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Vanderberghe-Descamps, Mathilde. "Impact of oral physiology of elderly people on their food consumption; what solutions can be found to maintain nutritional status?" Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCK011/document.
Full textContext. In human, oral food intake is the ultimate stage of food supply chain and the beginning of food disintegration and the digestion process. During aging, the oral health changes and sometimes eating food can be a real challenge as food can be hard to masticate, humidify or swallow.Objective. The aim of the present study is to determine which oral factors (salivary, dental, tongue strength) have an impact on physiological – ability to form a food bolus – and psychological – pleasure to eat – dimensions of food oral processing in order to select culinary techniques and help elderlies maintaining an appropriate protein intake in spite of the occurrence of poor oral health.Material and method. Resting and stimulated salivary flow, oral status, the ability to form a food bolus, the pleasure induced by food consumption and the nutritional status were measured on 108 elderly people (65-92 years old, living at home, with no acute pathology at the time of the study). In parallel, culinary technics that aimed at improving meat texture were developed and evaluated throughout physical measurements and oral comfort assessment by the elderly volunteers.Results and conclusion. Multivariate analysis highlighted the fact that oral factors (salivary, dental, muscular) play different roles in food oral processing and eating behavior in elderly people. Moreover, the assessment of oral comfort on the culinary technics showed that some technics improve significantly meat tenderness and juiciness. Those results will help the development of food offer tailored to elderly people with or without oral health impairments
Panelli, Martina. "La réécriture comme autoportrait : médias, corps et archives dans le cinéma d'avant-garde féminin." Thesis, Paris 8, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA080086/document.
Full textThis work aims to study the coincidence between two phenomenons, subjective writing and found footage film, articulating different approaches around themes as filmic self-portrait and subjective writing, gender identity representation, the history and the critique of avant-garde film. Through the link between the notions of réécriture filmique (Marie-Claire Ropars) and entre-images (Raymond Bellour), this thesis problematise one of the main topic of self-portraiture practice: the resemblance bond between the referent and the object of representation. The analysis of “second hand” films – realized in the frame of woman's avant-garde cinema since the eighties – allowed me to articulate this theoretical reflexion in the light of recent debates around found footage film. Following the researches of Christa Blümlinger, I focused notably on the practice of reusing archive films as a form of analysis, critic, and reevaluation of cinema as a dispositif. Secondly, according to Judith Butler, I interpreted repetition as a strategy to discuss and dismantling the underlying mechanisms of gender identity representations. Finally, putting a specific emphasis on the physical and material nature of the work analysed, I highlighted a precise relationship between the material body of the filmic archive and the natural body of the artists. In this sense, the bio-political context of post and trans-feminist self-representation practices permitted me to conceive the natural body as both a surface and a medium of rewriting, shaping and determining an intermediate subjectivity which is linked “fleshly” to technologies as well as it is “freed” from the flesh of the image
Mika, Vincent. "Irrelevant process : Machines à dessiner et images trouvées." Thesis, Paris 8, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA080069/document.
Full textThe “irrelevant process”, briefly described by George Brecht in Chance-Imagery (1957), is a method forcreating “chance-images”, close to the idea of ”non-intentionality”. Our thesis analyses this description andstudies its issues for the creation of paintings and drawings, through the ideas of « drawing machine » and« found image ». The study of some artistic practices which illustrate this typology brings us to think thatthe irrelevant process involves the adoption of an intentional and aesthetic point of view on processes andtraces which are irrelevant with the creation of images
Oliveira, Amanda Neves de. "A estética documental no cinema ficcional de horror." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2015. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8171.
Full textThis paper aims to study the use of documentary structures in the fictional horror movies, kind of narrative that became known popularly as found footage. These films make use of a purposely hybrid language, linking the form of documentary to fictional content and, today, are so fashionable that already have clichés and stereotypes connected to them.The intention is to understand how the horror genre appropriates the use of an aesthetic associated with documentary records to favor fear responses in the viewer. Hence, we privileged cuts in film history and concepts that can contribute to the development of our study, both with regard to documentary cinema, as with regard to the horror genre. As more detailed analysis of the object, we bring the original trilogy of the franchise "Paranormal Activity"
Al, Saadi Awatif Nsief Jassim. "La Ville natale de François Mauriac à Fouad Al-Takarli." Thesis, Tours, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOUR2030/document.
Full textThe literary work discusses the representation and the predestination clinging to the hometown in the novels of François Mauriac, French novelist (1885-1970) and Fouad al Takarli, Iraq; novelist (1927-2008). The starting point is: globalization has changed the world into a small village where the individual seeks to find one's place. Thus there is a strong need to define the native place in order to better protect the existence and identity of modern man. The start is with the following preliminary question: "What is the inherent importance acquired by the hometown in human existence?" based on the answers or the proposed answers, we study the representations of the hometown in selected studies to our work. Combining comparative, theoretical, historical, thematic and analytical questions, we analyze how this theme is presented. The research will be conducted to study the development of the novel on a comparative basis and to highlight the quintessence of the French romantic art, and also to present some of the narrative art in the Arab world, especially in Iraq. The study will probe the aspects and meanings of space and especially the Iiterary space. The study aims to present different images of the hometown in the novels of Mauriac and Takarli. These images emanate from memories and childhood. And they Documentary images recording for a reallife. Finally, the symbolic images reflect the predestined clinging to the hometown
Ropars, Benoît. "Un vecteur robotique polyvalent pour l'exploration sous-marine faible fond." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS125/document.
Full textSince almost a century, underwater robots have been developed in order to respond to the specific needs of historical actors of the domain (military, hydrocarbons exploitation, underwater cabling or benthic exploration), without addressing specifically the question of versatility or modularity of the underwater platform. This thesis aims to address these questions on a technological solution dedicated to shallow water or confined environment. In other words, the objective is to realise an underwater system, able to evolve on the mechanical, electronical or software aspects. This requires to properly conceptualise this « versatility » with an abstraction of the control architecture, on the actuation aspect, with the expression of the versatility linked to the actuation systems, or on the software architecture level, with a Service-Oriented-Architecture (SOA) approach, in order to tackle the diversity of the application requirements. This study is based on the Jack system, developed by the Ciscrea Company, which is the industrial partner of this project, and brings the economical aspect as a central requirement. This underlines another view of the versatility question, the development of a range of product for the Ciscrea Company.This thesis proposes the conception, realisation and experimentation of such a versatile underwater system, with test-tank and field validation
De, Lavergne Casimir. "Eléments du cycle de vie de l'Eau Antarctique de Fond." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066373/document.
Full textAntarctic Bottom Water is the most voluminous water mass of the World Ocean, and it feeds the deepest and slowest component of ocean circulation. The processes that govern its lifecycle are therefore key to the ocean's carbon and heat storage capacity on centennial to multi-millennial timescales. This thesis aims at characterizing and quantifying processes responsible for the destruction (synonymous of lightening and upwelling) of Antarctic Bottom Water in the abyssal ocean. Using an observational estimate of the global ocean thermohaline structure and diagnostics based on the density budget of deep waters, we explore the roles of basin geometry, geothermal heating and mixing by breaking internal waves for the abyssal circulation. We show that the shape of ocean basins largely controls the structure of abyssal upwelling. The contribution of mixing powered by breaking internal waves, though poorly constrained, is estimated to be insufficient to destroy Antarctic Bottom Water at a rate comparable to that of its formation. Geothermal heating plays an important role for the upwelling of waters covering large seafloor areas. The results suggest a reappraisal of the role of mixing in deep straits and sills, but also of the fundamental role of basin geometry, for the lightening and transport of abyssal waters
Martellini, Lionel. "Le fond gravitationnel stochastique : méthodes de détection en régimes non-Gaussiens." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4031/document.
Full textThe new generation of interferometers should allow us to detect stochastic gravitational wave backgrounds that are expected to arise from a large number of random, independent, unresolved events of astrophysical or cosmological origin. Most detection methods for gravitational waves are based upon the assumption of Gaussian gravitational wave stochastic background signals and noise processes. Our main objective is to improve the methods that can be used to detect gravitational backgrounds in the presence of non-Gaussian distributions. We first maintain the assumption of Gaussian noise distributions so as to better focus on the impact of deviations from normality of the signal distribution in the context of the standard cross-correlation detection statistic. Using a 4th-order Edgeworth expansion of the unknown density for the signal and noise distributions, we first derive an explicit expression for the non-Gaussian likelihood ratio statistic, which is obtained as a function of the variance, but also skewness and kurtosis of the unknown signal and noise distributions. We use numerical procedures to generate maximum likelihood estimates for the gravitational wave distribution parameters for a set of symmetric heavy-tailed distributions, and we find that the fourth cumulant can be estimated with reasonable precision when the ratio between the signal and the noise variances is larger than 1%, which should be useful for analyzing the constraints on astrophysical and cosmological models. In a second step, we analyze the efficiency of the standard cross-correlation statistic in situations that also involve non-Gaussian noise distributions
Gasbaoui, Julien. "Regard juridique sur les documents comptables." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM1016.
