Relevant bibliographies by topics / DNA crystals

Academic literature on the topic 'DNA crystals'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "DNA crystals"

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Shamim, Amen, Nazia Parveen, Vinod Kumar Subramani, and Kyeong Kyu Kim. "Molecular Packing Interaction in DNA Crystals." Crystals 10, no. 12 (November 28, 2020): 1093. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10121093.

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DNA crystallography provides essential structural information to understand the biochemical and biological functions of oligonucleotides. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the factors affecting crystallization of DNA to develop a strategy for production of diffraction-quality DNA crystals. We analyzed key factors affecting intermolecular interactions in 509 DNA crystals from the Nucleic Acid Database and Protein Databank. Packing interactions in DNA crystals were classified into four categories based on the intermolecular hydrogen bonds in base or backbone, and their correlations with other factors were analyzed. From this analysis, we confirmed that hydrogen bonding between terminal end and mid-region is most common in crystal packing and in high-resolution crystal structures. Interestingly, P212121 is highly preferred in DNA crystals in general, but the P61 space group is relatively abundant in A-DNA crystals. Accordingly, P212121 contains more terminal end-mid-region interactions than other space groups, confirming the significance of this interaction. While metals play a role in the production of a good crystal in B-DNA conformation, their effect is not significant in other conformations. From these analyses, we found that packing interaction and other factors have a strong influence on the quality of DNA crystals and provide key information to predict crystal growth of candidate oligonucleotides.
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Ward, Abigail R., Sara Dmytriw, Ananya Vajapayajula, and Christopher D. Snow. "Stabilizing DNA–Protein Co-Crystals via Intra-Crystal Chemical Ligation of the DNA." Crystals 12, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12010049.

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Protein and DNA co-crystals are most commonly prepared to reveal structural and functional details of DNA-binding proteins when subjected to X-ray diffraction. However, biomolecular crystals are notoriously unstable in solution conditions other than their native growth solution. To achieve greater application utility beyond structural biology, biomolecular crystals should be made robust against harsh conditions. To overcome this challenge, we optimized chemical DNA ligation within a co-crystal. Co-crystals from two distinct DNA-binding proteins underwent DNA ligation with the carbodiimide crosslinking agent 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) under various optimization conditions: 5′ vs. 3′ terminal phosphate, EDC concentration, EDC incubation time, and repeated EDC dose. This crosslinking and DNA ligation route did not destroy crystal diffraction. In fact, the ligation of DNA across the DNA–DNA junctions was clearly revealed via X-ray diffraction structure determination. Furthermore, crystal macrostructure was fortified. Neither the loss of counterions in pure water, nor incubation in blood serum, nor incubation at low pH (2.0 or 4.5) led to apparent crystal degradation. These findings motivate the use of crosslinked biomolecular co-crystals for purposes beyond structural biology, including biomedical applications.
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Lieske, J. C., M. M. Walsh-Reitz, and F. G. Toback. "Calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals are endocytosed by renal epithelial cells and induce proliferation." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 262, no. 4 (April 1, 1992): F622—F630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.1992.262.4.f622.

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Monkey kidney epithelial cells of the nontransformed BSC-1 line were used as a model system with which to search for biological responses to urinary crystals commonly found in renal stones. Calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM), the most common urinary crystal, was avidly internalized, initiated DNA synthesis, and stimulated cell multiplication. The increase in DNA synthesis observed after exposure to COM crystals was equivalent in magnitude to that of 10% calf serum, but occurred 8 h later. Maximal stimulation of DNA synthesis by COM was associated with crystal endocytosis by 50% of the cell monolayer. COM crystals also stimulated DNA synthesis and multiplication of canine kidney epithelial cells (MDCK line). As COM stimulated growth of both monkey and canine renal cells but not fibroblasts, the mitogenic effect of this crystal appeared cell-type specific. Hydroxyapatite also enhanced multiplication of BSC-1 cells, whereas brushite, another calcium-containing urinary crystal, did not. In the presence of nephrocalcin (NC), a glycoprotein in normal human urine that inhibits nucleation, aggregation, and growth of COM crystals, the capacity of these crystals to initiate DNA synthesis was blocked. This is the first demonstration that specific calcium-containing urinary crystals can induce proliferation of renal epithelial cells and that NC can inhibit this effect.
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Park, Daniel J., Chuan Zhang, Jessie C. Ku, Yu Zhou, George C. Schatz, and Chad A. Mirkin. "Plasmonic photonic crystals realized through DNA-programmable assembly." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 4 (December 29, 2014): 977–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1422649112.

