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Relevant bibliographies by topics / DNA vaccines Synthesis

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Academic literature on the topic 'DNA vaccines Synthesis'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "DNA vaccines Synthesis"

1

Popov, Yu A., and N. I. Mikshis. "Genetic (DNA) Vaccines." Problems of Particularly Dangerous Infections, no. 3(105) (June 20, 2010): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21055/0370-1069-2010-3(105)-20-24.

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With the development of various branches of medicine and biology the classical ideas about means to prevent infectious diseases have changed. Nowadays in different countries of the world, investigations are carried out intensively in the sphere of genetic vaccines. Distinctive feature of DNA-vaccination is long lasted expression in eukaryotic cell cytoplasm of nucleic acids encoding synthesis of immunogenic proteins. Genetic vaccines induce both humoral and cellular responses accompanied by production of large pool of immunological memory cells. A number of questions regarding features of gene-engineered construction and transfer of DNA-vaccines into the cells of macroorganism, structure of DNA-vaccines and mechanisms of immune response generation are considered in the review. Attention is paid on the safety of gene vaccination and ways to improve its efficiency.

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Starostina, E. V., S. V. Sharabrin, A. P. Rudometov, V. R. Litvinova, M. B. Borgoyakova, S. I. Bazhan, A. A. Ilyichev, and L. I. Karpenko. "Immune response against DNA- and mRNA vaccines encoding artificial influenza virus immunogens." Russian Journal of Immunology 25, no. 3 (September 20, 2022): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.46235/1028-7221-1103-ira.

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Constant antigenic drift of circulating influenza viruses leads to inefficiency of seasonal influenza vaccines, thus requiring annual re-design of these vaccines. Therefore, the development of a universal influenza vaccine is of particular relevance. A promising line of research in this area is to design the immunogens consisting of conserved protein fragments from different influenza viral strains. The aim of this work was to assess immunogenicity of DNA vaccines and mRNA vaccines encoding artificial antigens consisting of conserved hemagglutinin stem fragments and conserved M2 protein. We have obtained DNA vaccine constructs encoding artificial immunogens AgH1, AgH3, and AgM2, which contained conserved fragments of the hemagglutinin stalk from the two subtypes of influenza A H1N1 and H3N2, and conserved M2 protein. These DNA vaccines were used as templates for the synthesis of mRNA vaccines. To assess immunogenicity of the obtained constructs, BALB/c mice were immunized with DNA and mRNA vaccines by i/m administration. Assessment of the humoral immune response was carried out by ELISA, using influenza viruses A/Aichi/2/68(H3N2), A/California/07/2009 as antigens and the ULTRIX vaccine containing purified antigens of H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses. T cell immune response was assessed using two methods: intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) and ELISpot. ICS was performed to determine CD8+ and CD4+T-lymphocytes producing IFN. ELISpot was carried out using the mouse IFN ELISpot kit (BD). A peptide mixture which included composition of the target antigens, was used for cell stimulation. The results showed that the designed DNA vaccine constructs induce virus-specific humoral and cellular responses in immunized BALB/c mice. Intramuscular administration of the naked mRNA vaccine constructs induced a weak humoral immune response, thus suggesting a need for further work to improve the delivery approaches.

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Kravchenko, L. M., K. V. Kudzin, and U. A. Prakulevich. "Design of genetic construction for creation DNA vaccine against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Biological Series 63, no. 4 (October 30, 2018): 419–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1029-8940-2018-63-4-419-425.

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The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) caused the serious economic damage to swine breeding around the world. It is a viral infective disease against which live attenuated and inactivated vaccines are not always successful. Development of new types of drugs such as DNA vaccines is necessary for improving the protection against the virus. DNA vaccines induce the development of both a cellular and humoral immune response. Such vaccines consist of a plasmid or viral vector with genes of potentially immunogenic proteins. The expression of these genes realized in cells of the vaccinated animal. It leads to the synthesis of antigen proteins triggering the immune response. The purpose of this work is to create a genetic construction that can be used as DNA vaccine against PRRS virus. The construction consists of the commercial vector pVAX1 and open reading frame of two structural proteins of PRRS virus, a lysosomal localization signal sequence of the invariant chain gene and regulatory elements necessary for the expression of cloned genes in mammalian cells.