Full textAccounting records hold a central place within the framework of business life. For a variety of reasons, it is interesting to consider these accounting records within the legal scope. First of all, the drafting of these documents is subjected to a special regulation which keystone is to present a true and fair view of the accounts. The person drafting the accounts should always keep in mind this purpose and the necessary readability of thesaid documents. This aim can sometimes lead this person to depart from the accounting rule. This originality of the implementation of the accounting rule has to be coupled with an originality of the subsequent accounting qualifications. The rights and obligations drawn up within the accounting records are subjected to a reading grid which goes beyond the classical legal categories. This specificity is opening new horizons to the legal expert and leads to a reconsideration of the traditional understanding of the accounting activity. This interest is strengthened at the time of the receipt of the accounting documents which suggests questioning ourselves about the effects of the latter. On the one hand, which is the legal force of an accounting record, in other words, what is its probative force? Can an accounting record be qualified as a legal transaction or perhaps even more as a unilateral contract? On the other hand, what are the traditional functions of the aggregates revealed by the accounting documents? Should these traditional functions be challenged by the IFRS standards? Finally, which sanctions are foreseen as to accounting documents?
Argüelles, Rodríguez Ana María. "A critical analysis of discourse found in a cartoon for children in Mexico." Thesis, Universidad de las Américas Puebla, 2011. http://catarina.udlap.mx/u_dl_a/tales/documentos/lio/arguelles_r_am/.
Full text(cont.) Also, it was observed that younger children do not always understand what is shown and that they form their own conclusions. The results obtained from the analysis of discourse as well as from the group discussion suggest that media education could be used as a tool to eradicate and prevent the violent practices among school children..
Aubert, Guilhem. "Processus d’incision des rivières à fond rocheux - simulations numériques en éléments discrets." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENSL0961/document.
Full textField measurements, empirical studies and numerical approaches had been led in order to explain bedrock river incision due to transport of sediments. However, the studied system is roughly fluctuating, what make difficult to establish general laws. The thesis is based on the analysis of data extracted from a numerical code that simulate the motion of sediment by a turbulent flow. The interactions between the sediments and the fluid and the contact between sediments are modeled on physical basis and integrated following the principles of mechanics. The numerical process has been validated by comparison between two parameters extracted from natural rivers and experimental setup. The critical Shields number for sediment transport and the relationship between flow velocity and flux of sediments has been compared to values taken from literature. The work of dissipative forces between sediments and bedrock is computed. We propose a quantification of vertical incision rate based on rock resistance parameters. We have established a relationship between incision rate and Shields number that fit with a power law. We reproduce the two antagonistic effects that rules incision process: tool-effect and cover-effect. We predict the existence of a critical Shields number for incision that is higher than sediment transport threshold. We quantify the lateral incision rate with the work of dissipative forces between channel benches and sediments. We also quantify the attrition rate of the sediments with the value of energy dissipated within the sediment cover. The power balance of the sub-system sediment cover gives basis that lead to a scenario for bedrock river channel growth. Other results about influence of bedrock roughness, coefficient of restitution and surface gravity on incision rate are exposed
Trinh, Thi Thanh Thao. "Mécanisme d'érosion et de déposition de l'écoulement granulaire sur un fond meuble." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1S093/document.
Full textGranular flows, which are common in nature and industry, have particular characteristics that are different from the ordinary flow of liquid (eg. water, oil, etc.) and are not yet well understood in the literature. This case underlines the lack of knowledge on the exchange rate between solid and liquid states of granular flows which is the origin of the erosion - deposition phenomenon and constitutes the core of this thesis. To address the issue of the exchange rate solid - liquid, this work is based mainly in two subjects. The first subject is to study the processes of erosion and deposition of a flow generated by the grains stocked in a reservoir. By releasing naturally with zero-velocity the grains to generate the granular flow, we quantified the relation between the erosion and deposition for determining the neutral angle which defines the slope where these two processes balance. The second subject is to analyze the fall of grains in Sinai step problem by studying the spread of the march. For both works, we conduct not only the experimental but also theoretical studies based on the phenomenological models of the exchange rate proposed by BCRE (Bouchaud, Cates, Ravi Prakash and Edwards) and BDG (Boutreux and de Gennes) with some modifications
Moode, Michelle C. "Pieces of the universe." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2007. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=5198.
Full textTitle from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 57 p. : col. ill. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 53-54).
Penin, Aurelie. "Les anisotropies du fond diffus infrarouge : un nouvel outil pour sonder l'évolution des structures." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA112164/document.
Full textThe Cosmic Infrared Background is the contribution of all infrared galaxies integrated on the history of the Universe. It emits between 8 and 1000 um with a peak around 200 um. A large fraction of this background is resolved into sources in the near infrared but only a tiny fraction is in the mid and far infrared because of confusion. The least luminous sources are lost in the confusion noise which forms brightness fluctuations, the anisotropies of the cosmic infrared background. The study of these fluctuations enables the study of the galaxies below the detection threshold, thus the less luminous galaxies. Thanks to the power spectrum we can measure the power contained in these fluctuations as a function of the scale. This measure contains, among others, the clustering of the infrared galaxies. First, I have isolated from the power spectrum of an infrared map, the power spectrum only due to infrared galaxies. Indeed, at large spatial scales, it is contaminated by the emission of Galactic cirrus. These cirrus are clouds of neutral hydrogen traced by the 21 cm line. Therefore, I made use of data at 21 cm to estimate the infrared emission of these cirrus that I have then subtracted from infrared maps at 100 and 160 um.This has also enabled me to compute the absolute level of the cosmic infrared background at these wavelengths. In order to analyse these power spectra, I developped a model of clustering of infrared galaxies. To do so I linked a model of evolution of galaxies that reproduces very well existing data including those of Herschel and a halo model. This is a fully parametric model that enables the study of the degeneracies of these parameters. I was also able to study the evolution with the wavelength of several physical measures. Furthermore, I fitted data from 100 um to 1380 um. Thanks to that model, I can determine the redshift distribution at each wavelength. Short wavelength probe small redshifts whereas long wavelength probe high redshifts. However the contribution of small redshift is far from being negligeable at long wavelength. As a long term purpose of determining the evolution of the clustering if the infrared galaxies, maps of the anisotropies of the cosmic infrared background are needed. I will then detail a component separation method dedicated to this problem
Vinsonneau, Emile. "La qualité d'image dans le contexte de la numérisation de livres anciens." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0057/document.
Full textThe goal of this thesis is to add some tools in order to upgrade image quality when scanning with book digitization.First Chapter talks about image scanner whitout lighting control. This problem focuses to document camera. The goal is to correct lighting. We will see some corrections and we will suggest our method. For this part, we detect pixel's background document and we will rebuild the background of the image by them. With this information, we can correct lighting.Second chapter presents some way to do quality control after digitization, specially out of focus problem. We will enumerate different point of view to analyse and to estimate this information. To validate descriptors, we suggest to blur any picture and to compute blur estimation in order to evaluate precision. After that, we propose to combinate descriptors by machine learning.Third chapter mentions color management problem. Every image devices need to be calibrated. This chapter will expose how to calibrate scanner and explain it. We will see that L*a*b* color space is the connection profil space. To calibrate color, we must transform scanner color space to L*a*b*. We will see, in order to convert information, solution depends color chart used but we show a link between the function and thenumber of patch
Ferté, Agnès. "Statistics of the CMB polarised anisotropies : unveiling the primordial universe." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112223/document.
