Journal articles on the topic 'DNA pairing statistic'

Understanding of the pairing statistics in solutions populated by a large number of distinct solute species with mutual interactions is a challenging topic, relevant in modeling the complexity of real biological systems. Here we describe, both experimentally and theoretically, the formation of duplexes in a solution of random-sequence DNA (rsDNA) oligomers of length L = 8, 12, 20 nucleotides. rsDNA solutions are formed by 4L distinct molecular species, leading to a variety of pairing motifs that depend on sequence complementarity and range from strongly bound, fully paired defectless helices to weakly interacting mismatched duplexes. Experiments and theory coherently combine revealing a hybridization statistics characterized by a prevalence of partially defected duplexes, with a distribution of type and number of pairing errors that depends on temperature. We find that despite the enormous multitude of inter-strand interactions, defectless duplexes are formed, involving a fraction up to 15% of the rsDNA chains at the lowest temperatures. Experiments and theory are limited here to equilibrium conditions.

Other than being a carrier of the code of life deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) can also be used as a kind of ideal biomaterial with good biocompatibility. The basis of DNA dynamic nanotechnology is the toehold-mediated strand displacement reactions. Utilizing the specificity and predictability of Watson–Crick base pairing, and the programmability of the base sequence of DNA, researchers can construct the molecular machine and precisely control its operation to realize various complex molecular calculations. In this paper, we reviewed the progress of DNA structure and mechanical properties in recent years, discussed the microcosmic mechanism of DNA strand replacement reaction, and introduced the latest achievements in DNA molecular computing and its application in DNA constant temperature self-assembly.

The problem in this study is that most students lack basic motion in the rounders game. The effort taken is to implement a pairing learning strategy. The purpose of this study was to improve the basic mobility of rounders through pairing strategies in the fifth grade of SD Pacciro Elementary School, Ajangale District, Bone District 2017/2018 Academic Year. The object of the research is an increase in ball catching abilities in Rounders ball games. Research time for 6 months. Data collection techniques using observation, test and documentation methods. The data that has been obtained is then presented using descriptive statistics. From the results of classroom action research carried out that the application of the pairing learning strategy had a positive impact on improving the scholarship throwing ability of the fifth grade of SD Negeri 112 Pacciro Ajangale Subdistrict Bone District 2017/2018 Academic Year, this can be proven to increase student learning outcomes characterized by increased yields and completeness of student learning in each cycle. So it can be concluded that the application of paired learning strategies is proven to be able to improve the basic motion ability of ball catching at rounders game CLASS V SD Negeri 112 Pacciro Ajangale District Bone District 2017/2018 Academic Year.

We review our recent efforts in understanding the elastic properties of double-stranded (ds) and single-stranded (ss) DNA macromolecules. A simple geometric model of dsDNA was constructed and solved by path integral methods. The good agreement with experiments on dsDNA's entropic elasticity, cooperative extensibility, and supercoiling property suggested that the short-ranged base-pair stacking interaction is crucial for the stability and the high deformability of dsDNA. For ssDNA at high ionic conditions, base-pairing and base-pair stacking interactions cause the polymer to fold into compact hairpin configurations. The force-induced hairpin-coil transition was studied with the generating function method. In accordance with experiment, this transition was found to be highly cooperative when the average stacking potential is higher than some critical level. At low ionic conditions, the electrostatic repulsive interaction along the ssDNA becomes dominant, and ssDNA can be regarded as model polyelectrolytes. Our MC simulation results suggested an exponential relation between external force and the total extension. This prediction was confirmed experimentally.

Along with the development of the economy and increasingly advanced technology, companies are required to further increase production yields and product quality. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Competitive Advantage, Market Orientation and Entrepreneurship Orientation on Marketing Performance at the shuttlecock industry center in Sukoharjo Regency. This research is a quantitative research. The approach method in this study uses a quantitative survey approach, namely survey research that has the nature of pairing and is generally used to draw conclusions on the population so that it uses hypotheses and statistical tools in data analysis. The population and sample in this study were 37 players in the shuttlecock industry, data taken from the Central Bureau of Statistics of Gadingan village. The sampling technique used is the census method, which is a sampling technique when all members of the population are used as samples. The results in this study are Competitive Advantage, Market Orientation, Entrepreneurship Orientation affect the Marketing Performance of the Shuttlecock Industrial Center in Sukoharjo Regency. Keywords: Competitive Advantage, Market Orientation, Entrepreneurship Orientation, Marketing Performance. ABSTRAK Seiring perkembangan perekonomian dan teknologi yang semakin maju, perusahaan dituntut agar lebih meningkatkan hasil produksi dan mutu produk yang dihasilkan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh Keunggulan Bersaing, Orientasi Pasar dan Orientasi Kewirausahaan terhadap Kinerja Pemasaran pada sentra industri shuttlecock di Kabupaten Sukoharjo. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif. Metode pendekatan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif survei, yaitu penelitian survei yang memiliki sifat pemairan dan umumnya digunakan untuk menarik kesimpulan terhadap populasi sehingga menggunakan hipotesis dan alat statistik dalam analisis data. Populasi dan sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 37 pelaku industri shuttlecock, data diambil dari Badan Pusat Statistik desa Gadingan. Teknik pengambilan sampel dengan menggunakan metode sensus, yaitu teknik penentuan sampel bila semua anggota populsi digunakan sebagai sampel. Hasil dalam penelitian ini adalah Keunggulan Bersaing, Orientasi Pasar, Orientasi Kewirausahaan berpengaruh terhadap Kinerja Pemasaran Sentra Industri Shuttlecock di Kabupaten Sukoharjo. Kata Kunci : Keunggulan Bersaing, Orientasi Pasar, Orientasi Kewirausahaan, Kinerja Pemasaran.

Abstract We report an approach to predict DNA specificity of the tetracycline repressor (TetR) family transcription regulators (TFRs). First, a genome sequence-based method was streamlined with quantitative P-values defined to filter out reliable predictions. Then, a framework was introduced to incorporate structural data and to train a statistical energy function to score the pairing between TFR and TFR binding site (TFBS) based on sequences. The predictions benchmarked against experiments, TFBSs for 29 out of 30 TFRs were correctly predicted by either the genome sequence-based or the statistical energy-based method. Using P-values or Z-scores as indicators, we estimate that 59.6% of TFRs are covered with relatively reliable predictions by at least one of the two methods, while only 28.7% are covered by the genome sequence-based method alone. Our approach predicts a large number of new TFBs which cannot be correctly retrieved from public databases such as FootprintDB. High-throughput experimental assays suggest that the statistical energy can model the TFBSs of a significant number of TFRs reliably. Thus the energy function may be applied to explore for new TFBSs in respective genomes. It is possible to extend our approach to other transcriptional factor families with sufficient structural information.