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Ilyichev, A. A., L. A. Orlova, S. V. Sharabrin, and L. I. Karpenko. "mRNA technology as one of the promising platforms for the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development." Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 24, no. 7 (December 6, 2020): 802–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/vj20.676.

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After the genome sequence of SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2) was published and the number of infected people began to increase rapidly, many global companies began to develop a vaccine. Almost all known approaches to vaccine design were applied for this purpose, including inactivated viruses, mRNA and DNA-vaccines, vaccines based on various viral vectors, synthetically generated peptides and recombinant proteins produced in cells of insects and mammals. This review considers one of the promising vaccine platforms based on messenger RNA. Until recent years, mRNA-vaccination was out of practical implementation due to high sensitivity to nuclease degradation and consequent instability of drugs based on mRNA. Latest technological advances significantly mitigated the problems of low immunogenicity, instability, and difficulties in RNA-vaccine delivery. It is worth noting that mRNA-vaccines can efficiently activate both components of the immune system, i. e. T-cell and humoral responses. The essential advantage of mRNA-vaccines includes fast, inexpensive, scalable and uniform production providing a large output of desirable products in vitro. Synthesis and purification processes significantly simplify the process technology of mRNA drugs with injectable purity. Thus, mRNA production via in vitro transcription is more advantageous as compared with DNA-vaccines since it is a chemical process without the use of cells. mRNA techniques make it possible to pass all the phases of vaccine development much faster in comparison with the production of vaccines based on inactivated viruses or recombinant proteins. This property is critically important when designing vaccines against viral pathogens as the main problem of disease control includes a time gap between an epidemic and vaccine development. This paper discusses studies on the development of vaccines against coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2 with special attention to the mRNA technique.

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Bazhan, Sergei I., Denis V. Antonets, Larisa I. Karpenko, Svetlana F. Oreshkova, Olga N. Kaplina, Ekaterina V. Starostina, Sergei G. Dudko, Sofia A. Fedotova, and Alexander A. Ilyichev. "In silico Designed Ebola Virus T-Cell Multi-Epitope DNA Vaccine Constructions Are Immunogenic in Mice." Vaccines 7, no. 2 (March 29, 2019): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines7020034.

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Background: The lack of effective vaccines against Ebola virus initiates a search for new approaches to overcoming this problem. The aim of the study was to design artificial polyepitope T-cell immunogens––candidate DNA vaccines against Ebola virus and to evaluate their capacity to induce a specific immune response in a laboratory animal model. Method: Design of two artificial polyepitope T-cell immunogens, one of which (EV.CTL) includes cytotoxic and the other (EV.Th)––T-helper epitopes of Ebola virus proteins was carried out using original TEpredict/PolyCTLDesigner software. Synthesized genes were cloned in pcDNA3.1 plasmid vector. Target gene expression was estimated by synthesis of specific mRNAs and proteins in cells transfected with recombinant plasmids. Immunogenicity of obtained DNA vaccine constructs was evaluated according to their capacity to induce T-cell response in BALB/c mice using IFNγ ELISpot and ICS. Results: We show that recombinant plasmids pEV.CTL and pEV.Th encoding artificial antigens provide synthesis of corresponding mRNAs and proteins in transfected cells, as well as induce specific responses both to CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes in immunized animals. Conclusions: The obtained recombinant plasmids can be regarded as promising DNA vaccine candidates in future studies of their capacity to induce cytotoxic and protective responses against Ebola virus.

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Serra, Ana Sofia, Dalinda Eusébio, Ana Raquel Neves, Tânia Albuquerque, Himanshu Bhatt, Swati Biswas, Diana Costa, and Ângela Sousa. "Synthesis and Characterization of Mannosylated Formulations to Deliver a Minicircle DNA Vaccine." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 5 (May 7, 2021): 673. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13050673.