Full textA deep understanding of the first instants of the Universe would not only complete our description of the cosmic history but also enable an exploration of new fundamental phsyics at energy scales unexplored on Earth laboratories and colliders. The most favoured scenario which describes these first instants is the cosmic inflation, an ephemeral period of accelerated expansion shortly after the big bang. Some hints are in favour of this scenario which is however still waiting for a smoking-gun observational signature. The cosmic microwave background (CMB) B modes would be generated at large angular scales by primordial gravitational waves produced during the cosmic inflation. In this frame, the primordial CMB B modes are the aim of various ongoing or being-deployed experiments, as well as being-planned satellite mission. However, unavoidable instrumental and astrophysical features makes its detection difficult. More specifically, a partial sky coverage of the CMB polarisation (inherent to any CMB measurements) leads to the E-to-B leakage, a major issue on the estimation of the CMB B modes power spectrum. This effect can prevent from a detection of the primordial B modes even if the polarisation maps are perfectly cleaned, since the (much more intense) leaked E-modes mask the B-modes. Various methods have been proposed in the literature offering a B modes estimation theoretically free from any leakage. However, when applied to real data, they are no longer completely leakage-free and remove part of the information on B-modes. These methods consequently need to be validate in the frame of real data analysis. In this purpose, I have worked on the implementation and numerical developments of three typical pseudospectrum methods. Afterwards, I have tested each of them in the case of two fiducial experimental set ups, typical of current balloon-borne or ground based experiments and of potential satellite mission. I have therefore stated on the efficiency and necessity of one of them: the so-called pure method. I have also shown that the case of nearly full sky coverage is not trivial because of the intricate shape of the contours of the point-sources and galactic mask. As a result this method is also required for an optimal B modes pseudospectrum estimation in the context of a satellite mission. With this powerful method, I performed realistic forecasts on the constraints that a CMB polarisation detection could set on the physics of the primordial universe. First of all, I have studied the detectability of the tensor-to-scalar ratio r, amounting the amplitude of primordial gravity waves and directly related to the energy scale of inflation, in the case of current suborbital experiments, a potential array of telescopes and a potential satellite mission. I have shown that a satellite-like experiment dedicated to the CMB polarisation detection will enable us to measure a tensor-to-scalar ratio of about 0.001, thus allowing for distinguishing between large and small field models of inflation. Moreover, in extension of the standard model of cosmology, the CMB EB and TB correlations can be generated. In particular, I have forecast the constraints that one could set on a parity violation in the gravitational waves during the primordial universe from observations on a small and a large part of the sky. Our results have shown that a satellite-like experiment is mandatory to set constraints on a range of parity violation models. I finally address the problematic of the detectability of observational signature of a primordial magnetic field
Obermann, Anne-Christine. "Etude des propriétés élastiques de la croûte : analyse numérique et applications au bruit de fond sismique." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENU028/document.
Full textDuring my thesis, I worked on different aspects of monitoring the elastic properties of the crust, with both numerical analysis and applications with ambient noise. The main body of my thesis consists of two main parts: 1. Properties of coda waves A very important parameter that we continuously encounter in the different parts of my thesis work is the scattering mean free path. I present an original way to determine the scattering mean free path from phase statistics that was successfully tested on a volcano in Auvergne. Then I discuss an intensive numerical analysis of the depth sensitivity of coda waves. This work allowed us to relate the depth sensitivity of coda waves to a combination of bulk wave sensitivity and surface wave sensitivity that depends on the time in the coda and on the scattering mean free path of the medium. We were able to show a time dependence of the relative velocity change in the coda that allows us to discriminate a change that occurs at the surface from a change that occurs at depth. 2. Locating changes in multiply scattering media We developed an inversion method based on probabilistic approaches of the wave propagation to locate changes in the medium. As an additional aspect to seismic noise monitoring techniques that are based on the evaluation of time delays in the coda, we also study the waveform decoherence. Within this thesis, we apply and refine the inversion method with three case studies. We study pre-and co-eruptive changes at Piton de la Fournaise volcano in La Réunion Island. The challenge here is to correctly locate forthcoming eruptions. A second data set comes from the Mw7.9 Wenchuan earthquake in China. In this study, we take the time evolution of the coda into account and jointly invert the data at different times in the coda to study changes in the crust during and after the earthquake. From the results, we can clearly see that waveform decoherence and velocity variations are not sensitive to the same physical properties. In the third study, we test the inversion procedure with a 3D sensitivity kernel to study the fracturing of concrete blocks under increased tension
Comparato, Guillaume. "Barthélemy Faujas de Saint-Fond, parcours d’un homme de science mondain au tournant des Lumières (1741-1819)." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAH021/document.
Full textEurope of the end of the XVIIIth century and of the beginning of the XIXth century is a space of movements and exchanges of knowledges. In this period, numerous scholars crossed the European space to discover new horizons and experience the journey. An almost compulsory rite of passage which the knight of Jaucourt, in the Encyclopedia, considered necessary. The scholars then began to elaborate new knowledges and little by little to specialize. But from his/her part the literary life was crossing Lights in the romanticism and some of these scholars again preferred to define themselves as men of letters rather than as scientists.In this space and in this time of transitions we shall arrest on a man who dreams about sciences, about journeys and about glory. It is about the geologist drômois Faujas de Saint-Fons, born in Montélimar in 1741 and died in 1819 to Saint-Fons, not far from Loriol. It Dauphiné,,formed in Lyon, then Lawyer in Grenoble and Judge of 1re authority to Montélimar,one of the foremost mineralogists of the capital becomes in the 1780s. Follower of Buffon - Who is then the undisputed master of the Natural History of period - and friend of the isérois Dolomieu, he climbs little by little the levels of the scientific world
Christin, Marine. "Étude du rôle des canaux potassiques de fond TREK dans la douleur et l'analgésie par la morphine." Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE4119/document.
Full textTREK channels are mechano- and thermo-activated channels belonging to the two-pore domains potassium channels family, which play a major role in neuronal excitability and cell firing. Our group previously demonstrated that TREK-1 and TRAAK channels are essential molecular sensors in polymodal pain perception and that they are involved in the excitability of nociceptors, thus modulating the nociceptive message. In the first part of this work, I investigated the implication of TREK-1 channel in the analgesic action of morphine, one of the most used analgesic. We reveal a functional coupling between TREK-1 and TREK-2 channels and opioid receptors µ and δ. We also show that TREK-1 channel is involved in peripheral and central effects of morphine. This work demonstrate that TREK-1 channel, downstream of the µOR, is an important mediator of morphine induced analgesia. During the second part of my work, I investigated the role of TREK-2 channel in pain perception. I assessed the impact of this channel on nociceptors and we reveal that TREK-2 channel modulates thermal perception of cutaneous nociceptors. However, we show that TREK-2 activity in thermal perception complements the one already reported for TREK-1 and TRAAK channels. Whilst TREK-1 and TRAAK are involved in noxious temperatures perception, TREK-2 intervene in non-aversive temperatures detection. Taken together, these results show that background potassium channels TREK are major contributors to pain message perception and transmission and that they might be interesting targets for the treatment of pain
Wallon, Rémi. "La musique du fond des choses : destruction, savoir et création dans les écrits de Louis-Ferdinand Céline." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC250/document.
Full textThis dissertation focuses on the links between destruction, knowledge and creation in all of Céline's writings (novels, lampoons, early writings, letters), in which knowledge is often depicted as the expression of an elusive and brutal truth so-called scholars are unable to find. It is easier to understand the evolution of this absolute desire to know, expressed by Céline very early on, and to examine his literary innovations when we compare his books to several texts, sometimes little-known, that he was a great reader of : the review Le Correspondant that he used to read during his stay in Africa, the articles of the director Charles Dullin when he was writing Journey to the End of the Night, the books of the art historian Élie Faure in the 1930s, and, after World War II, texts that are typical of the Belle-Époque, such as old issues of the Revue des Deux Mondes or the works of the philosopher Théodule Ribot. The comparison between Céline's writings and these very diverse sources shows where Céline discovers and how he appropriates, transforms or reverses many of the ideas he uses in his books, in which he often tries to make a literary weapon out of this one-of-a-kind knowledge he claims to possess
Guilloux, Bertrand. "Réponses émotionnelles, motivation et régulation de l'allure en course de demi-fond en éducation physique et sportive." Thesis, La Réunion, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LARE0017/document.
Full textPacing strategy is of great importance for physical education, especially for health and autonomy. Rather, few studies have attempted to propose metbods to develop this capacity . The aims of this thesis were to better understand pacing strategy and emotional regulation, to develop novel methods to improve it and to estimatc the level of motivation. Rating of perceived exertion (R.PE), but also pleasure, the desire to stop and the desire to continue the exercise were used in different self-paced and semi-controlled 3 to 15 min runs. Secondary students bave to reach maximal performance for each test. Results showed that the use of these novel emotional parameters was of importance in physical educarion. The strategy which correspond to the evolution of emotional reserve between high to low level with time have been used by school participants even if emotional reserve is still conserve at the end of exercise in all conditions. Wbat is surprising is that the investment is more important for long than during short duration exercises. Optimal strategics for short runs have been developed in school participants. Performance was improved when a minimal RPE was imposed (+14.2% and + 14,5% for 3 and 6 minute runs: RPE ≥ average value of the self-paccd run). 120% of the average RPE of the self-pace run seems to be the optimal during 3 and 6 min runs (+18,4% and 18,5% for 3 and 6 min runs). These improvements, obtained after only 1 session, are more important than what could be hoped when training consists in developing physiological adaptations. The determination of the ratio between the desire 10 continue and R PF. seems to be a good estimation of the level of intensity during exercise
Es-Sakhy, Moulay Rachid. "Convection de Rayleigh-Bénard-Marangoni en récipient cylindrique à fond conducteur soumis à un flux de chaleur localisé." Thesis, Pau, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PAUU3029/document.