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Three-dimensional dielectric photonic crystals have well-established enhanced light–matter interactions via high Q factors. Their plasmonic counterparts based on arrays of nanoparticles, however, have not been experimentally well explored owing to a lack of available synthetic routes for preparing them. However, such structures should facilitate these interactions based on the small mode volumes associated with plasmonic polarization. Herein we report strong light-plasmon interactions within 3D plasmonic photonic crystals that have lattice constants and nanoparticle diameters that can be independently controlled in the deep subwavelength size regime by using a DNA-programmable assembly technique. The strong coupling within such crystals is probed with backscattering spectra, and the mode splitting (0.10 and 0.24 eV) is defined based on dispersion diagrams. Numerical simulations predict that the crystal photonic modes (Fabry–Perot modes) can be enhanced by coating the crystals with a silver layer, achieving moderate Q factors (∼102) over the visible and near-infrared spectrum.
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HALFORD, BETHANY. "LIQUID CRYSTALS FROM DNA." Chemical & Engineering News 85, no. 48 (November 26, 2007): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v085n048.p009.

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Zhang, Tao, Caroline Hartl, Kilian Frank, Amelie Heuer-Jungemann, Stefan Fischer, Philipp C. Nickels, Bert Nickel, and Tim Liedl. "3D DNA Origami Crystals." Advanced Materials 30, no. 28 (May 18, 2018): 1800273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201800273.

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Prangé, Thierry, Nathalie Colloc’h, Anne-Claire Dhaussy, Marc Lecouvey, Evelyne Migianu-Griffoni, and Eric Girard. "Behavior of B- and Z-DNA Crystals under High Hydrostatic Pressure." Crystals 12, no. 6 (June 20, 2022): 871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12060871.

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Single crystals of B-DNA and Z-DNA oligomers were analyzed under high hydrostatic pressure and their behavior was compared to the A-DNA crystals already known. The amplitude of the base compression, when compared to the A-form of DNA (0.13 Å/GPa), was higher for the Z-DNA (0.32 Å/GPa) and was the highest for the B-DNA (0.42 Å/GPa). The B-DNA crystal degraded rapidly around 400–500 MPa, while the Z-structure was more resistant, up to 1.2 GPa.
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Wang, Yu, Xin Guo, Bo Kou, Ling Zhang, and Shou-Jun Xiao. "Small Circular DNA Molecules as Triangular Scaffolds for the Growth of 3D Single Crystals." Biomolecules 10, no. 6 (May 26, 2020): 814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10060814.

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DNA is a very useful molecule for the programmed self-assembly of 3D (three dimension) nanoscale structures. The organised 3D DNA assemblies and crystals enable scientists to conduct studies for many applications such as enzymatic catalysis, biological immune analysis and photoactivity. The first self-assembled 3D DNA single crystal was reported by Seeman and his colleagues, based on a rigid triangle tile with the tile side length of two turns. Till today, successful designs of 3D single crystals by means of programmed self-assembly are countable, and still remain as the most challenging task in DNA nanotechnology, due to the highly constrained conditions for rigid tiles and precise packing. We reported here the use of small circular DNA molecules instead of linear ones as the core triangle scaffold to grow 3D single crystals. Several crystallisation parameters were screened, DNA concentration, incubation time, water-vapour exchange speed, and pH of the sampling buffer. Several kinds of DNA single crystals with different morphologies were achieved in macroscale. The crystals can provide internal porosities for hosting guest molecules of Cy3 and Cy5 labelled triplex-forming oligonucleotides (TFOs). Success of small circular DNA molecules in self-assembling 3D single crystals encourages their use in DNA nanotechnology regarding the advantage of rigidity, stability, and flexibility of circular tiles.
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Bugris, Valéria, Veronika Harmat, Györgyi Ferenc, Sándor Brockhauser, Ian Carmichael, and Elspeth F. Garman. "Radiation-damage investigation of a DNA 16-mer." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 26, no. 4 (June 21, 2019): 998–1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s160057751900763x.