Penelitian ini berjudul pengaruh latihan beban menggunakan karet terhadap hasil tendangan dalam permainan sepak bola pada siswa putra kelas VIII SMP Negeri 1 Indralaya Selatan. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada tanggal 01 September sampai dengan 10 Oktober 2018. Penelitian ini termasuk penelitian eksperimen dengan menggunakan rancangan pretest-posttest control group design dengan variabel bebas latihan beban menggunakan karet, variabel terikat hasil tendangan dalam permainan sepak bola. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa putra kelas VIII siswa yang dipilih dengan teknik Sampling. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui seberapa besar pengaruh latihan beban menggunakan karet terhadap hasil tendangan dalam permainan sepak bola pada siswa putra kelas VIII SMP Negeri 1 Indralaya Selatan, untuk menentukan kelompok eksperimen dan kontrol peneliti menggunakan teknik simple random sampling dengan sistem ordinal pairing. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah tes, pada setiap kelompok ,tes diberikan di awal sebelum perlakuan dan di akhir setelah diberi perlakuan. Perlakuan di kelompok eksperimen berupa latihan beban menggunakan karet, Setelah diberikan perlakuan selama 6 minggu dengan frekuensi latihan 3 kali seminggu. Berdasarkan analisis data dengan cara statistik uji t dengan taraf signifikan α = 0, 05 di dapat t hitung = 31,92 dan t tabel = 1,67, apabila thitung > ttabel maka Ha diterima dan Ho ditolak. Dengan demikian Ha yang diajukan dapat diterima kebenarannya, bahwa latihan beban menggunakan karet berpengaruh terhadap hasil tendangan dalam permaina sepak bola pada siswa putra kelas VIII SMP Negeri 1 Indralaya Selatan.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui: (1) pengaruh metode sport massage terhadap denyut nadi pemulihanp asca latihan, (2) pengaruh cold water immersion terhadap denyut nadi pemulihan pasca latihan. (3) perbedaan pengaruh antara metode sport massage dan cold water immersion terhadap denyut nadi pemulihan pasca latihan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen dengan pretest-posttest-control group design. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah tim bola voli di SMA Negeri 5 Purwokerto yang berjumlah 30 siswa. Teknik sampling yang digunakan adalah Total Sampling dan pembagian kelompok dengan model Ordinal Pairing, besar sampel yang digunakan adalah sebanyak 30 siswa yang dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok perlakuan . Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan tes dan pengukuan dalam olahraga menggunakan circuit training test dan pengukuran denyut nadi. Teknik analisis data dilakukan dengan analisis statistik menggunakan uji paired t-test dan uji independent t test, untuk memenuhi asumsi hasil penelitian dilakukan uji persyaratan analisis yaitu dengan uji normalitas dan uji homogenitas. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data, maka penelitian ini menghasilkan kesimpulan sebagai berikut: (1) ada pengaruh metode sport masage terhadap denyut nadi pemulihan pasca latihan (2) ada pengaruh metode cold water immersion terhadap denyut nadi pemulihan pasca latihan. (3) tidak ada perbedaan pengaruh yang signifikan antara metode sport massage dan cold water immersionterhadap denyut nadi pemulihan pasca latihan. EFFECT OF SPORT MASSAGE AND COLD WATER IMMERSION ON POST-EXERCISE PULSE IN VOLLEYBALL TEAMSAbstractThis study aims to determine: (1) The Effect of the Sports Massage Method on Post-Exercise Fatigue Recovery, (2) The Effect of Cold Water Immersion on Post-Exercise Fatigue Recovery. (3) Difference Between Influence Between Sports Massage Method and Cold Water Immersion on Post-Exercise Fatigue Recovery. This study uses an experimental method with a pretest-posttest-control group design. The population in this study was the volleyball team at SMA Negeri 5 Purwokerto, with a total of 30 students. The sampling technique used was total sampling and group division with Ordinal Pairing models, the sample size used was 30 students divided into 3 treatment groups. Data collection techniques were carried out with tests and bookkeeping in sports using a circuit training test and pulse measurement. The data analysis technique was carried out by statistical analysis using the paired t-test and independent t-test, to meet the assumptions of the results of the study the analysis of the test requirements was carried out with the normality and homogeneity tests. Based on the results of data analysis, this study produces the following conclusions: (1) There is an effect of the Sports Massage Method on Post-Exercise Fatigue Recovery. (2) There is an effect of the Cold Water Immersion Method on Post-Exercise Fatigue Recovery. (3) There is no significant difference in effect between the methods of Sports Massage and Cold Water Immersion on Post-Exercise Fatigue Recovery.

Abstract Motivation G-quadruplex is a DNA or RNA form in which four guanine-rich regions are held together by base pairing between guanine nucleotides in coordination with potassium ions. G-quadruplexes are increasingly seen as a biologically important component of genomes. Their detection in vivo is problematic; however, sequencing and spectrometric techniques exist for their in vitro detection. We previously devised the pqsfinder algorithm for PQS identification, implemented it in C++ and published as an R/Bioconductor package. We looked for ways to optimize pqsfinder for faster and user-friendly sequence analysis. Results We identified two weak points where pqsfinder could be optimized. We modified the internals of the recursive algorithm to avoid matching and scoring many sub-optimal PQS conformations that are later discarded. To accommodate the needs of a broader range of users, we created a website for submission of sequence analysis jobs that does not require knowledge of R to use pqsfinder. Availability and implementation https://pqsfinder.fi.muni.cz, https://bioconductor.org/packages/pqsfinder. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

Fifty-five isolates of Eutypa lata were collected in 1994 from a single vineyard, each from a different vine that showed either shoot and foliar symptoms of Eutypa dieback or only abnormalities during the period of 1990 to 1994. These isolates showed a large variation in pathogenicity after inoculation on cuttings in the greenhouse. Variability also was observed for cultural traits and radial growth rate on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium, but no relation was found between these characteristics and pathogenicity. The isolates were paired on PDA medium, and a barrage reaction was observed for all pairings, indicating the isolates were vegetatively incompatible. Thirty-two random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to study the genetic relatedness of the isolates and the genetic structure of the population. Fifty-five different RAPD patterns were observed, confirming the genetic uniqueness of each isolate. Gametic disequilibrium values were calculated among all pairs of the 32 putative RAPD loci, and only one value was significant. Unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages analysis of distance data, as well as a heterogeneity statistic (Fst), did not indicate any population substructure. The results strongly suggest that isolates originated from a random-mating population and that the disease was propagated in this vineyard by ascospores produced from diverse outside sources. Southern hybridization performed for five markers indicated that the two-allele assumption made to interpret RAPD data may be violated for markers that are similar in size. However, the exclusion of such markers did not change the conclusions of the study.

