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Relevant bibliographies by topics / DNA storage systems

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Academic literature on the topic 'DNA storage systems'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "DNA storage systems"

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Kruglik, Stanislav, Gregory Kucherov, Kamilla Nazirkhanova, and Mikhail Filitov. "Information-theoretic problems of DNA-based storage systems." Information and Control Systems, no. 3 (June 29, 2021): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31799/1684-8853-2021-3-39-52.

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Introduction: Currently, we witness an explosive growth in the amount of information produced by humanity. This raises new fundamental problems of its efficient storage and processing. Commonly used magnetic, optical, and semiconductor information storage devices have several drawbacks related to small information density and limited durability. One of the promising novel approaches to solving these problems is DNA-based data storage. Purpose: An overview of modern DNA-based storage systems and related information-theoretic problems. Results: The current state of the art of DNA-based storage systems is reviewed. Types of errors occurring in them as well as corresponding error-correcting codes are analized. The disadvantages of these codes are shown, and possible pathways for improvement are mentioned. Proposed information-theoretic models of DNA-based storage systems are analyzed, and their limitation highlighted. In conclusion, main obstacles to practical implementation of DNA-based storage systems are formulated, which can be potentially overcome using information-theoretic methods considered in this overview.

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Tomek, Kyle J., Kevin Volkel, Alexander Simpson, Austin G. Hass, Elaine W. Indermaur, James M. Tuck, and Albert J. Keung. "Driving the Scalability of DNA-Based Information Storage Systems." ACS Synthetic Biology 8, no. 6 (May 22, 2019): 1241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssynbio.9b00100.

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Minhas-Khan, Aamir, Morteza Ghafar-Zadeh, Tina Shaffaf, Saghi Forouhi, Anthony Scime, Sebastian Magierowski, and Ebrahim Ghafar-Zadeh. "UV-Vis Spectrophotometric Analysis of DNA Retrieval for DNA Storage Applications." Actuators 10, no. 10 (September 24, 2021): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act10100246.

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Informational Deoxyribonucleic Acid (iDNA) has gained the attention of many researchers and pioneer companies for the development of novel storage systems for the long-term and high-density storing of information. This research focuses on the physical storage of iDNA strands to address some of the current challenges by evaluating the accuracy of the process of iDNA retrieval from the surface after the dehydration process. For this aim, a UV-Vis spectrophotometric technique was used to measure the concentration of the DNA samples. Although spectroscopy has been widely employed for the evaluation of DNA concentration and contamination in a solution, it has not been used to investigate dry-state DNA, which is one of the preferred storage formats for the long-term retention of information. These results demonstrate that the UV-Vis spectrophotometric technique can be used to accurately measure dry-state DNA before the retrieval and its residues after the DNA retrieval process. This paper further examines the storage/retrieval process by investigating the relationship between the storage time and the amount of retrieved DNA or the DNA residue left on various surfaces. Based on the experimental results demonstrated and discussed in this paper, UV-Vis spectrophotometry can be used for monitoring dry-state DNA with a high accuracy larger than 98%. Moreover, these results reveal that the hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of the surface do not significantly affect DNA retrieval over a one-month time period.

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Löchel, Hannah F., Marius Welzel, Georges Hattab, Anne-Christin Hauschild, and Dominik Heider. "Fractal construction of constrained code words for DNA storage systems." Nucleic Acids Research 50, no. 5 (December 15, 2021): e30-e30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkab1209.

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Abstract The use of complex biological molecules to solve computational problems is an emerging field at the interface between biology and computer science. There are two main categories in which biological molecules, especially DNA, are investigated as alternatives to silicon-based computer technologies. One is to use DNA as a storage medium, and the other is to use DNA for computing. Both strategies come with certain constraints. In the current study, we present a novel approach derived from chaos game representation for DNA to generate DNA code words that fulfill user-defined constraints, namely GC content, homopolymers, and undesired motifs, and thus, can be used to build codes for reliable DNA storage systems.

