality of life, pain, physical activity, emotional health, social ties and dog ownership were included. Feasibility was assessed by examining survey response rate, responses to established and newly developed measures, and the potential relationships between dog ownership and a number of key well-being variables in this patient population. There were 56 completed surveys returned (n = 36 non-dog owners and n = 20 dog owners). Established, adapted and newly developed scales revealed promising results. Dog owners reported fewer depression and anxiety symptoms, and more social ties than non-dog owners. Living with a dog may be associated with improved well-being for people with chronic pain. The findings from this feasibility study will inform a general population survey, to be conducted with a larger, more representative sample of people living with chronic pain.

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Brown, Barbara B., and Wyatt A. Jensen. "Dog Ownership and Walking: Perceived and Audited Walkability and Activity Correlates." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 4 (February 21, 2020): 1385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041385.

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Few studies assess dog ownership and walking with both self-reported or perceived and audited or objective walkability and physical activity measures. Across two years, we examined both types of walkability and activity measures for residents living within 2km of a “complete street”—one renovated with light rails, bike lanes, and sidewalks. Audited walkability (Irvine–Minnesota Inventory) was more consistently related to dog ownership and walking groups than perceived walkability (Neighborhood Environment Walkability Scale—Abbreviated). Self-reported leisure walking was much higher (289–383 min per week) among dog walkers than among other groups (100–270 min per week), despite no difference in accelerometer-measured light or moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Furthermore, the most powerful difference between groups involved single-family detached home residence, which was much lower among non-dog-owners (44%) than among non-dog-walkers or dog walkers (81% and 70%, respectively). Given discrepancies across walkability and activity measures, we recommend future use of walkability audits and objectively measured physical activity over the current emphasis on self-report measures. We also urge greater attention to increased densities of housing, which may negatively affect dog ownership levels unless compensating supports for dog ownership and walking are created by public health messaging, dog-friendly policies, and dog-friendly housing and community design.

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Muldoon, Abigail L., Lisa M. Kuhns, Julie Supple, Kristen C. Jacobson, and Robert Garofalo. "A Web-Based Study of Dog Ownership and Depression Among People Living With HIV." JMIR Mental Health 4, no. 4 (November 8, 2017): e53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/mental.8180.

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Background People living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV) are approximately twice as likely to be depressed compared with HIV-negative individuals. Depression is consistently associated with low antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence, an important step within the HIV care continuum related to HIV disease progression and overall health. One factor that may have positive psychosocial benefits and promote ART adherence is dog ownership. Research indicates that dog ownership is associated with lower depression, and initial evidence suggests its positive impact on psychosocial outcomes for PLHIV. Objective The aim of our study was to expand the existing research by examining the relationship between current dog ownership and depression for a sample of PLHIV while controlling for demographic characteristics and other potential confounders. Methods Participants aged 18 years or older and who self-reported an HIV diagnosis were recruited via social media into When Dogs Heal, a cross-sectional Web-based survey to collect data among adult PLHIV. The research visit was conducted via a Web-based survey, and there was no in-person interaction with the participant. Primary outcome measures included demographic questions (age, race, ethnicity, gender, and sexual orientation), pet ownership (type of pet owned and current dog ownership), depression (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, 10 items), and resilience (Resilience Research Centre Adult Resilience Measure, 28 items). Results A total of 252 participants were enrolled into the study in January 2016, with a final analytic sample of 199 participants. Mean age was 49 years, 86.4% (172/199) of participants were male, and 80.4% (160/199) were white. Current dog ownership was prevalent among the sample (68.3%, 136/199). Bivariate analysis indicated that there was no significant relationship between depression and demographic characteristics (age, race, ethnicity, gender, and sexual orientation), with P>.05. The multivariate logistic regression, including age, race, ethnicity, gender, resilience, and current dog ownership, was significant, with P<.001. Of the 6 predictor variables, only 2 were statistically significant: dog ownership and resilience. Noncurrent dog owners had 3 times higher odds of depression in comparison with current dog owners: odds ratio 3.01; 95% CI 1.54-6.21. Conclusions Growing evidence suggests that dog ownership reduces the likelihood of depression and, therefore, may confer long-term health benefits on PLHIV. Future studies should explore whether dog-specific interventions are a feasible and efficacious intervention to improve outcomes among PLHIV.