Abstract Motivation Deep learning approaches have empowered single-cell omics data analysis in many ways and generated new insights from complex cellular systems. As there is an increasing need for single-cell omics data to be integrated across sources, types and features of data, the challenges of integrating single-cell omics data are rising. Here, we present an unsupervised deep learning algorithm that learns discriminative representations for single-cell data via maximizing mutual information, SMILE (Single-cell Mutual Information Learning). Results Using a unique cell-pairing design, SMILE successfully integrates multisource single-cell transcriptome data, removing batch effects and projecting similar cell types, even from different tissues, into the shared space. SMILE can also integrate data from two or more modalities, such as joint-profiling technologies using single-cell ATAC-seq, RNA-seq, DNA methylation, Hi-C and ChIP data. When paired cells are known, SMILE can integrate data with unmatched feature, such as genes for RNA-seq and genome-wide peaks for ATAC-seq. Integrated representations learned from joint-profiling technologies can then be used as a framework for comparing independent single source data. Availability and implementation The source code of SMILE including analyses of key results in the study can be found at: https://github.com/rpmccordlab/SMILE, implemented in Python. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan pengaruh antara latihan tip in dengan under the basket shoot terhadap peningkatan power otot tungkai Pada Siswa putra ekstrakulikuler Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 1 Medan Tahun 2020. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode experiment. Dengan pelaksanaan latihan yaitu tip indan under the basket shoot. Populasi adalah seluruh siswa putra ekstrakulikuler Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 1 Medan Tahun 2020 yang berjumlah12 orang. Jumlah sampel 10 orang diperoleh dengan teknik purposive random sampling, selanjutnya dibagi menjadi dua kelompok dengan teknik matching pairing yaitu kelompok latihan tip indan under the basket shoot.Instrumen penelitian untuk pengumpulan data dengan tes dan pengukuran yaitu tes vertical jump untuk mengetahui power otot tungkai. Penelitian dilaksanakan selama 6 (enam) minggu dengan latihan 3 (tiga) kali dalam seminggu. Untuk melihat pengaruh masing masing variabel bebas maupun terikat digunakan perhitungan statistic uji- t berpasangan dan uji t tidak berpasangan. Analisis hipotesis pertama dari data pre-test dan data post-test peningkatan power otot tungkai dalam permainan bola basket pada kelompok latihan tip in diperoleh t­hitung sebesar 2,76 serta ttabel sebesar 2,13 dengan =0,05 (t hitung > t tabel) berarti Ho ditolak dan Ha diterima. Jadi, latihan tip in berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap peningkatan power otot tungkai dalam permainan bola basket Pada Siswa putra Ekstrakurikuler Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 1 Medan Tahun 2020. Analisis hipotesis kedua dari data pre-test dan data post-test peningkatan power otot tungkai dalam permainan bola basket pada kelompok latihan under the basket shoot diperoleh t­hitung sebesar 2,52 serta ttabel sebesar 2,13 dengan =0,05 (t hitung > t tabel) berarti Ho ditolak dan Ha diterima. Jadi, latihan under the basket shoot berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap peningkatan power otot tungkai dalam permainan bola basket Pada Siswa putra Ekstrakurikuler Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 1 Medan Tahun 2020. Analisis hipotesis ketiga dari perhitungan rata- rata dan simpangan baku diperoleh harga t­ hitung sebesar 1,17 serta ttabel sebesar 1,86 dengan =0,05 (thitung <ttabel) berarti Ho diterima dan Ha ditolak. Jadi, latihantip in tidak lebih besar pengaruhnya dari pada latihan under the basket shoot artinya latihan under the basket lebih besar pengaruhnya dari pada latihan tip in terhadap peningkatan power otot tungkai dalam permainan bola basket Pada Siswa putra Ekstrakurikuler Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 1 Medan Tahun 2020. Kata Kunci : tip in, under basket, power

Background. Aneuploidy is a consequence of the chromosome nondisjunction. Majority of aneuploid embryos die in utero between the 6th and 10th week, resulting in early pregnancy loss of approximately 15% of all clinically recognized pregnancies. SYCP3 plays an important role in pairing and recombination of homologous chromosomes in meiosis I, and it has been shown that the lack of this gene leads to sterility in male and subfertility in female mice due to chromosome nondisjunction. So SYCP3 is a candidate gene to evaluate the hypothesis of fetal aneuploidy arisen from meiosis gene mutations as a cause for human early pregnancy loss. Methods. In our study, the SYCP3 T657C polymorphism in 100 Russian women with early pregnancy loss (EPL) that were classified into 2 subgroups: with sporadic pregnancy loss (SPL, n=50) and recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL, n=50), as well as 56 normal fertile women (control), was examined to determine whether there is an association between the polymorphism and early pregnancy loss in Russian population. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples using the standard procedure of a commercially available kit. Genotyping of SYCP3 gene was determined by allele-specific polymerase chain reaction method. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software version 22. The chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test were used to compare genotype and allele frequencies between analyzed groups. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used for risk estimation. Results. Frequency of the heterozygous genotype (CT) was significantly higher in the group of women with early pregnancy loss as well as in women with sporadic pregnancy loss (p<0.05). In women with RPL, we found that the frequency of this genotype tended to increase but could not make a significant difference when compared with the control group. Conclusion. Our findings postulate that the T657C polymorphism of the SYCP3 gene is possibly associated with a sporadic early pregnancy loss. Актуальность. Анеуплоидия возникает вследствие нарушения расхождения хромосом, и большинство анеуплоидных эмбрионов погибают до 10 недели гестации, что приводит к потере на ранних сроках приблизительно 15% клинически диагностированных беременностей. Белок SYCP3 играет важную роль в конъюгации и рекомбинации гомологичных хромосом в первом мейотическом делении. Было показано, что отсутствие гена данного белка у мышей приводит к стерильности самцов и снижению фертильности самок вследствие нарушения расхождения хромосом. В этой связи SYCP3 можно рассматривать в качестве кандидатного гена для оценки гипотезы о фетальной анеуплоидии, возникающей в результате мутаций генов, продукты которых участвуют в мейозе, и ведущей к ранним репродуктивным потерям. Методы. В представленной работе был исследован полиморфизм Т657С гена SYCP3 у 100 женщин русской национальности с ранними репродуктивными потерями, подразделенных на две подгруппы: со спорадической потерей беременности (n=50) и привычным невынашиванием (n=50), а также у 56 фертильных женщин (контроль). Целью работы явилось изучение наличия ассоциации между данным полиморфизмом и ранними репродуктивными потерями в русской популяции. Геномная ДНК была выделена из периферической крови, генотипирование выполнялось с использованием аллель-специфической полимеразной цепной реакции. Для сравнения частот генов и генотипов в изучаемых группах применялись критерий Хи-квадрат и точный тест Фишера, для определения которых использовалось программное обеспечение SPSS Statistics, версия 22. Оно также было использовано для расчета отношения шансов (OR) и 95% доверительного интервала. Результаты. Частота гетерозиготного генотипа СТ была достоверно выше в группе женщин с ранними репродуктивными потерями и, в частности, в подгруппе со спорадической потерей беременности (р<0,05). Несмотря на тенденцию к увеличению частоты данного генотипа у женщин с привычным невынашиванием, статистически значимых отличий от контроля обнаружено не было. Заключение. Полученные результаты позволяют предполагать наличие ассоциации между полиморфизмом Т657С гена SYCP3 и спорадической потерей беременности на ранних сроках.