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Lenz, Andreas, Paul H. Siegel, Antonia Wachter-Zeh, and Eitan Yaakobi. "Coding Over Sets for DNA Storage." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 66, no. 4 (April 2020): 2331–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tit.2019.2961265.

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Schouhamer Immink, Kees A., and Kui Cai. "Design of Capacity-Approaching Constrained Codes for DNA-Based Storage Systems." IEEE Communications Letters 22, no. 2 (February 2018): 224–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2017.2775608.

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Shomorony, Ilan, and Reinhard Heckel. "DNA-Based Storage: Models and Fundamental Limits." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 67, no. 6 (June 2021): 3675–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tit.2021.3058966.

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Song, Xin, Shalin Shah, and John Reif. "Multidimensional data organization and random access in large-scale DNA storage systems." Theoretical Computer Science 894 (November 2021): 190–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tcs.2021.09.021.

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Kovacevic, Mladen, and Vincent Y. F. Tan. "Asymptotically Optimal Codes Correcting Fixed-Length Duplication Errors in DNA Storage Systems." IEEE Communications Letters 22, no. 11 (November 2018): 2194–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2018.2868666.

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Arokiaraj Jovith, A., S. Rama Sree, Gudikandhula Narasimha Rao, K. Vijaya Kumar, Woong Cho, Gyanendra Prasad Joshi, and Sung Won Kim. "DNA Computing with Water Strider Based Vector Quantization for Data Storage Systems." Computers, Materials & Continua 74, no. 3 (2023): 6429–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2023.031817.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "DNA storage systems"

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Germishuizen, Willem Andreas. "Dielectrophoresis as an addressing mechanism in a novel data storage system based on DNA." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.615680.

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Široký, Adam. "Časomíra letu v ultralehkém letadle/vrtulníku." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-235008.

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This thesis deals with the development of embedded system for ultra light airplanes and helicopters. The aim is to design a system which would allow to measure and record the length of individual flights. It is therefore an onboard electronic diary which should facilitate and streamline the administration associated with sport aircraft operation. The base of the system is created on microcontroller of the MSP430 family by Texas Instruments. A reader will be offered the used hardware, the system design, the way of function and the possibility of using of the suggested system.

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Samanta, Puspabeethi. "Coding Schemes for Secure and Reliable DNA-Based Data Storage." Thesis, 2023. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/6192.

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In DNA-based data storage, the desired information is encoded into the quaternary sequence of synthetic DNA molecules, called oligos. We look at secure communication via information-containing oligos in the usual three-party setting, where Alice and Bob are legitimate communicators and Eve is an eavesdropper. Our scheme for secure DNAbased communication is two-fold: First, we store secret data in synthetic DNA molecules in a properly designed oligo pool of suitably high dilution. The oligo pool comprises information-containing oligos mixed with background genomic DNA cleaved into strands of the same length as the useful oligos. Designing oligos for storing the secret data involves the design of a library of primer pairs and a code book specific to this set of primers, that satisfy constraints on homopolymer run length, GC content, primerprimer dissimilarity, and primer-sequence dissimilarity. The differential knowledge of the designed primer pairs allows Bob to retrieve most of the information-containing DNA molecules after carrying out sufficient rounds of PCR amplification on the diluted oligo pool. In contrast, Eve is not able to access the stored information owing to her lack of any prior knowledge of the primer pairs. In order to improve upon the security of this scheme, we next develop an index-based secrecy coding scheme for the resulting wiretap system, where Bob observes a substantially lower number of erasures in the main channel, as compared to Eve’s channel, which suffers a large number of erasures (loss of DNA molecules). We show that under the conditions of a noise-free setting, proper library preparation, and proper measurement of oligos represented in smaller fractions, this coding scheme achieves the secrecy capacity of a DNA storage wiretap channel model with strong secrecy. An error-correcting code for reliable storage of DNA-based data must adhere to the constraints of GC content and homopolymer run length. In this thesis, we also explore the constraint of GC balance in the context of insertion and deletion error-correcting codes for DNA storage systems. We derive an upper bound on the cardinality of single indel-correcting GC-balanced quaternary codes. This allows us to deduce the minimal number of redundancy bits required for GC-balancing in such codes. We also develop a GC-balanced coding scheme for the correction of a single burst of 2 insertion or 2 deletion errors.