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HEYWORTH, J. S., H. CUTT, and G. GLONEK. "Does dog or cat ownership lead to increased gastroenteritis in young children in South Australia?" Epidemiology and Infection 134, no. 5 (March 29, 2006): 926–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268806006078.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between dog and cat ownership and gastroenteritis in young children. A diary study of 965 children aged 4–6 years living in rural or semi-rural South Australia was undertaken. Data were collected on pet ownership, drinking water and other risk factors for gastroenteritis. Overall 89% of households had pets and dog ownership was more common than cat ownership. The multivariable models for gastroenteritis and pet ownership indicated that living in a household with a dog or cat was associated with a reduced risk of gastroenteritis (adj. OR 0·71, 95% CI 0·55–0·92; OR 0·70, % CI 0·51–0·97 respectively). This paper adds to the evidence that pets are not a major source of gastroenteritis in the home and lends support to the health benefits of pet ownership. However, this must be weighed against the potential negative consequences, such as dog bites, particularly for this age group.

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Whitmarsh, L. "The Benefits of Guide Dog Ownership." Visual Impairment Research 7, no. 1 (January 2005): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13882350590956439.

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Shephard, R. J. "Dog Ownership and Adolescent Physical Activity." Yearbook of Sports Medicine 2011 (January 2011): 98–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yspm.2011.04.008.

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Mpolya, Emmanuel Abraham. "Encouraging responsible dog ownership in Africa." Veterinary Record 184, no. 9 (February 28, 2019): 278–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.l862.

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Sirard, John R., Carrie D. Patnode, Mary O. Hearst, and Melissa N. Laska. "Dog Ownership and Adolescent Physical Activity." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 40, no. 3 (March 2011): 334–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2010.11.007.

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Christian, Hayley E., Carri Westgarth, Adrian Bauman, Elizabeth A. Richards, Ryan E. Rhodes, Kelly R. Evenson, Joni A. Mayer, and Roland J. Thorpe. "Dog Ownership and Physical Activity: A Review of the Evidence." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 10, no. 5 (July 2013): 750–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.10.5.750.

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Background:Dog walking is a strategy for increasing population levels of physical activity (PA). Numerous cross-sectional studies of the relationship between dog ownership and PA have been conducted. The purpose was to review studies comparing PA of dog owners (DO) to nondog owners (NDO), summarize the prevalence of dog walking, and provide recommendations for research.Methods:A review of published studies (1990−2010) examining DO and NDO PA and the prevalence of dog walking was conducted (N = 29). Studies estimating the relationship between dog ownership and PA were grouped to create a pointestimate using meta-analysis.Results:Most studies were conducted in the last 5 years, were cross-sectional, and sampled adults from Australia or the United States. Approximately 60% of DO walked their dog, with a median duration and frequency of 160 minutes/week and 4 walks/week, respectively. Meta-analysis showed DO engage in more walking and PA than NDO and the effect sizes are small to moderate (d = 0.26 and d = 0.16, respectively). Three studies provided evidence of a directional relationship between dog ownership and walking.Conclusions:Longitudinal and interventional studies would provide stronger causal evidence for the relationship between dog ownership and PA. Improved knowledge of factors associated with dog walking will guide intervention research.

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Canejo-Teixeira, Rute, Isabel Neto, Luís V. Baptista, and Maria Manuela Rodeia Espada Niza. "Identification of dysfunctional human–dog dyads through dog ownership histories." Open Veterinary Journal 9, no. 2 (May 16, 2019): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ovj.v9i2.8.

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Salmon, Jo, Anna Timperio, Binh Chu, and Jenny Veitch. "Dog Ownership, Dog Walking, and Children's and Parents' Physical Activity." Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 81, no. 3 (September 2010): 264–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2010.10599674.

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Bouma, Esther M. C., Lonneke M. Vink, and Arie Dijkstra. "Expectations Versus Reality: Long-Term Research on the Dog–Owner Relationship." Animals 10, no. 5 (April 29, 2020): 772. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10050772.

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In the framework of the early prevention of problems in the owner–dog relationship, it is important to have a broad perspective on the development of this relationship over time, starting before people actually acquire a dog. People who currently (or previously) own(ed) a dog can rely on their experiences when considering a new dog, while this knowledge is unavailable to first time dog-owners. In this study, we explore how self-efficacy, social comparison, perceptions about the (dis)advantages of ownership and commitment to the dog (so-called social cognitive factors), problematic canine behaviors, perceived costs, and satisfaction with the dog change over time. We examine changes from the motivational phase of relationship development (before acquisition of the dog) into the experience phase (six and twelve months after acquisition of the dog). We explore if patterns are different in experienced (previous (n = 73) and current (n = 80)) versus unexperienced (first time (n = 30) dog owners. The respondents filled in three online questionnaires—once before and twice after acquisition of their dog. From T0 (before acquisition of the dog) to T1 (having the dog for six months) participants (especially those with no ownership experience) had to adjust their perceptions about dogs and dog ownership. Experiencing the relationship for an additional year (from T1 to T2) barely changed the social cognitive factors, satisfaction, and perceived costs. A small decline in problematic canine behaviors was present among the experienced dog owners between T1 and T2. To conclude, perceptions about dogs and dog ownership change over time, but after testing these perceptions with reality, they become stable after about six months.