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DNA vaccines still represent an emergent area of research, giving rise to continuous progress towards several biomedicine demands. The formulation of delivery systems to specifically target mannose receptors, which are overexpressed on antigen presenting cells (APCs), is considered a suitable strategy to improve the DNA vaccine immunogenicity. The present study developed binary and ternary carriers, based on polyethylenimine (PEI), octa-arginine peptide (R8), and mannose ligands, to specifically deliver a minicircle DNA (mcDNA) vaccine to APCs. Systems were prepared at various nitrogen to phosphate group (N/P) ratios and characterized in terms of their morphology, size, surface charge, and complexation capacity. In vitro studies were conducted to assess the biocompatibility, cell internalization ability, and gene expression of formulated carriers. The high charge density and condensing capacity of both PEI and R8 enhance the interaction with the mcDNA, leading to the formation of smaller particles. The addition of PEI polymer to the R8-mannose/mcDNA binary system reduces the size and increases the zeta potential and system stability. Confocal microscopy studies confirmed intracellular localization of targeting systems, resulting in sustained mcDNA uptake. Furthermore, the efficiency of in vitro transfection can be influenced by the presence of R8-mannose, with great implications for gene expression. R8-mannose/PEI/mcDNA ternary systems can be considered valuable tools to instigate further research, aiming for advances in the DNA vaccine field.

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Mir, Iqra, Sania Aamir, Syed Rizwan Hussain Shah, Muhammad Shahid, Iram Amin, Samia Afzal, Amjad Nawaz, Muhammad Umer Khan, and Muhammad Idrees. "Immune-related therapeutics: an update on antiviral drugs and vaccines to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic." Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives 13, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): 84–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.24171/j.phrp.2022.0024.

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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic rapidly spread globally. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes COVID-19, is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus with a reported fatality rate ranging from 1% to 7%, and people with immune-compromised conditions, children, and older adults are particularly vulnerable. Respiratory failure and cytokine storm-induced multiple organ failure are the major causes of death. This article highlights the innate and adaptive immune mechanisms of host cells activated in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and possible therapeutic approaches against COVID-19. Some potential drugs proven to be effective for other viral diseases are under clinical trials now for use against COVID-19. Examples include inhibitors of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (remdesivir, favipiravir, ribavirin), viral protein synthesis (ivermectin, lopinavir/ritonavir), and fusion of the viral membrane with host cells (chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, nitazoxanide, and umifenovir). This article also presents the intellectual groundwork for the ongoing development of vaccines in preclinical and clinical trials, explaining potential candidates (live attenuated-whole virus vaccines, inactivated vaccines, subunit vaccines, DNA-based vaccines, protein-based vaccines, nanoparticle-based vaccines, virus-like particles and mRNA-based vaccines). Designing and developing an effective vaccine (both prophylactic and therapeutic) would be a long-term solution and the most effective way to eliminate the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Zadorozhny, Aleksey M., Maria B. Borgoyakova, Ekaterina V. Starostina, and Larisa I. Karpenko. "Cellular immune response to combined DNA-protein constructs carrying SARS-CoV-2 antigens." Medical academic journal 2, no. 2 (November 6, 2022): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/maj108654.

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BACKGROUND: One approach that makes it possible to create vaccines relatively quickly and inexpensively is the creation of DNA vaccine constructs. They are of particular interest for the prevention of COVID-19, as they induce both types of immune response humoral and T cell. Previously, we have created two DNA vaccines based on the pVAX vector: one encodes the full gene of the S protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the second only encodes the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the S protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Next, the naked DNA was wrapped in a polycationic polyglucin-spermidine complex conjugated with the RBD protein. The resulting combined DNA-protein constructs were named CCV-RBD and CCV-S, respectively. AIM: To investigate the induction of the T cell immune response of the developed combined DNA protein candidate vaccines in an animal model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: BALB/c mice were immunized with constructs CCV-RBD and CCV-S, after which their spleens were removed from which splenocytes were isolated. The cellular response was assessed by the ability of splenocytes to secrete cytokines in response to stimulation with viral peptides. The intensity of the response was recorded using the intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) method using flow cytometry. RESULTS: BALB/c mice were immunized twice with an interval of three weeks with a dose of 100 g of DNA (8 animals per group): 1) CCV-RBD 2) CCV-S and 3) intact animals. It has been shown that both T helper lymphocytes (CD4+) and cytotoxic lymphocytes (CD8+) of animals immunized with CCV-S and CCV-RBD respond with the release of cytokines in response to stimulation with viral peptides. CONCLUSIONS: In the case of CCV-RBD, a trend towards a higher response in both CD4+ and CD8+ was observed compared to the CCV-S group. Possibly, this difference may be due to more efficient synthesis of the RBD protein than the S protein, providing a DNA vaccine.