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Chiou, Yen-lan, and 邱彥嵐. "A DEA approach for the selection of pallet storage/retrieval systems." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/32246296812294020937.

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碩士
國立高雄第一科技大學
運籌管理所
97
From the logistics point of view, warehouse acts as a critical role for optimizing the logistics performance. This study would like to construct a decision analysis model with the alternatives of pallet storage/retrieval (R/S) systems. A Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach was adopted to analyze system efficiency, which integrated important input and output variables to evaluate the respective efficiency of warehouse R/S systems. Our decision model is based on the decision alternatives of storage and retrieval combinations. Four pallet storage systems include single-deep storage system, double-deep storage system, flow rack storage system, and mobile rack storage system. Furthermore; four retrieval devices are considered namely counterbalanced lift truck, straddle forklift, sideloader forklift, and reach truck. Our DEA model considers three major aspects: cost input variable, space utilization and throughput output variables. As the measurement of input and output variables was investigated and the approach of DEA was adopted, performance of specified warehouse combinations can be evaluated. To evaluate the proposed decision model, this study investigated a special warehouse environment with five scenarios analysis. These five scenarios differ from its layout conditions of number of depth, length, and levels. Findings presented in this study may be provided as a decision-making mechanism for warehouse decision makers.

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Books on the topic "DNA storage systems"

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I, Bell George, and Marr Thomas G, eds. Computers and DNA: The proceedings of the Interface Between Computation Science and Nucleic Acid Sequencing Workshop, held Dec. 12 to 16, 1988 in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Redwood City, Calif: Addison-Wesley, 1990.

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Sudarsono, B. Pembinaan dan pengembangan Jaringan Dokumentasi dan Informasi Hukum Nasional. [Jakarta]: Badan Pembinaan Hukum Nasional, Departemen Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia RI, 2005.

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Sudarsono, B. Pembinaan dan pengembangan Jaringan Dokumentasi dan Informasi Hukum Nasional. [Jakarta]: Badan Pembinaan Hukum Nasional, Departemen Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia RI, 2005.

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Sudarsono, B. Pembinaan dan pengembangan Jaringan Dokumentasi dan Informasi Hukum Nasional. Jakarta: Badan Pembinaan Hukum Nasional, Departemen Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia RI, 2007.

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Sudarsono, B. Pembinaan dan pengembangan Jaringan Dokumentasi dan Informasi Hukum Nasional. Jakarta: Badan Pembinaan Hukum Nasional, Departemen Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia RI, 2007.

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Sudarsono, B. Pembinaan dan pengembangan Jaringan Dokumentasi dan Informasi Hukum Nasional. Jakarta: Badan Pembinaan Hukum Nasional, Departemen Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia RI, 2007.

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United States. Defense Logistics Agency. Storage of military service-owned retail stocks in the DLA Materiel Distribution System. Alexandria, Va: Defense Logistics Agency, Headquarters, 1993.

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Kevin, Beaver, ed. Healthcare information systems. 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: Auerbach Publications, 2003.

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Universitas Indonesia. Pusat Penelitian Pranata Pembangunan. Studi pengembangan jaringan sistem informasi dan data: Laporan akhir. Jakarta: Pusat Penelitian Pranata Pembangunan, Lembaga Penelitian, Universitas Indonesia, 1999.

