Relevant bibliographies by topics / DNA evidence

Academic literature on the topic 'DNA evidence'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 April 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "DNA evidence"

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Harvati, Katerina. "Neanderthals: Fossil evidence and DNA." Anthropologischer Anzeiger 68, no. 4 (September 1, 2011): 379–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0003-5548/2011/0176.

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Cole, Simon. "DNA Evidence." American Scientist 99, no. 3 (2011): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1511/2011.90.256.

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Harmon, R. "DNA evidence." Science 261, no. 5117 (July 2, 1993): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.8316844.

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Gill, P. "DNA evidence." Nature 375, no. 6530 (June 1995): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/375352d0.

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Ledray, Linda E., and Linda Netzel. "DNA evidence collection." Journal of Emergency Nursing 23, no. 2 (April 1997): 156–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0099-1767(97)90106-9.

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Chakraborty, Ranajit. "Interpreting DNA evidence." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 112, no. 1 (May 2000): 137–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(200005)112:1<137::aid-ajpa12>3.0.co;2-m.

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JUNG, KYU WON. "DNA Analysis and Forensic evidence." Institute for Legal Studies 33, no. 4 (December 31, 2016): 109–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18018/hylr.2016.33.4.109.

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Jayaraman, K. S. "DNA fingerprinting evidence questioned." Nature 389, no. 6647 (September 1997): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/38077.

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황만성. "The Admissibility of evidence in DNA evidence." Korean Journal Of Criminology 24, no. 1 (April 2012): 37–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.36999/kjc.2012.24.1.37.

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Cunha-Filho, Joao Sabino. "Evidence based sperm DNA fragmentation." Translational Andrology and Urology 6, S4 (September 2017): S527—S528. http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/tau.2017.04.39.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "DNA evidence"

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Delrow, Jeffrey James. "Evidence of alternative secondary structure states in DNA : simulations and experiments /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8621.

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Wise, Jenny Alice Social Sciences &amp International Studies Faculty of Arts &amp Social Sciences UNSW. "The new scientific eyewitness: The role of DNA profiling in shaping criminal justice." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Social Sciences & International Studies, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41275.

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Since its first use in criminal investigations in 1987, DNA profiling has become the new gold standard for investigations and prosecutions. Academics, politicians and law enforcement officials have presented DNA evidence as a ??scientific hero?? that is capable of solving crimes and preventing miscarriages of justice. However, in spite of this reputation, few studies have explored the impact of this technology on criminal justice practitioners, or on the process of investigating and processing criminal offences. This dissertation provides a comparative study of the use of DNA profiling in two jurisdictions: New South Wales (NSW) in Australia and the Thames Valley in the United Kingdom (UK). Interviews canvassed the perspectives and experiences of police officers, scene of crime officers (SOCOs), forensic scientists, criminal lawyers, and judicial officers from these areas. These interviews were analysed in conjunction with appeal judgments and police statistics to reveal how DNA evidence has been used in the NSW and Thames Valley. The research presented in this dissertation indicates that DNA profiling is having a number of far-reaching effects on both criminal justice systems and is seen as a reliable forensic tool by criminal justice practitioners. Practitioners routinely use DNA evidence throughout the various stages of the criminal justice process and are actively changing their practices to utilise the technology more effectively. One of the main impacts of the introduction of DNA evidence into criminal investigations has been the need to provide substantial resources and infrastructure for the collection, analysis, and storage of samples. Both jurisdictions encountered a number of problems because they provided insufficient resources to effectively use DNA profiling. This study also offers insight into how criminal justice practitioners perceive the dangers of using DNA evidence and how miscarriages of justice can occur. Finally, through an analysis of the combined experiences of criminal justice practitioners, this dissertation challenges the widespread acceptance and routine use of forensic DNA profiling. It further suggests that it is now time to re-consider current practices in relation to how resources are devoted to the technology, and how criminal justice practitioners are using the technology.
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Wylie, Douglas. "EVIDENCE FOR DNA OXIDATION IN SINGLE MOLECULE FLUORESCENCE STUDIES." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1155923690.

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Albertson, Stephanie Lynn Miller. "The influence of jurors' race on perceptions of complex scientific evidence." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 189 p, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1885755771&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Maimon, Geva. "A Bayesian approach to the statistical interpretation of DNA evidence." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=92221.