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Samantaray, Utkalendu Suvendusekhar, and Rudra Prasad Khuntia. "mRNA vaccines against emerging infectious diseases; A challenging approach of novel vaccine discovery." International Journal of Medical, Pharmacy and Drug Research 6, no. 2 (2022): 52–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijmpd.6.2.7.

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Basic human biology is dealt with by mRNA, which creates instructions for making proteins that may aid in the fight against infectious illnesses using our bodies' own mechanisms. mRNA therapies are neither tiny compounds nor huge biological such as recombinant proteins or monoclonal antibodies. These are a series of instructions that assist our cells' machinery in producing proteins that protect us against a certain virus. Our bodies would be unable to perform their activities if mRNA was not introduced. mRNA, or messenger ribonucleic acid, is an important component of the living world, especially in the process of protein synthesis. mRNA is a single-stranded molecule that transmits genetic instructions from a cell's nucleus DNA to the ribosomes, which are the cell's protein-making machinery. The synthesis of an RNA copy from the coded sequence of DNA leads in the production of a particular protein. This copy of mRNA moves from the nucleus of the cell to the cytoplasm, where ribosomes reside. Ribosomes are a sort of sophisticated machinery organelle that aids and begins protein synthesis in cells. Ribosomes ‘read' the mRNA sequence and follow the instructions, progressively adding on various needed amino acids to make the intended protein during the translation process. The protein is subsequently expressed by the cell, and it goes on to execute its role in the cell or in the body. The use of mRNA as a medication offers up a whole new universe of possibilities in terms of illness treatment and prevention. This review contributes to the growing body of knowledge in the field of mRNA therapeutic delivery and the identification of appropriate antigens for mRNA target locations. Two major mRNA vaccines for protection against SARS-CoV-2 have recently been developed and approved for use in the general population by international health authorities. They've been demonstrated to defend against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which is still active and evolving. This will draw attention to a variety of mRNA vaccines now being evaluated for infectious diseases in clinical studies. mRNA vaccines offer a number of advantages, including speedy design, fabrication, manufacturing, and administration, and they hold a lot of potential for future use against a wide range of diseases.

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Dmitrieva, M. V., M. A. Baryshnikovа, O. L. Orlova, and V. S. Kosorukov. "Technological aspects of creating neopeptide vaccines." Russian Journal of Biotherapy 21, no. 4 (December 10, 2022): 10–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17650/1726-9784-2022-21-4-10-21.

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Personalized neoantigen vaccines are a group of individually designed cancer vaccines that enhance patients’ own antigen-specific immune responses. These include vaccines based on dendritic cells, DNA, mRNA and synthetic peptides. An analysis of 98 clinical trials of neoantigenic vaccines from the ClinicalTrials.gov database found that peptide vaccines are one of the most popular cancer vaccines, accounting for about 50 % of clinical trials. They usually consist of a mixture of long or short peptides, dissolved depending on their properties in an appropriate solvent, and an adjuvant that stabilizes and increases their effectiveness. The most used immunoadjuvants in the formulation of neopeptide vaccines are Toll-like receptor agonists (poly-ICLC) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. The development of neoantigenic vaccines presents a number of distinctive challenges compared to other types of vaccines. The process should cover and validate the various steps in the development, production and administration processes in order to maximize the efficacy and safety of vaccines. In the technology for the production of peptide vaccines, 3 main stages can be distinguished: 1) screening and identification of neoepitopes using the approaches of computer prediction, co-immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry and cytotoxic experiments; 2) synthesis of peptides by methods of standard solid-phase synthetic peptide chemistry; 3) actually obtaining a vaccine preparation suitable for storage, transportation and administration to the patient. Taking into account the specificity of the drug, the manufacturing process must be carried out strictly according to the Good Manufacturing Practice standard with mandatory quality control of intermediate and finished products

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "DNA vaccines Synthesis"

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Kasturi, Sudhir Pai. "Design, synthesis, and evaluation of synthetic particulate delivery systems in DNA and protein vaccine delivery." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/2550.

