Journal articles: 'DNA Sensor Film'

1

Habibi, Mehdi, and Maryam Fanaei. "A DNA hybridization detection sensor based on photo biased ZnO thin film FET devices." Sensor Review 36, no. 4 (September 19, 2016): 368–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-04-2016-0074.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a DNA hybridization detection sensor. An inexpensive fabrication procedure was used so that the sensors can be disposed economically after the measurement is completed. Design/methodology/approach Field effect transistor (FET) devices are used in the proposed structure. The FET device acts as a charge detection element and produces an amplified output current based on surface charge variations. As amplification is performed directly at the sensor frontend, noise sources have less effect on the detected signal, and thus, acceptably low DNA concentrations can be detected with simple external electronics. ZnO nano layers are used as the FET active semiconductor channel. Furthermore, a photobiasing approach is used to adjust the operating point of the proposed FET without the need for an additional gate terminal. Findings The proposed sensor is evaluated by applying matched and unmatched target DNA fragments on the fabricated sensors with capture probes assembled either directly on the ZnO surface or on a nano-platinum linker layer. It is observed that the presented approach can successfully detect DNA hybridization at the nano mole range with no need for complex laboratory measurement devices. Originality/value The presented photobiasing approach is effective in the adjustment of the sensor sensitivity and decreases the fabrication complexity of the achieved sensor compared with previous works.

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Mahadhy, Ally, Bo Mattiasson, Eva StåhlWernersson, and Martin Hedström. "Evaluation of Polytyramine Film and 6-Mercaptohexanol Self-Assembled Monolayers as the Immobilization Layers for a Capacitive DNA Sensor Chip: A Comparison." Sensors 21, no. 23 (December 6, 2021): 8149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21238149.

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The performance of a biosensor is associated with the properties of an immobilization layer on a sensor chip. In this study, gold sensor chips were modified with two different immobilization layers, polytyramine film and 6-mercaptohexanol self-assembled monolayer. The physical, electrochemical and analytical properties of polytyramine film and mercaptohexanol self-assembled monolayer modified gold sensor chips were studied and compared. The study was conducted using atomic force microscopy, cyclic voltammetry and a capacitive DNA-sensor system (CapSenze™ Biosystem). The results obtained by atomic force microscopy and cyclic voltammetry indicate that polytyramine film on the sensor chip surface possesses better insulating properties and provides more spaces for the immobilization of the capture probe than a mercaptohexanol self-assembled monolayer. A capacitive DNA sensor hosting a polytyramine single-stranded DNA-modified sensor chip displayed higher sensitivity and larger signal amplitude than that of a mercaptohexanol single-stranded DNA-modified sensor chip. The linearity responses for polytyramine single-stranded DNA- and mercaptohexanol single-stranded DNA-modified sensor chips were obtained at log concentration ranges, equivalent to 10−12 to 10−8 M and 10−10 to 10−8 M, with detection limits of 4.0 × 10−13 M and 7.0 × 10−11 M of target complementary single-stranded DNA, respectively. Mercaptohexanol single-stranded DNA- and polytyramine single-stranded DNA-modified sensor chips exhibited a notable selectivity at an elevated hybridization temperature of 50 °C, albeit the signal amplitudes due to the hybridization of the target complementary single-stranded DNA were reduced by almost 20% and less than 5%, respectively.

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Kim, Jung-Min, Sandeep Kumar Jha, Rohit Chand, Dong-Hoon Lee, and Yong-Sang Kim. "DNA hybridization sensor based on pentacene thin film transistor." Biosensors and Bioelectronics 26, no. 5 (January 2011): 2264–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2010.09.047.

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Yan, Feng, Sheung Man Mok, Jinjiang Yu, Helen L. W. Chan, and Mo Yang. "Label-free DNA sensor based on organic thin film transistors." Biosensors and Bioelectronics 24, no. 5 (January 2009): 1241–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2008.07.030.

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5

YAN, WEIPING, NING XUE, XINGHUI SHI, JUNSHAN LIU, and JIHONG GUO. "STUDY ON METAL MEMBRANE TEMPERATURE SENSOR AND MICROHEATER FOR PCR CHIP." Surface Review and Letters 15, no. 01n02 (February 2008): 183–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x08011184.

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The development of PCR chip shortens the reaction time of DNA amplification, reduces the bulk of reaction reagents; therefore, it is widely applied to biomedicine and other related fields. Since PCR reaction is completed through three different precise temperature zones periodically, the sensitivity of temperature measurement and the heating property of the metal membrane must be highly regarded. In this paper, three kinds of membranes, Ni , Pt , and Ni – Cr , were fabricated on silicon substrates; their resistance–temperature characteristics and heating properties are discussed. The results show that Ni and Pt films have good linear resistance–temperature relationship; the heating property of Pt film is superior to that of Ni – Cr film. The PCR chip with Pt film microheater can reach 150°C in a short time with 25 V voltage.

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Jagannathan, Lakshmi, and Vivek Subramanian. "DNA detection using organic thin film transistors: Optimization of DNA immobilization and sensor sensitivity." Biosensors and Bioelectronics 25, no. 2 (October 2009): 288–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2009.07.004.

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7

Wang, Yanwei, Xiaohan Wei, Fei Wang, and Ming Li. "Sensitive voltammetric detection of caffeine in tea and other beverages based on a DNA-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotube modified glassy carbon electrode." Anal. Methods 6, no. 18 (2014): 7525–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ay00837e.

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8

Porfireva, Anna, and Gennady Evtugyn. "Electrochemical DNA Sensor Based on the Copolymer of Proflavine and Azure B for Doxorubicin Determination." Nanomaterials 10, no. 5 (May 10, 2020): 924. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10050924.

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A DNA sensor has been developed for the determination of doxorubicin by consecutive electropolymerization of an equimolar mixture of Azure B and proflavine and adsorption of native DNA from salmon sperm on a polymer film. Electrochemical investigation showed a difference in the behavior of individual drugs polymerized and their mixture. The use of the copolymer offered some advantages, i.e., a higher roughness of the surface, a wider range of the pH sensitivity of the response, a denser and more robust film, etc. The formation of the polymer film and its redox properties were studied using scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. For the doxorubicin determination, its solution was mixed with DNA and applied on the polymer surface. After that, charge transfer resistance was assessed in the presence of [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− as the redox probe. Its value regularly grew with the doxorubicin concentration in the range from 0.03 to 10 nM (limit of detection 0.01 nM). The DNA sensor was tested on the doxorubicin preparations and spiked samples mimicking blood serum. The recovery was found to be 98–106%. The DNA sensor developed can find application for the determination of drug residues in blood and for the pharmacokinetics studies.