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This dissertation sets forth a foundation for a continuous model for the interpretation of DNA mixture evidence. We take a new approach to modelling electropherogram data by modelling the actual electropherogram as a curve rather than modelling the allelic peak areas under the curve. This shift allows us to retain all the data available and to bypass the approximation of peak areas by GeneMapper R (Applied Biosystems, 2003). The two problems associated with the use of this programme - prohibitive costs and patented processes - are thus avoided.
To establish a model for electropherogram data, we explore two Bayesian wavelet approaches to modelling functions (Chipman et al., 1997 ; M. Clyde et al., 1998) as well as a Bayesian Adaptive Regression Splines approach (DiMatteo et al., 2001). Furthermore, we establish our own genotyping algorithm, once again circumventing the need for GeneMapper R, and obtain posterior probabilities for the resulting genotypes.
With a model in place for single-source DNA samples, we develop an algorithm that deconvolves a two-person mixture into its separate components and provides the posterior probabilities for the resulting genotype combinations.
In addition, because of the widely recognized need to perform further research on continuous models in mixture interpretation and the difficulty in obtaining the necessary data to do so (due to privacy laws and laboratory restrictions), a tool for simulating realistic data is of the utmost importance. PCRSIM (Gill et al., 2005) is the most popular simulation software for this purpose. We propose a method for refining the parameter estimates used in PCRSIM in order to simulate more accurate data.
Cette dissertation établit les fondations nécessaires à la création d'un modèle continu servant à l'interprétation des échantillons d'ADN à sources multiples (mélanges). Nous prenons une nouvelle approche de la modélisation des données d'´electrophérogrammes en modélisant l'électrophérogramme en tant que courbe plutôt que de modéliser l'aire sous la courbe des sommets alléliques. Cette approche nous permet de conserver toutes les données disponibles et d'éviter l'estimation de l'aire sous la courbe au moyen de GeneMapper R (Applied Biosystems, 2003). Deux problèmes associés à l'utilisation de ce programme - des coûts prohibitifs et une procédure brevetée - sont ainsi évités.
Afin d'établir un modèle pour les données d'électrophérogramme, nous explorons deux approches bayésiennes pour la modélisation des fonctions par ondelettes (Chipman et al., 1997 ; M. Clyde et al., 1998) de même qu'une approche connue sous le nom de Bayesian Adaptive Regression Splines (DiMatteo et al., 2001). De plus, nous élaborons notre propre algorithme pour l'analyse des génotypes, nous permettant, encore une fois, d'éviter GeneMapper R, et d'obtenir les probabilités postérieures des génotypes résultants.
À l'aide d'un modèle d'échantillon d'ADN à source unique, nous développons un algorithme qui divise un échantillon de deux personnes en ses composantes séparées et estime les probabilités postérieures des différentes combinaisons possibles de génotype.
De plus, en raison des lacunes dans la littérature sur les modèles continus pour l'analyse d'échantillons d'ADN à sources multiples et de la difficulté à obtenir les données n´ecessaire pour l'effectuer (en raison des lois sur la protection de la vie privée et des restrictions en laboratoire), un outil qui simule des données réalistes est de la plus grande importance. PCRSIM (Gill et al., 2005) est un outil qui permet de répondre à ce besoin. Par cet outil, nous proposons une méthode pour raffiner les estimations des paramètres afin de simuler des données plus précises.
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Briody, Michael, and n/a. "The Effects of DNA Evidence on the Criminal Justice Process." Griffith University. School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 2005. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20050818.155533.

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This research examines the effects of forensic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) evidence on decisions in the courts and on the conduct of criminal investigations. To assess effects on court decisions, quantitative analyses were conducted using primary data from the State of Queensland. A control-comparison method was used to assess the effects in court, and this was made within a context of other evidentiary and extra-legal factors that had a bearing on case outcomes. These other factors included defendant confessions, independent witness testimony and fingerprint and photographic evidence. A sample of 750 cases referred by police for prosecution and finalised past the appeal stage in court, was selected for examination. Half of these cases utilised DNA evidence, while the other half, as a control group, did not. Cases were selected in four categories: sexual offences, serious assaults, homicides and property crime. Data on the cases were analysed using advanced statistical methods and predictor models were developed to demonstrate how, given case configurations, the addition of DNA evidence could potentially alter court outcomes. Results for the three serious offence types were that DNA evidence emerged as a positive predictor that prosecutors would pursue cases in court, and it demonstrated a powerful influence on jury decisions to convict. Incriminating DNA evidence demonstrated no significant effect on inducing guilty pleas from defendants for serious crimes against the person. However, it did correlate significantly to cases reaching court and to guilty pleas being entered for property offence cases. The analysis of the effects on investigations relies on data from jurisdictions other than Queensland. Secondary data and the literature were used to assess the potential for strategically using forensic intelligence, along with dedicated investigative resources, to reduce property crimes like burglaries and car thefts. In the one study available that employed adequate research methods, three patrol areas in New South Wales, where a police operation was trialled, were compared to other areas that acted as a control. The police operation aimed at 100% attendance at property crime scenes, the use of intelligence from DNA and fingerprint identifications and specialised investigative resources to reduce crime levels. While the operation failed to achieve its goal, it did provide some valuable lessons. The effectiveness of the national criminal DNA database in the UK, reputed to lead the world, was then evaluated in relation to domestic burglaries. Its Australian CrimTrac counterpart did not commence operations until March 2003, and by 2004 was not operating at maximum capacity. Because no published studies were located that measured any effects of the UK database on crime levels, the criterion selected to measure performance was the proportion of convictions achieved through the database to reported crime. For domestic burglaries, this ratio was calculated from secondary official data to be close to one percent (0.01), a figure that included the additional convictions achieved through the intelligence that the database provided. The research also examined forensic DNA in relation to issues of privacy and civil liberties. Privacy issues are discussed beginning with an historical background to the use and misuse of genetic data. This includes the searches for a 'criminal gene' and for genetic links to criminal behaviour. DNA databases are contrasted with databanks, and it is questioned, since we leave our DNA wherever we go, whether it really is private. Civil liberties issues that are discussed include whether providing DNA is a form of self-incrimination; how DNA has helped exonerate the convicted innocent; wrongful convictions based on flawed DNA evidence; whether occasional 'mass screenings' with DNA are a reversal of the onus of proof; concerns with DNA databases and 'function creep', and the planting or 'forgery' of DNA evidence including the use of amplicon contamination. In the final chapter, a balance is sought between on one hand, the goal of police and government to provide a safe society, and on the other, the rights to privacy and civil liberties expected by individuals in Western liberal democracies. The chapter addresses the issues of concern raised in the earlier chapter about privacy and civil liberties, and makes recommendations on how these may be resolved. The general approach favoured is to increase police powers in specific situations, but to couple these with the protection of individual rights through greater regulation of those powers. The research also developed a case prioritising system aimed at helping clear laboratory backlogs.
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Garrett, Amanda Davanne. "Improving DNA evidence collection via quantitative analysis: a systems approach." Thesis, Boston University, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/12107.