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Davis, Ralph Eugene 1957. "Vaccinia virus ribonucleotide reductase : gene sequencing, intracellular localization, and interaction with a DNA-binding protein." Thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/36588.

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Vaccinia virus infected monkey kidney cells had been previously shown to have an increased ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase (RR) activity. DNA from mutant virus resistant to hydroxyurea were digested with restriction endonucleases and were shown to have substoichiometric amounts of the Hind III F fragment. Additional information from Southern blotting experiments localized the putative small subunit (R2) gene to the left end of the Hind III F fragment of the vaccinia virus genome. The entire open reading frame of the R2 gene and the flanking regions was sequenced and the translated sequence found to be 80% homologous to the mouse R2 polypeptide. A combination of in situ and in vitro experiments addressed the question of macromolecular interactions involving vaccinia ribonucleotide reductase (FIR). Replication of double stranded viral DNA occurs in very discrete loci in infected cells and these DNA factories can be isolated from gently lysed cell in sucrose gradients. RR was detected at low levels (less than 5% of the total R2) with the rapidly sedimenting DNA by using antibodies against FIR. In situ crosslinking experiments were attempted with no specific interaction determined at this time. Immunolocalization experiments have given evidence for localization of large subunit (R1) polypeptide to the viral inclusion bodies. The most conclusive results utilized anti-idiotypic antibodies against the antibodies to R2 protein. lmmunolocalization experiments have shown the putative R2 binding protein to be localized at the sites of viral DNA synthesis. lmmunoprecipitations show a single predominant viral polypeptide which also has proven to be a DNA binding (phospho)protein. Screening a lambda phale expression library of vaccinia with the anti-idiotypic antibody localized the binding site to the carboxy terminal 81 amino acids in open reading frame 1-3 of the vaccinia genome. The open reading frame was cloned into a pET11c expression vector and the partially purified recombinant protein was shown to have specificity for single-stranded DNA as well as stimulate vaccinia RR activity.
Graduation date: 1993

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Books on the topic "DNA vaccines Synthesis"

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P, Talwar G., Rao K. V. S, and Chauhan V. S, eds. Recombinant and synthetic vaccines. New Delhi: Narosa Pub. House, 1994.

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1947-, Isaacson Richard E., ed. Recombinant DNA vaccines: Rationale and strategy. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1992.

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Minicircle And Miniplasmid Dna Vectors The Future Of Nonviral And Viral Gene Transfer. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 2012.

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Spiro, Craig. Studies on DNA precursor metabolism in vaccinia virus-infected mamalian cells. 1987.

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A, Liu Margaret, Hilleman Maurice R. 1942-, and Kurth Reinhard 1942-, eds. DNA vaccines: A new era in vaccinology. New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 1995.

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Davis, Ralph Eugene. Vaccinia virus ribonucleotide reductase: Gene sequencing, intracellular localization, and interaction with a DNA-binding protein. 1992.

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Guidelines for generating preclinical and clinical data for r-DNA based vaccines, dignostics and other biologicals. New Delhi: Dept. of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Govt. of India, 1999.

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DNA Vaccines: A New Era in Vaccinology (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences). New York Academy of Sciences, 1995.

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(Editor), Margaret A. Liu, Maurice R. Hilleman (Editor), and Reinhard Kurth (Editor), eds. DNA Vaccines: A New Era in Vaccinology (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences). New York Academy of Sciences, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "DNA vaccines Synthesis"

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Xu, Ziyang, Michelle Ho, Devivasha Bordoloi, Sagar Kudchodkar, Makan Khoshnejad, Leila Giron, Faraz Zaidi, et al. "Techniques for Developing and Assessing Immune Responses Induced by Synthetic DNA Vaccines for Emerging Infectious Diseases." In Vaccine Design, 229–63. New York, NY: Springer US, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1884-4_11.

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Wu, Stephan J., Daniel O. Villarreal, Devon J. Shedlock, and David B. Weiner. "Synthetic DNA Approach to Cytomegalovirus Vaccine/Immune Therapy." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 131–48. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2432-5_7.