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Darmabrata, Wahyono. Prospek jaringan dokumentasi dan informasi hukum di Indonesia menyongsong globalisasi informasi. [Jakarta]: Badan Pembinaan Hukum Nasional, Departemen Kehakiman dan Hak Asasi Manusia RI, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "DNA storage systems"

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Manikandan, Saravanan, Islam M. D. Saikhul, Hsing-Chung Chen, and Yu-Lin Song. "Secure Cloud Storage Using Color Code in DNA Computing." In Advances in Networked-Based Information Systems, 105–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84913-9_10.

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Moosavi, Sanaz Rahimi, and Arman Izadifar. "End-to-End Security Scheme for E-Health Systems Using DNA-Based ECC." In Silicon Valley Cybersecurity Conference, 77–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96057-5_6.

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AbstractToday, the amount of data produced and stored in computing Internet of Things (IoT) devices is growing. Massive volumes of sensitive information are exchanged between these devices making it critical to ensure the security of these data. Cryptography is a widely used method for ensuring data security. Many lightweight cryptographic algorithms have been developed to address the limitations of resources on the IoT devices. Such devices have limited processing capabilities in terms of memory, processing power, storage, etc. The primary goal of exploiting cryptographic technique is to send data from the sender to the receiver in the most secure way to prevent eavesdropping of the content of the original data. In this paper, we propose an end-to-end security scheme for IoT system. The proposed scheme consists of (i) a secure and efficient mutual authentication scheme based on the Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) and the Quark lightweight hash design, and (ii) a secure end-to-end communication based on Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and ECC. DNA Cryptography is the cryptographic technique to encrypt and decrypt the original data using DNA sequences based on its biological processes. It is a novel technique to hide data from unauthorized access with the help of DNA. The security analysis of the proposed scheme reveals that it is secure against the relevant threat models and provides a higher security level than the existing related work in the literature.

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Pragaladan, R., and S. Sathappan. "A Secure Cloud Data Storage Combining DNA Structure and Multi-aspect Time-Integrated Cut-off Potential." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 361–74. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7200-0_33.

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Afify, Farag M., and Kamel Hussein Rahouma. "Applying Machine Learning for Securing Data Storage Using Random DNA Sequences and Pseudo-Random Sequence Generators." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 286–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69717-4_29.

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Kong, Siran. "Design of DNA Storage Coding and Encoding System Based on Transformer." In Cyber Security Intelligence and Analytics, 523–34. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31775-0_54.

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Rasool, Abdur, Qiang Qu, Qingshan Jiang, and Yang Wang. "A Strategy-based Optimization Algorithm to Design Codes for DNA Data Storage System." In Algorithms and Architectures for Parallel Processing, 284–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95388-1_19.

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Sánchez, Alberto, María S. Pérez, Pierre Gueant, Jesús Montes, and Pilar Herrero. "A Parallel Data Storage Interface to GridFTP." In On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems 2006: CoopIS, DOA, GADA, and ODBASE, 1203–12. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11914952_10.

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Mathur, Garima, Anjana Pandey, and Sachin Goyal. "Blockchain Solutions, Challenges, and Opportunities for DNA Classification and Secure Storage for the E-Healthcare Sector." In Advances in Systems Analysis, Software Engineering, and High Performance Computing, 453–73. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-6697-1.ch024.

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Everyone today wants to detect disease early on, but because there aren't many patterns for the many diseases available, it's hard to do so. Because DNA sequences contain all the genetic data about organisms, which can be utilised by researchers to discover or treat diseases early on by developing new medications, using DNA sequences to extract patterns of disease can be very advantageous. The largest global collection of genomic sequences is made available by NCBI, but today the biggest worry is how to protect this enormous amount of data. One of the options is to encrypt these genetic sequences using blockchain technology. As a result, a study of the number of studies in this area as well as the demand for blockchain in healthcare has been conducted in this chapter. Additionally, surveys about research done in the field of DNA sequence classification are suggested along with recommendations for using classification of DNA sequences to detect disease earlier.

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Jacob, Grasha, and Murugan Annamalai. "Secure Storage and Transmission of Healthcare Records." In Pattern and Data Analysis in Healthcare Settings, 7–34. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0536-5.ch002.