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Ikeuchi, Tomoko, Yu Taniguchi, Takumi Abe, Satoshi Seino, Chiho Shimada, Akihiko Kitamura, and Shoji Shinkai. "Association between Experience of Pet Ownership and Psychological Health among Socially Isolated and Non-Isolated Older Adults." Animals 11, no. 3 (February 24, 2021): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030595.

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The psychological health effects of pet ownership have been widely studied, but only a few studies investigated its impact among socially isolated older adults. The present study aims to investigate the psychological health of older adults with or without the experience of pet (i.e., dog or cat) ownership who are socially isolated or not socially isolated. This study used cross-sectional data from 9856 community-dwelling older adults in a metropolitan area of Japan. Social and non-social isolation and type of pet ownership (i.e., dog or cat) were stratified to examine the psychological health. Logistic regression models indicated that, after adjusting for demographic and potential confounders, socially isolated older adults who never owned a dog were 1.22 times more likely to report lower psychological health in comparison to socially isolated current or past dog owners. No such difference was observed among cat owners. The results suggest that the experience of dog ownership may be effective to improve the psychological health among socially isolated older adult.

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Jiang, Chaona, Zeying Cui, Pingming Fan, and Guankui Du. "Effects of dog ownership on the gut microbiota of elderly owners." PLOS ONE 17, no. 12 (December 7, 2022): e0278105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278105.

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Dog owners are usually in close contact with dogs. Whether dogs can affect the gut microbiota of elderly dog owners is worth studying. Data from 54 elderly (over 65 years of age) dog owners were screened from the American Gut Project. Owning a dog did not affect the α-diversity of the gut microbiota of the dog owner. Dog ownership significantly modulated the composition of the gut microbiota of the dog owner. The abundance of Actinobacteria was significantly increased. The abundances of Bifidobacteriaceae and Ruminococcaceae were significantly increased, while the abundance of Moracellaceae was significantly suppressed. In general, dog ownership can regulate the composition of gut microbiota and has a more significant effect on elderly males.

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Oka, Koichiro, and Ai Shibata. "Dog Ownership and Health-Related Physical Activity Among Japanese Adults." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 6, no. 4 (July 2009): 412–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.6.4.412.

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Background:Dog ownership appears to have associated health benefits as a result of increased physical activity through dog walking. This study examined the association between dog ownership and health-related physical activity among Japanese adults.Methods:Male and female respondents to an Internet-based cross-sectional survey were divided into the following groups: dog owner (DOG), nondog pet owner (NDOG), and nonpet owner (NPOG). Moderate and vigorous physical activity amount (MVPA), walking amount (Walking), and sedentary behavior time (SB) were estimated from the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Analyses of covariance and logistic regression analysis were used.Results:The differences in MVPA, Walking, and SB were statistically significant among the three groups. DOG had a significantly greater amount of MVPA than NDOG and NPOG. DOG also had a significantly greater amount of Walking and less SB time than NPOG, and DOG was 1.5 times more likely to meet the physical activity recommendation than NDOG and NPOG.Conclusions:The dog owners had higher physical activity levels than owners of other kinds of pets and those without any pets, suggesting that dogs may play a major role in promoting physical activity. However, only 30% of the dog owners met the recommended criteria for physical activity.

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Gretebeck, Kimberlee A., Kaitlyn Radius, David R. Black, Randall J. Gretebeck, Rosemary Ziemba, and Lawrence T. Glickman. "Dog Ownership, Functional Ability, and Walking in Community-Dwelling Older Adults." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 10, no. 5 (July 2013): 646–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.10.5.646.

