Journal articles on the topic 'Document image interpretation'
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A. Jain, Sajan, N. Shobha Rani, and N. Chandan. "Image Enhancement of Complex Document Images Using Histogram of Gradient Features." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.36 (December 9, 2018): 780. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.36.24244.
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Enhancement of document images is an interesting research challenge in the process of character recognition. It is quite significant to have a document with uniform illumination gradient to achieve higher recognition accuracies through a document processing system like Optical Character Recognition (OCR). Complex document images are one of the varied image categories that are difficult to process compared to other types of images. It is the quality of document that decides the precision of a character recognition system. Hence transforming the complex document images to a uniform illumination gradient is foreseen. In the proposed research, ancient document images of UMIACS Tobacco 800 database are considered for removal of marginal noise. The proposed technique carries out the block wise interpretation of document contents to remove the marginal noise that is present usually at the borders of images. Further, Hu moment’s features are computed for the detection of marginal noise in every block. An empirical analysis is carried out for classification of blocks into noisy or non-noisy and the outcomes produced by algorithm are satisfactory and feasible for subsequent analysis.
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Golodkov, Alexander Olegovich, Oksana Vladimirovna Belyaeva, and Andrey Igorevich Perminov. "Real Application of CNN Interpretation Methods: Document Image Classification Model Errors’ Detection and Validation." Proceedings of the Institute for System Programming of the RAS 35, no. 2 (2023): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15514/ispras-2023-35(2)-1.
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In this paper, we consider the case of applying convolutional neural networks interpretation methods to ResNet 18 model in order to identify and justify model errors. The model is used in the problem of classifying the orientation of text documents images. First, using interpretation methods, an assumption was made as to why the neural network shows low metrics on data that differs from training images. The alleged reason was the presence of artifacts on the generated training images, caused by the use of an image rotation function. Further, using the Vanilla Gradient, Guided Backpropagation, Integrated Gradients, GradCAM methods and the invented metric, we managed to accurately confirm the hypothesis put forward. The obtained results helped to significantly improve the accuracy of the model.
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Zakirova, Oksana, and Andrei Bakhmutsky. "The Teacher Image Interpretation in Student Teachers: A Linguistic Anthropology Approach." Education Sciences 13, no. 8 (August 16, 2023): 834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci13080834.
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The study aims to determine whether the images of a teacher in the normative document and the minds of student teachers coincide, as well as to identify the differences. A total of 236 students of the Faculty of Philology and History participated in the associative experiment. The words “ability”, “readiness”, and “possession” are the most common words used in the normative documents of the Russian Federation in the context of higher education. The concept of “teacher” is the main stimulus word in the associative experiment. The results of the associative experiment revealed a group of the most frequent associative words. In addition, based on the quantitative indicators of the associative experiment, nine thematic groups of associative words were formed. A comparative analysis of the indicators of an associative experiment involving students from different countries can make it possible to compare the features of national education systems and show their effect on the formation of a teacher image in the minds of student teachers.
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Mikhaylov, Andrey Anatolievitch. "Automatic data labeling for document image segmentation using deep neural networks." Proceedings of the Institute for System Programming of the RAS 34, no. 6 (2022): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15514/ispras-2022-34(6)-10.
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The article proposes a new method for automatic data annotation for solving the problem of document image segmentation using deep object detection neural networks. The format of marked PDF files is considered as the initial data for markup. The peculiarity of this format is that it includes hidden marks that describe the logical and physical structure of the document. To extract them, a tool has been developed that simulates the operation of a stack-based printing machine according to the PDF format specification. For each page of the document, an image and annotation are generated in PASCAL VOC format. The classes and coordinates of the bounding boxes are calculated during the interpretation of the labeled PDF file based on the labels. To test the method, a collection of marked up PDF files was formed from which images of document pages and annotations for three segmentation classes (text, table, figure) were automatically obtained. Based on these data, a neural network of the EfficientDet D2 architecture was trained. The model was tested on manually labeled data from the same domain, which confirmed the effectiveness of using automatically generated data for solving applied problems.
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Mendonça dos Santos, Alessandra, Francisco Montagner, Ana Márcia Viana Wanzeler, Heraldo Luis Dias da Silveira, Nádia Assein Arús, and Mariana Boessio Vizzotto. "Can the method of CBCT interpretation influence endodontic diagnosis?" Revista da Faculdade de Odontologia de Porto Alegre 63, no. 1 (September 15, 2022): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/2177-0018.117538.
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Aim: This study evaluated the influence of the method used for visualization and analysis of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) on the diagnosis of endodontic conditions. Materials and methods: Twenty clinical cases containing twelve different endodontic conditions were analyzed by two specialists in dental radiology and one specialist in endodontics. Initially, the evaluators viewed the cases in Portable Document Format (PDF) containing a selection of digital images and, by consensus, described their diagnostic hypotheses for each case. One week later, the evaluators reassessed the cases, this time using multiplanar reconstructions with a Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) format image viewer. Once more, by consensus, they recorded their diagnostic hypotheses. Results: In 10% of the cases there was a discrepancy between the diagnoses made using preselected digital images in PDFs and by viewing multiplanar reconstructions. The visualization of the PDF images obtained a sensitivity of 0.714, specificity of 0.966, and 90% accuracy. Discussion: In the majority of these cases, endodontic conditions identified using the DICOM image viewer (multiplanar reconstruction) were not detected using the PDFs of preselected images. Conclusion: Although more studies are needed, the authors reiterate that using multiplanar reconstructions should always be preferred to other forms of analysis for CBCT, so that the maximum diagnostic potential of the imaging exam can be achieved.
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Dietrich, C., M. Averkiou, J. M. Correas, N. Lassau, E. Leen, and F. Piscaglia. "An EFSUMB Introduction into Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (DCE-US) for Quantification of Tumour Perfusion." Ultraschall in der Medizin - European Journal of Ultrasound 33, no. 04 (July 27, 2012): 344–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1313026.
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AbstractDynamic Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound (DCE-US) is an imaging technique that utilizes microbubble contrast agents in diagnostic ultrasound. The EFSUMB guidelines published in 2004, updated in 2008 and 2011 focused on the use of DCE-US, including essential technical requirements, training, investigational procedures and steps, guidance on image interpretation, established and recommended clinical indications and safety considerations. However the quantification of images acquired with ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) is not discussed in the guidelines. The purpose of this EFSUMB document is to provide some recommendations and descriptions of the quantification of ultrasound images, technical requirements for analysis of time-intensity curves (TICs), methodology for data analysis, and interpretation of the results.
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Riba, Pau. "Distilling Structure from Imagery:Graph-based Models for the Interpretation of Document Images." ELCVIA Electronic Letters on Computer Vision and Image Analysis 19, no. 2 (January 12, 2021): 9–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/elcvia.1313.
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From its early stages, the community of Pattern Recognition and Computer Vision has considered the importance of leveraging the structural information when understanding images. Usually, graphs have been proposed as a suitable model to represent this kind of information due to their flexibility and representational power able to codify both, the components, objects, or entities and their pairwise relationship. Even though graphs have been successfully applied to a huge variety of tasks, as a result of their symbolic and relational nature, graphs have always suffered from some limitations compared to statistical approaches. Indeed, some trivial mathematical operations do not have an equivalence in the graph domain. For instance, in the core of many pattern recognition applications, there is a need to compare two objects. This operation, which is trivial when considering feature vectors defined in ℝn, is not properly defined for graphs. In this thesis, we have investigated the importance of the structural information from two perspectives, the traditional graph-based methods and the new advances on Geometric Deep Learning. On the one hand, we explore the problem of defining a graph representation and how to deal with it on a large scale and noisy scenario. On the other hand, Graph Neural Networks are proposed to first redefine a Graph Edit Distance methodologies as a metric learning problem, and second, to apply them in a real use case scenario for the detection of repetitive patterns which define tables in invoice documents. As experimental framework, we have validated the different methodological contributions in the domain of Document Image Analysis and Recognition.
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Daryal, Neeti, and Vinod Kumar. "An Error Analysis on Images Using Skeletonization Methods." Advanced Materials Research 403-408 (November 2011): 4184–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.403-408.4184.
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Vectorization is the most fundamental operation in interpretation of line drawings and document analysis. There are several reasons for converting image vectorization. Vector data is normally created from existing natural source image like photographs,scanned images. Choosing a best vectorization method that suits the needs of the system is very important. In general, good methods must preserve information like line geometry and intersection junction as far as possible. It is also important to analyze the error and find the accuracy of the result with respect to the original data. We have compared Skeletonization by Mathematical Morphology and Voronoi Diagrams with original image for vectorizing images. Root mean squre error is one of the good methods to analysis an error on original Image, Mathematical Morphology and Voronoi Diagrams. Literature about above said methods is also included in this paper.
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De Vliegher, Beata Maria. "The Use of Spot-Hrv Data for the Mapping of the Land Cover (Applied upon East-Mono, Central Togo)." Afrika Focus 7, no. 1 (January 26, 1991): 15–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-00701003.
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The mapping of the land use in a tropical wet and dry area (East-Mono, Central Togo) is made using remote sensing data, recorded by the satellite SPOT. The negative, multispectral image data set has been transferred into positives by photographical means and afterwards enhanced using the diazo technique. The combination of the different diazo coloured images resulted in a false colour composite, being the basic document for the visual image interpretation. The image analysis, based upon differences in colour and texture, resulted in a photomorphic unit map. The use of a decision tree including the various image characteristics allowed the conversion of the photomorphic unit map into a land cover map. For this, six main land cover types could be differentiated resulting in 16 different classes of the final map.