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In macromolecular crystallography, a great deal of effort has been invested in understanding radiation-damage progression. While the sensitivity of protein crystals has been well characterized, crystals of DNA and of DNA–protein complexes have not thus far been studied as thoroughly. Here, a systematic investigation of radiation damage to a crystal of a DNA 16-mer diffracting to 1.8 Å resolution and held at 100 K, up to an absorbed dose of 45 MGy, is reported. The RIDL (Radiation-Induced Density Loss) automated computational tool was used for electron-density analysis. Both the global and specific damage to the DNA crystal as a function of dose were monitored, following careful calibration of the X-ray flux and beam profile. The DNA crystal was found to be fairly radiation insensitive to both global and specific damage, with half of the initial diffraction intensity being lost at an absorbed average diffraction-weighted dose, D 1/2, of 19 MGy, compared with 9 MGy for chicken egg-white lysozyme crystals under the same beam conditions but at the higher resolution of 1.4 Å. The coefficient of sensitivity of the DNA crystal was 0.014 Å2 MGy−1, which is similar to that observed for proteins. These results imply that the significantly greater radiation hardness of DNA and RNA compared with protein observed in a DNA–protein complex and an RNA–protein complex could be due to scavenging action by the protein, thereby protecting the DNA and RNA in these studies. In terms of specific damage, the regions of DNA that were found to be sensitive were those associated with some of the bound calcium ions sequestered from the crystallization buffer. In contrast, moieties farther from these sites showed only small changes even at higher doses.
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Paukstelis, Paul, and Nadrian Seeman. "3D DNA Crystals and Nanotechnology." Crystals 6, no. 8 (August 18, 2016): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst6080097.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "DNA crystals"

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Zhang, Diana. "Modifying DNA Crystals for Nanotechnological Applications." Thesis, University of Maryland, College Park, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10745112.

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DNA’s programmable nature and ability to self-assemble provides a powerful tool for the construction of complex nanostructures. The initial goal of the field was to use DNA to construct a continuous 3D DNA periodic lattice or crystal. The ultimate aim of the lattice structure would be to act as scaffold for the strategic placement of guest molecules such as macromolecules for structure determination using X-ray. Since that initial vision, the incorporation of guest molecules in DNA nanostructures has expanded to other applications such as cellular imaging, light-harvesting and drug delivery. However, there are several limitations to utilizing DNA crystals for these types of applications. They require relatively high cation concentrations to crystallize and often have low thermal stability. Additionally, crystals generally take on only one shape, or morphology, which can limit their uses in applications.

Our laboratory studies a 13-mer DNA oligonucleotide that self-assembles into crystals upon the addition of magnesium. I demonstrated that by treating these DNA crystals with a chemical crosslinker and depositing polydopamine on the crystal surface, we increased the overall durability of the crystals. Additionally, we modulated the morphology of the crystal without changing the underlying framework by designing crystal habit modifiers based on the known crystal structure and were able to predictably control the morphology of the overall crystal. This enhanced durability has allowed us to begin testing new applications for DNA crystals. I have explored the incorporation of doxorubicin into the stabilized DNA crystals as a potential form of a new drug delivery device. Together, this work significantly advanced several key areas necessary to diversify the capability of DNA crystals for nanotechnological applications.

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You, Seungyong. "The dynamics of DNA electrophoresis in lyotropic polymer liquid crystals." Tallahassee, Florida : Florida State University, 2009. http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11132009-092618/.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Florida State University, 2009.
Advisor: David H. Van Winkle, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Physics. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed on May 10, 2010). Document formatted into pages; contains xvi, 137 pages. Includes bibliographical references.
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Cristofaro, Silvia. "Simulating the aggregation of DNA oligonucleotides." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/19187/.