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Background:Regular walking improves overall health and functional ability of older adults, yet most are sedentary. Dog ownership/pet responsibility may increase walking in older adults. Goals of this study were to identify factors that influence older adult walking and compare physical activity, functional ability and psychosocial characteristics by dog ownership status.Methods:In this cross-sectional study, older adults (65−95 years of age, n = 1091) completed and returned questionnaires via postal mail. Measures included: Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly, Physical Functioning Questionnaire and Theory of Planned Behavior Questionnaire.Results:Dog owner/dog walkers (n = 77) reported significantly (P < .05) more total walking, walking frequency, leisure and total physical activity and higher total functional ability than dog owner/nondog walkers (n = 83) and nondog owners (n = 931). Dog owner/nondog walkers reported lower intention and perceived behavioral control and a less positive attitude than dog owner/dog walkers (P < .05).Conclusions:Dog owner/dog walkers were significantly different than the nondog walker groups in nearly every study variable. Many dog owners (48.1%) reported walking their dogs regularly and the dog owner/dog walkers participated in nearly 50% more total walking than the 2 nondog walking groups, suggesting that pet obligation may provide a purposeful activity that motivates some older dog owners to walk.

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Potter, Katie, Hachem Saddiki, and Laura B. Balzer. "DOG WALKING MEDIATES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DOG OWNERSHIP AND NEIGHBORHOOD SOCIAL INTERACTION." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.727.

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Abstract Social interaction may be facilitated by dog ownership. We surveyed 421 pet owners about neighborhood social interactions. Dog owners also completed a dog walking questionnaire. Among adults aged 55+ (n=99; 62.2±5.6 years; 90% female), we tested our hypotheses that (1) dog owners were more likely to meet neighbors than non-dog owners, and (2) increased dog walking frequency was associated with increased neighborhood social interaction. Inverse probability weighting was used to control for differences in age and neighborhood type (rural, suburban/urban) between groups. The probability of meeting neighbors was 2.4x higher (95%CI: 1.5-3.9) for dog than cat owners, after controlling for age and neighborhood type. Among dog owners, the odds of meeting a neighbor were 1.7x higher (95%CI: 0.9-3.1) with each unit increase in dog walking frequency (unit=5walks/week). Our findings suggest that programming to support dog ownership and dog walking among older adults may help reduce social isolation.

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Zasloff, R. Lee, and Aline H. Kidd. "Loneliness and Pet Ownership among Single Women." Psychological Reports 75, no. 2 (October 1994): 747–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1994.75.2.747.

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Relationships among loneliness, pet ownership, and attachment were studied in a sample of 148 adult female students, 59 pet owners and 89 nonowners. No significant differences were found on the loneliness reported by pet owners and nonowners. A two by two analysis of variance showed that women living entirely alone were significantly more lonely than those living with pets only, with both other people and pets, and with other people but without pets. No associations were found between loneliness and pet attachment. Also, no significant differences were found in loneliness or pet attachment scores between dog and cat owners; however, women living only with a dog were significantly more attached to the dog than those living with both a dog and other people. Conversely, women living only with a cat were significantly less attached to the cat than those living with both a cat and other people. These findings indicate that having a pet can help to diminish feelings of loneliness, particularly for women living alone, and compensate for the absence of human companionship.

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Hart, Lynette A., R. Lee Zasloff, and Anne Marie Benfatto. "The Pleasures and Problems of Hearing Dog Ownership." Psychological Reports 77, no. 3 (December 1995): 969–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.77.3.969.

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Emotional aspects of owning hearing dogs were explored in 38 hearing-dog owners and a control group of 23 prospective owners. Both groups listed companionship and hearing assistance as pleasant reasons for owning such dogs. Having a dog and personal independence were reasons mentioned only by prospective owners. Both groups mentioned travel complications as unpleasant problems. Owners referred to dogs' behavior problems significantly more often than did prospective owners who appeared to have unrealistic expectations that dog ownership would be problem-free.

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Yabroff, K. Robin, Richard P. Troiano, and David Berrigan. "Walking the Dog: Is Pet Ownership Associated With Physical Activity in California?" Journal of Physical Activity and Health 5, no. 2 (March 2008): 216–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.5.2.216.

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Background:Several studies have reported positive associations between pet ownership and a variety of health outcomes. In this study, we explored associations between pet ownership and physical activity in a large, ethnically diverse population-based sample in California.Method:Data from the California Health Interview Survey (CHIS) were used to assess the associations between pet ownership (ie, dog, dog and cat, cat, and non–pet owners) and transportation and leisure walking in a sample of 41,514 adults. Logistic regression was used to assess associations between pet ownership and type of walking, and linear regression was used to assess associations between pet ownership and total minutes walking per week.Results:Dog owners were slightly less likely to walk for transportation than were non–pet owners (OR = 0.91; 95% CI: 0.85 to 0.99) but more likely to walk for leisure than non–pet owners (OR = 1.6; 95% CI: 1.5 to 1.8) in multivariate analyses. Overall, dog owners walked 18.9 (95% CI: 11.4 to 26.4) minutes more per week than non–pet owners. Walking behaviors of cat owners were similar to non–pet owners.Conclusion:Our findings support the moderate association between dog ownership and higher levels of physical activity.