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Wen, Yi Feng. "Icon, Archetype and Symbolic Meanings of Dragon: An Interpretation of Design Theme and Image." Advanced Materials Research 446-449 (January 2012): 1897–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.446-449.1897.
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"Dragon" is an important design theme and image, to be applied in many design fields, so summing up and interpreting relevant issue of dragon connotation can help better application of dragon image in design. This paper tries to expound dragon iconography, archetype and symbolical meanings in terms of etymology, document research and Jung’s psychology theories. In the light of both objective and subjective meanings this paper regards that the essence of dragon which is mythological being in human subconscious imagination symbolizes and integrates the various great power of nature.
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Kim, HyangKyung, Woobin Lee, Eunhak Lee, and Seongyong Kim. "Review of evaluation and interpretation method for LDA model." Korean Data Analysis Society 25, no. 4 (August 31, 2023): 1299–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.37727/jkdas.2023.25.4.1299.
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LDA model has been widely used to investigate the subject of documents or words in various fields because it can analyze large amounts of data. Although perplexity is used to compare various LDA models, it only presents the goodness of fit, and it is not possible to consider how well each document is clustered. To resolve this problem, coherence measures have been proposed. After model selection using complexity and coherence measures, LDAvis is widely used to understand the relationship and meaning of each topic. Although LDA model has been introduced in many preceding studies, the introduction of the model evaluation method, coherence measure, and LDAvis for model interpretation is not sufficient. In this paper, we first introduce the LDA model and the mini-batch learning method, and introduce the coherence measure. We also introduce LDAvis including similarity measures and dimension reduction method to investigate the relationship between topic. Relevance is also explained to present the top words for each topic. Finally, after fitting the LDA model at various hyper-parameters to the image annotation data, the models were compared through coherence measures, and each subject was interpreted using LDAvis.
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Triulzi, Alessandro. "Adwa: from monument to document." Modern Italy 8, no. 1 (May 2003): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1353294032000074106.
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SummaryTo the Italian historian the Battle of Adwa in March 1896 has offered a field of interpretation which has been heavily marked by the events that occurred between (and within) the two countries—Ethiopia and Italy—before and after the battle. Adwa has been variously depicted by Italian historiography of the liberal period as a major military defeat, a political mistake by Crispi's expansionist government and the result of deep contrasts within the newly born state over the ‘colonial burden'. Fascist historiography painted Adwa as proof of liberal decay and political inefficiency. Adwa's name could be avenged only in the battlefield, which was done during Mussolini's invasion of Ethiopia in 1935-36. From the Ethiopian point of view, Adwa's image changes no less. Until recently, the Battle of Adwa was painted as the landmark for Ethiopian unification and independence during the colonial era. Menelik's momentous victory at Adwa crowned his bid for power in the national arena, while his successful ability to stave off external colonial pressure appeared to cancel, or rather conceal, the internal policy of expansion and consolidation of his country's rule in the region. Today's insistence on Adwa as an African victory appears to be the dominant historiographical representation. The different interpretations all contain elements of truth, yet all, if frozen into historiographical truths, become embarrassing to the historian who needs documents, rather than monuments, as tools of analysis. To many historians both in Italy and Ethiopia, Adwa's respective symbolism of victory/defeat has been transformed into an icon, an historiographical monument, unassailable and immovable. The centenary of Adwa allows us to reconsider historical events of a shared past as critical documents and biased representations reflecting their own culture and time. This article attempts to deconstruct the historiographical monument of Adwa in Italian society so as to transmit such a heavily coded event to the critical examination of future historians in both Italy and Ethiopia.
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Lemenkova, Polina. "A GRASS GIS Scripting Framework for Monitoring Changes in the Ephemeral Salt Lakes of Chotts Melrhir and Merouane, Algeria." Applied System Innovation 6, no. 4 (June 25, 2023): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/asi6040061.
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Automated classification of satellite images is a challenging task that enables the use of remote sensing data for environmental modeling of Earth’s landscapes. In this document, we implement a GRASS GIS-based framework for discriminating land cover types to identify changes in the endorheic basins of the ephemeral salt lakes Chott Melrhir and Chott Merouane, Algeria; we employ embedded algorithms for image processing. This study presents a dataset of the nine Landsat 8–9 OLI/TIRS satellite images obtained from the USGS for a 9-year period, from 2014 to 2022. The images were analyzed to detect changes in water levels in ephemeral lakes that experience temporal fluctuations; these lakes are dry most of the time and are fed with water during rainy periods. The unsupervised classification of images was performed using GRASS GIS algorithms through several modules: ‘i.cluster’ was used to generate image classes; ‘i.maxlik’ was used for classification using the maximal likelihood discriminant analysis, and auxiliary modules, such as ‘i.group’, ‘r.support’, ‘r.import’, etc., were used. This document includes technical descriptions of the scripts used for image processing with detailed comments on the functionalities of the GRASS GIS modules. The results include the identified variations in the ephemeral salt lakes within the Algerian part of the Sahara over a 9-year period (2014–2022), using a time series of Landsat OLI/TIRS multispectral images that were classified using GRASS GIS. The main strengths of the GRASS GIS framework are the high speed, accuracy, and effectiveness of the programming codes for image processing in environmental monitoring. The presented GitHub repository, which contains scripts used for the satellite image analysis, serves as a reference for the interpretation of remote sensing data for the environmental monitoring of arid and semi-arid areas of Africa.
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Zhao, Wenchao, Shuai Han, Yapeng Chen, Yusheng Gao, and Manjie Liu. "Development of Quick Digital Field Recording and Mapping Method of Geological Objects for Hydraulic Engineering." Applied Sciences 11, no. 21 (October 21, 2021): 9840. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11219840.
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During the fieldwork of hydraulic engineering, practical engineers normally document geological information manually. Although there are some GIS-based digital tools for geology, they are not perfectly applicable to hydraulic engineering. As a result, the current work mode is ineffective, unmanageable, error-prone, and not conducive to subsequent analysis. To address this problem, we developed a digital tool which enables geological recording and quick modeling based on 3D real scenes in the field of hydropower projects. There are three modules in the surface tool: object recording, image interpretation, and field analysis. The object recording module is to mark geological points (e.g., drills and shafts), lines (e.g., faults, stratigraphic boundaries), and surfaces (e.g., slope and stocking yard) on a 3D scene and then store them in the database. The image interpretation is to interpret the 2D information in images to 3D models loaded in 3D software for further studies, such as GOCAD. The field analysis includes surface fitting, stability analysis of blocks, occurrences calculating, rock recognition, and 69/sketching. The tool is helpful for recording data, drawing geological boundaries, and building a preliminary model in the geological survey.
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Mishra, K., and R. D. Garg. "BLUR KERNEL’S EFFECT ON PERFORMANCE OF SINGLE-FRAME SUPER-RESOLUTION ALGORITHMS FOR SPATIALLY ENHANCING HYPERION AND PRISMA DATA." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVI-M-2-2022 (July 25, 2022): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlvi-m-2-2022-165-2022.
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Abstract. Single-frame super-resolution (SFSR) achieves the goal of generating a high-resolution image from a single low-resolution input in a three-step process, namely, noise removal, up-sampling and deblurring. Scale factor and blur kernel are essential parameters of the up-sampling and deblurring steps. Few studies document the impact of these parameters on the performance of SFSR algorithms for improving the spatial resolution of real-world remotely-sensed datasets. Here, the effect of changing blur kernel has been studied on the behaviour of two classic SFSR algorithms: iterative back projection (IBP) and gaussian process regression (GPR), which are applied to two spaceborne hyperspectral datasets for scale factors 2, 3 and 4. Eight full-reference image quality metrics and algorithm processing time are deployed for this purpose. A literature-based re-interpretation of Wald’s reduced resolution protocol has also been used in this work for choosing the reference image. Intensive intra-algorithm comparisons of various simulation scenarios reveal each algorithm’s best performing Gaussian blur kernel parameters. Inter-algorithm comparison shows the better performing algorithm out of the two, thereby paving the way for further research in SFSR of remotely-sensed images.
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Andrade, Eliane Righi, and Paula Cristina Somenzari Almozara. "A construção da memória do sujeito contemporâneo a partir de arquivos-monumentos." RUA 22, no. 1 (June 16, 2016): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/rua.v22i1.8646066.
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Este artigo discute, por um olhar interdisciplinar, a formação da memória do sujeito contemporâneo, constituída pelos arquivos, os quais são entendidos, ao mesmo tempo, como forma de preservação de uma memória histórica e coletiva – o arquivo-documento – e como interpretação, a partir das diferentes “entradas” do sujeito no arquivo – o arquivo-monumento. Essa reflexão entende os arquivos como uma construção social que se utiliza de elementos historicizados para gerar redes de significados. Utilizando recortes (fotos e textos) das manifestações sociais de 2013 como material de análise da pesquisa, conclui-se que a memória é constituída pelas várias interpretações sobre o arquivo, produzidas na relação entre o dizer e a imagem, no tempo-espaço histórico que caracteriza um acontecimento.Abstract:This article proposes, by an interdisciplinary perspective, the discussion about the constitution of the memory of the contemporary subject, memory formed by archives that are understood, at the same time, as a way of preserving the historical and collective memory – the document-archive – and as a work of interpretation, through the different “entries” that the subject does into the archive – the monument-archive. This reflection considers the archives as a social construction which uses historicized elements to produce meaning networks. Using extracts (pictures and texts) from the social manifestations that occurred in 2013 in Brazil as the analysis material of the research, we can conclude that memory consists of different interpretations of the archive, produced in the relationship between what is said and the image, in the historical time-space that characterizes an event.Keywords: archive; memory; event; contemporary subject; arts.