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Thesis (M.A.)--Boston University
When collecting biological evidence from a crime scene, it is important to determine the most effective and robust collection method to ensure maximum DNA recovery. Some common biological collection methods include swabbing, cutting, scraping, and taping. Although these techniques have been a mainstay of forensic analysis, each of these methods have significant drawbacks, which include but are not limited to, the lack of surface area that may be processed, possible co-elution of PCR inhibitors, and non-optimized elution of cells from the substrate into solution. Therefore, a technique designed to optimize biological collection from items of interest, particularly large items, is necessary and not currently available for forensic use.
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Ge, Jianye. "Computational Algorithms and Evidence Interpretation in DNA Forensics based on Genomic Data." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1234916402.

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Seok, Hee young. "A Mosquito DNA Transposon Agh1: Structure, Evolution and Evidence of Activity." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35028.

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Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile genetic elements. They are a significant component of many eukaryotic genomes. They are involved in chromosomal rearrangement by serving as substrates for homologous recombination, in creating new genes through a process of TE "domestication", and in modifying and shuffling existing genes by transducing neighboring sequences (Lander et al., 2001). Therefore, both active and inactive TEs are potentially potent agents for genomic change (Kidwell and Lisch, 2001, 2002; Rizzon et al., 2002; Petrov et al., 2003). In the meantime, active TEs are being explored as useful tools for genetic transformation and possible gene drive mechanisms to deliver genes in natural populations (Ashburner et al.,1998; Alphey et al.,2002; Handler and O'Brochta, 2004).

My thesis project focuses on AGH1, a novel DNA-mediated TE in Anopheles gambiae and related mosquitoes. I have studied its genomic structure, insertion polymorphism, evolution, and transposition activity.

As part of the sequence and structural characterization of AGH1 in the A. gambiae genome, the boundaries of AGH1were determined. The TA target site duplications flanking AGH1 were verified by comparing a genomic sequence that had an AGH1 insertion with the sequence of a corresponding empty site. AGH1 has relatively long, 350bp, TIRs (Terminal inverted repeats). In addition to the transposase ORF (ORF1) that contains a DD34E catalytic motif, it contains an unusual ORF2 with unknown function. Phylogenic analyses clearly suggest that unlike most DD34E transposons that are similar to the Tc1 family, AGH1 belongs to a different clade that is related to the previously characterized fungal TE Ant and protozoan TEC1 and TEC2. Truncated AGH1 and AGH1-related MITE (Miniature inverted-repeat TE) families were also identified. AGH1 insertion polymorphism was studied using 4 natural populations that belong to two molecular forms of A. gambiae, M and S. AGH1 insertions showed considerable differences between M and S forms and the insertions of AGH1 are highly variable in two populations of M. These results are potentially significant in light of the hypothesis that M forms are newly derived incipient species that are only found in West Africa. PCR and sequencing results showed more than 99% sequence identity between AGH1 sequences in A. gambiae, A. arabiensis, and A. melas, which may indicate either purifying selection or recent horizontal transfer. To assess whether AGH1 is currently active, inverse PCR was performed which provided evidence for extrachromosomal circular AGH1 that may be a product of imprecise excision. RT-PCR detected transcripts for both intact and truncated transposase. Preliminary TE display experiments using genomic DNA isolated from different passages of an A. gambiae Sua1B cell line showed possible new insertions and deletions of AGH1 related elements, which may have been mobilized by AGH1.

In summary, the structural and genomic characteristics of AGH1 and the phylogenetic relationship between AGH1 and other known transposons in the IS630-Tc1-mariner superfamily have been determined. Significant divergence was shown between M and S forms of A. gambiae according to AGH1 insertion patterns. Observations of high level of insertion polymorphism and low insertion frequency per site in M populations are preliminary indications that AGH1 may be active in some populations. AGH1 has at least been recently transposing and there are also indications for its current activity in A. gambiae cell lines.

If AGH1 is indeed active, it has the potential to be used as genetic tools to study mosquito biology and to spread refractory genes into the field populations to help control mosquito-borne diseases. Although a few active DNA transposons have been discovered in different insects and are being used as tools to transform mosquitoes, no DNA active transposons have been reported in mosquitoes. It is our hope that active endogenous DNA transposons may present new features that will help us overcome some of the deficiencies of current transformation tools developed based on exogenous transposons. In addition, the discovery of an active DNA transposon will help us understand how TEs spread in natural populations of mosquitoes, which is critical if we are to use TEs to drive refractory genes into mosquito populations to control vector-borne infectious diseases.

The differential insertion patterns of AGH1 in M and S populations are consistent with the hypothesis that the M and S forms of A. gambiae are in the process of incipient speciation. AgH1 showed much higher levels of insertion polymorphisms in two west African populations of the M molecular form compared to two east African S populations.

Similarly, the maximum level of chromosomal differentiation is observed in west African dry savannah areas, while a much lower degree of chromosomal polymorphism is observed in east Africa. Therefore our insertion data support the hypothesis that the speciation process is likely to be originated in west Africa, probably as the result of the need of ecological flexibility created by the greater ecological variability of this region. From a biomedical perspective, this type of analysis is critical because the genetic differences between M and S forms may directly impact the effectiveness of mosquito control measure and perhaps disease transmission.