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Telemedicine has become a common method for transmission of medical images and patient data across long distances. With the growth of computer networks and the latest advances in digital technologies, large amount of digital data gets exchanged over various types of insecure networks - wired or wireless. Modern Healthcare Management Systems need to change to accommodate these new advances. There is an urgent need to protect the confidentiality of health care records that are stored in common databases and transmitted over public insecure channels. This chapter outlines DNA sequence based cryptography which is easy to implement and is robust against cryptanalytic attack as there is insignificant correlation between the original record and the encrypted image for the secure storage and transmission of health records.

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Jacob, Grasha, and Murugan Annamalai. "Secure Storage and Transmission of Healthcare Records." In Consumer-Driven Technologies in Healthcare, 220–47. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-6198-9.ch013.

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Telemedicine has become a common method for transmission of medical images and patient data across long distances. With the growth of computer networks and the latest advances in digital technologies, large amount of digital data gets exchanged over various types of insecure networks - wired or wireless. Modern Healthcare Management Systems need to change to accommodate these new advances. There is an urgent need to protect the confidentiality of health care records that are stored in common databases and transmitted over public insecure channels. This chapter outlines DNA sequence based cryptography which is easy to implement and is robust against cryptanalytic attack as there is insignificant correlation between the original record and the encrypted image for the secure storage and transmission of health records.

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Conference papers on the topic "DNA storage systems"

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Li, Bingzhe, Li Ou, and David Du. "IMG-DNA." In SYSTOR '21: The 14th ACM International Systems and Storage Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3456727.3463771.

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Heckel, Reinhard, Ilan Shomorony, Kannan Ramchandran, and David N. C. Tse. "Fundamental limits of DNA storage systems." In 2017 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isit.2017.8007106.

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"Session MP1b: DNA storage (invited)." In 2017 51st Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers. IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acssc.2017.8335391.

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Bornholt, James, Randolph Lopez, Douglas M. Carmean, Luis Ceze, Georg Seelig, and Karin Strauss. "A DNA-Based Archival Storage System." In ASPLOS '16: Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2872362.2872397.

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Boruchovsky, Avital, Daniella Bar-Lev, and Eitan Yaakobi. "DNA-Correcting Codes: End-to-end Correction in DNA Storage Systems." In 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isit54713.2023.10206536.

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Keoliya, Mayank, Puru Sharma, and Djordje Jevdjic. "Simulating Noisy Channels in DNA Storage." In 2022 IEEE International Symposium on Performance Analysis of Systems and Software (ISPASS). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ispass55109.2022.00019.

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Ruan, Cihan, Rongduo Han, Yixiao Li, Shan Gao, Haoyu Wu, and Nam Ling. "Efficient DNA-Based Image Coding and Storage." In 2023 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iscas46773.2023.10182162.

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Sella, Omer S., Amir Apelbaum, Thomas Heinis, Jasmine Quah, and Andrew W. Moore. "DNA archival storage, a bottom up approach." In HotStorage '21: 13th ACM Workshop on Hot Topics in Storage and File Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3465332.3470880.

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Kim, Raphael, Conor Linehan, and Larissa Pschetz. "Navigating Imaginaries of DNA-Based Digital Data Storage." In CHI '22: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3491102.3501911.

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Lombardo, Alfio, Giacomo Morabito, and Marco Reno. "Cabling DNA-based archival storage systems through microfluidic networks." In 2017 European Conference on Circuit Theory and Design (ECCTD). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ecctd.2017.8093285.