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Dietrich, Christoph, Jeffrey Bamber, Annalisa Berzigotti, Simona Bota, Vito Cantisani, Laurent Castera, David Cosgrove, et al. "EFSUMB Guidelines and Recommendations on the Clinical Use of Liver Ultrasound Elastography, Update 2017 (Long Version)." Ultraschall in der Medizin - European Journal of Ultrasound 38, no. 04 (April 13, 2017): e16-e47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-103952.
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AbstractWe present here the first update of the 2013 EFSUMB (European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology) Guidelines and Recommendations on the clinical use of elastography, focused on the assessment of diffuse liver disease. The first part (long version) of these Guidelines and Recommendations deals with the basic principles of elastography and provides an update of how the technology has changed. The practical advantages and disadvantages associated with each of the techniques are described, and guidance is provided regarding optimization of scanning technique, image display, image interpretation, reporting of data and some of the known image artefacts. The second part provides clinical information about the practical use of elastography equipment and the interpretation of results in the assessment of diffuse liver disease and analyzes the main findings based on published studies, stressing the evidence from meta-analyses. The role of elastography in different etiologies of liver disease and in several clinical scenarios is also discussed. All of the recommendations are judged with regard to their evidence-based strength according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine Levels of Evidence. This updated document is intended to act as a reference and to provide a practical guide for both beginners and advanced clinical users.
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Bakos, Károly, and Paolo Gamba. "Perspectives of hyperspectral data application for vegetation studies." Tájökológiai Lapok 7, no. 1 (July 24, 2009): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.56617/tl.4090.
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In this paper the possibilities of hyperspectral data processing are investigated regarding the application of these images in natural and ecological applications. A short overview is given of the available methods for interpretation purposes and special attention is paid on how the unique properties of hyperspectral data are affecting the choice of suitable methods for processing. Further steps required for developing a set of application dependent image processing chain is also addressed with the aim of applying both spatial and spectral information contained in datasets. A broad identification of possible processing chain is discussed with the aim of developing more standardised and application suited way of processing of the large data volumes. Automatic or semi-automatic procedures are proposed and key steps are identified that could lead to high quality mapping products by means of digital signal processing. This work is to be continued with testing the performance at different stages of interpretation while different techniques are used, and a document is to be supplied through HYPER-I-NET with the collection of results and application specific suggestions regarding hyperspectral data application for vegetation monitoring purposes.
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Desai, Shankreppa D., Ashwini B. Nuchhi, and Santoshkumar B. Karjagi. "Bilateral linguofacial trunk - a case report." National Journal of Clinical Anatomy 01, no. 04 (October 2012): 193–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3401689.
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AbstractDuring routine dissection of an adult male cadaver, a unique case of anomalous origin of linguofacial trunk from both the right and left external carotid arteries with no looping of lingual artery in its course and relative higher division of right common carotid artery at C3 vertebral level was observed. Although variations in the external carotid artery origin and branches are not uncommon it is necessary to document as these variations may increase the risk of accidental vascular trauma during head and neck surgeries. And this knowledge is also important for radiologists in the image interpretation of carotid arterial system.
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Pawar, Poonam, Nikita Mandage, Shreya Sasane, Sakshi Ransing, and Prof Bhosle Swati. "Sign Language Recognition System Using Machine Learning." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 11 (November 30, 2022): 1387–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.47576.
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Abstract: Voice and language is the main thing that people understand one with the other. We can understand thoughts through hearing each other. Even nowadays we can give commands using voice recognition. But what if one hears absolutely nothing and eventually can't speak. Sign language is the main communication tool for hearing impaired and mute people and also to ensure their independent lives, automatic sign language interpretation is an extensive area of research. With use of image processing and artificial intelligence, many techniques and algorithms have been developed in this area. Every sign language recognition system is trained to recognize characters and convert them into the desired pattern. The goal of the proposed system to provide speech to infants, in this document ambidextrous Indian Sign Language is captured as a series of images and is processed using Python and then converted to speech and text.
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Gudonis, Vytautas. "THE IMAGE A VISUALLY IMPAIRED PERSON IN PHILATELY AS A MEANS OF FORMING AN ADEQUATE ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE BLINDNESS AND BLIND." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 4 (May 21, 2019): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2019vol4.3962.
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The topic of blindness and the image of a blind person in philately, although rarely analysed, has a great information potential. This research topic is part of our research "The Image of a Blind Man in the Cultural Heritage of Humanity." The purpose of the study is to systematize knowledge on the subject of image and blindness in philately, to consider the social aspects of this phenomenon. To collect information, the bulletin used the analysis of literature and the search for postage stamps depicting blind people in private collections of philatelists. The iconological method of interpretation of culture and art history was also used, which permitted to reveal the meaning of visions, symbols and their contexts. The monograph is based on the methodological assumptions of art historians Aby Walburg (1866 – 1929) and Erwin Panofsky (1892 – 1968), who claimed that historical and social aspects could be revealed through the works of art. E. Panofsky states that the works of art as human signs as well as other works can be considered documents, encoding the knowledge of the epoch, its culture and attitudes. The work of art is a symbol, indicating “something else” and allowing us to perceive the allegory; it is a document, telling us about certain cultural, religious, social and historic phenomena, depending on the context. The image of a blind person in stamps and commemorative envelopes are divided according to separate themes and analysed as social phenomena. The image of the blind and the topic of blindness in philately allow acquiring more knowledge about the blind, their potential, embossed writing, specificity of their orientation and mobility and at the same time forming positive attitudes towards visually impaired people. These findings activate further research on the image of a blind person in other areas of cultural heritage.
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Udawalpola, M., A. Hasan, A. K. Liljedahl, A. Soliman, and C. Witharana. "OPERATIONAL-SCALE GEOAI FOR PAN-ARCTIC PERMAFROST FEATURE DETECTION FROM HIGH-RESOLUTION SATELLITE IMAGERY." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-M-3-2021 (August 10, 2021): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-m-3-2021-175-2021.
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Abstract. Regional extent and spatiotemporal dynamics of Arctic permafrost disturbances remain poorly quantified. High spatial resolution commercial satellite imagery enables transformational opportunities to observe, map, and document the micro-topographic transitions occurring in Arctic polygonal tundra at multiple spatial and temporal frequencies. The entire Arctic has been imaged at 0.5 m or finer resolution by commercial satellite sensors. The imagery is still largely underutilized, and value-added Arctic science products are rare. Knowledge discovery through artificial intelligence (AI), big imagery, high performance computing (HPC) resources is just starting to be realized in Arctic science. Large-scale deployment of petabyte-scale imagery resources requires sophisticated computational approaches to automated image interpretation coupled with efficient use of HPC resources. In addition to semantic complexities, multitude factors that are inherent to sub-meter resolution satellite imagery, such as file size, dimensions, spectral channels, overlaps, spatial references, and imaging conditions challenge the direct translation of AI-based approaches from computer vision applications. Memory limitations of Graphical Processing Units necessitates the partitioning of an input satellite imagery into manageable sub-arrays, followed by parallel predictions and post-processing to reconstruct the results corresponding to input image dimensions and spatial reference. We have developed a novel high performance image analysis framework –Mapping application for Arctic Permafrost Land Environment (MAPLE) that enables the integration of operational-scale GeoAI capabilities into Arctic science applications. We have designed the MAPLE workflow to become interoperable across HPC architectures while utilizing the optimal use of computing resources.
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Bahrani, Zainab, Haider Almamori, Helen Malko, Gabriel Rodriguez, and Serdar Yalcin. "THE PARTHIAN ROCK RELIEFS AND BAHDINAN GATE IN AMADIYA/AMEDI: A PRELIMINARY REPORT FROM THE COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY MAPPING MESOPOTAMIAN MONUMENTS SURVEY." Iraq 81 (August 13, 2019): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/irq.2019.4.
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This article presents three rock reliefs of the Parthian era in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, documented in Amadiya/Amedi by Columbia University's Mapping Mesopotamian Monuments survey project in 2013. The paper discusses the iconography, style and date of the reliefs and the methods that the Columbia team used to document them, including photogrammetry, perspectival corrected and perspective controlled stills, and 360° immersive, processed panoramas. At the same time as presenting a reading of the relief imagery, the article offers a preliminary self-reflective consideration of the documentation methods we have been utilizing for the study of rock reliefs in the past seven years. These technological advances, enormously useful for digital image capture, are nevertheless a form of imaging and must be understood as such methodologically. The final results of these kinds of technically advanced images of rock reliefs must rely on modes of visual interpretation that remain subjective and dependent on visual analytical skills based in historical knowledge, stylistic and iconographic analyses, as well as on-site, close up material-tactile studies of surfaces, of carving styles and methods. Finally, taking architectural context and landscape into account, the paper makes the case that the location of the reliefs dating to the Parthian era, at the citadel's entry, guided and inspired the Seljuk era monumental portals of Amadiya/Amedi that were subsequently erected and sculpted in dialogue with the ancient remains.