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In this work we have studied, by means of Molecular Dynamics simulations, the process of denaturation and self-assembly of short oligonucleotides. Supramolecular ordering of DNA short strands is a promising field which is constantly enriched with new findings. Examples are provided by micellar and fibrils formations and due to the selectivity of DNA bindings, "intelligent" devices have been developed to perform simple logic operations. It is worth to notice that computer simulations of these DNA nanosystems would complement experiments with detailed insight into processes involved in self-assembly. In order to obtain an accurate description of the interactions involved in the complex structure of DNA we used oxDNA, a coarse-grained model developed by Ouldridge. We simulated the melting transition of 4, 6, and 8 base pair sequences. Sequence and length dependence were analyzed, specifically we compared thermodynamic parameters DeltaH, DeltaS and the melting temperature with literature results. Moreover, we have attempted to reproduce liquid crystal ordering of the ultrashort sequence GCCG at relatively high saline concentration, until now only experimentally observed in Bellini's works. We found that our simple model successfully reproduces the experimental phase sequence (isotropic, nematic, columnar) at T= 5 °C as a function of oligonucleotide concentration, and we fully characterized the microscopic structure of the three phases.
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Zhou, Yiying. "EPR, ENDOR and DFT Studies on X-Irradiated Single Crystals of L-Lysine Monohydrochloride Monohydrate and L-Arginine Monohydrocloride Monohydrate." unrestricted, 2009. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-07152009-203728/.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2009.
Title from file title page. William H. Nelson, committee chair; Vadym Apalkov, Stuart A. Allison, Douglas Gies, Gary Hastings, committee members. Description based on contents viewed Nov. 5, 2009. Includes bibliographical references.
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Hoxha, Kreshnik. "DNA bases in crystal engineering." Thesis, University of Hull, 2014. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:11660.

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The work described in this thesis focuses on understanding the solid state interactions of organic molecules such as DNA nucleobases using established principles from crystal engineering and the synthon theory. Studying the intermolecular interactions is an indispensable tool to the crystal engineer when it comes to identifying functional groups which generate synthons that govern molecular recognition and self-assembly. Chapter 3 focuses on the growth and design of single crystal materials of DNA bases and their carboxylic acid derivatives with various other molecules. The aim of the chapter was to probe the hydrogen bonding displayed by these systems. The challenges associated with dissolving the nucleobases in organic and aqueous solvents prompted alternative synthetic route to mitigate solubility challenges. Altering the pH of the system was found useful in aiding dissolution. Such synthetic approach has led to the preparation of novel nucleobase salts of bis-guaninium sulphate in three different hydrate forms. The material obtained was a channel hydrate and it was possible to remove water partially and fully while retaining crystallinity. No structural collapse was observed upon full dehydration and the material obtained contained an empty channel hydrate. Co-crystallisation of cytosine with 1,10-phenanthroline is discussed in depth and the results are compared to crystal structure prediction results to rationalise co-crystal formation from an energetic perspective. Calculations on the energy landscape revealed that in the case of cytosine and 1,10-phenanthroline there is a favourable energetic driving force for co-crystallisation. This, however, does not apply to the co-crystallisation of the other DNA bases with 1,10-phenanthroline as these systems did not produce co-crystals and remained as mixtures of precursors. The chapter also describes structural features of thymine acetic acid, melaminium nitrilotriacetate trihydrate and co-crystals of caffeine with 2-nitroterepthalic acid. These structures are closely examined for their hydrogen bonding motifs. Chapter 4 covers a wide range of coordination compounds which relate to hydrogen-bonded networks of DNA nucleobases and their carboxylic acid derivatives. These complex architectures contain both coordination bonds as well as intermolecular interactions in the form of hydrogen bonding and stacking interactions. Metal-dipicolinate complexes treated with adenine and cytosine afforded hydrogen-bonded networks where protonated DNA bases interacted with the ligand via hydrogen bonding. The chapter discusses the role of water molecules in acting as spacers and stabilising crystal structure, especially in cases where there is an imbalance of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors. Orotic acid was heavily used owing to its chelating nature. This part of Chapter 4 focuses on novel crystal structures where orotic acid utilises its hydrogen bonding capability. An extensive discussion is provided on how the level of hydration impacts crystal packing and alters synthon formation. In addition, the chapter also focuses on the structural changes resulting from changing the position of the functional group in the ligands.
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Peek, Mary Elizabeth. "Crystal structures of DNA*bis-intercalator complexes." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/27122.

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Xu, Wenjing. "Crystal structure of paired domain--DNA complex." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/32666.

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Todd, Alan Kenneth. "Single crystal X ray diffraction studies of DNA and DNA drug complexes." Thesis, University of Reading, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270250.

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Desogus, Gianluigi. "Structural studies of lysyl-tRNA synthetases and DNA primases." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369258.