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Graham, Richard Abbey. "The presentation and examination of DNA evidence adduced during adversarial trials." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/15449/.

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This study examines the presentation and examination of DNA evidence in the English Criminal Courts, from the perspective of forensic experts. The methodology involved qualitative analysis of expert perception and opinion, through interview. Much activity has concerned the contribution of faulty expert evidence to miscarriages of justice, however forensic experts have been largely ignored as sources of valuable data. This study is original in specifically examining their experience. Criticisms of expert evidence in the English courts are commonly described as having their origins in detrimental effects of the adversarial trial system, however, the position supported by this study is that many claimed detrimental effects are based on misunderstanding of the workings of adversarial procedure. The study examined experts’ perceptions of challenges they faced in the presentation and examination of DNA evidence, including their duty to offer objective and unbiased opinion. The study determined that whilst experts may give ‘unbiased’ opinion, ‘impartiality’ was practically difficult to achieve because of the different roles played by prosecution and defence experts. Furthermore, a lack of clarity regarding the responsibilities implied by the requirement of remaining ‘unbiased’ meant that experts put different interpretations on their duties in this regard. This study concludes that the policy objectives underlying the concept of ‘unbiased’ should be examined, with a view to better defining appropriate expert responsibilities. The study investigated experience within court. Interviewees reported similar experiences to those faced by forensic experts reported in previous studies. However, evidence in this study supports the proposition that DNA evidence is qualitatively different from older forensic identification techniques. First, the complexity of DNA evidence magnifies many known trial ‘pathologies’ in terms of presentation and examination. Second, it is fundamentally different in that its probabilistic nature means that experts are forced to present it in a rigorously scientific manner. In this way, not only does DNA represent a new paradigm in forensic identification, but it must inevitably force existing tensions between the law and scientific evidence into the open. This study found experts to be generally passive in supplying the demands of the judicial process. This has included passivity in the face of legal rulings on how complex DNA evidence should be presented. From an evidential perspective, this is indubitably a judicial responsibility. This study supports the proposal, however, that steps must be taken to engage scientific experts in the scientific aspects of these determinations, if the ‘new paradigm’ of DNA evidence is not to be diluted. The Government must take a lead in co-ordinating expert bodies towards an integrated approach to complex evidence such as DNA, in the inevitable anticipation that future forensic technologies can only be more complex still. It may do this without infringing the over-riding interests of the adversarial system of justice.
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Books on the topic "DNA evidence"

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Marzilli, Alan. DNA evidence. 2nd ed. New York: Chelsea House, 2012.

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Marzilli, Alan. DNA evidence. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2005.

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Nardo, Don. DNA evidence. Detroit: Lucent Books, 2008.

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Parks, Peggy J. DNA evidence and investigation. San Diego, CA: ReferencePoint Press, 2009.

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Innes, Brian. DNA and body evidence. Armonk, N.Y: Sharpe Focus, 2008.

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Parks, Peggy J. DNA evidence and investigation. San Diego, CA: ReferencePoint Press, 2009.

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Parks, Peggy J. DNA evidence and investigation. San Diego, CA: ReferencePoint Press, 2009.

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Rose, David S. DNA: A practical guide. Toronto, Ont: Thomson / Carswell, 2004.

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Newton, David E. DNA evidence and forensic science. New York: Facts On File, 2007.

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Heffernan, Liz. Scientific evidence: Fingerprints and DNA. Dublin: First Law Ltd., 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "DNA evidence"

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Hicks, T., and R. Coquoz. "Forensic DNA Evidence." In Encyclopedia of Biometrics, 573–79. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-73003-5_106.

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Hicks, T., and R. Coquoz. "Forensic DNA Evidence." In Encyclopedia of Biometrics, 716–23. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7488-4_106.

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Krawczak, Michael. "Statistical Inference from DNA Evidence." In DNA Profiling and DNA Fingerprinting, 229–44. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7582-0_15.

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Goodsell, David S. "The Twists and Turns of DNA." In Atomic Evidence, 17–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32510-1_4.

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Sensabaugh, George F. "DNA Typing of Biological Evidence Material." In Ancient DNA, 141–48. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4318-2_9.

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Rai, Balwant, and Jasdeep Kaur. "DNA Technology and Forensic Odontology." In Evidence-Based Forensic Dentistry, 163–67. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28994-1_17.

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Webb, Kristen M. "DNA Evidence Collection and Analysis." In Veterinary Forensics, 295–312. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2018.: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315153421-11.

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"DNA Analysis." In Forensic Evidence, 425–76. CRC Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420038064.ch10.

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"DNA Analysis." In Forensic Evidence. CRC Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781439834374.ch10.

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"DNA Evidence." In Bayesian Networks and Probabilistic Inference in Forensic Science, 131–82. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0470091754.ch5.

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Conference papers on the topic "DNA evidence"

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Erlander, Stig R. "DNA STRUCTURE: EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE AGAINST THE WATSON-CRICK DNA MODEL AND FOR THE ERLANDER DNA MODEL." In XXIst International Carbohydrate Symposium 2002. TheScientificWorld Ltd, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2002.719.

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Mihelic, Fabian M. "Experimental evidence supportive of the quantum DNA model." In Quantum Information Science, Sensing, and Computation XI, edited by Michael Hayduk, Michael R. Frey, Eric Donkor, Samuel J. Lomonaco, and John M. Myers. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2517348.