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Mathisen, Mark E., Anthony A. Vasiliou, Paul Cunningham, J. Shaw, J. H. Justice, and N. J. Guinzy. "Time‐lapse crosswell seismic tomogram interpretation: Implications for heavy oil reservoir characterization, thermal recovery process monitoring, and tomographic imaging technology." GEOPHYSICS 60, no. 3 (May 1995): 631–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443803.
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Time‐lapse crosswell seismic data acquired with a cemented receiver cable have been processed into P‐ and S‐wave tomograms which image heavy oil sand lithofacies and changes as a result of steam injection. Twenty‐seven crosswell surveys were acquired between two wells over a 3.5 month period before, during, and after a 34‐day, 30 MBBL [Formula: see text] steam injection cycle. Interpretation was based on correlations with reservoir data and models, observation well data, and engineering documentation of the production history and steam cycle. Baseline S‐ and P‐wave tomograms image reservoir sand flow units and areas affected by past cyclic steam injection. S‐wave tomograms define lithology and porosity contrasts between the excellent reservoir quality, “high flow” turbidite channel facies and the interbedded “low to moderate flow” bioturbated levee facies. The reservoir dip of approximately 20° is defined by the velocity contrast between lithofacies. P‐wave baseline tomograms image lithology, porosity, structure, and several low velocity zones caused by past steam injection. Previous steam‐heat injection caused the formation of gas which reduced velocities as much as several thousand ft/s (600 m/s), an amount which obscures the velocity contrast between lithofacies and smaller velocity reductions as a result of temperature alone. Time‐lapse and difference P‐wave tomograms document several areas with small decreases in velocity during steam injection and larger decreases after cyclic steam injection. Velocity reductions range from 300 to 900 ft/s (90 to 270 m/s) adjacent to and above injectors located 20 to 50 feet (6 to 15 m) from the tomogram cross‐section. Poisson’s ratio tomograms show a significant decrease (.10) in the same area, and include low values indicative of gas saturation. Continuous injectors located 50 to 350 feet (15 to 100 m) from the survey area also caused a progressive decrease in velocity of the “high flow” channel sands during the time‐lapse survey. Interdisciplinary interpretation indicates that tomograms not only complement other borehole‐derived reservoir characterization and temperature monitoring data but can be used to quantitatively characterize interwell reservoir properties and monitor changes as a result of the thermal recovery process. Monitoring results over 3.5 months confirms that stratification has controlled the flow of steam, in contrast to gravity override. This suggests that tomographic images of reservoir flow‐units and gas‐bearing high temperature zones should be useful for positioning wells and optimizing injection intervals, steam volumes, and producing well completions.
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Smith, R. R. R. "The Public Image of Licinius I: Portrait Sculpture and Imperial Ideology in the Early Fourth Century." Journal of Roman Studies 87 (November 1997): 170–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/301374.
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Ancient history, it could be said, is composed of long and broad bands of unchanging social and political culture, punctuated in the upper levels by periods of upheaval and re-orientation. Ancient art works document and make visible both aspects: numbing continuity and static production on the one hand and sudden shifts and sharp turns in representation on the other. This paper takes as an example one of those periods of highly-charged visual re-orientation, the early fourth century A.D., and is intended as an alternative to the discussion and explanation of ancient images in this period in terms of artistic and formal processes. It aims to set an unusual and fat-faced late antique portrait (Pl. I) in its proper context alongside the thin-faced portraits of a better known figure (Pl. XII), and looks at the wider implications of this for the interpretation of imperial portrait sculpture as a significant expression of political ideology. The leanfaced man is Constantine, the other it will be argued is Licinius.
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Zhang, Jia, Carina Mihai, Laura Tüshaus, Gaetano Scebba, Oliver Distler, and Walter Karlen. "Wound Image Quality From a Mobile Health Tool for Home-Based Chronic Wound Management With Real-Time Quality Feedback: Randomized Feasibility Study." JMIR mHealth and uHealth 9, no. 7 (July 30, 2021): e26149. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/26149.
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Background Travel to clinics for chronic wound management is burdensome to patients. Remote assessment and management of wounds using mobile and telehealth approaches can reduce this burden and improve patient outcomes. An essential step in wound documentation is the capture of wound images, but poor image quality can have a negative influence on the reliability of the assessment. To date, no study has investigated the quality of remotely acquired wound images and whether these are suitable for wound self-management and telemedical interpretation of wound status. Objective Our goal was to develop a mobile health (mHealth) tool for the remote self-assessment of digital ulcers (DUs) in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). We aimed to define and validate objective measures for assessing the image quality, evaluate whether an automated feedback feature based on real-time assessment of image quality improves the overall quality of acquired wound images, and evaluate the feasibility of deploying the mHealth tool for home-based chronic wound self-monitoring by patients with SSc. Methods We developed an mHealth tool composed of a wound imaging and management app, a custom color reference sticker, and a smartphone holder. We introduced 2 objective image quality parameters based on the sharpness and presence of the color checker to assess the quality of the image during acquisition and enable a quality feedback mechanism in an advanced version of the app. We randomly assigned patients with SSc and DU to the 2 device groups (basic and feedback) to self-document their DU at home over 8 weeks. The color checker detection ratio (CCDR) and color checker sharpness (CCS) were compared between the 2 groups. We evaluated the feasibility of the mHealth tool by analyzing the usability feedback from questionnaires, user behavior and timings, and the overall quality of the wound images. Results A total of 21 patients were enrolled, of which 15 patients were included in the image quality analysis. The average CCDR was 0.96 (191/199) in the feedback group and 0.86 (158/183) in the basic group. The feedback group showed significantly higher (P<.001) CCS compared to the basic group. The usability questionnaire results showed that the majority of patients were satisfied with the tool, but could benefit from disease-specific adaptations. The median assessment duration was <50 seconds in all patients, indicating the mHealth tool was efficient to use and could be integrated into the daily routine of patients. Conclusions We developed an mHealth tool that enables patients with SSc to acquire good-quality DU images and demonstrated that it is feasible to deploy such an app in this patient group. The feedback mechanism improved the overall image quality. The introduced technical solutions consist of a further step towards reliable and trustworthy digital health for home-based self-management of wounds.
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Kirsten, Natalia. "Telemedizinische Versorgung von Wundpatienten: Echtzeit-Feedback verbessert Qualität von Wundbildern." Kompass Dermatologie 10, no. 1 (2022): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000522146.
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Background: Travel to clinics for chronic wound management is burdensome to patients. Remote assessment and management of wounds using mobile and telehealth approaches can reduce this burden and improve patient outcomes. An essential step in wound documentation is the capture of wound images, but poor image quality can have a negative influence on the reliability of the assessment. To date, no study has investigated the quality of remotely acquired wound images and whether these are suitable for wound self-management and telemedical interpretation of wound status. Objective: Our goal was to develop a mobile health (mHealth) tool for the remote self-assessment of digital ulcers (DUs) in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). We aimed to define and validate objective measures for assessing the image quality, evaluate whether an automated feedback feature based on real-time assessment of image quality improves the overall quality of acquired wound images, and evaluate the feasibility of deploying the mHealth tool for home-based chronic wound self-monitoring by patients with SSc. Methods: We developed an mHealth tool composed of a wound imaging and management app, a custom color reference sticker, and a smartphone holder. We introduced 2 objective image quality parameters based on the sharpness and presence of the color checker to assess the quality of the image during acquisition and enable a quality feedback mechanism in an advanced version of the app. We randomly assigned patients with SSc and DU to the 2 device groups (basic and feedback) to self-document their DU at home over 8 weeks. The color checker detection ratio (CCDR) and color checker sharpness (CCS) were compared between the 2 groups. We evaluated the feasibility of the mHealth tool by analyzing the usability feedback from questionnaires, user behavior and timings, and the overall quality of the wound images. Results: A total of 21 patients were enrolled, of which 15 patients were included in the image quality analysis. The average CCDR was 0.96 (191/199) in the feedback group and 0.86 (158/183) in the basic group. The feedback group showed significantly higher (P<.001) CCS compared to the basic group. The usability questionnaire results showed that the majority of patients were satisfied with the tool, but could benefit from disease-specific adaptations. The median assessment duration was <50 seconds in all patients, indicating the mHealth tool was efficient to use and could be integrated into the daily routine of patients. Conclusions: We developed an mHealth tool that enables patients with SSc to acquire good-quality DU images and demonstrated that it is feasible to deploy such an app in this patient group. The feedback mechanism improved the overall image quality. The introduced technical solutions consist of a further step towards reliable and trustworthy digital health for home-based self-management of wounds.
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Naufal, Fahd, Christopher J. Brady, Meraf A. Wolle, Michael Saheb Kashaf, Harran Mkocha, Christopher Bradley, George Kabona, Jeremiah Ngondi, Robert W. Massof, and Sheila K. West. "Evaluation of photography using head-mounted display technology (ICAPS) for district Trachoma surveys." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 11 (November 8, 2021): e0009928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009928.