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9

Kim, Jung-Min, Sandeep Kumar Jha, Dong-Hoon Lee, Rohit Chand, Jun-Ho Jeun, and Yong-Sang Kim. "A flexible pentacene thin film transistors as disposable DNA hybridization sensor." Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 18, no. 5 (September 2012): 1642–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2012.02.026.

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10

Saberi, Reyhaneh-Sadat, Saeed Shahrokhian, and Giovanna Marrazza. "Amplified Electrochemical DNA Sensor Based on Polyaniline Film and Gold Nanoparticles." Electroanalysis 25, no. 6 (April 22, 2013): 1373–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.201200434.

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11

Fang, Hua, and You Rong Wang. "Preparation and Properties of Sensing Membrane for Fiber Optic DNA Sensor." Advanced Materials Research 542-543 (June 2012): 620–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.542-543.620.

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To detect DNA concentration, a novel fiber optic biosensor based on fluorescence quenching was designed and constructed by using lock-in amplifier for signal measurement. The sensor head was fixed on a sensing membrane prepared by the mixture of ethyl silicate, formamide, HCl and fluorescence indicator [Ru(phen)3]2+. The optimal film-forming conditions were that the contents of [Ru(phen)3]Cl2, HCl and formamide were 2.1 mg/ml, 12 % and 16 % respectively, the aging temperature and time of sol-gel solution were 4 oC and 5 d, and the film-forming temperature and time were 4 oC and 48 h, respectively. A linear relationship between the relative phase delay Δφ of sensing membrane and ctDNA concentration was observed in range from 2.0×10-9 to 4.0×10-7 M in Tris buffer, and the detection limit is 8.0×10-10 M. The biosensor had a response time of 65 s and showed good stability and repeatability.

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12

Zhang, Yi, Guang-Ming Zeng, Lin Tang, Yuan-Ping Li, Li-Juan Chen, Ya Pang, Zhen Li, Chong-Ling Feng, and Guo-He Huang. "An electrochemical DNA sensor based on a layers–film construction modified electrode." Analyst 136, no. 20 (2011): 4204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1an15526a.

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13

Kubičárová, Tatiana, Miroslav Fojta, Jasmina Vidic, Luděk Havran, and Emil Paleček. "Mercury Film Electrode as a Sensor for the Detection of DNA Damage." Electroanalysis 12, no. 17 (November 2000): 1422–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-4109(200011)12:17<1422::aid-elan1422>3.0.co;2-c.

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14

Porfireva, Anna, Vyatseslav Vorobev, Sofya Babkina, and Gennady Evtugyn. "Electrochemical Sensor Based on Poly(Azure B)-DNA Composite for Doxorubicin Determination." Sensors 19, no. 9 (May 5, 2019): 2085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19092085.

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A new voltammetric DNA sensor has been developed for doxorubicin determination on the platform of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) covered with electropolymerized Azure B film and physically adsorbed native DNA. The redox properties of polymeric Azure B were monitored at various pH and scan rates. DNA application decreased the peak currents related to polymeric and monomeric forms of the dye, whereas incubation in doxorubicin solution partially restored the peaks in accordance with the drug and DNA concentration. The relative shift of the cathodic peak current caused by doxorubicin depended on the nominal DNA concentration and its application mode. In optimal conditions, the DNA sensor makes it possible to determine between 0.1 μM to 0.1 nM doxorubicin (limit of detection 7 × 10−11 M). The DNA sensor was tested on commercial doxorubicin formulations and on artificial samples the mimicked electrolyte content of human serum.

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15

Xi, Xiangtai, Jihua Xu, Shuanglu Li, Jingyi Song, Wen Yang, Yang Sun, Shouzhen Jiang, Yanshun Han, and Xiuwei Fan. "An Au Nanofilm-Graphene/D-Type Fiber Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor for Highly Sensitive Specificity Bioanalysis." Sensors 20, no. 4 (February 12, 2020): 991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20040991.

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A highly sensitive Au-graphene structure D-type fiber surface plasmon resonance biosensor is presented in this study to specifically detect biomolecules. The method of growing graphene is employed directly on the copper, and then a gold film of optimum thickness is sputtered, and the copper foil is etched to obtain the structure. This method makes the contact closer between the gold layer and the graphene layer to improve surface plasmon resonance performance. The performance of this type of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor has been previously verified both theoretically and experimentally. With the proposed Au-graphene structure D-type fiber biosensor, the SPR behaviors are obtained and discussed. In the detection of ethanol solution, a red shift of 40 nm is found between the refractive index of 1.3330 and 1.3657. By calculation, the sensitivity of the sensor we designed is 1223 nm/RIU. Besides, the proposed sensor can detect the nucleotide bonding between the double-stranded DNA helix structures. Thus, our sensors can distinguish between mismatched DNA sequences.

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16

Liu, Xiujie, Mengmeng Liu, Yudong Lu, Changji Wu, Yunchao Xu, Duo Lin, Dechan Lu, Ting Zhou, and Shangyuan Feng. "Facile Ag-Film Based Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Using DNA Molecular Switch for Ultra-Sensitive Mercury Ions Detection." Nanomaterials 8, no. 8 (August 6, 2018): 596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano8080596.

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Heavy metal pollution has long been the focus of attention because of its serious threat to human health and the environment. Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has shown great potential for metal detection owing to many advantages, including, requiring fewer samples, its minimal damage to specimen, and its high sensitivity. In this work, we proposed a simple and distinctive method, based on SERS, using facile silver film (Ag-film) combined with a DNA molecular switch, which allowed for the highly specific detection of heavy metal mercury ions (Hg2+). When in the presence of Hg2+ ions, the signals from Raman probes attach to single-stranded DNA, which will be dramatically enhanced due to the specific structural change of DNA strands—resulting from the interaction between Hg2+ ions and DNA bases. This SERS sensor could achieve an ultralow limit of detection (1.35 × 10−15 M) for Hg2+ detection. In addition, we applied this SERS sensor to detect Hg2+ in real blood samples. The results suggested that this SERS platform could be a promising alternative tool for Hg2+ detection in clinical, environmental, and food inspection.