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Lincoln, Robyn, Joy Cameron-Dow, and Madeleine Jarrett-Luck. "Forensic Knowledge Improving Public and Professional Perceptions of DNA Evidence." In Annual International Conference on Forensic Sciences & Criminalistics Research. Global Science & Technology Forum (GSTF), 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2382-5642_fscr13.19.

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Jiang, Changmeng. "The Research on Forensic DNA Evidence Base on Criminal Law Vision." In 7th International Conference on Management, Education, Information and Control (MEICI 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/meici-17.2017.3.

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Alhersh, Taha, Brahim Belhaouari Samir, Hamada Al-Absi, Abdullah Alorainy, and Belloui Bouzid. "Species Identification Using Part of DNA Sequence: Evidence from Machine Learning Algorithms." In 9th EAI International Conference on Bio-inspired Information and Communications Technologies (formerly BIONETICS). ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.3-12-2015.2262476.

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GAL, SUSANNAH, NANCY MONTEITH, SARA SHKALIM, HU HUANG, and TOM HEAD. "METHYLATION OF DNA MAY BE USEFUL AS A COMPUTATIONAL TOOL: EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE." In Proceedings of the Conference on Mathematical Biology and Dynamical Systems. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812706799_0001.

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Lillian, Todd D. "An Elastic Rod Representation for the LacI-DNA Loop Complex." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-47407.

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The well-recognized Lac repressor protein (LacI) regulates transcription by bending DNA into a loop. In addition to the known role of DNA flexibility, there is accumulating evidence suggesting that the flexibility of LacI also plays a role in this gene regulation. Here we extend our elastic rod model for DNA (previously used to model DNA only) to represent LacI. Specifically, we represent sites of concentrated flexibility in the protein with flexible elastic rod domains; and we represent relatively rigid domains of the protein with stiff elastic rod domains. Our analysis shows the sensitivity of looping energetics to the degree of flexibility within the protein over a large range of DNA lengths. In addition, we show that the predicted energetically dominant binding topology (A) remains upon introducing protein flexibility.
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Berndsen, Zachary T., Nicholas Keller, and Douglas E. Smith. "Evidence for non-equilibrium dynamics in viral DNA packaging from optical tweezers measurements." In SPIE NanoScience + Engineering, edited by Kishan Dholakia and Gabriel C. Spalding. SPIE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2027187.

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Amin, Muhammad Hilman Fu’adil, Ida Bagus Rai Pidada, Sugiharto, Johan Nuari Widyatmoko, and Bambang Irawan. "Sea cucumber species identification of family Caudinidae from Surabaya based on morphological and mitochondrial DNA evidence." In 5TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP ON BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES (ICOWOBAS 2015). AIP Publishing LLC, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4943311.

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Hadi, Selasih Putri Isnawati. "Kandungan dan Manfaat ASI." In MANAJEMEN LAKTASI BERBASIS EVIDENCE BASED TERKINI. SEBATIK, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46984/978-623-94453-9-3-1453.

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Menyusui merupakan suatu kebutuhan biologis bagi semua mamalia yang hidup di bumi ini termasuk manusia. ASI merupakan suatu anugerah yang telah diciptakan oleh Tuhan. ASI memiliki kandungan yang sangat lengkap untuk memenuhi kebutuhan bayi. Walaupun saat ini sudah banyak makanan tiruan yang telah diciptakan oleh manusia menggunakan teknologi yang canggih seperti halnya susu formula, namun ASI tetap menjadi makanan yang terbaik bagi bayi. Kandungan gizi dalam ASI tidak tertandingi oleh makanan tiruan yang dibuat oleh manusia ataupun minuman yang berasal dari hewan seperti sapi atau kambing. Pemberian ASI sangat penting diberikan karena kandungan nutrisi yang sangat dibutuhkan untuk tumbuh kembang yang optimal, untuk kesehatan dan kelangsungan hidup. Selain itu ASI telah terbukti dapat meningkatkan kesehatan dan kesejahteraan ibu dan bayi dan mengurangi risiko infeksi neonatal dan penyebab patogen lain yang dapat mengakibatkan penyakit serius (Pramana et al., 2020). Menurut WHO dan Dana Anak-anak Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (UNICEF) menganjurkan agar menyusui dimulai lebih dulu jam setelah lahir, dilanjutkan secara eksklusif untuk yang pertama 6 bulan hidup, lalu diberi aman dan MPASI yang cukup, sampai 2 tahun atau lebih (Naylor, 2001).
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Reports on the topic "DNA evidence"

1

Dribben, Douglas A. DNA Statistical Evidence and the Ceiling Principle: Science or Science Fiction". Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada456707.

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Obringer, John W., Steve Phipps, and Martin D. Johnson. High Energy, Ultrashort Pulse Green Laser-Light Exposure of Cultured Human Cells Yields Evidence of DNA Damage. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, November 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada381826.

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Roush, Richard, and David Rosen. Understanding the Causes and Genetic Effects of Thelytoky in the Aphelinidae: A Key to Improving Biological Control. United States Department of Agriculture, July 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1992.7561058.bard.