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Background As the prevalence of trachoma declines worldwide, it is becoming increasingly expensive and challenging to standardize graders in the field for surveys to document elimination. Photography of the tarsal conjunctiva and remote interpretation may help alleviate these challenges. The purpose of this study was to develop, and field test an Image Capture and Processing System (ICAPS) to acquire hands-free images of the tarsal conjunctiva for upload to a virtual reading center for remote grading. Methodology/Principal findings This observational study was conducted during a district-level prevalence survey for trachomatous inflammation—follicular (TF) in Chamwino, Tanzania. The ICAPS was developed using a Samsung Galaxy S8 smartphone, a Samsung Gear VR headset, a foot pedal trigger and customized software allowing for hands-free photography. After a one-day training course, three trachoma graders used the ICAPS to collect images from 1305 children ages 1–9 years, which were expert-graded remotely for comparison with field grades. In our experience, the ICAPS was successful at scanning and assigning barcodes to images, focusing on the everted eyelid with adequate examiner hand visualization, and capturing images with sufficient detail to grade TF. The percentage of children with TF by photos and by field grade was 5%. Agreement between grading of the images compared to the field grades at the child level was kappa = 0.53 (95%CI = 0.40–0.66). There were ungradable images for at least one eye in 199 children (9.1%), with more occurring in children ages 1–3 (18.5%) than older children ages 4–9 (4.2%) (χ2 = 145.3, p<0.001). Conclusions/Significance The prototype ICAPS device was robust, able to image 1305 children in a district level survey and transmit images from rural Tanzania to an online grading platform. More work is needed to improve the percentage of ungradable images and to better understand the causes of disagreement between field and photo grading.
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Valente-Aguiar, Murilo Sérgio, and Talita Lima de Castro-Espicalsky. "What Are the Expectations of Legal Operators and Forensic Experts Regarding Photographic Documentation of Violent Death Autopsies?" Forensic Sciences 1, no. 3 (October 24, 2021): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/forensicsci1030015.
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The purpose of photography in violent death autopsies is to document the material evidence of the offense and guide decisions in the courts of law. The aim of the present study was to obtain the expectations of legal operators and forensic experts regarding what is expected as adequate photographic documentation in violent death forensics. For this purpose, a survey was prepared through an online form available on the “Google Forms” platform, whose link was sent by e-mail and by the WhatsApp Messenger® application. The 102 participants were divided into two distinct groups: legal practitioners, interested in the materialization of evidence (judges, prosecutors, criminal lawyers and police chiefs), and forensic experts, responsible for materializing the evidence (medical examiners, forensic dentists and criminal experts). The research showed that the inclusion of color photographs in the expert reports is essential for all research participants, as well as the marking of evidence in the images and the inclusion of explanatory text in the captions. It was also pointed out as fundamental for most participants to insert an image with simulation of the firearm bullets’ path, when applicable. In relation to the other aspects, it can be observed that the opinions of the participants were divergent between the groups of research professionals, especially regarding the size of the image to be incorporated in the reports. The differences found between the groups can be detrimental to the proper interpretation and judgment of evidence in the courts. Considering the found barriers, the authors suggest a form of photographic documentation that meets all expectations in a consensual way.
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Crites, Benjamin, Nicholas Roy, Clay Stamm, Brandon Sears, Matthew Campbell, Steven Musen, Jessica Barnes, Victor Williams, David Coffey, and Jeffrey Lehmkuhler. "PSIX-37 Considerations for using game cameras for on-farm behavior of beef cattle." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 322–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.576.
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Abstract On-farm studies provide an opportunity to build relationships with clientele while answering applied science questions. Further, game trail cameras are a low-cost technology that may be an alternative to visually observing livestock for behavior data. An on-farm study involving eight county Extension agents and producers investigated game cameras to capture cattle visitation to mineral feeders. Three different models of Browning game trail cameras (Prometheus Group LLC, Birmingham, AL) each with timelapse feature were utilized. A three-page document provided background and methodology for the study. Details for placement of the trail camera were provided to provide consistency across farms. Cameras were pre-programmed to settings for image capture. A video for camera setup was also provided in the event that cameras reset to default settings due to battery failure. Timelapse feature was utilized providing image capture from sunrise to sunset at 2 min intervals. Several observations were noted to improve data capture in the future. Differences existed in battery utilization between camera models with one model only capturing images for approximately 2 of the 7 d periods while others had more than 80% battery life remaining after 7 d. Cameras were to be oriented facing south to avoid sun glare. Sun glare occurred at sunrise on most cameras and was particularly bad when dew was present on the camera lens. Mineral feeders need to be secured in place as livestock may move feeders out of the frame of the images captured. Still photos are insufficient in assessing behavior and short video clips are expected to improve interpretation especially when multiple animals visit the feeder at the same time. Utilization of human observation was not useful unless observation was performed at sunrise. Game trail cameras have the potential to be a cost-effective tool in capturing on-farm data of cattle behavior.
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Isiler, Mehmet, Mustafa Yanalak, Muhammed Enes Atik, Saziye Ozge Atik, and Zaide Duran. "A Semi-Automated Two-Step Building Stock Monitoring Methodology for Supporting Immediate Solutions in Urban Issues." Sustainability 15, no. 11 (June 2, 2023): 8979. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15118979.
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The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have addressed environmental and social issues in cities, such as insecure land tenure, climate change, and vulnerability to natural disasters. SDGs have motivated authorities to adopt urban land policies that support the quality and safety of urban life. Reliable, accurate, and up-to-date building information should be provided to develop effective land policies to solve the challenges of urbanization. Creating comprehensive and effective systems for land management in urban areas requires a significant long-term effort. However, some procedures should be undertaken immediately to mitigate the potential negative impacts of urban problems on human life. In developing countries, public records may not reflect the current status of buildings. Thus, implementing an automated and rapid building monitoring system using the potential of high-spatial-resolution satellite images and street views may be ideal for urban areas. This study proposed a two-step automated building stock monitoring mechanism. Our proposed method can identify critical building features, such as the building footprint and the number of floors. In the first step, buildings were automatically detected by using the object-based image analysis (OBIA) method on high-resolution spatial satellite images. In the second step, vertical images of the buildings were collected. Then, the number of the building floors was determined automatically using Google Street View Images (GSVI) via the YOLOv5 algorithm and the kernel density estimation method. The first step of the experiment was applied to the high-resolution images of the Pleiades satellite, which covers three different urban areas in Istanbul. The average accuracy metrics of the OBIA experiment for Area 1, Area 2, and Area 3 were 92.74%, 92.23%, and 92.92%, respectively. The second step of the experiment was applied to the image dataset containing the GSVIs of several buildings in different Istanbul streets. The perspective effect, the presence of more than one building in the photograph, some obstacles around the buildings, and different window sizes caused errors in the floor estimations. For this reason, the operator’s manual interpretation when obtaining SVIs increases the floor estimation accuracy. The proposed algorithm estimates the number of floors at a rate of 79.2% accuracy for the SVIs collected by operator interpretation. Consequently, our methodology can easily be used to monitor and document the critical features of the existing buildings. This approach can support an immediate emergency action plan to reduce the possible losses caused by urban problems. In addition, this method can be utilized to analyze the previous conditions after damage or losses occur.
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Waligóra, Janusz. "Kto się boi współczesności albo smutny dokument epoki." Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia ad Didacticam Litterarum Polonarum et Linguae Polonae Pertinentia 12, no. 330 (December 16, 2021): 231–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20820909.12.16.
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The article presents an educational project inspired by Antoni Słonimski’s poem Document of the Era (Dokument epoki). Preserving and showing the picture of the present – as Słonimski did – is perceived here as a record of the contemporary world. At the same time it is the act of creative selection and configuration of elements that make up the world’s identity and image. Such a synthesis and assembly of pictures become a form of evaluation of the present, a testimony of the anxiety about the directions of its evolution and an expression of distance from what is dangerous and bad.
In this project the accent falls on the interpretation of Słonimski’s poem (and other cultural texts) as well as creative activities which use various codes and materials of artistic message. Aside from the doing s presented, but still closely connected, appears a reflection on the current Core Curriculum. This departmental dokument is also treated as a very important, yet not very glorious, testimony of the era.
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Mondini, A. C., A. Viero, M. Cavalli, L. Marchi, G. Herrera, and F. Guzzetti. "Comparison of event landslide inventories: the Pogliaschina catchment test case, Italy." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 14, no. 7 (July 15, 2014): 1749–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-1749-2014.
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Abstract. Event landslide inventory maps document the extent of populations of landslides caused by a single natural trigger, such as an earthquake, an intense rainfall event, or a rapid snowmelt event. Event inventory maps are important for landslide susceptibility and hazard modelling, and prove useful to manage residual risk after a landslide-triggering event. Standards for the preparation of event landslide inventory maps are lacking. Traditional methods are based on the visual interpretation of stereoscopic aerial photography, aided by field surveys. New and emerging techniques exploit remotely sensed data and semi-automatic algorithms. We describe the production and comparison of two independent event inventories prepared for the Pogliaschina catchment, Liguria, Northwest Italy. The two inventories show landslides triggered by an intense rainfall event on 25 October 2011, and were prepared through the visual interpretation of digital aerial photographs taken 3 days and 33 days after the event, and by processing a very-high-resolution image taken by the WorldView-2 satellite 4 days after the event. We compare the two inventories qualitatively and quantitatively using established and new metrics, and we discuss reasons for the differences between the two landslide maps. We expect that the results of our work can help in deciding on the most appropriate method to prepare reliable event inventory maps, and outline the advantages and the limitations of the different approaches.
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Mondini, A. C., A. Viero, M. Cavalli, L. Marchi, G. Herrera, and F. Guzzetti. "Comparison of event landslide inventories: the Pogliaschina catchment test case, Italy." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 2, no. 2 (February 4, 2014): 1093–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-2-1093-2014.