Full textThe present research work concerns the study of Rayleigh-Bénard-Marangoni convection in a cylindrical container with a solid substrate base. This solid substrate is heated by a localized heat flux on its underside. The study is divided into two parts : The first part of the work consists of a physical modelling of the problem associated with numerical simulations. The Navier-Stokes and energy equations are solved by using a 3D finite volume method. A conjugate solid-liquid heat transfer is considered. Original morphology of cells (type and number) are observed, they are linked to the geometrical conditions, the dimensionless numbers which govern the physical problem (Prandtl, Rayleigh and Marangoni numbers and the ratio of solid substrate to liquid thermal conductivities). The heat transfers are also evaluated in each case. In the second part of the work, we present an experimental study of Rayleigh-Bénard-Marangoni convection in the same configuration as that studied numerically. Convective structures and their evolutions are studied from images recorded by infrared thermography. Different modes of organization of convective cells have been highlighted for this type of heating with imposed non-uniform heat flux
Emmetiere, Rémi. "Invariant océanique grand-fond et discrimination en immersion de sources UBF (1-300 Hz) sur une antenne horizontale." Thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018IMTA0101/document.
Full textWithin the deep-water ocean (depth >1000 m), low frequencies (1-300 Hz) acoustic waves are characterized by very long range propagation. In this context, the propagation is largely impacted by the oceanic environment. Thus, localization methods based on classical plane wave models do not perform well. Matched field processing has been proposed to include better environmental models, but it is known to perform poorly as soon as the environment is not perfectly known. Given that the ocean is a dynamic system, it changes quickly over time and space making this method inapplicable in an operational context. To circumvent this issue, a better way is to consider methods that do not require detailed knowledge about the environment.In this manuscript I consider a quantity called the Waveguide Invariant (WI) which is known to be robust to small environment variations. In particular, I investigate two phenomenons responsible for its dependence to the source-receiver configuration: the dominance of the acoustic field by groups of modes and the frequency dependence of the Eigenmodes. Using a ray-mode approach, these two features are integrated in a WI derivation which provides a thorough way to predict and understand the striation patterns in deep-water context. Then, using this underlying physics driving the propagation along with the concept of mode trapping, a depth localization method is proposed. The input data for the algorithm is a range-frequency intensity, as measured on a horizontal line array. This idea is explored and extended to propose a source depth discrimination which is performed as a binary classification problem
Nguyen, Anh Duy. "Analyse empirique de l'impact des transferts de fond sur la pauvreté et la dépense de ménage au Vietnam." Thesis, Pau, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PAUU2010/document.
Full textThis study examines the impact of remittances on poverty, the welfare of receiving-households. It measures the extent to which the remittance flows are distributed among households at various points in the consumption distribution, using two latest rounds of Vietnam Household Living Standard Surveys 2010 and 2012 (VHLSSs). We applied different estimation method in this study including the meta-regression framework, matching method, IV method and quantile treatment effect regression. We use the expenditure poverty line measured by General Statistics Office/World Bank (GSO-WB), while the welfare indicator is measured by household and per capita expenditure. Several interesting results emerged. In chapter 2, the study is one of the first meta-regression analysis regarding the investigation of the “true” empirical effect of remittances on poverty reduction. The findings reveal that the heterogeneity in effect size of the impact of remittance on poverty reduction for a specific study may depend on various key factors: geographical region and level of development of one country, econometric method, and poverty indicators. In chapter 3, we apply the matching method. The poverty reduction effect of remittances varies between 7.3 percentage points and 3.0 percentage points for rural and urban families respectively. Furthermore, we find a significant increase of expenditure for remittances-receiving households. In chapter 4, using the historical migration networks as instruments for remittance receipts, we found that international remittances do decrease the likelihood of household poverty by about 7.5 percentage points. Finally, the gain of remittances is significantly larger among better–off households in Vietnam, especially when the endogeneity of remittance is taken into account in QTE estimation
Roussel, Clément. "Expérimentation d’un gravimètre mobile léger et novateur pour la mesure du champ de gravité en fond de mer." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CNAM1099/document.
Full textOne of the major challenges of modern gravimetry consists in determining mathematical models and digital maps of the Earth’s gravity field, the reliability of which is identical whatever the spatial scale considered in terrestrial, coastal, marine and submarine domains. Today, the harmonics of high degree corresponding to the short wavelengths of the gravity field are still affected by great uncertainties due to the diversity and the differences in precision and resolution of the gravimetric techniques making it possible to reach them. The main obstacle to improve the resolution and accuracy of models is that gravimetry and gradiometry mobile devices, the only instruments that allow homogeneous precision and spatial resolution acquisitions, are still bulky and energy-intensive, which prohibits their installation on terrestrial, aerial, surface and submarine drones. The interest of this type of carrier is to make acquisitions very close to the sources which considerably increases the restitution of the local variations of the gravity. The development of a new type of gravimetric sensor with small size and lower energy consumption appears therefore essential to answer the problematic posed by the measurement of the short wavelenghts of the gravity field.As part of its research in gravimetry, the Laboratoire Géomatique et Foncier (Cnam/GeF EA 4630), in collaboration with the Laboratory for Research Geodesy (LAREG) of the National Institute for Geographic and Forest Information (IGN), the Oceanic Domains Laboratory (LDO, UMR, CNRS 6538, UBO), the French Research Institute for the Exploitation of the Sea (IFREMER) and the Marine Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service (SHOM), develops an innovative instrument which allows the dynamic measurement of the Earth’s gravity field in the subsea domain.The system, called GraviMob (Gravimetry Mobile System), does not require a stabilized platform and is rigidly attached to the carrier vehicule, in this case an Autonomous Underwater Vehicule (AUV). The heart of the system consists of triads of accelerometers, allowing a vector measurement of the gravity. A Kalman filter, integrating the position and orientation data of the carrier vehicle, performs the estimation of the gravity field in a frame adapted to its interpretation. This instrumental prototype has been tested in the Mediterranean Sea during the year 2016. The comparison of the gravimetric signal obtained near the seabed with the surface gravimetric profiles, previously acquired by the SHOM, indicates a repeatability of the general trend of the gravimetric signal to within 5 mGal.This manuscript deals successively with the establishment of the observation equation of the GraviMob system, the calibration and orientation of the accelerometers, the gravity field estimation strategy by a Kalman filter, integrating an evolution model of the gravity field components and an observation model taking the measurement noise into account, the processing and analysis of the measurements acquired during its experimentation in the Mediterranean Sea, then the comparison of the gravimetric signal obtained with the reference data
Perbost, Camille. "Matrices de bolomètres supraconducteurs pour la mesure de la polarisation du fond diffus cosmologique : application à l’expérience QUBIC." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC283/document.
Full textThe cosmic microwave background (CMB) is the very first light of the Uni- verse and thus constitutes the oldest picture of its initial state. These photons carry valuable information constraining both the energy content and the history of the Universe. CMB observations allow us to reconstruct what occurred before the CMB anisotropies were imprinted. The most promising theoretical models all postulate an epoch of exponential expansion known as inflation just after the Big Bang. One of the major challenges of observational cosmology is hence to confirm or falsify inflation as well as to discover how inflation was realized in a particular model by searching for its imprint on the CMB polarization B-mode. This signal is however expected to be extremely weak and its detection requires a very sensitive experiment. This thesis reports on contributions to the technology development for the innovative QUBIC instrument, focusing on the perfection of an array of several hundreds of supercon- ducting bolometric detectors. A method was defined to design the detector array through tuning the relevant parameters to best meet our requirements. Then a 256- detector prototype array was fully manufactured and characterized. The preliminary characterization gave promising results for the forthcoming implementation of the QUBIC focal plane
Zsoldos, Stephane. "Recherche d'un neutrino stérile avec l'expérience STEREO : construction du veto à muons et estimation du bruit de fond corrélé." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAY047/document.
Full textThe re-evaluation of the theoretical antineutrino flux emitted by nuclear reactors revealed a deficit of about 6% between the observed flux and the expected one. This so-called reactor antineutrino anomaly has a statistical significance of 2.7σ, and one possible explanation to this deficit could be the existence of a light sterile neutrino state into which reactor antineutrino oscillate at very short distances. The STEREO project, which will be presented in this thesis, aims to find an evidence of such oscillation.The measurement will take place at only few meters (~10 m) from the compact core of the Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL) research reactor in Grenoble, France, which provides a large flux of electron antineutrinos with an energy range from 1 to 10 MeV. The sensitive volume of the STEREO detector is 2m3 of organic liquid scintillator doped with Gadolinium, consisting of 6 cells stacked along the direction of the core and detecting anti-neutrinos via inverse beta decay.This setup will provide excellent sensitivity to short-baseline oscillations effects by precisely measuring any relative distortion of the antineutrino spectrum as a function of both energy and baseline.Close proximity to the reactor yield a high background environment from nearby experiments that is managed through heavy shielding surrounding the detector. Many measurements campaign has been performed to characterized this background and had allowed the improvement of the passive shielding design installed on-site.Moreover, an additional detector is settled above STEREO to tag the presence of an incoming cosmic muon and define a muon veto. These muons will produce fast neutrons during their interaction through the shieldings of STEREO and these neutrons can mimick the expected antineutrino signal. Therefore it is crucial to define the most efficient and homogenous veto to these muons.It consists of a tank of 2.5m3 of water detecting muons by their Cerenkov radiation. The light emitted is collected thanks to 20 photomultipliers positionned at the top of the tank and a chemical compound is added into the water to improve the light collection on the photomultipliers.This muon veto fully covers the STEREO detector along with its shieldings.Several configurations of the muon veto system using prototypes before the final instrumental has allowed to define a trigger system which allows an excellent efficiency to cosmic muons regarding a little sensitivity to others particles. These numerous tests were also used to check and optimize the dedicated electronics builded at LPSC, which is the same for both the STEREO detector and muon veto.After characterization of the muon flux on site and with respect to the muon veto efficiency, a simulation has been developped to evaluate the rate of fake antineutrino event expected from the muon-induced fast neutrons. Thus, this result has confirmed the scientific requirements of the experience, which is the ability to probe the reactor antineutrino anomaly in 300 days of reactor data.STEREO is at the moment being comissionned and will deliver his first results at the end of 2016
Chambre, Damien. "Contribuer volontairement au bien public en groupe élargi : évolution via le triptyque observation, explication, représentation sur fond d'un classique." Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01E018/document.