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Moss, Susan P., and John C. Wright. "The Effects of Dog Ownership on Judgments of Dog Bite Likelihood." Anthrozoös 1, no. 2 (June 1987): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/089279388787058597.

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Oka, Koichiro, Ai Shibata, and Kaori Ishii. "Association of dog ownership and dog walking with human physical activity." Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine 3, no. 3 (2014): 291–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.7600/jpfsm.3.291.

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Zhang, Xinhe, Takahiro Kozuka, and Koubun Wakashima. "Family Structure and Ownership of a Dog." International Journal of Brief Therapy and Family Science 4, no. 1 (2014): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.35783/ijbf.4.1_11.

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Tsuang, Angela, Jade Andrade, Tricia D. Lee, and Supinda Bunyavanich. "Dog Ownership Is Associated with Uncontrolled Asthma." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 139, no. 2 (February 2017): AB25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2016.12.037.

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Graham, Taryn M., Katrina J. Milaney, Cindy L. Adams, and Melanie J. Rock. "Are Millennials really Picking Pets over People? Taking a Closer Look at Dog Ownership in Emerging Adulthood." Canadian Journal of Family and Youth / Le Journal Canadien de Famille et de la Jeunesse 11, no. 1 (January 23, 2019): 202–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/cjfy294542.

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This paper draws on the work of Bourdieu to understand how experiences with dog ownership become embodied and how these experiences influence young people’s development as they leave home and learn to mobilize any capital to which they have access. Our results show that dogs can provide everyday routine during a stage in life when young people often experience instability. Additionally, dogs may help to shift the focus beyond self, thereby influencing how, and with whom, millennials spend their time. Nonetheless, balancing dog ownership with education, work, dating, social life, and other obligations could become challenging. Overall, this paper highlights that young people’s access to resources, including housing, may influence their capacities to experience all the benefits that pet ownership purports to offer. Dog ownership has numerous implications for healthy development among millennials, yet greater support may be needed to facilitate smoother transitions.

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Graham, Taryn M., Katrina J. Milaney, Cindy L. Adams, and Melanie J. Rock. "Are Millennials really Picking Pets over People? Taking a Closer Look at Dog Ownership in Emerging Adulthood." Canadian Journal of Family and Youth / Le Journal Canadien de Famille et de la Jeunesse 11, no. 1 (January 23, 2019): 202–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/cjfy29454.

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This paper draws on the work of Bourdieu to understand how experiences with dog ownership become embodied and how these experiences influence young people’s development as they leave home and learn to mobilize any capital to which they have access. Our results show that dogs can provide everyday routine during a stage in life when young people often experience instability. Additionally, dogs may help to shift the focus beyond self, thereby influencing how, and with whom, millennials spend their time. Nonetheless, balancing dog ownership with education, work, dating, social life, and other obligations could become challenging. Overall, this paper highlights that young people’s access to resources, including housing, may influence their capacities to experience all the benefits that pet ownership purports to offer. Dog ownership has numerous implications for healthy development among millennials, yet greater support may be needed to facilitate smoother transitions.

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Mubanga, Mwenya, Liisa Byberg, Agneta Egenvall, Johan Sundström, Patrik Karl Erik Magnusson, Erik Ingelsson, and Tove Fall. "Dog ownership and cardiovascular risk factors: a nationwide prospective register-based cohort study." BMJ Open 9, no. 3 (March 2019): e023447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023447.