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Reports on the topic "DNA storage systems"

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Rodriguez Muxica, Natalia. Open configuration options Bioinformatics for Researchers in Life Sciences: Tools and Learning Resources. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003982.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has shown that bioinformatics--a multidisciplinary field that combines biological knowledge with computer programming concerned with the acquisition, storage, analysis, and dissemination of biological data--has a fundamental role in scientific research strategies in all disciplines involved in fighting the virus and its variants. It aids in sequencing and annotating genomes and their observed mutations; analyzing gene and protein expression; simulation and modeling of DNA, RNA, proteins and biomolecular interactions; and mining of biological literature, among many other critical areas of research. Studies suggest that bioinformatics skills in the Latin American and Caribbean region are relatively incipient, and thus its scientific systems cannot take full advantage of the increasing availability of bioinformatic tools and data. This dataset is a catalog of bioinformatics software for researchers and professionals working in life sciences. It includes more than 300 different tools for varied uses, such as data analysis, visualization, repositories and databases, data storage services, scientific communication, marketplace and collaboration, and lab resource management. Most tools are available as web-based or desktop applications, while others are programming libraries. It also includes 10 suggested entries for other third-party repositories that could be of use.

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Eastlake, D. Storage of Diffie-Hellman Keys in the Domain Name System (DNS). RFC Editor, March 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc2539.

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Watkins, Chris B., Susan Lurie, Amnon Lers, and Patricia L. Conklin. Involvement of Antioxidant Enzymes and Genes in the Resistance Mechanism to Postharvest Superficial Scald Development. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7586539.bard.

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The objective of this research project was to evaluate the involvement of antioxidant enzymes and genes in the resistance mechanism to postharvest superficial scald development using two primary systems: 1. Resistant and susceptible progenies of an apple cross between a scald resistant crab apple, ‘White Angel’ and a scald susceptible cultivar, ‘Rome Beauty’; 2. Heat-treatment of ‘Granny Smith’, which is known to reduce scald development in this cultivar. In 2002 we asked for, and received (October 14), permission to revise our initial objectives. The US side decided to expand their results to include further work using commercial cultivars. Also, both sides wanted to include an emphasis on the interaction between these antioxidant enzymes and the á-farnesene pathway, with the cooperation of a third party, Dr. Bruce Whitaker, USDA-ARS, Beltsville. Background: Superficial scald is a physiological storage disorder that causes damage to the skin of apple and pear fruit. It is currently controlled by use of an antioxidant, diphenylamine (DPA), applied postharvest by drenching or dips, but concern exists about such chemical usage especially as it also involves application of fungicides. As a result, there has been increased emphasis on understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved in disorder development. Our approach was to focus on the oxidative processes that occur during scald development, and specifically on using the two model systems described above to determine if the levels of specific antioxidants and/or antioxidant enzyme activities correlated with the presence/absence of scald. It was hoped that information about the role of antioxidant-defense mechanisms would lead to identification of candidate genes for future transgenic manipulation. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: Collectively, our results highlight the complexity of superficial scald developmental processes. Studies involving comparisons of antioxidant enzyme activities in different crab apple selection, commercial cultivars, and in response to postharvest heat and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatments, show no simple direct relationships with antioxidant contents and susceptibility of fruit to scald development. However, a correlative relationship was found between POX activity or isoenzyme number and scald resistance in most of the studies. This relationship, if confirmed, could be exploited in breeding for scald resistance. In addition, our investigations with key genes in the á-farnesenebiosynthetic pathway, together with antioxidant processes, are being followed up by analysis of exposed and shaded sides of fruit of cultivars that show different degrees of scald control by 1-MCP. These data may further reveal productive areas for future research that will lead to long term control of the disorder. However, given the complexity of scald development, the greatest research need is the production of transgenic fruit with down-regulated genes involved in á- farnesene biosynthesis in order to test the currently popular hypothesis for scald development.

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Droby, Samir, Joseph W. Eckert, Shulamit Manulis, and Rajesh K. Mehra. Ecology, Population Dynamics and Genetic Diversity of Epiphytic Yeast Antagonists of Postharvest Diseases of Fruits. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568777.bard.