Full textWe capture decision-making to voluntarily contribute to public good in small and large group, based on a Classic in experimental economics. Contrary to forecasts, decision-making is negatively correlated with Marginal Per Capita Return to investing in the public group in large group. Subjects appear to view the issue as weak. Decision-making is positively correlated, but too weakly, with number of subjects in small group and is not correlated in large group. Decision-making is always negatively correlated with game process, but without convergence to the dominant strategy. The method used in calculating compensation can have an impact. Reciprocity and aversion to inequity are always missing. This can be linked to the fact that subjects are not representative of the true population. In line with forecasts, two properties of public investment emerge and are consistent with decision-making of everyday life. Decision-making is negatively correlated with Marginal per Capita Return in small group, following logic of this incentive to contribute. There are signs of altruism in small group disappearing in larger group, disadvantaged by dilution of Giving. Presence of Warm-Glow Giving increases in large group, supported by changing nature of Giving. We model these results using the Logit equilibrium. It is noisy response functions including different components. Function’s properties properly meet decision-making and have advantage of not modeling some empirical contradictions
Mercier, Philippe. "Modélisation de la turbulence engendrée par la morphologie du fond dans le Raz Blanchard : approche locale avec la LBM-LES." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMC206/document.
Full textRenewable energy development calls for exploitation of new energy resources. Tidal stream power harvesting is now close to the industrialisation step. Still, turbulent hydrodynamic conditions at tidal sites are not well understood. This thesis aims to investigate the local scale effect of sea bottom roughnesses on energetic vortex generation with computational fluid simulations using the lattice Boltzmann method. This method is highly indicated for unsteady flow simulations of complex domains. First, the physical phenomena involved in vortex emission around canonical macroroughnesses are described. Vortex merging is identified in the generation process of energetic vortices. Then, such physical events are reproduced in the case of environmental flow simulations using a real seabed morphology. These simulations are validated on in situ measured data, and lead to a better understanding of the sea bottom effect on tidal stream site turbulence. They demonstrate the role of geological faults on the local turbulence
Kerszberg, Daniel. "Etude du fond diffus galactique des électrons et positrons et étude des performances de la seconde phase de l'expérience H.E.S.S." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066320/document.
Full textThe telescope array H.E.S.S. (High Energy Stereoscopic System) allows to detect cosmic ray particles with the Cherenkov light that is emitted by the secondary particles resulting of the interaction of the primary particles in the Earth’s atmosphere. Besides the detection and the study of astrophysical sources that emit rays, H.E.S.S. allows to study the different diffuse emissions that compose the cosmic rays. The interest of these diffuse emissions for the comprehension of the origin and the propagation of cosmic rays as well as the chance that they conduct to the detection of a dark matter signal is recalled in this manuscript. Following a presentation of the H.E.S.S. experiment, the possible improvment of the discrimination between rays and electrons with H.E.S.S. is discussed. Especially, the possibility of detecting direct Cherenkov light emitted by primary cosmic ray electrons but not by primary rays is addressed. Then, a discriminating method based on a log-likelihood comparison between recorded images and template images from a semi-analytical model is used to obtain a spectral reconstruction of the cosmic ray electrons and positrons with H.E.S.S. data. This measurement allows for the first time to establish the shape of the energy spectrum of cosmic ray electrons and positrons up to20 TeV
Vansyngel, Flavien. "The blind Bayesian approach to Cosmic Microwave Background data analysis." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066609/document.
Full textThe main topic of this thesis is the analysis of Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) data. In particular, I present a method, Bayesian Independent component analysis (BICA), that performs both CMB component separation and CMB power spectrum inference.I begin by presenting the basics of our understanding of the CMB emission and highlight the need for a robust error modelling at the map level. Then I present the main source of errors in the CMB products, namely the foregrounds.Component separation is a crucial and delicate step in CMB data analysis. I review several methods aiming at cleaning the CMB from foregroundsThen I present BICA. The method is formulated in a blind Bayesian framework. The posterior distribution provides an inference of the CMB map and power spectrum from the observation maps. Thus, the errors on the reconstruction include the uncertainties due the presence of foregrounds in the data. By considering particular choices of prior and sampling scheme, I show how the Bayesian formulation of component separation provide a unifying framework of which previous methods are special cases.I present the results of BICA when applied on both simulated data and 2013 Planck data. This method is able to reconstruct the CMB map and power spectrum on a large fraction of the sky. The main contributions of this thesis is to provide: 1) a CMB power spectrum on a large multipole range whose errors take the presence of foregrounds into account but without assuming physical models, 2) a CMB map inference together with an error model including both noise and foregrounds residuals
Adam, Rémi. "Observation des amas de galaxies par effet Sunyaev-Zel'dovich et de la polarisation du fond diffus cosmologique : de Planck à NIKA." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAY056/document.
Full textThe measurement of the matter distribution in the Universe provides valuable tests for cosmology. It can be traced at various steps of the formation of structures using the analysis of the primary and secondary anisotropies in the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). This thesis focuses on the data analysis of the observations of the Planck satellite and that of the ground-based camera NIKA installed at the IRAM-30m telescope.The first part introduces the context, focussing on: 1) the inflation, which provides a natural origin for the matter fluctuations seen in the Universe; 2) the reionization, which corresponds to the moment when the first stars form; 3) clusters of galaxy, that are the building blocks of the more recent Universe.The second part focuses on the data reduction of the NIKA data. The development of the data reduction pipeline, allowing to go from raw data to maps, is presented. It is dedicated for the newly developed kinetic inductance detectors used by NIKA. Tools and simulations are also constructed to characterize the maps.The third part is dedicated to the observation and the analysis of galaxy clusters through the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect, i.e. the inverse Compton interaction of CMB photons and free electrons in clusters. Once recovered, the SZ maps are combined to X-ray data to measure the matter content and thermodynamic properties of the observed clusters. The main results are: the first observation of the SZ effect with kinetic inductance detectors, the measurement of the pressure profile of a high redshift cluster ($z=0.89$), the study of point source contamination in a resolved cluster, and the SZ mapping in a triple merger.The last part is dedicated to the analysis of Planck polarization data. In particular, we discuss large angular scale systematics and the tools developed to identify and correct for them. The large scales CMB polarization data allows both to search for the imprint of the quantum fluctuations generated during inflation, and to measure the reionization
Lelièvre, Yann. "Structure et dynamique temporelle des communautés hydrothermales inféodées à la dorsale Juan de Fuca : utilisation d'une approche observatoire fond de mer." Thesis, Brest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BRES0001/document.
Full textHydrothermal vents are distributed along mid-ocean ridges and back-arc basins. These ecosystems harbour a specialized fauna supported by a local chemosynthetic microbial production, made possible through the oxidation of reduced elements present in the hydrothermal fluid. While the relationships between faunal assemblages and habitats have been relatively well described around the globe, our knowledge on the temporal dynamics of these environments is still limited, particularly at time scale relevant to organisms (from few minutes to several years). Based on hydrothermal vent communities occurring on the Juan de Fuca Ridge, located in the northeast Pacific Ocean, this thesis aims at understanding the functioning and temporal dynamics of macrofaunal communities associated with the Siboglinidae Ridgeia piscesae tubeworm assemblages through the coupling of sampling and seafloor observatory approach. This study first allowed the quantitative description (composition, diversity and biomass) of six siboglinid species assemblages on the Grotto hydrothermal edifice (Main Endeavour, Juan de Fuca Ridge) and the assessment of the trophic structure of these communities using stable isotopes. The results enabled the identification of 36 taxa. An elevated polychaete diversities and high densities of gastropods characterized all assemblages. The most developed R. piscesae assemblages exhibited greater diversity and more complex food webs. The species coexistence within the biogenic structures created by R. piscesae could be explained by a strong partitioning of ecological niches and nutritional resources. The analysis of video images gathered by the ecological observatory module TEMPO-mini, deployed on the Grotto edifice on the cabled observatory OceanNetworks Canada, provided information on the temporal dynamics of the assemblage. The abundance variations of four macrofaunal species were tracked at a daily frequency during one year and every 4 hours during one summer and two winter months. Our results highlighted a significant influence of the semi-diurnal tidal cycle and winter surface storms on the distribution of two mobile and non-symbiotic taxa (Sericosura sp. pycnogonids and Polynoidae polychaetes). The local ocean dynamics seemed to periodically affect the mixing between hydrothermal fluid inputs and surrounding seawater, therefore modifying environmental conditions in vent habitats. This study suggests that hydrothermal species respond to these habitat modifications by adjusting their behaviour. Finally, considering the increased importance of observational and imagery approaches in the study of deep-sea ecosystems, this thesis proposes a guideline and methodology in order to optimise video imagery methods both for the extraction of ecological data and the search of natural cycles. Overall, these results bring novel and valuable information to help understand the functioning and dynamics of deep-sea hydrothermal communities and opens new research avenues for deep-sea ecology in general
Perhirin, Steven. "Conception d'une extension opto-alimentée pour les observatoires de fond de mer : étude, développement et caractérisation d'interfaces opto-électroniques faible consommation." Thesis, Brest, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BRES0063/document.