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ObjectiveTo study the association between dog ownership and cardiovascular risk factors.DesignA nationwide register–based cohort study and a cross-sectional study in a subset.SettingA cohort of 2 026 865 participants was identified from the Register of the Total Population and linked to national registers for information on dog ownership, prescribed medication, hospital admissions, education level, income and country of birth. Participants were followed from 1 October, 2006, to the end of the study on 31 December, 2012, assessing medication for a cardiovascular risk factor, emigration and death. Cross-sectional associations were further assessed in 10 110 individuals from the TwinGene study with additional adjustment for professional level, employment status, Charlson comorbidity index, disability and tobacco use.ParticipantsAll Swedish residents aged 45–80 years on 1 October, 2006.Main outcome measuresInitiation of medication for hypertension, dyslipidaemia and diabetes mellitus.ResultsAfter adjustment for confounders, the results indicated slightly higher likelihood of initiating antihypertensive (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.03) and lipid-lowering treatment (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.04) in dog owners than in non-owners, particularly among those aged 45–60 years and in those owning mixed breed or companion/toy breed dogs. No association of dog ownership with initiation of treatment for diabetes was found in the overall analysis (HR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.95 to 1.01). Sensitivity analyses in the TwinGene cohort indicated confounding of the association between dog ownership and prevalent treatment for hypertension, dyslipidaemia and diabetes mellitus, respectively, from factors not available in the national cohort, such as employment status and non cardiovascularchronic disease status.ConclusionsIn this large cohort study, dog ownership was associated with a minimally higher risk of initiation of treatment for hypertension and dyslipidaemia implying that the previously reported lower risk of cardiovascular mortality among dog owners in this cohort is not explained by reduced hypertension and dyslipidaemia. These observations may suffer from residual confounding despite access to multiple important covariates, and future studies may add valuable information.

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Zijlema, Wilma L., Hayley Christian, Margarita Triguero-Mas, Marta Cirach, Magdalena van den Berg, Jolanda Maas, Christopher J. Gidlow, et al. "Dog ownership, the natural outdoor environment and health: a cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 9, no. 5 (May 2019): e023000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023000.

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ObjectivesDog owners walking their dog in natural outdoor environments (NOE) may benefit from the physical activity facilitated by dog walking and from time spent in nature. However, it is unclear whether dog owners receive additional health benefits associated with having access to NOE above the physical activity benefit of walking with their dog. We investigated associations between dog ownership, walking, time spent in NOE and health and whether these associations differed among those with good and poor access to NOE and those living in green and less green areas.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingThe Positive Health Effects of the Natural Outdoor Environment in Typical Populations in Different Regions in Europe project.Participantsn=3586 adults from Barcelona (Spain), Doetinchem (the Netherlands), Kaunas (Lithuania) and Stoke-on-Trent (UK).Data collection and analysisWe calculated access to NOE with land maps and residential surrounding greenness with satellite data. Leisure time walking, time spent in NOE and general and mental health status were measured using validated questionnaires. Associations were estimated using multilevel analysis with a random intercept defined at the neighbourhood level.ResultsDog ownership was associated with higher rates of leisure time walking and time spending in NOE (OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.86 to 2.54 and 2.37, 95% CI 2.02 to 2.79, respectively). These associations were stronger in those living within 300 m of a NOE and in greener areas. No consistent associations were found between dog ownership and perceived general or mental health status.ConclusionsCompared with non-dog owners, dog owners walked more and spent more time in NOE, especially those living within 300 m of a NOE and in greener areas. The health implications of these relationships should be further investigated. In a largely physically inactive society, dog walking in NOE may be a simple way of promoting physical activity and health.

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Albright, Amy E., Ruifeng Cui, and Rebecca S. Allen. "Pet Ownership and Mental and Physical Health in Older White and Black Males and Females." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9 (May 6, 2022): 5655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095655.

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Pet ownership literature remains mixed regarding associations with mental and physical health outcomes among older adults. The present study investigates the relationship between pet ownership and depression, health, and physical activity in an older adult sample balanced by sex (male/female), race (White/Black), and urban/rural status. Participants were adults aged 65+ recruited between 1999 and 2001 in the University of Alabama at Birmingham Study of Aging. Participants completed the Geriatric Depression Scale, a single-item self-reported health measure, and a physical activity questionnaire. Dog owners reported better subjective health and were more likely to walk for exercise as compared to non-pet owners. Cat owners did not differ from non-pet owners in terms of self-reported health or walking. White participants were more likely than Black participants to report ownership of a pet. No relationships were found between pet ownership and symptoms of depression. Findings were not influenced by sex, race, or geographical location. Dog ownership may be associated with positive physical health behaviors and subjective health perceptions. Additional research focused on mechanisms and cognitive impact is needed. Although there may be physical health benefits of dog ownership, adopting a pet should not be viewed as a simplistic solution to alleviating depression in older adults.

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Thorpe, Roland J., Regina A. Kreisle, Lawrence T. Glickman, Eleanor M. Simonsick, Anne B. Newman, and Stephen Kritchevsky. "Physical Activity and Pet Ownership in Year 3 of the Health ABC Study." Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 14, no. 2 (April 2006): 154–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/japa.14.2.154.