AbstractChromatin interactions mediated by a particular protein are of interest for studying gene regulation, especially the regulation of genes that are associated with, or known to be causative of, a disease. A recent molecular technique, Chromatin interaction analysis by paired-end tag sequencing (ChIA-PET), that uses chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and high throughput paired-end sequencing, is able to detect such chromatin interactions genomewide. However, ChIA-PET may generate noise (i.e., pairings of DNA fragments by random chance) in addition to true signal (i.e., pairings of DNA fragments by interactions). In this paper, we propose MC_DIST based on a mixture modeling framework to identify true chromatin interactions from ChIA-PET count data (counts of DNA fragment pairs). The model is cast into a Bayesian framework to take into account the dependency among the data and the available information on protein binding sites and gene promoters to reduce false positives. A simulation study showed that MC_DIST outperforms the previously proposed hypergeometric model in terms of both power and type I error rate. A real data study showed that MC_DIST may identify potential chromatin interactions between protein binding sites and gene promoters that may be missed by the hypergeometric model. An R package implementing the MC_DIST model is available at

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi pengaruh latihan icky shuffle dan hop scotch terhadap peningkatan kelincahan (agility) dan power otot tungkai. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan penelitian kuantitatif. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan tergolong penelitian eksperimen. Desain penelitian ini menggunakan eksperimen semu (quasi experimental) dengan rancangan penelitian menggunakan matching-only design. Subjek penelitian sebagai sampel sebanyak 45 orang siswa di SMA Negeri 5 Mataram. Selanjutnya dilakukan pengelompokan pada sampel penelitian, dimana kelompok eksperimen 1 yakni kelompok icky shuffle (X1), kelompok eksperimen 2 yakni kelompok hop scotch (X2), dan kelompok kontrol. Penentuan anggota sampel menggunakan metode ordinal pairing, agar diperoleh susunan berdasarkan jenjang dalam atribut tertentu. Jenis data yang dikumpulkan dalam penelitian ini adalah tes kelincahan (agility) dan power otot tungkai dari kedua bentuk latihan masing-masing kelompok. Hasil tes dicatat dan dihitung berdasarkan kelompok dan bentuk latihan yang dilakukankan. Uji normalitas, homogenitas, dan uji hipotesis dilakukan dimana analisis data menggunakan teknik statistik deskriptif dan dianalisis dengan bantuan SPSS versi 20.0. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa; a) terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan latihan Icky Shuffle terhadap peningkatan kelincahan dan power otot tungkai, b) terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan latihan Hop Scotch terhadap peningkatan kelincahan dan power otot tungkai, dan c) terdapat perbedaan pengaruh yang signifikan antara latihan Icky Shuffle dan Hop Scotch terhadap peningkatan kelincahan dan power otot tungkai

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi pengaruh latihan icky shuffle dan hop scotch terhadap peningkatan kelincahan (agility) dan power otot tungkai. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan penelitian kuantitatif. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan tergolong penelitian eksperimen. Desain penelitian ini menggunakan eksperimen semu (quasi experimental) dengan rancangan penelitian menggunakan matching-only design. Subjek penelitian sebagai sampel sebanyak 45 orang siswa di SMA Negeri 5 Mataram. Selanjutnya dilakukan pengelompokan pada sampel penelitian, dimana kelompok eksperimen 1 yakni kelompok icky shuffle (X1), kelompok eksperimen 2 yakni kelompok hop scotch (X2), dan kelompok kontrol. Penentuan anggota sampel menggunakan metode ordinal pairing, agar diperoleh susunan berdasarkan jenjang dalam atribut tertentu. Jenis data yang dikumpulkan dalam penelitian ini adalah tes kelincahan (agility) dan power otot tungkai dari kedua bentuk latihan masing-masing kelompok. Hasil tes dicatat dan dihitung berdasarkan kelompok dan bentuk latihan yang dilakukankan. Uji normalitas, homogenitas, dan uji hipotesis dilakukan dimana analisis data menggunakan teknik statistik deskriptif dan dianalisis dengan bantuan SPSS versi 20.0. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa; a) terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan latihan Icky Shuffle terhadap peningkatan kelincahan dan power otot tungkai, b) terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan latihan Hop Scotch terhadap peningkatan kelincahan dan power otot tungkai, dan c) terdapat perbedaan pengaruh yang signifikan antara latihan Icky Shuffle dan Hop Scotch terhadap peningkatan kelincahan dan power otot tungkai.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi pengaruh latihan icky shuffle dan hop scotch terhadap peningkatan kelincahan (agility) dan power otot tungkai. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan penelitian kuantitatif. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan tergolong penelitian eksperimen. Desain penelitian ini menggunakan eksperimen semu (quasi experimental) dengan rancangan penelitian menggunakan matching-only design. Subjek penelitian sebagai sampel sebanyak 45 orang siswa di SMA Negeri 5 Mataram. Selanjutnya dilakukan pengelompokan pada sampel penelitian, dimana kelompok eksperimen 1 yakni kelompok icky shuffle (X1), kelompok eksperimen 2 yakni kelompok hop scotch (X2), dan kelompok kontrol. Penentuan anggota sampel menggunakan metode ordinal pairing, agar diperoleh susunan berdasarkan jenjang dalam atribut tertentu. Jenis data yang dikumpulkan dalam penelitian ini adalah tes kelincahan (agility) dan power otot tungkai dari kedua bentuk latihan masing-masing kelompok. Hasil tes dicatat dan dihitung berdasarkan kelompok dan bentuk latihan yang dilakukankan. Uji normalitas, homogenitas, dan uji hipotesis dilakukan dimana analisis data menggunakan teknik statistik deskriptif dan dianalisis dengan bantuan SPSS versi 20.0. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa; a) terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan latihan Icky Shuffle terhadap peningkatan kelincahan dan power otot tungkai, b) terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan latihan Hop Scotch terhadap peningkatan kelincahan dan power otot tungkai, dan c) terdapat perbedaan pengaruh yang signifikan antara latihan Icky Shuffle dan Hop Scotch terhadap peningkatan kelincahan dan power otot tungkai.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi pengaruh latihan icky shuffle dan hop scotch terhadap peningkatan kelincahan (agility) dan power otot tungkai. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan penelitian kuantitatif. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan tergolong penelitian eksperimen. Desain penelitian ini menggunakan eksperimen semu (quasi experimental) dengan rancangan penelitian menggunakan matching-only design. Subjek penelitian sebagai sampel sebanyak 45 orang siswa di SMA Negeri 5 Mataram. Selanjutnya dilakukan pengelompokan pada sampel penelitian, dimana kelompok eksperimen 1 yakni kelompok icky shuffle (X1), kelompok eksperimen 2 yakni kelompok hop scotch (X2), dan kelompok kontrol. Penentuan anggota sampel menggunakan metode ordinal pairing, agar diperoleh susunan berdasarkan jenjang dalam atribut tertentu. Jenis data yang dikumpulkan dalam penelitian ini adalah tes kelincahan (agility) dan power otot tungkai dari kedua bentuk latihan masing-masing kelompok. Hasil tes dicatat dan dihitung berdasarkan kelompok dan bentuk latihan yang dilakukankan. Uji normalitas, homogenitas, dan uji hipotesis dilakukan dimana analisis data menggunakan teknik statistik deskriptif dan dianalisis dengan bantuan SPSS versi 20.0. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa; a) terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan latihan Icky Shuffle terhadap peningkatan kelincahan dan power otot tungkai, b) terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan latihan Hop Scotch terhadap peningkatan kelincahan dan power otot tungkai, dan c) terdapat perbedaan pengaruh yang signifikan antara latihan Icky Shuffle dan Hop Scotch terhadap peningkatan kelincahan dan power otot tungkai