Full textThis PhD thesis is devoted to the design of an opto-electrical and generic system which uses a 10km long all-optical and bidirectional link. The studied and developed system is dedicated to extend a current cabled seafloor observatory, in order to reach new exploration areas. The research work described in this thesis presents the development and the realization of a demonstrator. This later collects data from an instrument connected to its optically powered unit. The optical power supply (33dBm at 1480nm), which provides up to 180mW electrical for the optically powered unit, and the optical data in C band, are transmitted simultaneously through the same single optical fiber.The thesis context is first presented through an overview of ocean observation systems and low consumption electronic devices. After a brief review on the main characteristics of the optical architecture, we focused on the opto-electrical structure which permits the communication between the observatory and the remote instrument. The desired requirements have led us to the choice of the sensor (hydrophone), the data bit rate (5Mbit/s) and the communication protocol (SPI 3-Wire) used between both opto-electrical units, each one located at the both ends of the optical link. A special attention was devoted to the conception of the optically powered which must be low power consumption (66mW). All along this document, technical choices involved in the realization of both opto-electrical units are presented. We could evaluate the performance of the data transmission (BER less than 10-6) by using a demonstrator's test bench. Then, a first prototype designed for the ocean environment was presented through experimental measurements. Those tests were conducted in a test pool and have consisted in the detection of acoustic signals. In order to increase the range of compatible instruments, an alternative solution based on a FPGA was described and approved. This new design allows the SPI 4-Wire to be employed without any change of the current optical architecture
Gonnet, Adrien. "Du plateau au fond de vallée : apport de l'étude de trois sites archéologiques à la compréhension des dynamiques géomorphologiques holocènes en Normandie." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMR109/document.
Full textSince the end of the Pleistocene, the variations of environmental and anthropic conditions influenced the morpho-sedimentary dynamics of North-Western european catchments. The small hydrosystem are very sensitive to these evolutions, recorded in sedimentary archives. Our approach confronts geoscience, archaeology and geomorphological data, in order to apprehend the interrelationships between Human activity, climate and environment during the Holocene in Normandy. By studying the sedimentary archives from three settlements, from the plateau to the valleys, our aim is to discriminate climato-anthropic forcing for each episode of erosion and sedimentation. The three sites, located in small catchments, give pedo-sedimentary references for each geosystemic unit. The study a loessic plateau shows an intense erosion of Holocene luvisol since the end of La Tene period. The colluvial deposits, accumulated in a dry valley show the continuity of detrital sedimentation, and the intensification of erosional processes during modern times. At the bottom of a slope, the study of Brionne’s sedimentary archives reveals the Late Glacial sequence and the tufa diagenesis at the early Holocene. The Holocene sequence on a small coastal valley, la Scie, allows to reconstruct its diachronical evolution, the morphosedimentary dynamics and the landcape evolution. The diachronical evolution of these three sites shows the synchronicity of events, even if some ones appear to be local. These data enter in the well-documented context of the Paris Basin. Comparing those sequences has revealed the spatial and chronological complexity of the landscape responses to the human and climate forcing
Abdou, Khaled. "Evaluation des impacts environnementaux du chalutage de fond et de l'aquaculture en Tunisie : approche comparative par les Analyses de Cycle Vie (ACV)." Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0141/document.
Full textThe main goal of ecology is to place human activities within a framework of sustainable development by enhancing their economic benefits, their social attractiveness and their environmental performances. Ecosystems that support fisheries and aquaculture are subject to several alterations of significant relevance to their functioning and to their abilities to provide goods and services. Therefore, the long-term sustainability of fishing and aquaculture is a major concern from an environmental and ecological viewpoint. Both activities carry risks of negative environmental impacts because of its close relation with the immediate environment. To better understand environmental impacts and ensure the sustainability of fishing and aquaculture, it is necessary to develop an integrative sciencebased approach to impact assessment. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has emerged as a robust method to estimate potential environmental impacts associated with a product. It allows the assessment of environmental impacts “from cradle to grave”, taking into account all stages of a product’s life. This thesis focuses on the adaptation of LCA to demersal trawling and aquaculture in Tunisia. The goal is to explore how LCA improves the environmental evaluation of seafood production systems and how it helps to better understand their links with the environment. Results revealed that rearing practices and fish feed were the greatest contributors to the impacts studied due to the production of fish meal and oil and the low efficiency of feed use. The study also showed that impact intensity of demersal trawling was proportional to the amount of fuel consumed. LCA is a valuable tool for assessing how to improve environmental sustainability of demersal trawling and aquaculture
Jung, Gabriel. "Non-gaussianités inflationnaires : prévisions théoriques et conséquences observationnelles." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS105/document.
Full textA powerful probe of the physics at play in the early universe is the Cosmic Microwave Background(CMB). Its anisotropies have been measured recently with high precision by the Planck satellite. These measurements are in agreement with the predictions of inflation, a theory describing a period of fast and accelerated expansion in the early universe. To discriminate between the different inflation models, it is important to look for deviations from Gaussianity of the CMB anisotropies (i.e. non-Gaussianity). This thesis is devoted to the study of non-Gaussianity of the bispectral type (related to the three-point correlation functions) parametrized by its amplitude parameters fNL, both from the theoretical and observational points of view.After an introductory part on standard cosmology, the second part of the thesis describes the method of the binned bispectrum estimator, used to extract information about non-Gaussianity from CMB measurements.In order to recover information about the primordial universe, one has to clean observational data from the contamination caused by galactic foregrounds. We verify the results at the bispectral level. Numerical templates for the temperature bispectra of several galactic foregrounds are determined using data from the 2015 Planck release. These templates are then used to perform joint analyses on raw sky and CMB temperature data maps, to improve the determination of the amount of primordial non-Gaussianity. In the third part, the level of bispectral non-Gaussianity produced in two-field inflation models with standard kinetic terms is investigated using the long-wavelength formalism. It is important to better understand what regions of inflation model space have been ruled out by Planck. We apply a newly derived expression for fNL to the case of a sum potential and show that it is very difficult to satisfy simultaneously the conditions for a large fNL and the observational constraints on the spectral index ns. In the case of the sum of two monomial potentials and a constant we explicitly show in which small region of parameter space this is possible, and we show how to construct such a model. Finally, we also use the new expression for fNL to show that for the sum potential,the explicit expressions remain valid even beyond the slow-roll approximation
Olivier, Gerrit. "Seismic imaging and monitoring in mines with ambient seismic noise correlations." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAU018/document.
Full textThis work focus on using passive noise-based seismic methods to image and monitor the rock mass in underground mines. The main results show that it is possible to gain benefit from the diffuse ambient seismic field in mines to 1/ image the rock mass and 2/ monitor its mechanical property changes over time. This work opens a way to improve safety in deep underground mines
Ilić, Stéphane. "The large scale structures. A window on the dark components of the Universe." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA112243/document.