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Pet ownership among older adults was investigated to determine whether dog owners were more likely to engage in physical activity than non-dog-pet or non–pet owners. The relationship between pet ownership and physical activity was examined using data from the Health ABC study. After age, race, education level, number of assets, family income, and site were adjusted for dog owners were more likely than non–pet owners to have engaged in non-exercise-related walking in the preceding week but did not differ from non–pet owners in walking for exercise or any physical activity. In contrast, non-dog-pet owners did not differ from non–pet owners in non-exercise-related walking in the preceding week and were less likely than non–pet owners to have engaged in walking for exercise or any physical activity in the preceding week. The activity-related benefits of pet ownership in older adults were limited to dog owners, who engaged in greater overall physical activity—non-exercise-related walking, in particular. Whether pet-related physical activity is sufficient to provide health benefits requires longitudinal investigation.

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Park, Rachel M., Margaret E. Gruen, and Kenneth Royal. "Association between Dog Owner Demographics and Decision to Seek Veterinary Care." Veterinary Sciences 8, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci8010007.

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(1) Background: An important aspect of dog ownership is providing veterinary care. However, features of dog ownership differ across demographic groups and these may influence veterinary client decision making and behavior. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate relationships between American dog owner characteristics and willingness to seek veterinary care. (2) Methods: A total of 858 dog owners completed an online questionnaire asking participants to rate their level of likelihood to seek veterinary care for different medical conditions, answer supplemental questions about their previous veterinary barriers, and indicate barriers that prevent them from seeking veterinary care. (3) Results: Dog owners did not differ by demographics in their willingness to seek veterinary care. However, dog owner demographic groups varied in their relationship with their dog(s), previous behaviors accessing veterinary care, and barriers that make seeking veterinary care challenging. (4) Conclusions: Education, outreach and community-based veterinary medicine efforts should allocate resources to underserved communities identified within the context that they are affected by barriers to obtaining veterinary care for their dog(s).

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Sherlock, Caoimhe, Celia V. Holland, and Jason D. Keegan. "Caring for Canines: A Survey of Dog Ownership and Parasite Control Practices in Ireland." Veterinary Sciences 10, no. 2 (January 24, 2023): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci10020090.

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Dogs are an important part of life for many people. Dog ownership can confer various health benefits to their owners, but it also presents some risks. In order to establish if dog owners were aware of these risks, an online survey of dog ownership practices was carried out. The survey was open during the month of January 2022 and received 662 responses regarding 850 individual dogs. Overall, 52% of people reported deworming their dog between zero and twice a year, which is unlikely to reduce the risk of infection to humans. The majority of dog owners (71%) reported disposing of faeces correctly; however, when comparing urban and rural environments, 33% of those in rural environments did not dispose of their dogs’ faeces at all, compared with 3% of people in urban locations. People who obtained their dog during the pandemic brought their dog to the vet and dewormed them more frequently than those who obtained their dog before the pandemic. There were no differences in how faeces was disposed of between these groups. These results indicate that we, as researchers and veterinarians, have much work to do in terms of educating dog owners about the ways in which we can reduce the risk of infection to ourselves and our communities.

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Schmidberger, Julian, Janne Uhlenbruck, Patrycja Schlingeloff, Pavlo Maksimov, Franz J. Conraths, Benjamin Mayer, and Wolfgang Kratzer. "Dog Ownership and Risk for Alveolar Echinococcosis, Germany." Emerging Infectious Diseases 28, no. 8 (August 2022): 1597–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2808.212514.

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Sambo, Maganga, Katie Hampson, Joel Changalucha, Sarah Cleaveland, Tiziana Lembo, Kennedy Lushasi, Eberhard Mbunda, Zacharia Mtema, Lwitiko Sikana, and Paul Johnson. "Estimating the Size of Dog Populations in Tanzania to Inform Rabies Control." Veterinary Sciences 5, no. 3 (September 7, 2018): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci5030077.

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Estimates of dog population sizes are a prerequisite for delivering effective canine rabies control. However, dog population sizes are generally unknown in most rabies-endemic areas. Several approaches have been used to estimate dog populations but without rigorous evaluation. We compare post-vaccination transects, household surveys, and school-based surveys to determine which most precisely estimates dog population sizes. These methods were implemented across 28 districts in southeast Tanzania, in conjunction with mass dog vaccinations, covering a range of settings, livelihoods, and religious backgrounds. Transects were the most precise method, revealing highly variable patterns of dog ownership, with human/dog ratios ranging from 12.4:1 to 181.3:1 across districts. Both household and school-based surveys generated imprecise and, sometimes, inaccurate estimates, due to small sample sizes in relation to the heterogeneity in patterns of dog ownership. Transect data were subsequently used to develop a predictive model for estimating dog populations in districts lacking transect data. We predicted a dog population of 2,316,000 (95% CI 1,573,000–3,122,000) in Tanzania and an average human/dog ratio of 20.7:1. Our modelling approach has the potential to be applied to predicting dog population sizes in other areas where mass dog vaccinations are planned, given census and livelihood data. Furthermore, we recommend post-vaccination transects as a rapid and effective method to refine dog population estimates across large geographic areas and to guide dog vaccination programmes in settings with mostly free roaming dog populations.