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari latihan horizontal swing dan latihan side lateral raise untuk meningkatkan kemampuan forehand drive dalam permainan tennis lapangan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah quasi eksperiment design. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa putra sekolah tenis Progress Unimed yang terdiri dari bebagai usia dengan rentang 11 tahun hingga 15 tahun dimana berjumlah sebanyak 9 orang. Populasi tersebut melakukan latihan tiga kali dalam satu minggu dan telah dapat melakukan teknik forehand drive dengan benar. Sampel penelitian sebanyak 8 orang yang diambil dengan teknik random sampling. Keseluruhan sampel dibagi menjadi dua kelompok dengan teknik matching and pairing. Satu kelompok diberikan latihan horizontal swing dan kelompok yang lain diberikan latihan side lateral raise. Teknik pengumpulan data dengan instrumen forehand drive hewitt tenis achievement test. Perlakuan dilaksanakan selama 18 kali pertemuan. Untuk melihat pengaruh setiap variabel digunakan perhitungan statistiK uji- t berpasangan. Adapun hasil penelitian ini adalah : (1) Latihan horizontal swing secara signifikan dapat meningkatkan kemampuan forehand drive dalam permainan tennis lapangan. (2) Latihan side lateral raise secara signifikan dapat meningkatkan kemampuan forehand drive dalam permainan tennis lapangan. Kata Kunci : Latihan, Horizontal Swing, Side Lateral Raise, Forehand Drive, Tennis

Dalam penelitian ini tujuan dari permasalahan yang ingin dilihat adalah apakah latihan juggling sepakbola berpengaruh terhadap hasil hoop sepak takraw menggunakan punggung kaki pada siswa putra kelas X SMA Negeri 1 Tanjung Raja.. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode eksperimen murni (true-eksperimental research). Dalam penelitian ini yang menjadi populasi adalah seluruh siswa putra kelas X SMA Negeri 1 Tanjung Raja yang berjumlah 79 siswa dan dari populasi tersebut diambil sebagian untuk dijadikan sampel penelitian dengan cara ordinal pairing yaitu 31 siswa menjadi kelompok eksperimen yang di beri perlakuan juggling sepakbola dan 31 siswa menjadi kelompok kontrol yang tidak diberi perlakuan. Setelah diberikan perlakuan selama 5 minggu dengan frekuensi latihan 3-4 kali seminggu ternyata kelompok eksperimen tidak mengalami peningkatan. Berdasarkan analisis data dengan cara statistik uji t dengan taraf signifikan α (0,05) dan t0,95(60)), maka di dapat bahwa t hitung < t tabel (1.3246 < 1.67). Sedangkan sesuai dengan hasil analisis varian kelompok eksperimen didapat F hitung yaitu Fo=1,4104. Sedangkan varians beda kelompok eksperimen dan kelompok kontrol yaitu Fo hitung =1,6322. Adapun F tabel, dengan dbf adalah dbk, yaitu 1 lawan dbd, yaitu 60, taraf signifikan Ft1% = 7,08 dan Ft 5%= 4,00. Ternyata harga Fo hitung = 1,4140 lebih kecil daripada F tabel baik untuk kesalahan 1% maupun 5% (1,4104<4,00<7,08). Karena harga F hitung lebih kecil daripada harga F tabel baik untuk kesalahan 1% maupun 5%, maka Ho diterima (berarti Ha ditolak). Dengan demikian hipotesis yang diajukan tidak dapat diterima kebenarannya bahwa juggling sepak bola berpengaruh terhadap hasil hoop sepak takraw menggunakan punggung kaki pada Siswa Putra Kelas X SMA Negeri 1 Tanjung Raja. Berdasarkan paparan di atas, maka didapat simpulan yaitu tidak ada pengaruh latihan juggling sepakbola yang signifikan terhadap hasil hoop sepak takraw menggunakan punggung kaki pada siswa putra kelas X SMA Negeri 1 Tanjung Raja.Kata kunci :Latihan Juggling Sepakbola, dan Hoop Sepak Takraw.