Full textThe dark energy is one of the great mysteries of modern cosmology, responsible for the current acceleration of the expansion of our Universe. Its study is a major focus of my thesis : the way I choose to do so is based on the large-scale structure of the Universe, through a probe called the integrated Sachs-Wolfe effect (iSW). This effect is theoretically detectable in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) : before reaching us this light travelled through large structures underlain by gravitational potentials. The acceleration of the expansion stretches and flattens these potentials during the crossing of photons, changing their energy, in a way that depend on the properties of the dark energy. The iSW effect only has a weak effect on the CMB requiring the use of external data to be detectable. A conventional approach is to correlate the CMB with a tracer of the distribution of matter, and therefore the underlying potentials. This has been attempted numerous times with galaxies surveys but the measured correlation has yet to give a definitive result on the detection of the iSW effect. This is mainly due to the shortcomings of current surveys that are not deep enough and/or have a too low sky coverage. A part of my thesis is devoted to the correlation of FDC with another diffuse background, namely the cosmological infrared background (CIB), which is composed of the integrated emission of the non-resolved distant galaxies. I was able to show that it is an excellent tracer, free from the shortcomings of current surveys. The levels of significance for the expected correlation CIB-CMB exceed those of current surveys, and compete with those predicted for the future generation of very large surveys. In the following, my thesis was focused on the individual imprint in the CMB of the largest structures by iSW effect. My work on the subject first involved revisiting a past study of stacking CMB patches at structures location, using my own protocol, completed and associated with a variety of statistical tests to check the significance of these results. This point proved to be particularly difficult to assess and subject to possible selection bias. I extended the use of this detection method to other available catalogues of structures, more consequent and supposedly more sophisticated in their detection algorithms. The results from one of them suggests the presence of a signal at scales and amplitude consistent with the theory, but with moderate significance. The stacking results raise questions regarding the expected signal : this led me to work on a theoretical prediction of the iSW effect produced by structures, through simulations based on the Lemaître-Tolman-Bondi metric. This allowed me to predict the exact theoretical iSW effect of existing structures. The central amplitude of the measured signals is consistent with the theory, but shows features non-reproducible by my predictions. An extension to the additional catalogues will verify the significance of their signals and their compatibility with the theory. Another part of my thesis focuses on a distant time in the history of the Universe, called reionisation : the transition from a neutral universe to a fully ionised one under the action of the first stars and other ionising sources. This period has a significant influence on the CMB and its statistical properties, in particular the power spectrum of its polarisation fluctuations. In my case, I focused on the use of temperature measurements of the intergalactic medium during the reionisation in order to investigate the possible contribution of the disintegration and annihilation of the hypothetical dark matter. Starting from a theoretical work based on several models of dark matter, I computed and compared predictions to actual measures of the IGM temperature, which allowed me to extract new and interesting constraints on the critical parameters of the dark matter and crucial features of the reionisation itself
Ghemmour, Assia. "Ecoulements à surface libre de fluides à seuil : rhéométrie et validation des caractéristiques hydrauliques dans un canal à fond mobile. Application aux laves torrentielles." Thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENI060/document.
Full textThis thesis presents an experimental study dedicated to characterise the hydraulic propertiesof free surface flows of complex fluids : viscoplastic fluids and mixtures made of viscoplasticfluids and grains. This study is motivated by the need to improve knowledge on properties ofthe flow of debris flows in a context of protection against natural hazards in the mountains.We have developed an original laboratory device - a channel with a mobile bottom - togenerate gravitary flows that are globally stationary in the laboratory frame. The flows have avery steep front followed upstream by a zone of uniform thickness. Viscoplastic fluids used(carbopol and kaolin) were selected so to model the matrix of natural mud flows, taking intoaccount the criteria of similarity adapted. These fluids follow a behavior law of Herschel-Bulkley, and their rheological properties were determined using a laboratory rheometer byproviding a particular care to the establishment of the associated uncertainties. We presentaccurate measurements of the evolution of the thickness of the flow in the uniform zone withthe the velocity speed of channel belt. These results are compared with theoretical predictionscorresponding to a steady uniform flow of a fluid of Herschel-Bulkley, and we show that theagreement is satisfactory through the uncertainties on the rheological measurements. We alsoanalyzed the shape of front, and here too, the agreement with hydraulic models (models likeSaint-Venant) is good. Both of the studies allowed to validate the hydraulic predictionsobtained from behavior laws measured with the rheometer. Finally, in a last section, wepresent a Preliminary study about the dynamics of isolated rigid particles placed in the flow,by paying attention to longitudinal velocities and falling velocities for different particle sizesand densities
Sakic-Kieffer, Pierre. "Apport de la géodésie fond de mer à l’évaluation de l’aléa sismique côtier : distancemétrie en mer de Marmara et simulation de GNSS/A aux Antilles." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LAROS018/document.
Full textMore than 70 % of the Earth surface is covered by seas and oceans. Several tectonic phenomena, among the most devastating, take place in ocean environment. For example, the subduction zones, which can generate mega-earthquakes associated with devastating tsunamis (Sumatra in 2004, Tōhoku in 2011), but also the underwater strike-slip faults. In many cases, methods of space geodesy cannot discriminate between a blocked or aseismic behavior, because the instruments are located too far from the area potentially deformed by the tectonic process. Thus, it is necessary to develop new techniques to extend conventional observation networks off-shore to map the deformation in the entire area. This thesis focuses on two seafloor geodesy methods, in order to assess the seismic risk evaluation. The first is the relative acoustic ranging, with an efective deployment of the Marmara Sea area. Our early results suggest a locked state at the segment of the North Anatolian fault of İstanbul. The second area considered is the Caribbean subduction. The working scale requires localization of the observed points in a global reference frame. We study ocean processes to consider, and detail a GNSS/A (Acoustic) methodology, consisting of acoustic interrogations from a precisely GNSS positioned surface platform, for a future absolute positioning experience of Guadeloupe
Cortesi, Giulio Alvaro. "Les émanations de l'Etat à vocation économique dans l'arbitrage des investissements et dans le contentieux de l'O.M.C." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01D055/document.
Full textThe idea of a thesis on state enterprises in international investment law finds its roots in their impressive economic development during the last decade, which, on one hand, gives considerable relevance to this theme given its inherent actuality and, on the other hand, there is a considerable interest in the juridical problems that these entities leave open. The thesis consists of a preliminary chapter, were the legal form of these institutions has been analyzed, from both an empirical assessment and the standpoint of national and international law applicable to these subjects. The empirical, in-depth analysis, not yet reached in the collections of examined contributions, turned up as fundamental, because some of the legal issues concerning state enterprises cannot really be tackled without such an approach. The more juridical body of the thesis, devoted only to legal analysis is composed of three parts and has two main poles of interest: the first linked to the understanding of the legal implications of these entities and a second, and, wider one, aimed at understanding what the treatment of these bodies, occurred in the dispute cases examined, can tell us at a systemic level about international investment law, which has required also a targeted comparison with commercial arbitration and international trade law
Vanneste, Sylvain. "Constraints on primordial gravitational waves from the large scales CMB data." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS314/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the development of analysis tools of the primordial B modes of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). Our goal is to extract the amplitude of the primordial gravitational waves produced during the inflationary period.Specifically, we are interested in the large angular scales, for which the primary B modes signal is expected to be dominant. Since these scales are particularly contaminated by polarised galactic emissions, we have studied and developed approaches to reduce those contaminations and to characterise their residuals. Those methods are applicable to satellite missions such as Planck or LiteBIRD.In order to estimate the B modes amplitude, we developed and characterised a CMB anisotropies power spectrum estimator. The algorithm is pixels-based and allows to cross-correlate maps measured by different detectors. The method is optimal and minimises the E-to-B variance leakage.We applied the cleaning and spectrum estimation approaches to the polarisation data and simulation maps publicly provided by Planck. The constraints that we deduce are in agreement with past analysis. Ultimately, we derive an upper limit on the primordial gravitational waves amplitude
Denysiuk, Denys. "Heavy Higgs Boson Search in the Four Lepton Decay Channel with the ATLAS Detector." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS106/document.
Full textThe thesis is focused on the heavy Higgs boson search in four lepton decay channelwith Run-2 data from the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The analysis publishedat ICHEP 2016 conference that is based on 14.8 fb-1 of 13 TeV data is described in details, whilethe updated results that include 36.1 fb-1 of 13 TeV data are shown as well. The heavy Higgssearch is carried out in a model independent way and it is covering different signal widthhypotheses: narrow width approximation that assumes the signal natural width to be negligiblecomparing to the detector resolution, and the large width assumption including an effect of theinterference with the Standard Model backgrounds. The search that benefits from additionalkinematic discriminant under the scalar signal assumption is presented as well. Thismodification allows to increase the analysis sensitivity up to 25%.The thesis also discusses an upgrade of the ATLAS Muons Spectrometer, namely the NewSmall Wheel project. In particular, simulation of the cavern background that will affect theupgraded detector and commissioning of the Micromegas modules produced at CEA-Saclay forthe New Small Wheel are described
Louis-Jean, Laurent. "Étude de la pêche artisanale côtière aux filets de fond aux Antilles françaises afin de réduire les captures accidentelles de tortues marines et obtenir une activité plus durable." Thesis, Paris, EPHE, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EPHE3028/document.