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Hepper, Peter G., and Deborah L. Wells. "Pet Ownership and Adults' Views on the Use of Animals." Society & Animals 5, no. 1 (1997): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853097x00213.

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AbstractFour hundred and twenty-two adults completed a postal questionnaire in which they provided information regarding pet ownership and their attitudes toward 13 issues involving the use of animals. Over 63% of the sample owned a household pet, with the dog being the most common. Household pets were more commonly owned by respondents who were married, younger than 65 years of age, living in detached houses, or with a child/children present in the home. Most concern was expressed toward those types of animal uses which lead to death or injury, especially dog fighting. Females expressed more disagreement than males with most of the uses o f animals examined. Dog owners expressed more approval offox-hunting and hare-coursing than non-dog owners, and horse owners expressed more approval offox-hunting than non-horse owners. This study reveals that some of the ways in which people use animals are considered more acceptable than others, and suggests that it is incorrect to group different kinds of animal use into one broad category. The authors argue that future years may see a shift in the way society uses animals, from manipulation toward care for their well-being.

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Mrowiec, Paweł, and Katarzyna Fuchs. "Assessment of the validity of dog ownership fee in the communes of the Silesian Voivodeship in the light of the authors’ own research." ASEJ Scientific Journal of Bielsko-Biala School of Finance and Law 22, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.9684.

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Effective implementation of pro bono tasks by local government units may be carried out only if they obtain the necessary income. One of the types of own revenue of local government units on communal level (LGUs) is the dog ownership fee which generally constitutes a very low share in the total income of the commune. At the same time the enforcement of this fee, due to a large number of personal exemptions, requires disproportionate expenditure in relation to the income earned. The purpose of the paper is to verify the legitimacy of maintaining a fee on owning a dog in the communes of the Silesian Voivodeship in the light of the authors’ own research regarding the year 2016. The conducted research indicated that none of the communes of the Silesian Voivodship achieved the income from dog ownership higher than 0.5% of the total income. The effectiveness of the enforcement of fees on dog ownership was analysed in detail, as well as the percentage comparison of dog fee income with other sources of own income. The paper consists of theoretical and empirical part and presents the essence of financial independence of the commune in the context of imposed taxes and local fees.

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Lass-Hennemann, Johanna, Sarah K. Schäfer, M. Roxanne Sopp, and Tanja Michael. "The Relationship between Dog Ownership, Psychopathological Symptoms and Health-Benefitting Factors in Occupations at Risk for Traumatization." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 7 (April 8, 2020): 2562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072562.

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Individuals working in high-risk occupations (e.g., emergency staff) are exposed to high levels of occupational stress including traumatic events. Correspondingly, several studies report high rates of mental health problems among these occupations. Pet ownership has been associated with better mental health. However, to date a study on the association between pet ownership and indicators of mental health in these occupations is missing. The present cross-sectional survey (N = 580) investigated pet ownership, attachment to pets, health-benefitting factors (i.e., sense of coherence, trait-resilience, locus of control) and psychopathological symptoms (i.e., general mental health problems, posttraumatic stress, burnout) in medical staff, police officers, and firefighters. Dog owners and non-dog owners showed comparable levels of psychopathological distress and health-benefitting factors. Compared to cat owners, dog owners demonstrated stronger emotional attachment to their pet. Moreover, a stronger attachment was also linked to higher levels of psychopathological symptoms and lower levels of health-benefitting factors. However, the relationship between attachment to pets and health-benefitting factors could be explained by their overlap with psychopathological symptom levels. Overall, our findings are not in line with the notion that pet ownership generally has a health-benefitting effect. Future studies need to investigate circumstances that modulate positive effects of pet ownership.

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Herwijnen, Ineke R. van, Joanne A. M. van der Borg, Marc Naguib, and Bonne Beerda. "Dog ownership satisfaction determinants in the owner-dog relationship and the dog's behaviour." PLOS ONE 13, no. 9 (September 20, 2018): e0204592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204592.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Dog ownership'

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