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Helytoky is a type of parthenogenesis whereby females produce only female offspring without the involvement of males, even where males are occasionally produced. In the last few years, strong circumstantial evidence has implied that thelytoky can be caused by micro-organisms called Wolbachia in at least some species of wasps. The thelytoky can be "cured" by treatment with antibiotics. Further Wolbachia-like organisms can be found in microscopic examinations and genetically identified through their DNA. The aphelinid wasps, and especially species in the genus Aphytis, are among the most important of all classical biological control agents. Aphytis species are critical in the biological control of scale insect pests in commercial orchards and ornamental plantings. About 30% of Aphytis species are thelytikous, of which we were able to study three in detail. In all three, thelytoky was curable by treatment with antibiotics and Wolbachia were identified morphologically and through their DNA. In contrast, Wolbachia were not detectable in biparental species of Aphytis. Studies of Wolbachia gene sequences obtained from Aphytis showed that they were most closely related to those from a very distantly related wasp, Muscidifurax uniraptor, strongly implying that the Wolbachia can be horizontally transferred. As revealed by electron microscopy, the Wolbachia show a strong association with the nurse and follicle cells of the female wasps.
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Bercovier, Herve, and Ronald P. Hedrick. Diagnostic, eco-epidemiology and control of KHV, a new viral pathogen of koi and common carp. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7695593.bard.

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Original objectives and revisions-The proposed research included these original objectives: field validation of diagnostic tests (PCR), the development and evaluation of new sensitive tools (LC-PCR/TaqManPCR, antibody detection by ELISA) including their use to study the ecology and the epidemiology of KHV (virus distribution in the environment and native cyprinids) and the carrier status of fish exposed experimentally or naturally to KHV (sites of virus replication and potential persistence or latency). In the course of the study we completed the genome sequence of KHV and developed a DNA array to study the expression of KHV genes in different conditions. Background to the topics-Mass mortality of koi or common carp has been observed in Israel, USA, Europe and Asia. These outbreaks have reduced exports of koi from Israel and have created fear about production, import, and movements of koi and have raised concerns about potential impacts on native cyprinid populations in the U.S.A. Major conclusions-A suite of new diagnostic tools was developed that included 3 PCR assays for detection of KHV DNA in cell culture and fish tissues and an ELISA assay capable of detecting anti-KHV antibodies in the serum of koi and common carp. The TKPCR assay developed during the grant has become an internationally accepted gold standard for detection of viral DNA. Additionally, the ELISA developed for detecting serum anti-KHV antibodies is now in wide use as a major nonlethal screening tool for evaluating virus status of koi and common carp populations. Real time PCR assays have been able to detect viral DNA in the internal organs of survivors of natural and wild type vaccine exposures at 1 and 10³ genome equivalents at 7 months after exposure. In addition, vaccinated fish were able to transmit the virus to naive fish. Potential control utilizing hybrids of goldfish and common carp for production demonstrated they were considerably more resistant than pure common carp or koi to both KHV (CyHV-3). There was no evidence that goldfish or other tested endemic cyprinids species were susceptible to KHV. The complete genomic sequencing of 3 strains from Japan, the USA, and Israel revealed a 295 kbp genome containing a 22 kbp terminal direct repeat encoding clear gene homologs to other fish herpesviruses in the family Herpesviridae. The genome encodes156 unique protein-coding genes, eight of which are duplicated in the terminal repeat. Four to seven genes are fragmented and the loss of these genes may be associated with the high virulence of the virus. Viral gene expression was studies by a newly developed chip which has allowed verification of transcription of most all hypothetical genes (ORFs) as well as their kinetics. Implications, both scientific and agricultural- The results from this study have immediate application for the control and management of KHV. The proposal provides elements key to disease management with improved diagnostic tools. Studies on the ecology of the virus also provide insights into management of the virus at the farms that farmers will be able to apply immediately to reduce risks of infections. Lastly, critical issues that surround present procedures used to create “resistant fish” must be be resolved (e.g. carriers, risks, etc.). Currently stamping out may be effective in eradicating the disease. The emerging disease caused by KHV continues to spread. With the economic importance of koi and carp and the vast international movements of koi for the hobby, this disease has the potential for even further spread. The results from our studies form a critical component of a comprehensive program to curtail this emerging pathogen at the local, regional and international levels.
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Bates, Samantha, John Bowers, Shane Greenstein, Jordi Weinstock, Yunhan Xu, and Jonathan Zittrain. Evidence of Decreasing Internet Entropy: The Lack of Redundancy in DNS Resolution by Major Websites and Services. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w24317.

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Levisohn, Sharon, Mark Jackwood, and Stanley Kleven. New Approaches for Detection of Mycoplasma iowae Infection in Turkeys. United States Department of Agriculture, February 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7612834.bard.