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17

Costantini, Francesca, Giulia Petrucci, Nicola Lovecchio, Marco Nardecchia, Augusto Nascetti, Giampiero de Cesare, Lorena Tedeschi, et al. "Integrated Sensor System for DNA Amplification and Separation Based on Thin Film Technology." IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging and Manufacturing Technology 8, no. 7 (July 2018): 1141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcpmt.2018.2792907.

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18

Chathirat, Naphat, Charndet Hruanun, and Amporn Poyai. "DNA Biosensor on Optical Nanograting Structure." Applied Mechanics and Materials 804 (October 2015): 199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.804.199.

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We present a nanograting optical biosensor device, fabricated by photolithography, which is sensitive to changes in refractive index at the sensor surface. via changes in the reflectivity spectra. The grating was created by etching of a silicon nitride (Si3N4) film, which has a refractive index of 2.01, resulting in an array of Si3N4 pillars. The grating was coated by the high quality spin on glass material which has a low effective refractive index <1.50. The surface was functionalised with a layer of probe biomolecules for specific binding of the target DNA. Immobilization of the probe molecules was carried out via streptavidin – biotin interaction, the biotin modified ssDNA oligonucleotide probes were 23 bases in length (1010 copies/μl) and the sequence of the complementary ssDNA was 5’-TAC TCA TAC TTG AGG TTG AAA TT-3’(10, 100 and 1000 copies/μl). Results of the experiment showed that when molecules attached to the surface of the device, the position of the reflectance spectrum shifted due to the change of the optical path of light that is coupled into the nanograting structure. The extent of the wavelength shift (Δλ) of the peaks could be used to quantify the amount of materials bound to the sensor surface.

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19

Lekwichai, A., S. Porntheeraphat, Win Bunjongpru, W. Sripumkhai, J. Supadech, S. Rahong, C. Hruanun, Amporn Poyai, and J. Nukeaw. "A Disposable Polydimethylsiloxane Microdevice for DNA Amplification." Advanced Materials Research 93-94 (January 2010): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.93-94.105.

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In this study, we demonstrate the disposable polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchip provided for DNA amplification. The device consists of two main parts. The first part is PDMS/glass stationary chamber, the other part is a temperature-control microdevice on SiO2/Si substrate. This device consists of a thin film Pt-microheater and a Pt-temperature sensor, which were fabricated with CMOS compatible process. The performance of the device in the DNA amplification shows that, with 10 μl of PCR mixture volume, the approximately 700 bp DNA were successfully amplified within 50 minutes by 30 PCR cycles. The amplified products were comparable with those of a conventional method using electrophoresis. The PCR chip is also suitable for mass production.

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20

Baur, Jessica, Chantal Gondran, Michael Holzinger, Eric Defrancq, Hubert Perrot, and Serge Cosnier. "Label-Free Femtomolar Detection of Target DNA by Impedimetric DNA Sensor Based on Poly(pyrrole-nitrilotriacetic acid) Film." Analytical Chemistry 82, no. 3 (February 2010): 1066–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac9024329.

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21

Porfireva, Anna, Kseniya Plastinina, Vladimir Evtugyn, Yurii Kuzin, and Gennady Evtugyn. "Electrochemical DNA Sensor Based on Poly(Azure A) Obtained from the Buffer Saturated with Chloroform." Sensors 21, no. 9 (April 22, 2021): 2949. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21092949.

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Electropolymerized redox polymers offer broad opportunities in detection of biospecific interactions of DNA. In this work, Azure A was electrochemically polymerized by multiple cycling of the potential in phosphate buffer saturated with chloroform and applied for discrimination of the DNA damage. The influence of organic solvent on electrochemical properties of the coating was quantified and conditions for implementation of DNA in the growing polymer film were assessed using cyclic voltammetry, quartz crystal microbalance, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. As shown, both chloroform and DNA affected the morphology of the polymer surface and electropolymerization efficiency. The electrochemical DNA sensor developed made it possible to distinguish native and thermally and chemically damaged DNA by changes in the charge transfer resistance and capacitance.

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22

Malanina, Anastasiya, Yurii Kuzin, Alena Khadieva, Kseniya Shibaeva, Pavel Padnya, Ivan Stoikov, and Gennady Evtugyn. "Voltammetric Sensor for Doxorubicin Determination Based on Self-Assembled DNA-Polyphenothiazine Composite." Nanomaterials 13, no. 16 (August 18, 2023): 2369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13162369.

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A novel voltammetric sensor based on a self-assembled composite formed by native DNA and electropolymerized N-phenyl-3-(phenylimino)-3H-phenothiazin-7-amine has been developed and applied for sensitive determination of doxorubicin, an anthracycline drug applied for cancer therapy. For this purpose, a monomeric phenothiazine derivative has been deposited on the glassy carbon electrode from the 0.4 M H2SO4-acetone mixture (1:1 v/v) by multiple potential cycling. The DNA aliquot was either on the electrode modified with electropolymerized film or added to the reaction medium prior to electropolymerization. The DNA entrapment and its influence on the redox behavior of the underlying layer were studied by scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The DNA–doxorubicin interactions affected the charge distribution in the surface layer and, hence, altered the redox equilibrium of the polyphenothiazine coating. The voltametric signal was successfully applied for the determination of doxorubicin in the concentration range from 10 pM to 0.2 mM (limit of detection 5 pM). The DNA sensor was tested on spiked artificial plasma samples and two commercial medications (recovery of 90–95%). After further testing on real clinical samples, the electrochemical DNA sensor developed can find application in monitoring drug release and screening new antitumor drugs able to intercalate DNA.

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23

Song, Sanggwon, Aeri Jung, Seongjin Hong, and Kyunghwan Oh. "Strain-Insensitive Biocompatible Temperature Sensor Based on DNA Solid Film on an Optical Microfiber." IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 31, no. 24 (December 15, 2019): 1925–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lpt.2019.2950039.

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24

Fan, Hao, Fu Sheng Liao, Guo Bing Wei, and Nian Hong. "An Electrochemical Mercuric Ion Sensor Based on CdS Nanparticle Label." Advanced Materials Research 945-949 (June 2014): 2009–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.945-949.2009.