Cyborgs already walk among us. (“Cures to Come” 76) This essay was begun as a reaction to a Hallmark Hall of Fame television movie called Sweet Nothing in My Ear (2008), which follows the lives of two parents, Dan, who is hearing (played by Jeff Daniels), and Laura, who is deaf (Marlee Matlin), as they struggle to make a decision about whether or not to give their 11-year-old son, Adam (late-deafened), a cochlear implant. Dan and Laura represent different perspectives, hearing and deaf perspectives. The film dramatizes the parents’ conflict and negotiation, exposing audiences to both sides of the cochlear implant debate, albeit in a fairly simplistic way. Nevertheless, it represents the lives of deaf people and gives voice to debates about cochlear implants with more accuracy and detail than most film and television dramas. One of the central scenes in the film is what I call the “activation scene”, quite common to cochlear implant narratives. In the scene, the protagonists witness a child having his implant activated or turned on. The depiction is reminiscent of the WATER scene in the film about Helen Keller, The Miracle Worker, employing a sentimental visual rhetoric. First, the two parents are shown seated near the child, clasping their hands as if in prayer. The audiologist, wielder of technology and therefore clearly the authority figure in the scene, types away furiously on her laptop. At the moment of being “turned on,” the child suddenly “hears” his father calling “David! David!” He gazes angelically toward heaven as piano music plays plaintively in the background. The parents all but fall to their knees and the protagonist of the film, Dan, watching through a window, weeps. It is a scene of cure, of healing, of “miracle,” a hyper-sentimentalised portrait of what is in reality often a rather anti-climactic event. It was certainly anti-climactic in my son, Michael’s case. I was taken aback by how this scene was presented and dismayed overall at some of the inaccuracies, small though they were, in the portrayal of cochlear implants in this film. It was, after all, according to the Nielsen ratings, seen by 8 million people. I began to wonder what kinds of misconceptions my son was going to face when he met people whose only exposure to implants was through media representations. Spurred by this question, I started to research other recent portrayals of people with implants on U.S. television in the past ten years, to see how cochlear implant (hereafter referred to as CI) identity has been portrayed by American media. For most of American history, deaf people have been portrayed in print and visual media as exotic “others,” and have long been the subject of an almost morbid cultural fascination. Christopher Krentz suggests that, particularly in the nineteenth century, scenes pairing sentimentality and deafness repressed an innate, Kristevan “abject” revulsion towards deaf people. Those who are deaf highlight and define, through their ‘lack’, the “unmarked” body. The fact of their deafness, understood as lack, conjures up an ideal that it does not attain, the ideal of the so-called “normal” or “whole” body. In recent years, however, the figure of the “deaf as Other” in the media, has shifted from what might be termed the “traditionally” deaf character, to what Brenda Jo Brueggeman (in her recent book Deaf Subjects: Between Identities and Places), calls “the new deaf cyborg” or the deaf person with a cochlear implant (4). N. Katharine Hailes states that cyborgs are now “the stage on which are performed contestations about the body boundaries that have often marked class, ethnic, and cultural differences” (85). In this essay, I claim that the character with a CI, as portrayed in the media, is now not only a strange, “marked” “Other,” but is also a screen upon which viewers project anxieties about technology, demonstrating both fascination fear. In her book, Brueggeman issues a call to action, saying that Deaf Studies must now begin to examine what she calls “implanting rhetorics,” or “the rhetorical relationships between our technologies and our identity” and therefore needs to attend to the construction of “the new deaf cyborg” (18). This short study will serve, I hope, as both a response to that injunction and as a jumping-off point for more in-depth studies of the construction of the CI identity and the implications of these constructions. First, we should consider what a cochlear implant is and how it functions. The National Association of the Deaf in the United States defines the cochlear implant as a device used to help the user perceive sound, i.e., the sensation of sound that is transmitted past the damaged cochlea to the brain. In this strictly sensorineural manner, the implant works: the sensation of sound is delivered to the brain. The stated goal of the implant is for it to function as a tool to enable deaf children to develop language based on spoken communication. (“NAD Position”) The external portion of the implant consists of the following parts: a microphone, which picks up sound from the environment, which is contained in the behind-the-ear device that resembles the standard BTE hearing aid; in this “hearing aid” there is also a speech processor, which selects and arranges sounds picked up by the microphone. The processor transmits signals to the transmitter/receiver, which then converts them into electric impulses. Part of the transmitter sits on the skin and attaches to the inner portion of the transmitter by means of a magnet. The inner portion of the receiver/stimulator sends the impulses down into the electrode array that lies inside the cochlea, which in turn stimulates the auditory nerve, giving the brain the impression of sound (“Cochlear Implants”). According to manufacturer’s statistics, there are now approximately 188,000 people worldwide who have obtained cochlear implants, though the number of these that are in use is not known (Nussbaum). That is what a cochlear implant is. Before we can look at how people with implants are portrayed in the media, before we examine constructions of identity, perhaps we should first ask what constitutes a “real” CI identity? This is, of course, laughable; pinning down a homogeneous CI identity is no more likely than finding a blanket definition of “deaf identity.” For example, at this point in time, there isn’t even a word or term in American culture for someone with an implant. I struggle with how to phrase it in this essay - “implantee?” “recipient?” - there are no neat labels. In the USA you can call a person deaf, Deaf (the “D” representing a specific cultural and political identity), hearing impaired, hard of hearing, and each gradation implies, for better or worse, some kind of subject position. There are no such terms for a person who gets an implant. Are people with implants, as suggested above, just deaf? Deaf? Are they hard of hearing? There is even debate in the ASL community as to what sign should be used to indicate “someone who has a cochlear implant.” If a “CI identity” cannot be located, then perhaps the rhetoric that is used to describe it may be. Paddy Ladd, in Understanding Deaf Culture, does a brilliant job of exploring the various discourses that have surrounded deaf culture throughout history. Stuart Blume borrows heavily from Ladd in his “The Rhetoric and Counter-Rhetoric of a 'Bionic' Technology”, where he points out that an “essential and deliberate feature” of the history of the CI from the 60s onward, was that it was constructed in an overwhelmingly positive light by the mass media, using what Ladd calls the “medical” rhetorical model. That is, that the CI is a kind of medical miracle that promised to cure deafness. Within this model one may find also the sentimental, “missionary” rhetoric that Krentz discusses, what Ladd claims is a revival of the evangelism of the nineteenth-century Oralist movement in America. Indeed, newspaper articles in the 1980s and 90s hailed the implant as a “breakthrough”, a “miracle”; even a quick survey of headlines shows evidence of this: “Upton Boy Can Hear at Last!”, “Girl with a New Song in Her Heart”, “Children Head Queue for Bionic Ears” (Lane). As recently as January 2010, an issue of National Geographic featured on its cover the headline Merging Man and Machine: The Bionic Age. Sure enough, the second photograph in the story is of a child’s bilateral cochlear implant, with the caption “within months of the surgery (the child) spoke the words his hearing parents longed for: Mama and Dada.” “You’re looking at a real bionic kid,” says Johns Hopkins University surgeon John Niparko, proudly (37). To counter this medical/corporate rhetoric of cure, Ladd and Blume claim, the deaf community devised a counter-rhetoric, a discourse in which the CI is not cast in the language of miracle and life, but instead in terms of death, mutilation, and cultural oppression. Here, the implant is depicted as the last in a long line of sadistic experiments using the deaf as guinea pigs. Often the CI is framed in the language of Nazism and genocide as seen in the title of an article in the British Deaf News: “Cochlear Implants: Oralism’s Final Solution.” So, which of these two “implanting rhetorics” is most visible in the current construction of the CI in American television? Is the CI identity presented by rendering people with CIs impossibly positive, happy characters? Is it delineated using the metaphors of the sentimental, of cure, of miracle? Or is the CI identity constructed using the counter-rhetorical references to death, oppression and cultural genocide? One might hypothesize that television, like other media, cultivating as it does the values of the hearing hegemony, would err on the side of promulgating the medicalised, positivist rhetoric of the “cure” for deafness. In an effort to find out, I conducted a general survey of American television shows from 2000 to now that featured characters with CIs. I did not include news shows or documentaries in my survey. Interestingly, some