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Abstract. Event landslide inventory maps document the extent of populations of landslides caused by a single natural trigger, such as an earthquake, an intense rainfall event, or a rapid snowmelt event. Event inventory maps are important for landslide susceptibility and hazard modelling, and prove useful to manage residual risk after a landslide-triggering event. Standards for the preparation of event landslide inventory maps are lacking. Traditional methods are based on the visual interpretation of stereoscopic aerial photography, aided by field surveys. New and emerging techniques exploit remotely sensing data and semi-automatic algorithms. We describe the production of two event inventories prepared for the Pogliaschina catchment, Liguria, NW Italy. The two inventories show landslides triggered by an intense rainfall event on 25 October 2011, and were prepared through the visual interpretation of digital aerial photographs taken three days and thirty-three days after the event, and processing a very high resolution image taken by the WorldView II satellite four days after the event. We compare the two inventories qualitatively and quantitatively, using established and new metrics, and we discuss reasons for the differences and the similarities between the landslide maps. We expect that the results of our work can help deciding on the most appropriate method to prepare reliable event inventory maps, and to outline advantages and the limitations of the different methods.
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Waithe, Dominic. "Summary of two questionnaires designed to understand the research climate for Bioimage Analysts in the UK between 2016-2019." F1000Research 10 (April 6, 2021): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.51794.1.
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Background: Bioimage analysis is an emerging field within the global research community. It is an interdisciplinary discipline which requires knowledge of biology, image analysis and biophysics. This report represents the analysis and discussion of two questionnaires run by the Image Analysis Focused Interest Group of the Royal Microscopical Society (IAFIG-RMS). The goal of this document, which represents the analysis and interpretation of these questionnaires, is to highlight the current research climate for Bioimage Analysts in the UK and discusses some of the problems and possibilities for this emerging discipline. Methods: Two questionnaires (2016 and 2019) were developed and sent to researchers in the UK using mailing lists and forums specific for microscopy and image analysis. The participants were asked a range of questions spanning different aspects of their work and funding. Respondents were collected and analysed using Jupyter notebooks. Results: The analysis of the responses from these questionnaires highlighted many interesting issues and aspects of this community. It is clear that a major issue for the community is the nature of the funding and the long-term career possibilities available. Furthermore, the issue of independence is discussed with clear evidence that researchers would like to pursue their own research with the option of dedicated time to support the research of others. Conclusions: It is our hope that this study will help catalyse funding opportunities which help support this emerging discipline and help it establish a unique identity for itself within the research community in the UK and beyond.
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Tapete, Deodato, and Francesca Cigna. "Detection of Archaeological Looting from Space: Methods, Achievements and Challenges." Remote Sensing 11, no. 20 (October 15, 2019): 2389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11202389.
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Illegal excavations in archaeological heritage sites (namely “looting”) are a global phenomenon. Satellite images are nowadays massively used by archaeologists to systematically document sites affected by looting. In parallel, remote sensing scientists are increasingly developing processing methods with a certain degree of automation to quantify looting using satellite imagery. To capture the state-of-the-art of this growing field of remote sensing, in this work 47 peer-reviewed research publications and grey literature are reviewed, accounting for: (i) the type of satellite data used, i.e., optical and synthetic aperture radar (SAR); (ii) properties of looting features utilized as proxies for damage assessment (e.g., shape, morphology, spectral signature); (iii) image processing workflows; and (iv) rationale for validation. Several scholars studied looting even prior to the conflicts recently affecting the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Regardless of the method used for looting feature identification (either visual/manual, or with the aid of image processing), they preferred very high resolution (VHR) optical imagery, mainly black-and-white panchromatic, or pansharpened multispectral, whereas SAR is being used more recently by specialist image analysts only. Yet the full potential of VHR and high resolution (HR) multispectral information in optical imagery is to be exploited, with limited research studies testing spectral indices. To fill this gap, a range of looted sites across the MENA region are presented in this work, i.e., Lisht, Dashur, and Abusir el Malik (Egypt), and Tell Qarqur, Tell Jifar, Sergiopolis, Apamea, Dura Europos, and Tell Hizareen (Syria). The aim is to highlight: (i) the complementarity of HR multispectral data and VHR SAR with VHR optical imagery, (ii) usefulness of spectral profiles in the visible and near-infrared bands, and (iii) applicability of methods for multi-temporal change detection. Satellite data used for the demonstration include: HR multispectral imagery from the Copernicus Sentinel-2 constellation, VHR X-band SAR data from the COSMO-SkyMed mission, VHR panchromatic and multispectral WorldView-2 imagery, and further VHR optical data acquired by GeoEye-1, IKONOS-2, QuickBird-2, and WorldView-3, available through Google Earth. Commonalities between the different image processing methods are examined, alongside a critical discussion about automation in looting assessment, current lack of common practices in image processing, achievements in managing the uncertainty in looting feature interpretation, and current needs for more dissemination and user uptake. Directions toward sharing and harmonization of methodologies are outlined, and some proposals are made with regard to the aspects that the community working with satellite images should consider, in order to define best practices of satellite-based looting assessment.
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Levytskyi, V. "‘THE LETTER ABOUT LATIN’ BY SERHII PYLYPENKO AS THE LITERARY EXPERIMENT." Comparative studies of Slavic languages and literatures. In memory of Academician Leonid Bulakhovsky, no. 35 (2019): 262–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2075-437x.2019.35.26.
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The figure of the writer Serhii Pylypenko is often associated with the initiative to move the Ukrainian language into Latin. A letter with such offer, printed in 1923, attracted the attention of the creative community. So far, this document often has appeared in statements about the system of writing, which is optimal for Ukrainian language. At the same time, its interpretation rarely relates to the realities of the literary process. The purpose of the proposed study is to consider the links between the well-known text about Latin with another trends of activity by Pylypenko and cultural situation in Ukraine of the first third of the twentieth century. A number of motifs for the publication of the letter are revealed due to the chosen viewpoint. They are certifying the personal linguistic interests of the author, encouraging a broad philological discussion, as well as modeling the image of the association ‘Pluh’. As a result, the discourse on Latin represents the peculiar first round of the literary debate of the 1920s.
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Volkov, Ivan O. "Vladimir Titov’s Letter to Vladimir Odoevsky as a Well-Known Response to Ivan Turgenev’s Article “Hamlet and Don Quixote” (Contemporaries’ Reception of Turgenev’s Interpretation of the Image of Hamlet)." Tekst. Kniga. Knigoizdanie, no. 26 (2021): 104–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/23062061/26/6.
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For the first time, in the article, Vladimir Titov’s letter (dated 12/24 February 1869) is published and commented. In the 1820s, in Russia, Titov was well-known as a writer and literature theorist, the author of a romantic novella The Remote House on Vasilyevsky Island (1829) close to Society of Lyubomudriye. The letter extracted from the archives of the National Library of Russia is addressed to Duke Vladimir Odoevsky whose relationship with Titov was friendly from the very beginning of their acquaintance. The letter focuses on Ivan Turgenev’s speech published in the first issue of Sovremennik and titled “Hamlet and Don Quixote”. Reacting to Turgenev’s article, Titov shortly and critically accesses the comparison concentrating mainly on the image of Hamlet and thoroughly expresses his opinion on the essence of his tragic state. Titov’s opinion is just the opposite of Turgenev’s complex and multidimensional interpretation. Having experienced the great impact of the philosophy of German idealism at the beginning of his career, Titov to a great extent idealizes Shakespeare’s character whom he long knows and whom he is clearly eager to vindicate. Meanwhile, Titov does not pursue the aim to absolutely advocate the romantic halo of Hamlet as a Titanic personality (grandiose intellect and scale of feeling) and to enact the tragic pathos of the inner fight only. Developing Goethe’s definition of the essence of the character’s inner conflict, Titov, on the one hand, approaches its real understanding underlying the prince’s necessity to stay in a derogatory position of a “pitiful semiclown, indecisive grouch and shred”. On the other hand, the assessment can not be absolutely objective because Titov wants to see Hamlet as a victim of the fatal fortune which turns him into a character of an almost classical tragedy of fate. Titov’s bright and developed reaction (in the document of private nature) to Turgenev’s article is attractive and important first of all for its vividly demonstrated novelty and creativity of the writer’s view, wideness and multimodality of the author’s perception of Hamlet’s image. For the first time, Turgenev gave a developed interpretation of Shakespeare’s image in the tale “Hamlet of Shchigrovsky Province” (1848). Continuing his searches in the area of “Russian” (or “steppe”) Hamlet, Turgenev creates moral and philosophical problems of the English tragedy in the crisis socio-historical and cultural atmosphere of Russia of the 1840s. However, the principles of the artistic generalization and the peculiarities of the new reading, not mentioned and not fully comprehended by his contemporaries, were surprising and rejected when the speech “Hamlet and Don Quixote” appeared, in which Shakespeare’s character is presented ultimately vividly and lively in the then current interpretation.
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Mwageni, Nicholaus, and Robert Kiunsi. "Green Spaces in Residential Areas of Dar es Salaam City: Types, Coverage and Uses." Journal of Sustainable Development 14, no. 3 (April 28, 2021): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v14n3p121.
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Green spaces in urban areas including in Dar es Salaam City provide multiple ecological, social and economic benefits. Despite their benefits they are inadequately documented in terms types, coverage and uses. This paper attempts to provide information on types, coverage and uses of green space in Dar es Salaam City. A number of methods including literature review, interpretation of remotely sensed image, interviews, focus group discussions and questionnaires were used to document city greenery. The research findings show that residential greenery is made up of greenery found within and external to plots. The dominant green spaces external to residential plots were natural and semi natural vegetation while within plots were woody plants, plots farms vegetable and ornamental gardens. Distribution of greenery varied among the wards due to differences in building density and distance from the city centre. Natural and semi natural vegetation increased with decrease of building density and increase of distance from the city centre, while the number of plots with trees for shade increased with increase of building density. Only Kawe ward that had greenery above Tanzania space planning standards, the other three wards which are informal settlements had green space deficit. Three quarters of the households use green spaces for shade provision and cooling, two thirds as a source of food products and a quarter for recreation and aesthetic purposes. The study reveals that Dar es Salaam City residents invest predominantly on shade trees in their residential plots compared to other green space types.