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Mycoplasma iowae (Mi) is a pathogenic avian mycoplasma which causes mortality in turkey embryos and as such has clinical and economic significance for the turkey breeder industry. Control of Mi infection is severely hampered by lack of adequate diagnostic tests, together with resistance to most antibiotics and resilience to environment. A markedly high degree of intra-species antigenic variation also contributes to difficulties in detection and control of infection. In this project we have designed an innovative gene-based diagnostic test based on specific amplification of the 16S rRNA gene of Mi. This reaction, designed Multi-species PCR-RFLP test, also amplifies the DNA of the pathogenic avian mycoplasmas M. gallisepticum (Mg) and M. synoviae (Ms). This test detects DNA equivalent to about 300 cfu Mi or either of the other two target mycoplasmas, individually or in mixed infection. It is a quick test, applicable to a wide variety of clinical samples, such as allantoic fluid or tracheal or cloacal swab suspensions. Differential diagnosis is carried out by gel electro-phoresis of the PCR amplicon digested with selected restriction enzymes (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism). This can also be readily accomplished by using a simple Dot-Blot hybridization assay with digoxigenin-labeled oligonucleotide probes reacting specifically with unique Mi, Mg or Ms sequences in the PCR amplicon. The PCR/OLIGO test increased sensitivity by at least 10-fold with a capacity for rapid testing of large numbers of samples. Experimental infection trials were carried out to evaluate the diagnostic tools and to study pathogenesis of Mi infection. Field studies and experimental infection of embryonated eggs indicated both synergistic and competitive interaction of mycoplasma pathogens in mixed infection. The value of the PCR diagnostic tests for following the time course of egg transmission was shown. A workable serological test (Dot Immunobinding Assay) was also developed but there was no clear-cut evidence that infected turkeys develop an immune response. Typing of a wide spectrum of Mi field isolates by a variety of gene-based molecular techniques indicated a higher degree of genetic homogeneity than predicted on the basis of the phenotypic variability. All known strains of Mi were detected by the method developed. Together with an M. meleagridis-PCR test based on the same gene, the Multi-species PCR test is a highly valuable tool for diagnosis of pathogenic mycoplasmas in single or mixed infection. The further application of this rapid and specific test as a part of Mi and overall mycoplasma control programs will be dependent on developments in the turkey industry.
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Lange. Camogli Hospital redevelopment: background evidence on approach to building a new hospital on Tristan Da Cunha. Evidence on Demand, August 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.12774/eod_hd043.jul2013.lange.

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Izhar, Shamay, Maureen Hanson, and Nurit Firon. Expression of the Mitochondrial Locus Associated with Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Petunia. United States Department of Agriculture, February 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7604933.bard.

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The main goal of the proposed research was to continue the mutual investigations into the molecular basis of CMS and male fertility restoration [MRF], with the ultimate goal of understanding these phenomena in higher plants. The experiments focused on: (1) dissecting apart the complex CMS - specific mitochondrial S-Pcf locus, in order to distinguish its essential parts which cause sterility from other parts and study its molecular evolution. (2) Studying the expression of the various regions of the S-Pcf locus in fertile and sterile lines and comparing the structure and ultrastructure of sterile and fertile tissues. (3) Determine whether alteration in respiration is genetically associated with CMS. Our mutual investigations further substantiated the association between the S-Pcf locus and CMS by the findings that the fertile phenotype of a population of unstable petunia somatic hybrids which contain the S-Pcf locus, is due to the presence of multiple muclear fertility restoration genes in this group of progenies. The information obtained by our studies indicate that homologous recombination played a major role in the molecular evolution of the S-Pcf locus and the CMS trait and in the generation of mitochondrial mutations in general. Our data suggest that the CMS cytoplasm evolved by introduction of a urs-s containing sublimon into the main mitochondrial genome via homologous recombination. We have also found that the first mutation detected so far in S-Pcf is a consequence of a homologous recombination mechanism involving part of the cox2 coding sequence. In all the cases studied by us, at the molecular level, we found that fusion of two different cells caused mitochondrial DNA recombination followed by sorting out of a specific mtDNA population or sequences. This sequence of events suggested as a mechanism for the generation of novel mitochondrial genomes and the creation of new traits. The present research also provides data concerning the expression of the recombined and complex CMS-specific S-Pcf locus as compared with the expression of additional mitochondrial proteins as well as comparative histological and ultrastructural studies of CMS and fertile Petunia. Evidence is provided for differential localization of mitochondrially encoded proteins in situ at the tissue level. The similar localization patterns of Pcf and atpA may indicate that Pcf product could interfere with the functioning of the mitochondrial ATPase in a tissue undergoing meiosis and microsporogenesis. Studies of respiration in CMS and fertile Petunia lines indicate that they differe in the partitioning of electron transport through the cytochrome oxidase and alternative oxidase pathways. The data indicate that the electron flux through the two oxidase pathways differs between mitochondria from fertile and sterile Petunia lines at certain redox states of the ubiquinone pool. In summary, extensive data concerning the CMS-specific S-Pcf locus of Petunia at the DNA and protein levels as well as information concerning different biochemical activity in CMS as compared to male fertile lines have been accumulated during the three years of this project. In addition, the involvement of the homologous recombination mechanism in the evolution of mt encoded traits is emphasized.
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Tel-Zur, Neomi, and Jeffrey J. Doyle. Role of Polyploidy in Vine Cacti Speciation and Crop Domestication. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7697110.bard.