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In the present study, we describe an electrochemical sensor for Hg2+ detection by using the DNA probe. Two specific sequence for the probes, one has to ensure that the probe A hybridized with probe B modified on CdS nanoparticle to form stable DNA duplexes only in the presence of Hg2+ at a given operating temperature. After dissolving the CdS particles from the electrode, a mercury-film electrode was used for electrochemical detection of these Cd2+ ions which offered sensitive electrochemical signal transduction.The limit of detection of this assay in buffer is 12 nM. The detection was also specific for Hg2+ without being affected by the other metal ions, such as Cd2+,Li+,Ba2+,K+,Ca2+.

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T, Thoyibi, Muhammad Arifin, and Kamsul Abraha. "Uji Kemurnian DNA Melon (Cucumis melo L.) Kultivar “Gama Melon Basket” Menggunakan Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Berbasis Nanopartikel Perak." INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 5, no. 01 (December 16, 2015): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/ijap.v5i01.254.

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DNA level of purity has been tested by observing the phenomenon of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) in silver film + silver (Ag) nanoparticles system as DNA sensor using Kretschmann configuration. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) phenomenon observed in the resonance condition of reflectance spectrum vary with incident angle of laser, beamed toward prism. System is built as a model for DNA purity test instrument that give higher accuracy. DNA purity testing was conducted by placing DNA layer with various ratio on prism in order to get the angle shift value in each sample as a result. Purity level of DNA indicates the DNA quality based on the ratio between the amount of pure DNA compared to the amount of impurity materials (protein). After the deposition of DNA in ratio 1,774, 1,838 and 1,916 SPR angle shifted , and respectively. Characteristic differences of DNA with different purity (ratio) are shown by reflectance value that is getting higher at a smaller ratio, indicates that in the higher DNA ratio the angle shift is getting smaller. SPR angle shift which is occurred before and after DNA deposition shows the sensitivity of SPR as DNA sensor.

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Yoshimine, Hiroshi, Kai Sasaki, and Hiroyuki Furusawa. "Pocketable Biosensor Based on Quartz-Crystal Microbalance and Its Application to DNA Detection." Sensors 23, no. 1 (December 27, 2022): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23010281.

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Quartz-crystal microbalance (QCM) is a technique that can measure nanogram-order masses. When a receptor is immobilized on the sensor surface of a QCM device, the device can detect chemical molecules captured by the mass change. Although QCM devices have been applied to biosensors that detect biomolecules without labels for biomolecular interaction analysis, most highly sensitive QCM devices are benchtop devices. We considered the fabrication of an IC card-sized QCM device that is both portable and battery-powered. Its miniaturization was achieved by repurposing electronic components and film batteries from smartphones and wearable devices. To demonstrate the applicability of the card-sized QCM device as a biosensor, DNA-detection experiments were performed. The card-sized QCM device could detect specific 10-mer DNA chains while discerning single-base differences with a sensitivity similar to that of a conventional benchtop device. The card-sized QCM device can be used in laboratories and in various other fields as a mass sensor.

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Jirjees Dhulkefl, Ayad, Keziban Atacan, Salih Zeki Bas, and Mustafa Ozmen. "An Ag–TiO2–reduced graphene oxide hybrid film for electrochemical detection of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine as an oxidative DNA damage biomarker." Analytical Methods 12, no. 4 (2020): 499–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ay02175b.

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Here, a notably sensitive and selective electrochemical sensor based on an Ag–TiO₂–rGO hybrid nanomaterial modified SPE was developed for 8-OHdG detection, which is a significant DNA biomarker due to one of the main products of oxidative DNA damage.

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Chen, Meifeng, Xinying Ma, Xia Li, Mingjing Yin, Yanyun Li, and Zhanghua Sun. "STUDY OF DNA-DIETHYLSTILBOESTROL INTERACTION USING GRAPHENE-BASED THIN-FILM SENSOR AND UV-VIS SPECTROSCOPY." Journal of the Chilean Chemical Society 63, no. 1 (March 2018): 3795–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0717-97072018000103795.

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29

Jia, Li Yong, Ning Gan, Lei Zheng, and Qian Wang. "A Novel Amperometric Immunosensor Based on Thionine/DNA Self-Assembled Multilayers on Carbon Nanotubes Modified Glass Carbon Electrode." Advanced Materials Research 160-162 (November 2010): 1170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.160-162.1170.

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A novel amperometric immunosensor for the determination of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was constructed using multi-wall carbon nanotubes modified glass carbon electrode.thionine as the mediator,were immobilized by DNA throngh the layer-by-layer method. Thionine was first fabricated on carbon nanotubes modified glass carbon throngh 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide/N-hydroxysuccinimide(EDC/NHS).then a negatively charged DNA film was absorbed on the positively charged thionine,and the DNA was uesd as cross-linker to immobiled amount thionine.nano-Au-was used to immobilized anti-AFP.The electrochemical sensor have a relatively low detection limit of 0.02ng/ml.

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Jeon, Hyeong-Un, and Won-Ju Cho. "Fully Transparent and Sensitivity-Programmable Amorphous Indium-Gallium-Zinc-Oxide Thin-Film Transistor-Based Biosensor Platforms with Resistive Switching Memories." Sensors 21, no. 13 (June 28, 2021): 4435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21134435.

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This paper presents a fully transparent and sensitivity-programmable biosensor based on an amorphous-indium-gallium-zinc-oxide (a-IGZO) thin-film transistor (TFT) with embedded resistive switching memories (ReRAMs). The sensor comprises a control gate (CG) and a sensing gate (SG), each with a resistive switching (RS) memory connected, and a floating gate (FG) that modulates the channel conductance of the a-IGZO TFT. The resistive coupling between the RS memories connected to the CG and SG produces sensitivity properties that considerably exceed the limit of conventional ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET)-based sensors. The resistances of the embedded RS memories were determined by applying a voltage to the CG–FG and SG–FG structures independently and adjusting the compliance current. Sensors constructed using RS memories with different resistance ratios yielded a pH sensitivity of 50.5 mV/pH (RCG:RSG = 1:1), 105.2 mV/pH (RCG:RSG = 2:1), and 161.9 mV/pH (RCG:RSG = 3:1). Moreover, when the RCG:RSG = 3:1, the hysteresis voltage width (VH) and drift rate were 54.4 mV and 32.9 mV/h, respectively. As the increases in VH and drift rate are lower than the amplified sensitivity, the sensor performs capably. The proposed device is viable as a versatile sensing device capable of detecting various substances, such as cells, antigens, DNA, and gases.