of the earliest television portrayals of CIs appeared in that bastion of American sentimentality, the daytime soap opera. In 2006, on the show “The Young and the Restless”, a “troubled college student who contracted meningitis” received an implant, and in 2007 “All My Children” aired a story arc about a “toddler who becomes deaf after a car crash.” It is interesting to note that both characters were portrayed as “late-deafened”, or suddenly inflicted with the loss of a sense they previously possessed, thus avoiding any whiff of controversy about early implantation. But one expects a hyper-sentimentalised portrayal of just about everything in daytime dramas like this. What is interesting is that when people with CIs have appeared on several “reality” programs, which purport to offer “real,” unadulterated glimpses into people’s lives, the rhetoric is no less sentimentalized than the soaps (perhaps because these shows are no less fabricated). A good example of this is the widely watched and, I think, ironically named show “True Life” which appears on MTV. This is a series that claims to tell the “remarkable real-life stories of young people and the unusual subcultures they inhabit.” In episode 42, “ True Life: I’m Deaf”, part of the show follows a young man, Chris, born deaf and proud of it (his words), who decides to get a cochlear implant because he wants to be involved in the hearing world. Through an interpreter Chris explains that he wants an implant so he can communicate with his friends, talk with girls, and ultimately fulfill his dreams of having a job and getting married (one has to ask: are these things he can’t do without an implant?). The show’s promo asks “how do you go from living a life in total silence to fully understanding the spoken language?” This statement alone contains two elements common to the “miracle” rhetoric, first that the “tragic” deaf victim will emerge from a completely lonely, silent place (not true; most deaf people have some residual hearing, and if you watch the show you see Chris signing, “speaking” voluminously) to seamlessly, miraculously, “fully” joining and understanding the hearing world. Chris, it seems, will only come into full being when he is able to join the hearing world. In this case, the CI will cure what ails him. According to “True Life.” Aside from “soap opera” drama and so-called reality programming, by far the largest dissemination of media constructions of the CI in the past ten years occurred on top-slot prime-time television shows, which consist primarily of the immensely popular genre of the medical and police procedural drama. Most of these shows have at one time or another had a “deaf” episode, in which there is a deaf character or characters involved, but between 2005 and 2008, it is interesting to note that most, if not all of the most popular of these have aired episodes devoted to the CI controversy, or have featured deaf characters with CIs. The shows include: CSI (both Miami and New York), Cold Case, Law and Order (both SVU and Criminal Intent), Scrubs, Gideon’s Crossing, and Bones. Below is a snippet of dialogue from Bones: Zach: {Holding a necklace} He was wearing this.Angela: Catholic boy.Brennan: One by two forceps.Angela {as Brennan pulls a small disc out from behind the victim’s ear} What is that?Brennan: Cochlear implant. Looks like the birds were trying to get it.Angela: That would set a boy apart from the others, being deaf.(Bones, “A Boy in the Tree”, 1.3, 2005) In this scene, the forensics experts are able to describe significant points of this victim’s identity using the only two solid artifacts left in the remains, a crucifix and a cochlear implant. I cite this scene because it serves, I believe, as a neat metaphor for how these shows, and indeed television media in general, are, like the investigators, constantly engaged in the business of cobbling together identity: in this particular case, a cochlear implant identity. It also shows how an audience can cultivate or interpret these kinds of identity constructions, here, the implant as an object serves as a tangible sign of deafness, and from this sign, or clue, the “audience” (represented by the spectator, Angela) immediately infers that the victim was lonely and isolated, “set apart from the others.” Such wrongheaded inferences, frivolous as they may seem coming from the realm of popular culture, have, I believe, a profound influence on the perceptions of larger society. The use of the CI in Bones is quite interesting, because although at the beginning of the show the implant is a key piece of evidence, that which marks and identifies the dead/deaf body, the character’s CI identity proves almost completely irrelevant to the unfolding of the murder-mystery. The only times the CI character’s deafness is emphasized are when an effort is made to prove that the he committed suicide (i.e., if you’re deaf you are therefore “isolated,” and therefore you must be miserable enough to kill yourself). Zak, one of the forensics officers says, “I didn’t talk to anyone in high school and I didn’t kill myself” and another officer comments that the boy was “alienated by culture, by language, and by his handicap” (odd statements, since most deaf children with or without implants have remarkably good language ability). Also, in another strange moment, the victim’s ambassador/mother shows a video clip of the child’s CI activation and says “a person who lived through this miracle would never take his own life” (emphasis mine). A girlfriend, implicated in the murder (the boy is killed because he threatened to “talk”, revealing a blackmail scheme), says “people didn’t notice him because of the way he talked but I liked him…” So at least in this show, both types of “implanting rhetoric” are employed; a person with a CI, though the recipient of a “miracle,” is also perceived as “isolated” and “alienated” and unfortunately, ends up dead. This kind of rather negative portrayal of a person with a CI also appears in the CSI: New York episode ”Silent Night” which aired in 2006. One of two plot lines features Marlee Matlin as the mother of a deaf family. At the beginning of the episode, after feeling some strange vibrations, Matlin’s character, Gina, checks on her little granddaughter, Elizabeth, who is crying hysterically in her crib. She finds her daughter, Alison, dead on the floor. In the course of the show, it is found that a former boyfriend, Cole, who may have been the father of the infant, struggled with and shot Alison as he was trying to kidnap the baby. Apparently Cole “got his hearing back” with a cochlear implant, no longer considered himself Deaf, and wanted the child so that she wouldn’t be raised “Deaf.” At the end of the show, Cole tries to abduct both grandmother and baby at gunpoint. As he has lost his external transmitter, he is unable to understand what the police are trying to tell him and threatens to kill his hostages. He is arrested in the end. In this case, the CI recipient is depicted as a violent, out of control figure, calmed (in this case) only by Matlin’s presence and her ability to communicate with him in ASL. The implication is that in getting the CI, Cole is “killing off” his Deaf identity, and as a result, is mentally unstable. Talking to Matlin, whose character is a stand-in for Deaf culture, is the only way to bring him back to his senses. The October 2007 episode of CSI: Miami entitled “Inside-Out” is another example of the counter-rhetoric at work in the form of another implant corpse. A police officer, trying to prevent the escape of a criminal en route to prison, thinks he has accidentally shot an innocent bystander, a deaf woman. An exchange between the coroner and a CSI goes as follows: (Alexx Woods): “This is as innocent as a victim gets.”(Calleigh Duquesne): “How so?”AW: Check this out.”CD: “I don’t understand. Her head is magnetized? Steel plate?”AW: “It’s a cochlear implant. Helps deaf people to receive and process speech and sounds.”(CSI dramatization) AW VO: “It’s surgically implanted into the inner ear. Consists of a receiver that decodes and transmits to an electrode array sending a signal to the brain.”CD: “Wouldn’t there be an external component?”AW: “Oh, she must have lost it before she was shot.”CD: “Well, that explains why she didn’t get out of there. She had no idea what was going on.” (TWIZ) Based on the evidence, the “sign” of the implant, the investigators are able to identify the victim as deaf, and they infer therefore that she is innocent. It is only at the end of the program that we learn that the deaf “innocent” was really the girlfriend of the criminal, and was on the scene aiding in his escape. So she is at first “as innocent” as they come, and then at the end, she is the most insidious of the criminals in the episode. The writers at least provide a nice twist on the more common deaf-innocent stereotype. Cold Case showcased a CI in the 2008 episode “Andy in C Minor,” in which the case of a 17-year-old deaf boy is reopened. The boy, Andy, had disappeared from his high school. In the investigation it is revealed that his hearing girlfriend, Emma, convinced him to get an implant, because it would help him play the piano, which he wanted to do in order to bond with her. His parents, deaf, were against the idea, and had him promise to break up with Emma and never bring up the CI again. His body is found on the campus, with a cochlear device next to his remains. Apparently Emma had convinced him to get the implant and, in the end, Andy’s father had reluctantly consented to the surgery. It is finally revealed that his Deaf best friend, Carlos, killed him with a blow to the back of the head while he was playing the piano, because he was “afraid to be alone.” This show uses the counter-rhetoric of Deaf genocide in an interesting way. In this case it is not just the CI device alone that renders the CI character symbolically “dead” to his Deaf identity, but it leads directly to his being literally executed by, or in a sense, excommunicated from, Deaf Culture, as it is represented by the character of Carlos. The “House Divided” episode of House (2009) provides the most problematic (or I should say absurd) representation of the CI process and of a CI identity. In the show, a fourteen-year-old deaf wrestler comes into the hospital after experiencing terrible head pain and hearing “imaginary explosions.” Doctors Foreman and Thirteen dutifully serve as representatives of both sides of the “implant debate”: when discussing why House hasn’t mocked the patient for not having a CI, Thirteen says “The patient doesn’t have a CI because he’s comfortable with who he is. That’s admirable.” Foreman says, “He’s deaf. It’s not an identity, it’s a disability.” 