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1. Abstract: Over the past 25 years, vine cacti of the genera Hylocereus and Selenicereus have been introduced into Israel and southern California as new exotic fruit crops. The importance of these crops lies in their high water use efficiency and horticultural potential as exotic fruit crops. Our collaboration focused on the cytological, molecular and evolutionary aspects of vine cacti polyploidization to confront the agricultural challenge of genetic improvement, ultimately to improve success of vine cacti as commercial fruit crop plants. More specifically, we worked on the: 1- Identification of the putative ancestor(s) of the tetraploid H. megalanthus; 2- Determination of the number of origins of H. megalanthus (single vs. multiple origins of polyploidy); 3- Cytogenetic analysis of BC1 and F1 hybrids; 4- Determination of important agricultural traits and the selection of superior hybrids for cultivation. The plant material used in this study comprised interspecific Hylocereus F1 and first backcross (BC1) hybrids, nine Hylocereus species (58 genotypes), nine Selenicereus species (14 genotypes), and four Epiphyllum genotypes. Two BC1 hexaploids (BC-023 and BC-031) were obtained, a high ploidy level that can be explained only by a fertilization event between one unreduced female gamete from the triploid hybrid and a balanced gamete from the pollen donor, the diploid H. monacanthus. These findings are scientific evidence that support the possibility that “hybridization followed by chromosome doubling” could also occur in nature. Cytomixis, the migration of chromatin between adjacent cells through connecting cytoplasmatic channels, was observed in vine cacti hybrids and may thus imply selective DNA elimination in response to the allopolyploidization process. Evidence from plastid and nrDNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS) sequences support the placement of H. megalanthus within a monophyletic Hylocereus group. Furthermore, both plastid and ITS datasets are most consistent with a conclusion that this tetraploid species is an autopolyploid, despite observations that the species appears to be morphologically intermediate between Hylocereus and Selenicereus. Although the possibility of very narrow allopolyploidly (i.e., derivation from parents that are barely diverged from each other such as closely related species in the same genus) cannot be ruled out entirely based on our data (in part due to the unavailability of Hylocereus species considered to be morphologically the closest relatives of H. megalanthus), the possibility of H. megalanthus representing an intergeneric cross (i.e., Hylocereus × Selenicereus) seems extremely unlikely. Interestingly, the process of homogenization of ITS sequences (concerted evolution) is either incomplete or lacking in both Hylocereus and Selenicereus, and the inclusion of several artificial hybrids in the molecular study revealed the potential for biparental plastid inheritance in Hylocereus. The most important agricultural implication of this research project was the information collected for F1 and BC1 hybrids. Specifically, this project concluded with the selection of four superior hybrids in terms of fruit quality and potential yields under extreme high temperatures. These selected hybrids are self-compatible, avoiding the need for hand cross pollination to set fruits, thus reducing manpower costs. We recently offered these hybrids to growers in Israel for prioritized rapid evaluation and characterization.
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Lers, Amnon, E. Lomaniec, S. Burd, A. Khalchitski, L. Canetti, and Pamela J. Green. Analysis of Senescence Inducible Ribonuclease in Tomato: Gene Regulation and Function. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7570563.bard.

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Natural leaf senescence has a negative influence on yield. Postharvest induced senescence contributes to the losses of quality in flowers, foliage, and vegetables. Strategies designed to control the senescence process in crop plants could therefore have great applied significance. Senescence is regulated by differential gene expression yet, functional characterization of the genes specifically induced and study of their expression control, is still in its infancy. Study of senescence-specific genes is required to allow identification of regulatory elements participating in senescence-induced expression and thus provide insights into the genetic regulation of senescence. A main feature of senescence is the hydrolysis of macromolecules by hydrolases of various types such as RNases and proteases. This study was aimed a analysis of senescence-inducible RNases in tomato with the following objectives: Isolation of senescence-inducible RNase cDNA clones; Expression analyses of RNase genes during senescence; Identification of sequences required for senescence-induced gene expression; Functional analyses of senescence-inducible RNases. We narrowed our aims somewhat to focus on the first three objectives because the budget we were awarded was reduced from that requested. We have expanded our research for identification senescence-related RNase/nuclease activities as we thought it will direct us to new RNase/nuclease genes. We have also carried out research in Arabidopsis and parsley, which enabled us to draw mire general conclusions. We completed the first and second objectives and have made considerable progress on the remaining two. We have defined growth conditions suitable for this research and defined the physiological and biochemical parameters characteristic to the advance of leaf senescence. In tomato and arabidopsis we have focused on natural leaf senescence. Parsley was used mainly for study of postharvest senescence in detached leaves. We have identified a 41-kD a tomato nuclease, LeNUCI, specifically induced during senescence which can degrade both RNA and DNA. This activity could be induced by ethylene in young leaves and was subjected to detailed analysis, which enabled its classification as Nuclease I enzyme. LeNUCI may be involved in nucleic acid metabolism during tomato leaf senescence. In parsley senescing leaves we identified 2 main senescence-related nuclease activities of 41 and 39-kDa. These activities were induced in both naturally or artificially senescing leaves, could degrade both DNA and RNA and were very similar in their characteristics to the LeNUCI. Two senescence-induced RNase cDNAs were cloned from tomato. One RNase cDNA was identical to the tomato LX RNase while the second corresponded to the LE RNase. Both were demonstrated before to be induced following phosphate starvation of tomato cell culture but nothing was known about their expression or function in plants. LX gene expression was much more senescence specific and ethylene could activate it in detached young leaves. LE gene expression, which could be transiently induced by wounding, appeared to be activated by abscisic acid. We suggest that the LX RNase has a role in RNA catabolism in the final stage of senescence, and LE may be a defense-related protein. Transgenic plants were generated for altering LX gene expression. No major visible alterations in the phenotype were observed so far. Detailed analysis of senescence in these plants is performed currently. The LX promoter was cloned and its analysis is performed currently for identification of senescence-specific regulatory elements. In Arabidopsis we have identified and characterized a senescence-associated nuclease 1 gene, BFN1, which is highly expressed during leaf and stem senescence. BFN1, is the first example of a senescence- associated gene encoding a nuclease I enzyme as well as the first nuclease I cloned and characterized from Arabidopsis. Our progress should provide excellent tools for the continued analysis of regulation and function of senescence-inducible ribonucleases and nucleases in plants. The cloned genes can be used in reverse genetic approaches, already initiated, which can yield a more direct evidence for the function of these enzymes. Another contribution of this research will be in respect to the molecular mechanism, which controls senescence. We had already initiated in this project and will continue to identify and characterize regulatory elements involved in senescence-specific expression of the genes isolated in this work.
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