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Louis, Lumena, and David B. Weiner. "Rapid Synthetic DNA Vaccine Development for Emerging Infectious Disease Outbreaks." In Microbiome and Cancer, 347–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04155-7_16.

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M. Skowron, Piotr, and Agnieszka Zylicz-Stachula. "DNA-FACE™ - An Escherichia coli-based DNA Amplification-Expression Technology for Automatic Assembly of Concatemeric ORFs and Proteins." In Escherichia coli [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101640.

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DNA-FACE™ (DNA Fragment Amplification & Concatemeric Expressed Nucleic Acids and Proteins) is a universal biotechnological platform, developed as Escherichia coli (E. coli) system. It is based on the ordered, head-to-tail directional ligation of the amplified DNA fragments. The technology enables the construction of targeted biomolecules - genetically programmed, concatemeric DNA, RNA, and proteins, designed to fit a particular task. The constructed, “artificial” (never seen in Nature) tandem repeat macromolecules, with specialized functions, may contain up to 500 copies of monomeric units. The technology greatly exceeds the current capabilities of chemical gene synthesis. The vector-enzymatic DNA fragment amplification assembles the DNA segments, forming continuous Open Reading Frames (ORFs). The obtained ORFs are ready for high-level expression in E. coli without a need for subcloning. The presented method has potential applications in pharmaceutical industry and tissue engineering, including vaccines, biological drugs, drug delivery systems, mass-production of peptide-derived biomaterials, industrial and environmental processes. The technology has been patented worldwide and used successfully in the construction of anti-HBV vaccines, pro-regenerative biological drugs and, recently, the anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. The anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, developed using the DNA-FACE™ technology, is nontoxic and induces strong immunological response to recombinant human spike and nucleocapsid proteins, as shown in animal studies.

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Nafian, Fatemeh, Simin Nafian, Ghazal Soleymani, Zahra Pourmanouchehri, Mahnaz Kiyanjam, Sharareh Berenji Jalaei, Hanie Jeyroudi, and Sayed Mohammad Mohammdi. "Perspective Chapter: Next-Generation Vaccines Based on Self-Amplifying RNA." In Vaccine Development. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101467.

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Recently, nucleic acid-based RNA and DNA vaccines have represented a better solution to avoid infectious diseases than “traditional” live and non-live vaccines. Synthetic RNA and DNA molecules allow scalable, rapid, and cell-free production of vaccines in response to an emerging disease such as the current COVID-19 pandemic. The development process begins with laboratory transcription of sequences encoding antigens, which are then formulated for delivery. The various potent of RNA over live and inactivated viruses are proven by advances in delivery approaches. These vaccines contain no infectious elements nor the risk of stable integration with the host cell genome compared to conventional vaccines. Conventional mRNA-based vaccines transfer genes of interest (GOI) of attenuated mRNA viruses to individual host cells. Synthetic mRNA in liposomes forms a modern, refined sample, resulting in a safer version of live attenuated RNA viruses. Self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) is a replicating version of mRNA-based vaccines that encode both (GOI) and viral replication machinery. saRNA is required at lower doses than conventional mRNA, which may improve immunization. Here we provide an overview of current mRNA vaccine approaches, summarize highlight challenges and recent successes, and offer perspectives on the future of mRNA vaccines.

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Kerr, David J., Daniel Haller, and Jaap Verweij. "Principles of chemotherapy." In Oxford Textbook of Cancer Biology, edited by Francesco Pezzella, Mahvash Tavassoli, and David J. Kerr, 413–22. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779452.003.0028.