Full textThe national marine turtles recovery plan in FWI was adopted in 2006 by the National council for the nature conservancy. The bottom nets bycatch, i.e. the trammel, folle and gill nets, on the continental shelf are the main threat. Experimental nets with different heights, meshing and incline was compared to professional ones during 226 experimental trials. Trammel net is non selective. Low profile nets maintain a similar productivity and reduce the turtle bycatch. Trammel and folle nets cause more bycatch. The long soak times lead to more than 90 % of turtles mortality and more discards. Each year, about two thousands of turtles would be captured in FWI, with a mortality rate closed to 60 %. The mature turtles were captured during the nesting season and the resident ones are mostly juveniles or sub-adults, because of the local past overexploitation and indicator of non stable populations. The “fishery” threat is particularly important it affect nesting females, best stocks recovery hope. Closely to the marine professionals, the marine turtle and resources protection would be effective thanks to the reduction of the height and soak times nets and the total or partial ban of large meshing size nets
Leleu, Thomas. "Variabilité spatio-temporelle de la composition des fluides hydrothermaux (observatoire fond de mer EMSO-Açores, Lucky Strike) : traçage de la circulation hydrothermale et quantification des flux chimiques associés." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30023/document.
Full textThis thesis present a detailed study of the composition of high temperature fluid from the Lucky Strike hydrothermal field (37°N, Mid Ocean Ridge) collected during three sampling campaigns within the framework of the deep sea observatory EMSO-Azores. The hydrothermal field has developped around a fossil lava lake framed by three ancient volcanic cones. In 2013, the discovery of a new active site to the East of the system, and presenting an unprecedented fluid composition at Lucky Strike (low Cl concentration and high Fe and Mn concentration), lead to a new model of hydrothermal circulation based on chemical geothermobarometer (Si; Si-Cl) and geothermometer (Fe-Mn) applied to 13 venting sites. We defined 5 groups of sites based on their chlorinity and location around the lava lake. It appears that vapor-dominated Capelinhos fluids were extracted relatively fast from the phase separation zone (estimated at ~2600mbsf). Nevertheless, fluids in the vicinity of the lava lake, both vapor and brine dominated, display P and T conditions of equilibration lower than for Capelinhos fluids. This highlights on-going equilibration process through conductive cooling and/or brine entrainment in the upflow zone up to the layer 2A of the oceanic crust. Chlorinity variations highlight the varying residence time in the upflow of the fluids between vents which depends on physical characteristics of the crust. We studied the temporal variability of fluid composition collected between 2009 and 2015. Two time scales have been evidenced. The first is the sampling scale, i.e. ~1h, and corresponds to subsurface processes indicating that a hydrothermal fluid, conductively cooled (T<150°C), was stored in the porous substratum close to the discharge. The second is at the scale of the year. It shows fluctuations of P and T conditions in the phase separation and different degree of alteration of the substratum in the reaction zone. Intersites variations of Ca/Na ratios (proxies for albitisation) are related to phase separation expected the South Eastern sites that display a more altered substratum. To avoid this issue, we use Li and Sr isotopes which are not affected phase separation. Li concentration and isotopic composition indicates that basalt substratum is relatively fresh with W/R ratio close to 1 calculated for all groups with d7Li of fluid equivalent to substratum. Sr concentration and isotopic composition suggest higher W/R ratio (~7-8) because of seawater Sr partially removed in the recharge. Moreover, other parameters are at play such as secondary mineral formation (albite, anhydrite) during water rock interaction in the greenschist facies. Because the basalt is relatively fresh, the low metal content in the fluid around the lava lake is due to storage, in the subsurface, of approximately ~60-70% of Fe that is mobilized in the reaction zone compared to Fe-Mn rich Capelinhos fluids. Furthermore, the Cl variability from the fluids at Lucky Strike brings a unique opportunity to study the REE distribution from the reaction zone to the discharge into the deep ocean. We show that the LREE are preferentially concentrated into the brine phase. Furthermore, the Eu is linked to the Sr geochemical cycle. Dissolved REE from buoyant plume fluids highlight a scavenging effect. The Nd isotopic compositions indicate redissolution process. This Nd isotopes modification of the deep seawater is similar to the process of "boundary exchange" that occurs at the ocean/continents interface. Considering the global distribution of submarine hydrothermalism, the Nd modification at the ridge could have an impact on the global Nd cycle in the oceans and act as a "ridge exchange"
Jantzi, Hugo. "Incision fluviale et transition d'une rivière alluviale vers une rivière à fond rocheux : formation et évolution des seuils molassiques de la moyenne Garonne toulousaine au cours du 20e siècle." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU20069/document.
Full textThe middle Garonne River has seen its morphology and hydro-sedimentary dynamics change significantly during the 20th century, resulting in channel narrowing and incision. This thesis proposes to analyze the vertical adjustments of the river since 1830 and the dynamics of the evolution of the knickpoints released from the alluvial cover under the effect of the incision. The study is based on a geohistorical and field approach, at three spatial scales: (1) the length of the middle Garonne, (2) three sections and (3) the knickpoints present at each section. At the linear scale, three phases of adjustments are identified: a first phase (1830-1860s) of aggradation (1.9 cm.an-1) and widening; a second phase (1860-1920) of aggradation (3.2 cm.an-1) and narrowing; then a third phase (1920-2000s) of incision (2.6 cm.an-1) and narrowing with an acceleration of the incision (3.6 cm.an-1) and narrowing from the 1960s. At the section scale, the major role of in-stream mining has been highlighted with regard to the outcropping of knickpoints by regressive and progressive erosion operating rapidly during the 1970s. At the scale of the knickpoints, the degradation of the molasse shows that once the alluvial cover is released, the incision remains active and the river continues its incision without major break in terms of speed between the two processes. Furthermore, the study of the erosion forms in the molasse highlights the importance of the fusion of the forms for the erosion and the evolution of the knickpoints, and tends to show that vertical erosion would not be the main factor for the development of the knickpoints. The mobility of the coarse load has also shown that the knickpoints are not an obstacle to the mobility of the pebbles during downstream transfer
Soare, Oana. "Les antimodernes de la littérature roumaine." Thesis, Paris 4, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA040114/document.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis is to apply to Romanian literature Antoine Compagnon’s theory upon antimodernity, as it is formulated in his study Les antimodernes. De Joseph de Maistre à Roland Barthes (Gallimard, 2005). We analyze the theory of „forms without substance”, the main illustration of the modernity-antimodernity debate in the Romanian culture, as well as different profiles of Romanian authors, such as Titu Maiorescu, Vasile Alecsandri, Ion Luca Caragiale, Beniamin Fundoianu (Benjamin Fondane), Mircea Eliade, Emil Cioran. The thesis also deals with the perception of Charles Baudelaire in Romanian literature, which further reflects the issues of modernity and its denial.I would like to thank both coordinators of my thesis for the support and kindness shown during our colaboration in the last four years
Cagniant, Antoine. "Développement et modélisation d'un spectromètre multidétecteur Ge/Si pour la détection des ultra-traces de produits de fission dans l'environnement." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066151/document.
Full textFor the verification of the Comprehensive nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), the measurement of fission products trace levels in the environment is fundamental. Such measurement is a key indicator of a nuclear explosion. For constant amelioration of these measurements, the CEA/DAM-Ile de France has developed and installed a new dedicated surface spectrometer. Named GAMMA3, it is equipped with three germanium detectors, two silicon detectors (integrated in a dedicated gas cell, the PIPSBox) and includes an optimized shielding.This shielding reduces greatly the interference of environmental photons, muons and neutrons with the detectors. The residual radiological background measured inside the shielding is the community’s lowest for a surface laboratory. This set of high energy resolution detectors allows the operator to optimize a measurement according to the sample geometry, activity or nature. More precisely, a radioactive noble gas can be measured by photon/electron coincidence, an active sample can be measured by photon/photon coincidence, and a low-active sample can be measured in a high-efficiency configuration. Combining optimized shielding and optimized measurement, Minimum Detectable Activities required for CTBT certification are obtained quickly. Specifically, MDA is reached in 5 hours for 140-Ba (24 mBq), in 6h30 hours for 131m/133m-Xe (5 mBq) and in 7h15 for 133-Xe (5 mBq), when CTBT requirement is in 6 days
Spinelli, Marta. "Cosmological parameter estimation with the Planck satellite data : from the construction of a likelihood to neutrino properties." Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112241/document.
Full textThe cosmic microwave background (CMB), relic of the hot Big-Bang, carries the traces of both the rich structure formation of the late time epochs and the energetic early phases of the universe.The Planck satellite provided, from 2009 to 2013, high-quality measurements of the anisotropies of the CMB. These are used in this thesis to determine the parameters of the standard cosmological model and of the extension concerning the neutrino sector. The construction of an high-l Planck likelihood is detailed. This involves a masking strategy that deals in particular with the contamination from thermal emission of the Galaxy. The residual foregrounds are treated directly at the power spectrum level relying on physically motivated templates based on Planck studies.The statistical methods needed to extract the cosmological parameters in the comparison between models and data are described, both the Bayesian Monte Carlo Markov Chain techniques and the frequentist profile likelihood. Results on cosmological parameters are presented using Planck data alone and in combination with the small scale data from the ground based CMB experiment ACT and SPT, the Baryon Acoustic Oscillation and the Supernovae. Constraints on the absolute scale of neutrino masses and of the number of effective neutrino are also discussed