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One of the emerging technologies is the use of microbial agents for the control of postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables. A number of antagonistic microorganisms have been discovered which have the potential to effectively control postharvest diseases. Some of this technology has been patented and commercial products such as AspireTM (Ecogen Corporatin, Langhorne, PA, USA), Biosave 10TM and Biosave 11TM (Ecoscience Inc., Worchester, MA, USA) have been registered for commercial use. The principal investigator of this project was involved in developing the yeast-based biofungicide-AspireTM and testing its efficacy under commercial conditions. This research project was initiated to fill the gap between the knowledge available on development and commercial implementation of yeast biocontrol agents and basic understanding of various aspects related to introducing yeast antagonists to fruit surfaces, along with verification of population genetics. The main objectives of this study were: Study ecology, population dynamics and genetic diversity of the yeast antagonists Candida guilliermondii, C. oleophila, and Debaryomyces hansenii, and study the effect of preharvest application of the yeast antagonist C. oleophila naturally occurring epiphytic microbial population and on the development of postharvest diseases of citrus fruit during storage. Our findings, which were detailed in several publications, have shown that an epiphytic yeast population of grapefruit able to grow under high osmotic conditions and a wide range of temperatures was isolated and characterized for its biocontrol activity against green mold decay caused by Penicillium digitatum. Techniques based on random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and arbitrary primed polymerase chain reaction (ap-PCR), as well as homologies between sequences of the rDNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and 5.8S gene, were used to characterize the composition of the yeast population and to determine the genetic relationship among predominant yeast species. Epiphytic yeasts exhibiting the highest biocontrol activity against P. digitatum on grapefruit were identified as Candida guilliermondii, C. oleophila, C. sake, and Debaryomyces hansenii, while C. guilliermondii was the most predominant species. RAPD and ap-PCR analysis of the osmotolerant yeast population showed two different, major groups. The sequences of the ITS regions and the 5.8S gene of the yeast isolates, previously identified as belonging to different species, were found to be identical. Following the need to develop a genetically marked strain of the yeast C. oleophila, to be used in population dynamics studies, a transformation system for the yeast was developed. Histidine auxotrophy of C. oloephila produced using ethyl methanesulfonate were transformed with plasmids containing HIS3, HIS4 and HIS5 genes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In one mutant histidin auxotrophy was complemented by the HIS5 gene of S. cerevisiae is functionally homologous to the HIS5 gene in V. oleophila. Southern blot analysis showed that the plasmid containing the S. cerevisiae HIS5 gene was integrated at a different location every C. oleophila HIS+ transformant. There were no detectable physiological differences between C. oleophila strain I-182 and the transformants. The biological control ability of C. oleophila was not affected by the transformation. A genetically marked (with b-glucuronidase gene) transformant of C. oleophila colonized wounds on orange fruits and its population increased under field conditions. Effect of preharvest application of the yeast C. oleophila on population dynamics of epiphytic microbial population on wounded and unwounded grapefruit surface in the orchard and after harvest was also studied. In addition, the effect of preharvest application of the yeast C. oleophila on the development of postharvest decay was evaluated. Population studies conducted in the orchard showed that in control, non-treated fruit, colonization of wounded and unwounded grapefruit surface by naturally occurring filamentous fungi did not vary throughout the incubation period on the tree. On the other hand, colonization of intact and wounded fruit surface by naturally occurring yeasts was different. Yeasts colonized wounded surface rapidly and increased in numbers to about two orders of magnitude as compared to unwounded surface. On fruit treated with the yeast and kept on the tree, a different picture of fungal and yeast population had emerged. The detected fungal population on the yeast-treated intact surface was dramatically reduced and in treated wounds no fungi was detected. Yeast population on intact surface was relatively high immediately after the application of AspireTM and decreased to than 70% of that detected initially. In wounds, yeast population increased from 2.5 x 104 to about 4x106 after 72 hours of incubation at 20oC. Results of tests conducted to evaluate the effect of preharvest application of AspireTM on the development of postharvest decay indicated the validity of the approach.

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