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Polishchuk, Volodymyr. "FEDOSIA KOSHYTS AND TARAS SHEVCHENKO’S FIRST MATCHMAKING (BASED ON LITERARY WORKS)." Слово і Час, no. 2 (May 8, 2023): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33608/0236-1477.2023.02.3-17.
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The paper was written on the basis of a systematic research project “Intimate and love discourses in Ukrainian literary works about Shevchenko”. The story of Shevchenko’s first matchmaking in its representation within the works of various genres had not been the subject of an in-depth study before. The paper analyzes the documentary sources and document-based literary works, which focus on the poet’s relationship with Fedosia Koshyts, and notes limited cases of the relevant facts. This situation apparently led to the expansion of conjecture operations, strengthening their role and literary functions in the works of Ukrainian authors. While analyzing the sources, it was noted that not all researchers who wrote on the topic “Taras Shevchenko and women”, in particular Yu. Kovtun in the work “Shevchenko’s Beloved Women” (2004), commented on the history of the poet’s relationship with Fedosia Koshyts. Attention has been also paid to the well-grounded paper “Love that Disappeared in a Dream” by V. Shevchuk, in which the author substantiates the opinion that the analyzed love drama left a painful mark on the poet’s entire subsequent life. This thesis of a well-known researcher is considered one of the debatable hypotheses. The stories and novels of the 1960s—2010s show a certain evolution of interpretations dealing with the intimate relations of Taras and Fedosia and reveal the role of a writer’s creative freedom. Being perfectly shaped in terms of fiction, some interpretations of the analyzed theme in the novels from diff erenttimes (the worksby L. Smilianskyi, Vasyl Shevchuk, V. Darda, Z. Lehkyi) create a vivid and psychologically convincing image of Shevchenko. The writers’ interpretation of fate and the character of Fedosia after the poet’s unfortunate matchmaking has been highlighted as well. The study also gives information about the structural features of biographical works, such as genre, chronotopic, and documentary phenomena.
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Priyatmoko, Heri. "A RAINBOW ON THE TABLE: Historical Study Of Culinary Diversity In Solo." Jurnal Sosiologi Reflektif 14, no. 2 (April 21, 2020): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/jsr.v14i2.1825.
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This research attempts to understand the history of culinary diversity in Solo as a symbol of cultural harmony, as well as a regional economic power. The purpose of this research is motivated by the fact that Solo is known as a “radical city” and a city of conflict at national level. This study is expected to give a more comprehensive understanding of portrait of ethnic harmony which is reflected in the culinary cultures in order to lessenthe negative image of Solo. The method used is historical method, including heuristics (gathering of sources), source criticism, analysis/interpretation and writing. The researcher dedicated most time and energy to do library and document research and conduct some interview with the culinary businessmen. The researcher applies the acculturation theory in order to understand the process of culinary diversity occurrence. The result shows that the diversity of culinary of Solo is created as a result of intensive inter-cultural association and is supported by the creativity of local communities in addressing a challenge that led to the creation of new types of food. The existence of Javanese, European, Chinese, and Arabic communities in the past is accounted for the diversity of food on the table, which becomes a symbol of social harmony. From tourism perspective, the character of the people who have hobby of eating out and the availability of various types of culinary strengthen the image of Solo City as “keplek ilat” (mouthwatering) city. This fact in turn becomes the economic power of Solo City.
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Rahmi, Rize, Sawirman Sawirman, and Aslinda Aslinda. "The ANTARA and TEMPO Media’s Framing Strategy Differences in Framing the Omnibus Law Ratification Issue." Ranah: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa 10, no. 2 (December 27, 2021): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/rnh.v10i2.4146.
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In this research, the authors compared the framing strategy used by the ANTARA media and TEMPO media for the issue of the ratification of the Omnibus Law on Job Creation. This research was conducted descriptively with comparative qualitative approach. A qualitative document procedure was applied in collecting the data. Fairclough's framework of Critical Discourse Analysis and the framing analysis model by Pan and Kosicki (1993) were combined to analyze the data. The result of the data analysis is presented in the table and the interpretation form. The result shows that TEMPO's framing strategy is more clearly defined, while ANTARA's strategy is less clear. In building a negative or positive representation, TEMPO Media tries to present information supported by many sources. Then, the use of images in TEMPO news supports the truth of information, while the use of images in ANTARA media improves the quality of information sources. The five news stories from ANTARA media selected in this study always use the face image of the selected informant as a source of news information. AbstrakPada penelitian ini, penulis membandingkan strategi pembingkaian yang digunakan media ANTARA dan TEMPO dalam membingkai isu pengesahan Omnibus Law Cipta Kerja. Penelitian ini dilakukan secara deskriptif dengan pendekatan komparatif kualitiatif. Prosedur dokumen kualitatif diterapkan dalam pengumpulan data. Kerangka analisis wacana kritis Fairclough dan model analisis pembingkaian oleh Pan dan Kosicki (1993) digabungkan untuk menganalisis data. Hasil analisis data disajikan dalam bentuk tabel dan interpretasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa strategi pembingkaian TEMPO lebih jelas, sedangkan strategi ANTARA kurang jelas. Dalam membangun representasi negatif atau positif, TEMPO mencoba menghadirkan informasi yang didukung oleh banyak sumber. Kemudian, penggunaan gambar dalam berita TEMPO mendukung kebenaran informasi, sedangkan penggunaan gambar di media ANTARA meningkatkan kualitas sumber informasi. Kelima berita dari media ANTARA yang dipilih dalam penelitian ini selalu menggunakan foto sumber informasi yang terpilih pada berita.
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Ferrer-Peris, Jordi, and Juan Carlos Colomer-Rubio. "Educación patrimonial y fotografía estereoscópica: intervención didáctica." Research in Education and Learning Innovation Archives, no. 22 (June 24, 2019): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/realia.22.15342.
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The insertion of digital technology for the work of tangible and intangible heritage can become a creative tool that reinforces the role of the teacher as an educator of local heritage (in line with what is suggested in the Plan Nacional de Educación y Patrimonio (PNEyP)). In addition, this type of resources allow the development of tools that improve the interpretation of the patrimonial environments and bring them closer to the students. Our proposal is an original didactic intervention made with sixth grade students of Primary Education is exposed in the environment of Castell de Marinyén (Benifairó de la Valldigna, Valencia) through the use of stereoscopic or spherical photography and the hypothesis of reconstruction. This activity combines research on the immediate environment, the digital technologies and the use of image as a research document, which has made it possible to propose the technological means in patrimonial education by means of updated, simple and accessible resources that allow the realization of concrete investigations and the work of contents of different areas of knowledge. In conclusion, the defects that the patrimonial education has had in its insertion in the educational system, extending its treatment in the classroom, as well as its disposition within the school curriculum.
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Pitt, Douglas G., Robert G. Wagner, Ronald J. Hall, Douglas J. King, Donald G. Leckie, and Ulf Runesson. "Use of remote sensing for forest vegetation management: A problem analysis." Forestry Chronicle 73, no. 4 (August 1, 1997): 459–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc73459-4.
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Forest managers require accurate and timely data that describe vegetation conditions on cutover areas to assess vegetation development and prescribe actions necessary to achieve forest regeneration objectives. Needs for such data are increasing with current emphasis on ecosystem management, escalating silvicultural treatment costs, evolving computer-based decision support tools, and demands for greater accountability. Deficiencies associated with field survey methods of data acquisition (e.g. high costs, subjectivity, and low spatial and temporal coverage) frequently limit decision-making effectiveness. The potential for remotely sensed data to supplement field-collected forest vegetation management data was evaluated in a problem analysis consisting of a comprehensive literature review and consultation with remote sensing and vegetation management experts at a national workshop. Among curently available sensors, aerial photographs appear to offer the most suitable combination of characteristics, including high spatial resolution, stereo coverage, a range of image scales, a variety of film, lens, and camera options, capability for geometric correction, versatility, and moderate cost. A flexible strategy that employs a sequence of 1:10,000-, 1:5,000-, and 1:500-scale aerial photographs is proposed to: 1) accurately map cutover areas, 2) facilitate location-specific prescriptions for silvicultural treatments, sampling, buffer zones, wildlife areas, etc., and 3) monitor and document conditions and activities at specific points during the regeneration period. Surveys that require very detailed information on smaller plants (<0.5-m tall) and/or individual or rare plant species are not likely to be supported by current remote sensing technologies. Recommended areas for research include : 1) digital frame cameras, or other cost-effective digital imagers, as replacements for conventional cameras, 2) computer-based classification and interpretation algorithms for digital image data, 3) relationships between image measures and physical measures, such as leaf-area index and biomass, 4) imaging standards, 5) airborne video, laser altimeters, and radar as complementary sensors, and 6) remote sensing applications in partial cutting systems. Key words: forest vegetation management, regeneration, remote sensing, aerial photography
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Fomicheva, Sofia. "The Jewish literature of the second temple as a possible source of Ephrem the Syrian’s doctrine about the teacher as a scribe, inspired by God (in the 6th hymn "De Crucifixione")." St. Tikhons' University Review. Series III. Philology 73 (December 30, 2022): 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15382/sturiii202273.103-118.