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31

Le, Minh, Carmen Jimenez, Eric Chainet, and Valerie Stambouli. "A Label-Free Impedimetric DNA Sensor Based on a Nanoporous SnO2 Film: Fabrication and Detection Performance." Sensors 15, no. 5 (May 6, 2015): 10686–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s150510686.

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32

Zong, Xiao-lin, Chun-sheng Wu, Xiao-ling Wu, Yun-feng Lu, and Ping Wang. "A non-labeled DNA biosensor based on light addressable potentiometric sensor modified with TiO2 thin film." Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE B 10, no. 11 (November 2009): 860–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1631/jzus.b0920090.

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33

Dupont-Filliard, A., M. Billon, T. Livache, and S. Guillerez. "Biotin/avidin system for the generation of fully renewable DNA sensor based on biotinylated polypyrrole film." Analytica Chimica Acta 515, no. 2 (July 2004): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2004.03.072.

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Yang, Lingfei, Bing Wang, Honglan Qi, Qiang Gao, Chen-zhong Li, and Chengxiao Zhang. "Highly Sensitive Electrochemical Sensor for the Determination of 8-Hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine Incorporating SWCNTs-Nafion Composite Film." Journal of Sensors 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/504869.

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8-Hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) is a typical biomarker of oxidative DNA damage and has attracted much attention in recent years since the level of 8-OHdG in body fluids is typically associated with various diseases. In this work, a simple and highly sensitive electrochemical sensor for the determination of 8-OHdG was fabricated incorporating single wall carbon nanotubes- (SWCNTs-) Nafion composite film coated on glassy carbon electrode. Nafion was chosen as an optimal adhesive agent from a series of adhesive agents and acted as a binder, enrichment, and exclusion film. Due to the strong cation-exchange ability of Nafion and the outstanding electronic properties of SWCNTs, the prepared SWCNTs-Nafion film can strongly enhance the electrochemical response to oxidation of 8-OHdG and efficiently alleviate the interferences from uric acid and ascorbic acid. The oxidation peak currents are linear with the concentration of 8-OHdG in the range of 0.03 to 1.25 μM with a detection limit of 8.0 nM (S/N = 3). This work demonstrates that SWCNTs-Nafion film can improve the sensitivity, selectivity, reproducibility, and stability, making it an ideal candidate for electrochemical detection of 8-OHdG.

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Hong, Seongjin, Woohyun Jung, Tavakol Nazari, Sanggwon Song, Taeoh Kim, Chai Quan, and Kyunghwan Oh. "Thermo-optic characteristic of DNA thin solid film and its application as a biocompatible optical fiber temperature sensor." Optics Letters 42, no. 10 (May 9, 2017): 1943. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.42.001943.

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Park, Eun Jin, Jun-Yong Lee, Jun Hyup Kim, Cheol Jin Lee, H. Stanley Kim, and Nam Ki Min. "Investigation of plasma-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube film and its application of DNA sensor for Legionella pneumophila detection." Talanta 82, no. 3 (August 15, 2010): 904–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2010.05.041.

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Zhang, Ze, Hong-Wei Yu, Guang-Cai Wan, Jing-Hui Jiang, Na Wang, Zhi-Yong Liu, Dong Chang, and Hong-Zhi Pan. "A Label-Free Electrochemical Biosensor Based on a Reduced Graphene Oxide and Indole-5-Carboxylic Acid Nanocomposite for the Detection of Klebsiella pneumoniae." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 100, no. 2 (March 1, 2017): 548–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.16-0251.

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Abstract A label-free DNA hybridization electrochemical sensor for the detection of Klebsiella pneumoniae was developed, which could be helpful in the diagnosis of bacterial infections. Indole-5-carboxylic acid (ICA) and graphene oxide (GO) were electrodeposited on a glassy carbon electrode, and the resulting reduced GO (rGO)-ICA hybrid film served as a platform for immobilizing oligonucleotides on a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) sequence. The conditions were optimized, with excellent electrochemical performance. A significant change was observed after hybridization of ssDNA with the target probe under optimum conditions. Hybridization with complementary, noncomplementary, one-base mismatched, and three-base mismatched DNA targets was studied effectively by differential pulse voltammetry. The proposed strategy could detect target DNA down to 3 × 10−11 M, with a linear range from 1 × 10−6 M to 1 × 10−10 M, showing high sensitivity. This electrochemical method is simple, free from indicator, and shows good selectivity. Hence, electrochemical biosensors are successfully demonstrated for the detection of K. pneumoniae.

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Ogurcovs, Andrejs, Kevon Kadiwala, Eriks Sledevskis, Marina Krasovska, Ilona Plaksenkova, and Edgars Butanovs. "Effect of DNA Aptamer Concentration on the Conductivity of a Water-Gated Al:ZnO Thin-Film Transistor-Based Biosensor." Sensors 22, no. 9 (April 29, 2022): 3408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22093408.

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Field-effect transistor-based biosensors (bio-FETs) are promising candidates for the rapid high-sensitivity and high-selectivity sensing of various analytes in healthcare, clinical diagnostics, and the food industry. However, bio-FETs still have several unresolved problems that hinder their technological transfer, such as electrical stability. Therefore, it is important to develop reliable, efficient devices and establish facile electrochemical characterization methods. In this work, we have fabricated a flexible biosensor based on an Al:ZnO thin-film transistor (TFT) gated through an aqueous electrolyte on a polyimide substrate. In addition, we demonstrated techniques for establishing the operating range of such devices. The Al:ZnO-based devices with a channel length/width ratio of 12.35 and a channel thickness of 50 nm were produced at room temperature via magnetron sputtering. These Al:ZnO-based devices exhibited high field-effect mobility (μ = 6.85 cm2/Vs) and threshold voltage (Vth = 654 mV), thus showing promise for application on temperature-sensitive substrates. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to verify the chemical composition of the deposited films, while the morphological aspects of the films were assessed using scanning electron and atomic force microscopies. The gate–channel electric capacitance of 40 nF/cm2 was determined using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, while the electrochemical window of the gate–channel system was determined as 1.8 V (from −0.6 V to +1.2 V) using cyclic voltammetry. A deionized water solution of 10 mer (CCC AAG GTC C) DNA aptamer (molar weight −2972.9 g/mol) in a concentration ranging from 1–1000 pM/μL was used as an analyte. An increase in aptamer concentration caused a proportional decrease in the TFT channel conductivity. The techniques demonstrated in this work can be applied to optimize the operating parameters of various semiconductor materials in order to create a universal detection platform for biosensing applications, such as multi-element FET sensor arrays based on various composition nanostructured films, which use advanced neural network signal processing.