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Systemic cancer treatment stems initially from empirically discovered DNA synthesis inhibitors, which either deplete the cell of nucleotides, induce cross-link, or cause DNA single and double strand breaks or impair the cellular machinery of DNA repair, using mechanistically diverse drugs. A period of enlightenment followed, with anticancer drug development driven by an increased understanding of enzymes and pathways involved in cell signalling, control of angiogenesis, and epigenetics. This provided a parallel path towards precision cancer medicine where specific drugs can be targeted to patients with particular mutations. These include point mutations in RAS, which are used to exclude colorectal cancer patients from being treated with epidermal growth factor inhibitors; chromosomal translocations encoding fusion proteins which are cancer specific and serve as novel drug targets (e.g. BCR/ABL and imatinib, or EML4-ALK fusion oncogene and crizotinib). More recently, there has been a reanimation of immune approaches to cancer therapy with the clinical introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors, designer T cells, and patient-specific antitumour vaccines. What next? It may be that next-generation sequencing provides an endless stream of so-called actionable mutations that permits tailored application of mutation-specific drugs, but so far there is little evidence of clinical benefit from such therapies.

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Schelhorn, Jean E., and Joan M. Herbers. "PROFILE: Katalin Karikó." In Beyond Discovery, 37–38. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197512715.003.0006.

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Katalin Karikó is a molecular biologist who became intrigued with the idea of using messenger RNA (mRNA) for therapeutic purposes more than 30 years ago. Messenger RNA is produced within cells by encoding information in DNA, and it directs the production of proteins. Her work paved the way for use of synthetic mRNA to prime the immune system of a host (like you and us) against viruses. mRNA vaccines are in widespread use for the first time as we battle the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19....

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Primrose, Sandy B. "Two Related Pathogens: One Ancient, One Modern." In Microbiology of Infectious Disease, 67–73. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192863843.003.0009.

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Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are the only Neisseria species to cause infections in immune competent individuals. The gonococcus has existed for thousands of years but the meningococcus emerged about 400 years ago. Both bacteria use phase variation of surface antigens to escape host defences. Both bacteria are naturally competent for transformation and the large number of DNA uptake sequences in their genomes indicate that they have acquired a lot of genes by horizontal gene transfer. A key virulence determinant of the meningococcus is the capsule and the ability to synthesize it was acquired from the unrelated Haemophilus influenzae. Because of its importance, the capsule has been used in the development of vaccines. Meningococci produce many virulence factors, but how these help the bacteria to invade the bloodstream is not known. Gonococci can exist both extracellularly and intracellularly. When residing extracellularly the gonococci attract neutrophils and these constitute most of the characteristic discharge seen in patients with gonorrhoea. Numerous virulence factors prevent destruction of the bacteria on the mucosal surface. The PorA protein probably plays a key role in internalization.

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Conference papers on the topic "DNA vaccines Synthesis"

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Bordoloi, Devivasha, Peng Xiao, Hyeree Choi, Michelle Ho, Alfredo Perales-Puchalt, Makan Khoshnejad, J. Joseph Kim, et al. "Abstract 1915: Novel synthetic DNA vaccines in prostate cancer immunotherapy." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2021; April 10-15, 2021 and May 17-21, 2021; Philadelphia, PA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2021-1915.

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Wise, Megan C., Elizabeth K. Duperret, Daniel O. Villarreal, Lumena Louis, Jian Yan, Matthew P. Morrow, Laurent M. Humeau, Niranjan Y. Sardesai, and David B. Weiner. "Abstract A020: A novel synthetic CD40L plasmid adjuvant generates unique anti-HPV DNA vaccine induced responses that impact tumor growth." In Abstracts: Second CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; September 25-28, 2016; New York, NY. American Association for Cancer Research, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/2326-6066.imm2016-a020.

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Duperret, Elizabeth K., Aspen Trautz, Megan Paik, Charles Reed, Jian Yan, and David B. Weiner. "Abstract B113: Development of a novel synthetic consensus DNA vaccine that targets multiple MAGE-A family members for anticancer immune therapy." In Abstracts: AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; October 26-30, 2017; Philadelphia, PA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.targ-17-b113.

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Duperret, Elizabeth K., Alfredo Perales-Puchalt, Regina Stoltz, G. H. Hiranjith, Nitin Mandloi, James Barlow, Amitabha Chaudhuri, Niranjan Y. Sardesai, and David B. Weiner. "Abstract B67: Synthetic DNA multi-neoantigen vaccine drives predominately MHC class I CD8+ T cell-mediated effector immunity impacting tumor challenge." In Abstracts: AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; November 27-30, 2018; Miami Beach, FL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/2326-6074.tumimm18-b67.

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