13: “It’s also a culture.” F: “Anything I can simulate with $3 earplugs isn’t a culture.” Later, House, talking to himself, thinks “he’s going to go through life deaf. He has no idea what he’s missing.” So, as usual, without permission, he orders Chase to implant a CI in the patient while he is under anesthesia for another procedure (a brain biopsy). After the surgery the team asks House why he did it and he responds, “Why would I give someone their hearing? Ask God the same question you’d get the same answer.” The shows writers endow House’s character, as they usually do, with the stereotypical “God complex” of the medical establishment, but in doing also they play beautifully into the Ladd and Blume’s rhetoric of medical miracle and cure. Immediately after the implant (which the hospital just happened to have on hand) the incision has, miraculously, healed overnight. Chase (who just happens to be a skilled CI surgeon and audiologist) activates the external processor (normally a months-long process). The sound is overwhelming, the boy hears everything. The mother is upset. “Once my son is stable,” the mom says, “I want that THING out of his head.” The patient also demands that the “thing” be removed. Right after this scene, House puts a Bluetooth in his ear so he can talk to himself without people thinking he’s crazy (an interesting reference to how we all are becoming cyborgs, more and more “implanted” with technology). Later, mother and son have the usual touching sentimental scene, where she speaks his name, he hears her voice for the first time and says, “Is that my name? S-E-T-H?” Mom cries. Seth’s deaf girlfriend later tells him she wishes she could get a CI, “It’s a great thing. It will open up a whole new world for you,” an idea he rejects. He hears his girlfriend vocalize, and asks Thirteen if he “sounds like that.” This for some reason clinches his decision about not wanting his CI and, rather than simply take off the external magnet, he rips the entire device right out of his head, which sends him into shock and system failure. Ultimately the team solves the mystery of the boy’s initial ailment and diagnoses him with sarcoidosis. In a final scene, the mother tells her son that she is having them replace the implant. She says it’s “my call.” This show, with its confusing use of both the sentimental and the counter-rhetoric, as well as its outrageous inaccuracies, is the most egregious example of how the CI is currently being constructed on television, but it, along with my other examples, clearly shows the Ladd/Blume rhetoric and counter rhetoric at work. The CI character is on one hand portrayed as an innocent, infantilized, tragic, or passive figure that is the recipient of a medical miracle kindly urged upon them (or forced upon them, as in the case of House). On the other hand, the CI character is depicted in the language of the counter-rhetoric: as deeply flawed, crazed, disturbed or damaged somehow by the incursions onto their Deaf identity, or, in the worst case scenario, they are dead, exterminated. Granted, it is the very premise of the forensic/crime drama to have a victim, and a dead victim, and it is the nature of the police drama to have a “bad,” criminal character; there is nothing wrong with having both good and bad CI characters, but my question is, in the end, why is it an either-or proposition? Why is CI identity only being portrayed in essentialist terms on these types of shows? Why are there no realistic portrayals of people with CIs (and for that matter, deaf people) as the richly varied individuals that they are? These questions aside, if these two types of “implanting rhetoric”, the sentimentalised and the terminated, are all we have at the moment, what does it mean? As I mentioned early in this essay, deaf people, along with many “others,” have long helped to highlight and define the hegemonic “norm.” The apparent cultural need for a Foucauldian “marked body” explains not only the popularity of crime dramas, but it also could explain the oddly proliferant use of characters with cochlear implants in these particular shows. A person with an implant on the side of their head is definitely a more “marked” body than the deaf person with no hearing aid. The CI character is more controversial, more shocking; it’s trendier, “sexier”, and this boosts ratings. But CI characters are, unlike their deaf predecessors, now serving an additional cultural function. I believe they are, as I claim in the beginning of this essay, screens upon which our culture is now projecting repressed anxieties about emergent technology. The two essentialist rhetorics of the cochlear implant, the rhetoric of the sentimental, medical model, and the rhetoric of genocide, ultimately represent our technophilia and our technophobia. The CI character embodies what Debra Shaw terms a current, “ontological insecurity that attends the interface between the human body and the datasphere” (85). We are growing more nervous “as new technologies shape our experiences, they blur the lines between the corporeal and incorporeal, between physical space and virtual space” (Selfe). Technology either threatens the integrity of the self, “the coherence of the body” (we are either dead or damaged) or technology allows us to transcend the limitations of the body: we are converted, “transformed”, the recipient of a happy modern miracle. In the end, I found that representations of CI on television (in the United States) are overwhelmingly sentimental and therefore essentialist. It seems that the conflicting nineteenth century tendency of attraction and revulsion toward the deaf is still, in the twenty-first century, evident. We are still mired in the rhetoric of “cure” and “control,” despite an active Deaf counter discourse that employs the language of the holocaust, warning of the extermination of yet another cultural minority. We are also daily becoming daily more “embedded in cybernetic systems,” with our laptops, emails, GPSs, PDAs, cell phones, Bluetooths, and the likes. We are becoming increasingly engaged in a “necessary relationship with machines” (Shaw 91). We are gradually becoming no longer “other” to the machine, and so our culturally constructed perceptions of ourselves are being threatened. In the nineteenth century, divisions and hierarchies between a white male majority and the “other” (women, African Americans, immigrants, Native Americans) began to blur. Now, the divisions between human and machine, as represented by a person with a CI, are starting to blur, creating anxiety. Perhaps this anxiety is why we are trying, at least in the media, symbolically to ‘cure’ the marked body or kill off the cyborg. Future examinations of the discourse should, I believe, use these media constructions as a lens through which to continue to examine and illuminate the complex subject position of the CI identity, and therefore, perhaps, also explore what the subject position of the post/human identity will be. References "A Boy in a Tree." Patrick Norris (dir.), Hart Hanson (by), Emily Deschanel (perf.). Bones, Fox Network, 7 Sep. 2005. “Andy in C Minor.” Jeannete Szwarc (dir.), Gavin Harris (by), Kathryn Morris (perf.). Cold Case, CBS Network, 30 March 2008. Blume, Stuart. “The Rhetoric and Counter Rhetoric of a “Bionic” Technology.” Science, Technology and Human Values 22.1 (1997): 31-56. Brueggemann, Brenda Jo. Deaf Subjects: Between Identities and Places. New York: New York UP, 2009. “Cochlear Implant Statistics.” ASL-Cochlear Implant Community. Blog. Citing Laurent Le Clerc National Deaf Education Center. Gallaudet University, 18 Mar. 2008. 29 Apr. 2010 ‹http:/ /aslci.blogspot.com/2008/03/cochlear-implant-statistics.html›. “Cures to Come.” Discover Presents the Brain (Spring 2010): 76. Fischman, Josh. “Bionics.” National Geographic Magazine 217 (2010). “House Divided.” Greg Yaitanes (dir.), Matthew V. Lewis (by), Hugh Laurie (perf.). House, Fox Network, 22 Apr. 2009. “Inside-Out.” Gina Lamar (dir.), Anthony Zuiker (by), David Caruso (perf.). CSI: Miami, CBS Network, 8 Oct. 2007. Krentz, Christopher. Writing Deafness: The Hearing Line in Nineteenth-Century American Literature. Chapel Hill: UNC P, 2007. Ladd, Paddy. Understanding Deaf Culture: In Search of Deafhood. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters Limited, 2002. Lane, Harlan. A Journey Into the Deaf-World. San Diego: DawnSignPress, 1996. “NAD Position Statement on the Cochlear Implant.” National Association of the Deaf. 6 Oct. 2000. 29 April 2010 ‹http://www.nad.org/issues/technology/assistive-listening/cochlear-implants›. Nussbaum, Debra. “Manufacturer Information.” Cochlear Implant Information Center. National Deaf Education Center. Gallaudet University. 29 Apr. 2010 < http://clerccenter.gallaudet.edu >. Shaw, Debra. Technoculture: The Key Concepts. Oxford: Berg, 2008. “Silent Night.” Rob Bailey (dir.), Anthony Zuiker (by), Gary Sinise (perf.). CSI: New York, CBS Network, 13 Dec. 2006. “Sweet Nothing in My Ear.” Joseph Sargent (dir.), Stephen Sachs (by), Jeff Daniels (perf.). Hallmark Hall of Fame Production, 20 Apr. 2008. TWIZ TV scripts. CSI: Miami, “Inside-Out.” “What Is the Surgery Like?” FAQ, University of Miami Cochlear Implant Center. 29 Apr. 2010 ‹http://cochlearimplants.med.miami.edu/faq/index.asp›.