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Islam, Md Muztahidul, Md Mohaiminul Islam, Youshuf C. Shimul, Azizur Rahman, A. Akib Ruhe, Mehedi Hassan, and Md Biplob Hossain. "FDTD Analysis Fiber Optic SPR Biosensor for DNA Hybridization: A Numerical Demonstration with Graphene." Journal of Materials and Applications 8, no. 1 (May 15, 2019): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32732/jma.2019.8.1.13.

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This article illustrates a design and finite difference time domain (FDTD) method based on analysis of fiber optic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor for biomedical application especially for DNA-DNA hybridization. The fiber cladding at the middle portion is constructed with the proposed hybrid of gold (Au), graphene, and a sensing medium. This sensor can be recognized adsorption of DNA biomolecules onto sensing medium of PBS saline using attenuated total reflection (ATR) technique. The refractive index (RI) is varied owing to the adsorption of different concentration of biomolecules. Result states that the sensitivity with a monolayer of graphene will be improved up to 40% than bare graphene layer. Owing to increased adsorption capability of DNA molecules on graphene, sensitivity increases compared to the conventional gold thin film SPR biosensor. Numerical analysis shows that the variation of the SPR angle for mismatched DNA strands is quite negligible, whereas that for complementary DNA strands is considerable, which is essential for proper detection of DNA hybridization. Finally, the effect of Electric field distribution on inserting graphene layer is analyzed incorporating the FDTD technique by using Lumerical FDTD solution software.

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Yang, Jie, Tao Yang, Yuanyuan Feng, and Kui Jiao. "A DNA electrochemical sensor based on nanogold-modified poly-2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid film and detection of PAT gene fragment." Analytical Biochemistry 365, no. 1 (June 2007): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2006.12.039.

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Huang, Yafeng, Lulu Zhang, Hao Zhang, Yichen Li, Luyao Liu, Yuanyuan Chen, Xianbo Qiu, and Duli Yu. "Development of a Portable SPR Sensor for Nucleic Acid Detection." Micromachines 11, no. 5 (May 21, 2020): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi11050526.

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Nucleic acid detection is of great significance in clinical diagnosis, environmental monitoring and food safety. Compared with the traditional nucleic acid amplification detection method, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensing technology has the advantages of being label-free, having simple operation, and providing real-time detection. However, the angle scanning system in many SPR angle modulation detection applications usually requires a high-resolution stepper motor and complex mechanical structure to adjust the angle. In this paper, a portable multi-angle scanning SPR sensor was designed. The sensor only uses one stepping motor to rotate a belt, and the belt pulls the mechanical linkages of incident light and reflected light to move in opposite directions for achieving the SPR angle scanning mode that keeps the incident angle and reflected angle equal. The sensor has an angle scanning accuracy of 0.002°, response sensitivity of 3.72 × 10−6 RIU (refractive index unit), and an angle scanning range of 30°–74°. The overall size of the system is only 480 mm × 150 mm × 180 mm. The portable SPR sensor was used to detect nucleic acid hybridization on a gold film chip modified with bovine serum albumin (BSA). The result revealed that the sensor had high sensitivity and fast response, and could successfully accomplish the hybridization detection of target DNA solution of 0.01 μmol/mL.

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Zou, Lina, Yinfeng Li, Shaokui Cao, and Baoxian Ye. "A new voltammetric sensor for sensitive and selective determination of xanthine based on DNA and polyaniline composite Langmuir–Blodgett film." Talanta 129 (November 2014): 346–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2014.05.057.

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Rong, Shengzhong, Deng Pan, Xuehui Li, Mucong Gao, Hongwei Yu, Jinghui Jiang, Ze Zhang, Dongdong Zeng, Hongzhi Pan, and Dong Chang. "Highly Sensitive Chitosan and ZrO2 Nanoparticles-Based Electrochemical Sensor for 8-Hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine Determination." Current Analytical Chemistry 15, no. 6 (October 3, 2019): 648–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573411014666180501153300.

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Background: 8-Hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) has been regarded as a typical stable biomarker of DNA oxidative damage, and its level is one of the criteria for early diagnosis of various diseases. Considering the significance of 8-OhdG, various analytical techniques have been used for assaying 8-OHdG but all of them suffer from basic limitations like highly expensive instrumentation, large amount of sample requirement, complicated sample pre-treatment, tedious and time-consuming procedures etc. However, electroanalytical sensors provide a faster, easy and sensitive means of analyzing. Methods: The chitosan (CS) film provided the high electrode activity and stability which is required for detecting 8-OHdG though direct electrochemical oxidation. Zirconia was employed because it has some unique properties, such as high redox activity and selectivity etc. High-performance composite was easily detected by differential pulse voltammetry at a working voltage of 0. 51 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). A rapid and sensitive electrochemical sensor based on CS and metal oxide nanocrystalline for the determination of 8-OHdG was established. Results: Under optimized experimental conditions, the peak currents of differential pulse voltammetry increased as the concentrations of 8-OHdG increased from 10 to 200 ng·mL-1. The detection limit was 3.67 ng·mL-1 which was calculated by the S/N ratio of 3. The recoveries of the real spiked samples are in the range between 93.2 to 105.3%. Conclusion: The electrochemical sensor for direct 8-OHdG determination using a new CS/zirconia composite for GCE modification was developed and showed excellent reproducibility, stability and sensitivity for the specific determination of 8-OHdG in real urine specimen.

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Feng, Li-Jun, Xiu-Hua Zhang, Ping Liu, Hua-Yu Xiong, and Sheng-Fu Wang. "An electrochemical sensor based on single-stranded DNA–poly(sulfosalicylic acid) composite film for simultaneous determination of adenine, guanine, and thymine." Analytical Biochemistry 419, no. 2 (December 2011): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ab.2011.08.008.