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In his 6th Hymn De crucifixione that is consecrated to the interpretation of three days problem of Jesus’ resurrection, the Syriac poet-theologian Ephrem the Syrian (4th c.) functions as a teacher of astronomical and calendric lore. The article focuses on the probable sources of the construction of Ephrem’s authority as a teacher in this hymn. The author demonstrates that the astronomical discourse in the Syriac hymn is constructed with the specific structural devices, e.g., the first-person discourse, the term “calculation” and metaphorically expressed with the image of the scribe. These elements have obvious parallels within the Jewish Aramaic texts of the Second Temple, e.g., “the Aramaic Astronomical Book” and “the Document of Levi”. Like in Ephrem’s Hymn De crucifixione, in these texts are used the astronomical and other arithmetical calculations. The Jewish scribes who composed these works, transformed the old Babylonian mathematical lore into new narrative forms. In the course of this, these real scribes used fictive authority of the biblical figures associated with writing, e.g., Moses, David, Enoch, Noah and others. The author gives heed to the similar use of these biblical figures in Ephrem’s hymns and draws a conclusion about the self-definition by Ephrem as the scribe who is inspired by God and obtain a capability to interpretate God’s “secrets”. As a result, Ephrem “blends” the Christological typological interpretation of the “secret” or “symbol” with ancient Jewish and Mesopotamian connotations. Hence, in his sixth Hymn De crucifixione, the Syrian poet functions not as a theologian but as a teacher with quasi-prophetic status who is aligned with Moses and David and imitates their writing and interpretative activities. In the opinion of the author, these conclusions could shed light not only on the origins of Ephrem’s works, but on the origins of the Syriac Christianity as a whole.
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Kochaniewicz, Bogusław. "The three theological approaches to St. Joseph: John Paul II, Benedict XVI, Francis." Forum Teologiczne 23 (November 25, 2022): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/ft.8014.
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The study presents three images of St. Joseph included in selected writings of the last three popes: John Paul II, Benedict XVI and Francis. It notes that despite the same data from Scripture, the analysed images are different. Their diversity results from different sources used in theological reflection as well as from different methods of interpretation. John Paul II interprets the figure of the Guardian of the Redeemer in the light of God revealing Himself, carrying out His eternal plan. The emphasis was placed on God’s eternal plan that was actualized in earthly history and in human events. This made it possible to show both the realization of the divine plan in concrete terms, as well as the cooperation, faith and obedience of the carpenters of Nazareth in this work.
In turn, Cardinal Ratzinger shows the figure of Joseph based on the message contained in a Baroque relief of a Portuguese altar. The symbolic language of the anonymous sculptor and the message contained in the Baroque relief allowed the theologian to draw attention to certain aspects that are difficult to see in the Gospels of Childhood.
On the other hand, the image of Joseph presented by Pope Francis emphasizes the paternity of the Patriarch, expressing a certain analogy to the paternity of God towards Israel and the paternity of God to His Son. From this perspective, Joseph’s paternity appears to be a shadow of God’s paternity. This term refers to the title of a novel by Jan Dobraczyński, the message of which influenced the content of the theological icon in the document of Pope Francis.
This study found that, despite the limited data on Joseph in Scripture, thanks to the theological sources used and the new interpretative methods used, it was possible to show new, original images of the Guardian of the Redeemer, which allow future generations of Christians to better understand the role and place of St. Joseph in the history of salvation and in the life of the Church.
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Olfat, Atazadeh, Shojaei, and Rajabifard. "The Feasibility of a BIM-Driven Approach to Support Building Subdivision Workflows—Case Study of Victoria, Australia." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 11 (November 4, 2019): 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8110499.
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Cities are facing dramatic challenges due to population growth and the massive development of high-rises and complex structures, both above and below the ground surface. Decision-makers require access to an efficient land and property information system, which is digital, three-dimensional (3D), spatially accurate, and dynamic containing interests in land (rights, restrictions and responsibilities—RRRs) to manage the legal and physical complexities of urban environments. However, at present, building subdivision workflows only support the two-dimensional (2D) building subdivision plans in PDF or image formats. These workflows result in a number of issues, such as the plan preparation being complex, the examination process being labor intensive and requiring technical expertise, information not being easily reusable by all subdivision stakeholders, queries, analyses, and decision-making being inefficient, and the RRRs interpretation being difficult. The aim of this research is to explore the potential of using Building Information Modelling (BIM) and its open standards to support the building subdivision workflows. The research that is presented in this paper proposes a BIM-driven building subdivision workflow, evaluated through a case study in the state of Victoria, Australia. The results of the study confirmed that the proposed workflow could provide a feasible integrated mechanism for stakeholders to share, document, visualize, analyze, interpret, and reuse 3D digital cadastral data over the lifespan of a building subdivision project.
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Everett, Mark E., Timothy S. DeSmet, Robert R. Warden, Henry A. Ruiz-Guzman, Peter Gavette, and Jason Hagin. "The Fortress Beneath: Ground Penetrating Radar Imaging of the Citadel at Alcatraz: 1. A Guide for Interpretation." Heritage 4, no. 3 (July 17, 2021): 1328–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage4030072.
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Ground-penetrating radar has emerged as a prominent non-destructive evaluation tool for the study of inaccessible subsurface elements of cultural heritage structures. Often of central interest is the desire to image the remains of a pre-existing historic structure that is located directly beneath a more recently built one. The interpretation of GPR images in such cases is usually difficult due to ambiguities caused by the presence of pervasive clutter, environmental noise, and overlapping target signatures. Sites with abundant ground truth allow for more confident interpretations and serve as a useful testbed to assist similar studies at other places, where little or no ground truth is available. This study reports GPR interpretations of structures belonging to the 19th century Citadel beneath the main prison cellhouse at Alcatraz. At this site, lidar scans, direct observations, and historical documents are available to facilitate identification of radar target signatures. A general interpretation of the acquired radargrams is made in this paper, while the companion paper presents more advanced analysis of target signatures based on curvelet image processing. This study points to the development of a radar facies classification scheme that is specific to cultural heritage investigations.
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Bonizzoni, Letizia, Simone Caglio, Anna Galli, Luca Lanteri, and Claudia Pelosi. "Materials and Technique: The First Look at Saturnino Gatti." Applied Sciences 13, no. 11 (June 5, 2023): 6842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13116842.
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As part of the study project of the pictorial cycle, attributed to Saturnino Gatti, in the church of San Panfilo at Villagrande di Tornimparte (AQ), image analyses were performed in order to document the general conservation conditions of the surfaces, and to map the different painting materials to be subsequently examined using spectroscopic techniques. To acquire the images, radiation sources, ranging from ultraviolet to near infrared, were used; analyses of ultraviolet fluorescence (UVF), infrared reflectography (IRR), infrared false colors (IRFC), and optical microscopy in visible light (OM) were carried out on all the panels of the mural painting of the apsidal conch. The Hypercolorimetric Multispectral Imaging (HMI) technique was also applied in selected areas of two panels. Due to the accurate calibration system, this technique is able to obtain high-precision colorimetric and reflectance measurements, which can be repeated for proper surface monitoring. The integrated analysis of the different wavelengths’ images—in particular, the ones processed in false colors—made it possible to distinguish the portions affected by retouching or repainting and to recover the legibility of some figures that showed chromatic alterations of the original pictorial layers. The IR reflectography, in addition to highlighting the portions that lost materials and were subject to non-original interventions, emphasized the presence of the underdrawing, which was detected using the spolvero technique. UVF photography led to a preliminary mapping of the organic and inorganic materials that exhibited characteristic induced fluorescence, such as a binder in correspondence with the original azurite painting or the wide use of white zinc in the retouched areas. The collected data made it possible to form a better iconographic interpretation. Moreover, it also enabled us to accurately select the areas to be investigated using spectroscopic analyses, both in situ and on micro-samples, in order to deepen our knowledge of the techniques used by the artist to create the original painting, and to detect subsequent interventions.
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Jensen, Robin M. "The Offering of Isaac in Jewish and Christian Tradition." Biblical Interpretation 2, no. 1 (1994): 85–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156851594x00051.
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AbstractUntil recently, early Christian artistic representations of Abraham offering Isaac for sacrifice have been understood as symbols of Christ's passion and (simultaneously or alternately) typological references to the Eucharistic offering. This interpretation has been influenced by early Christian writings which understand Isaac to have been a type of Christ and his offering a prefigurement of Jesus' passion. In the past two decades some scholars have challenged that interpretation, particularly with reference to images that were made before the mid-fourth century CE, partly by offering arguments regarding the place of the artistic image in the religion's social matrix, and partly by distinguishing different purposes for images and texts. This paper examines the images themselves and re-opens the question of the artistic presentation of this biblical narrative and its interpretation. The first section of the study presents the most exemplary images, and then examines both early Christian and Jewish literature regarding the sacrifice of Isaac. The last section of the paper critiques various scholars' interpretations of the images' meaning in early Christian times by reflecting on the integration of text and image, as well as the methods and problems of iconographical study. Of particular concern is the question of what characterizes "popular" communication. The paper concludes that, although presented in a different form and possibly more available to a general audience, early Christian artistic representations may be vehicles for the same symbolic and allegorical typologies that are presented in documents from the same time period and geographical region.