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Che, Xin, Ruo Yuan, Yaqin Chai, Liping Ma, Wenjuan Li, and Jingjing Li. "Hydrogen peroxide sensor based on horseradish peroxidase immobilized on an electrode modified with DNA-L-cysteine-gold-platinum nanoparticles in polypyrrole film." Microchimica Acta 167, no. 3-4 (October 21, 2009): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00604-009-0237-0.

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Al-Naib, Ibraheem. "Biomedical Sensing with Free-Standing Complementary Supercell Terahertz Metasurfaces." Crystals 10, no. 5 (May 6, 2020): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10050372.

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We present a free-standing terahertz metasurface supercell that consists of four complementary mirrored asymmetric split-rectangular resonators. The quality factor of the excited resonance of this supercell has been significantly improved by 250% when compared to its counterpart nonmirrored supercell. The mirroring of the resonators leads to an enhanced out-of-phase oscillating current in each neighboring resonators of the supercell. In turn, this leads to a suppression of the dipole moments and its corresponding scattered fields. Moreover, this design can be realized by utilizing a simple laser machining technique. Furthermore, we numerically evaluate the performance of this design as a label-free biosensor for thin-film analytes and biomolecules such as double-stranded DNA and single-stranded RNA viruses. A sensitivity level of 1.14 × 105 nm/refractive index unit (RIU) can be achieved using this design. Therefore, this design has the potential to be used as an effective label-free biomedical sensor for in-situ detection of various biomolecules.

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Yeom, Dongsun, Jeongtae Kim, Sungil Kim, Sanghoon Ahn, Jiyeon Choi, Youngwook Kim, and Chiwan Koo. "A Thermocycler Using a Chip Resistor Heater and a Glass Microchip for a Portable and Rapid Microchip-Based PCR Device." Micromachines 13, no. 2 (February 21, 2022): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13020339.

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This study proposes a rapid and inexpensive thermocycler that enables rapid heating of samples using a thin glass chip and a cheap chip resistor to overcome the on-site diagnostic limitations of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Microchip PCR devices have emerged to miniaturize conventional PCR systems and reduce operation time and cost. In general, PCR microchips require a thin-film heater fabricated through a semiconductor process, which is a complicated process, resulting in high costs. Therefore, this investigation substituted a general chip resistor for a thin-film heater. The proposed thermocycler consists of a compact glass microchip of 12.5 mm × 12.5 mm × 2 mm that could hold a 2 μL PCR sample and a surface-mounted chip resistor of 6432 size (6.4 mm × 3.2 mm). Improving heat transfer from the chip resistor heater to the PCR reaction chamber in the microchip was accomplished via the design and fabrication of a three-dimensional chip structure using selective laser-induced etching, a rapid prototyping technique that allowed to be embedded. The fabricated PCR microchip was combined with a thermistor temperature sensor, a blower fan, and a microcontroller. The assembled thermocycler could heat the sample at a maximum rate of 28.8 °C/s per second. When compared with a commercially available PCR apparatus running the same PCR protocol, the total PCR operating time with a DNA sample was reduced by about 20%.

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Ulya, Aushofi Zuhrotul. "Aspek Hukum Pidana Penyiaran Film Tanpa Sensor oleh Netflix Sebagai Penyedia Layanan Subscription Video On Demand." Jurist-Diction 4, no. 6 (November 5, 2021): 2203. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jd.v4i6.31843.

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AbstractThe new broadcast media is broadcast digitization in the form of a platform accessed via the internet network. Netflix as a provider of the Subscription Video on Demand service broadcasts uncensored films which result in the films being against the culture and laws and regulations in Indonesia because they contain pornography to violence even though there is an obligation to be censored by a film before the film will be shown. This research is a legal research that analyzes the uncensored film broadcasting activities carried out by Netflix according to the laws and regulations in Indonesia and Netflix's legal liability for uncensored film broadcasting by using a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. From this research it was found that Netflix broadcasts uncensored films in Indonesia in violation of the statutory provisions concerning Broadcasting, Film, Pornography, and ITE. However, Netflix does not automatically account for all provisions of the laws and regulations because the locus of broadcasting activities carried out by Netflix cannot be reached by all the provisions of the laws and regulations.Keywords: Film Broadcasting; Netflix; Film Censorship; Internet.AbstrakMedia penyiaran baru merupakan digitalisasi penyiaran dalam bentuk platform yang diakses melalui jaringan internet. Netflix sebagai penyedia layanan Subscription Video on Demand menyiarkan film tanpa sensor yang mengakibatkan filmnya bertentangan dengan budaya dan peraturan perundang-undangan di Indonesia karena bermuatan pornografi hingga kekerasan padahal terdapat kewajiban untuk dilakukan sensor film dikeluarkan oleh lembaga sensor film sebelum film akan dipertunjukkan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum yang menganalisis kegiatan penyiaran film tanpa sensor yang dilakukan oleh Netflix menurut peraturan perundang-undangan di Indonesia dan pertanggungjawaban hukum Netflix terhadap penyiaran film tanpa sensor dengan mengggunakan pendekatan undang-undang dan pendekatan konseptual. Dari penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa Netflix melakukan penyiaran film tanpa sensor di Indonesia melanggar ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan tentang Penyiaran, Perfilman, Pornografi, dan ITE. Namun, tidak serta merta semua ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan yang dilanggar dapat dipertanggungjawabkan pada Netflix karena locus kegiatan penyiaran yang dilakukan oleh Netflix tidak dapat dijangkau semua ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan. Kata Kunci: Penyiaran Film; Netflix; Sensor Film; Internet.

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Sun, Bolu, Yanmei Yang, Shixing Yu, Liangrong Bao, Hongxia Shi, Qiaoning Dang, Yuhong Liu, Lin Yang, Quhuan Ma, and Xiaofeng Shi. "Electrochemical Biosensor Based on ds-DNA/N-G@CS/GCE for Highly Sensitive and Rapid Measurement of Antioxidant Activity." ECS Advances 2, no. 2 (May 4, 2023): 026501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2754-2734/acd017.

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Antioxidants remove free radicals and inhibit the oxidation of oxygen-sensitive substances, which are of great significance in disease prevention and food preservative. Therefore, it is of great significance to establish a convenient, efficient and universal method for screening and evaluating antioxidant activity. In this study, Nitrogen-doped Graphene (N-G) with high conductivity and Chitosan (CS) with good film forming and stability were used as electrode substrate materials. And a ds-DNA/N-G@CS/GCE electrochemical biosensor for rapid evaluation of antioxidant activity was constructed by assembling ds-DNA and taking advantage of the signal difference between pre- and post-damage ds-DNA loading in Ru(NH3)6 3+ probe solution. N-G@CS with good electro-catalysis and high capacitance significantly improved the response signal of the sensor. At the same time, Square Wave Voltammetry (SWV) was used to optimize the conditions affecting the evaluation results of biosensors. The results showed that under the Fenton solution system with pH 7.0 and the ratio of Fe2+ to OH− 1:4, the biosensor has a high oxidation ds-DNA damage within 30 min The system can inhibit the damage of ds-DNA by adding antioxidants. Under optimized experimental conditions, composite yogurt and plain yogurt with weak antioxidant activity difference were evaluated by the constructed biosensor, and compared with L-ascorbic acid, the activity order was L-ascorbic acid > composite yogurt > plain yogurt. The results were consistent with the results of hydroxyl radical scavenging and ABTS+ radical scavenging experiments, and there was no significant difference between the three methods. This study not only provides a convenient and efficient method for the evaluation of antioxidant activity, but also provides strategies and technical support for the development of low-cost, highly sensitive and universal portable activity evaluation techniques.

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Deen, M. Jamal. "(Digital Presentation) Biosensors – Researching at the Crossroads of Engineering and the Sciences." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 18 (July 7, 2022): 1033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01181033mtgabs.

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It has been a pleasure and honor to know Dr. Landheer for more than three decades and to have collaborated with him. In this invited presentation, I will focus on one aspect of our collaboration – the topic of Biosensors – which was our last research collaboration. In the list of references [1-15], I provide all publications we collaborated on since 1986. Biosensors are increasingly used in environmental applications, especially for water quality monitoring. This is because the availability of safe drinking water is fundamental to our good health. However, as water resources get increasingly stressed, ensuring a safe water supply and effective water treatment becomes increasingly important. In addition, waterborne illnesses are a significant public health problem. At the same time, current monitoring of microbiological contamination of water currently is time-consuming, laboratory based, and frequently compromises the timeliness of health advisory warnings even when contamination is found. Therefore, rapid detection of unsafe water can contribute greatly to mitigating the morbidity and mortality associated with waterborne diseases due to microbiological contaminants. Fortunately, the research community has shown increasing interest in the development of microtechnology-based sensors for the detection and identification of the bio-contaminants. These sensing systems use the same fabrication technology that has enabled the drastic lowering of cost, exponential increase in complexity of electronic chips and widespread availability of computing resources. In this presentation, we will discuss a low-cost, electrical, label-free microfabricated biosensor that we have been developing for pathogen detection related to water quality and also for ubiquitous-healthcare applications. The use of nano-dimensions devices to create futuristic nano-biosensors for both environmental and health applications will be introduced. And we will also describe our ongoing work to create highly integrated and parallel detection systems by integrating the sensor, the processing electronics and the pre-processing stages on the same cheap substrate. Finally, the success of such a low-cost, highly integrated sensing system demands a convergence of expertise from various engineering disciplines, the physical and life sciences as well as public health. References D Landheer et al, “Bioaffinity Sensors Based on MOS Field—Effect Transistors,” in Semiconductor Device-Based Sensors for Gas, Chemical, and Biomedical Applications, Eds. Ren, Pearton, Taylor & Francis Books, Boca Raton, 215-265, 2010. MW Shinwari, et al, Microfabricated Reference Electrodes and their Biosensing Applications, Sensors, Vol. 10(3), pp. 1679-1715, 2010. MW Shinwari, MJ Deen, D Landheer, “Study of the Electrolyte-Insulator-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor with Applications in Biosensor Design,” Microelectronics Reliability, Vol. 47(12), pp. 2025-2057, 2007. D Landheer, et al, Calculation of the Response of Field-Effect Transistors to Charged Biological Molecules, IEEE Sensors Journal, Vol. 7, 1233-1242, 2007. WH Jiang, et al, Post-processing of Commercial CMOS Chips for the Fabrication of DNA Bio-FET Sensor Arrays, Proceedings of MRS Symposium - Fall Meeting, 6 pages, 2006. Bioelectronics, Biointerfaces, and Biomedical Applications 2, Eds., D Landheer, R. Bashir, M. Deen, C. Kranz, C. Liu, M. Madou, A. Offenhaeusser, R. Schasfoort, ECS Transactions, Vol. 3, Issue 26, 2006. MJ Deen, et al, Noise Considerations in Field-Effect Biosensors, Journal Applied Physics, Vol. 100, #074703, 8 pages, 2006. MJ Deen, et al, High Sensitivity Detection of Biological Species via the Field-Effect, Proceedings of the IEEE ICCDCS, Playa del Carmen, Mexico, pp. 381-385, 2006. D Landheer, et al, Model for the Field-Effect from Layers of Biological Macromolecules on the Gates of Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Transistors, Journal Applied Physics, Vol. 98, # 044701, 2005. Silicon Nitride and Silicon Dioxide Thin Insulating Films, Eds., R.E. Sah, MJ Deen, D Landheer, K.B. Sundaram, W.D. Brown, D. Misra, ECS Proceedings PV-03, 636 pages 2003. Silicon Nitride and Silicon Dioxide Thin Insulating Films, Eds., K.B. Sundaram, MJ Deen, D Landheer, W.D. Brown, D. Misra, M.D. Allendorf, R.E. Sah, ECS Proceedings Volume PV 2001-7, 2001. MJ Deen, et al, Low Frequency Noise in Cadmium Selenide Thin-Film Transistors, Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 77(14), pp. 2234-2236, 2000. MJ Deen, et al, Low Frequency Noise in CdSe Thin-Film Transistors, ESSDERC 2000, Cork, Ireland, pp. 592-595, 2000. MJ Deen, et al, NbN Thin Films Reactively Sputtered with a High Field DC Magnetron, Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A, Vol. 6(4), pp. 2299-2303, 1988. MJ Deen, et al, The Effect of the Deposition Rate on the Properties of DC Magnetron Sputtered NbN Thin Films, Bull Am Phys Soc., Vol. 32(3), p. 646, 1987.

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Journal articles on the topic 'DNA Sensor Film'

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