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Kerzic, Melissa Corinne. "A 1.3Å crystal structure analysis of the sequence [d(CGCGAATTCGCG)]₂ containing cesium ions." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/30083.

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Books on the topic "DNA crystals"

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DNA liquid-crystalline dispersions and nanoconstructions. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2012.

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Yevdokimov, Yu M. The CD spectra of double-stranded DNA liquid-crystalline dispersions. New York: Nova Science, 2011.

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Lu, Fu. 12 dan sheng shui jing X-Over. Xianggang: Nan hua zao bao chu ban wu, 2003.

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Crichton, Michael. Three Complete Novels: The Andromeda Strain / The Terminal Man / The Great Train Robbery. New York: Wings Books, 1993.

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Crichton, Michael. The Andromeda Strain. New York, USA: Ballantine Books, 1993.

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Crichton, Michael. The Andromeda Strain. 9th ed. New York: Vintage Books, 2017.

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Crichton, Michael. The Andromeda Strain. New York, USA: Avon Books, 2003.

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Crichton, Michael. La amenaza de Andrómeda. Barcelona: Debolsillo, 2015.

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Crichton, Michael. The Andromeda strain. London: Century, 1993.

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Crichton, Michael. Tian wai si jun. Hong Kong: Bo Yi, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "DNA crystals"

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Seeman, Nadrian C., Ruojie Sha, Jens Birktoft, Jianping Zheng, Wenyan Liu, Tong Wang, and Chengde Mao. "Designed 3D DNA Crystals." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 3–10. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6454-3_1.

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Schulman, Rebecca, and Erik Winfree. "Self-replication and Evolution of DNA Crystals." In Advances in Artificial Life, 734–43. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11553090_74.

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Steenken, Steen. "Radical Chemistry in Crystals, Matrices and in Aqueous Solution. Redox Properties and Proton Transfer Processes." In The Early Effects of Radiation on DNA, 269–70. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75148-6_28.

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Min, John, William M. Shih, and Gaëtan Bellot. "Designing DNA Nanotube Liquid Crystals as a Weak-Alignment Medium for NMR Structure Determination of Membrane Proteins." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 203–15. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6454-3_14.

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Clayton, Julie, and Carina Dennis. "Crystal gazing." In 50 Years of DNA, 49–53. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-11781-6_5.

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Houlton, Andrew, Bernard A. Connolly, Andrew R. Pike, and Benjamin R. Horrocks. "DNA-Modified Single Crystal and Nanoporous Silicon." In DNA Nanotechnology, 199–207. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-142-0_14.

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Kennard, Olga. "DNA Structure: Current Results from Single Crystal X-Ray Diffraction Studies." In DNA—Ligand Interactions, 1–21. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5383-6_1.

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Dunn, Katherine E., Martin A. Trefzer, Steven Johnson, and Andy M. Tyrrell. "Characterizing Surface-Immobilized DNA Structures and Devices Using a Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation Monitoring (QCM-D)." In DNA Nanotechnology, 101–14. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8582-1_7.

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Roy, Sandip Kumar, and Preeta Sharan. "Photonic Crystal Based Sensor for DNA Analysis of Cancer Detection." In Silicon Photonics & High Performance Computing, 79–85. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7656-5_9.

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Long, Eric C., Millie M. Georgiadis, Kristie D. Goodwin, and Mark A. Lewis. "New Approaches to Analyzing the Site Selectivities and Crystal Structures of DNA Targeted Metal Complexes." In ACS Symposium Series, 63–80. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2009-1012.ch005.

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Conference papers on the topic "DNA crystals"

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Benkowska, Dominika, Nina Tarnowicz-Staniak, and Katarzyna Matczyszyn. "Liquid crystalline DNA doped with mini gold nanorods." In The 2nd International Online Conference on Crystals. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iocc_2020-07335.

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Hartmann, Daniel, Selim Günçer, Chi Fan, Sadik Esener, Mike Heller, and Jeff Cable. "DNA-Assisted Self Assembly of Photonic Devices and Crystals." In Spatial Light Modulators. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/slmo.1997.smc.3.

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Photonics is playing an increasing role in modern communication, information processing, and data storage. As integrated optoelectronic systems grow in size and the desired operating bandwidth increases, new packaging techniques, such as fluidic self-assembly,1 robotic precision assembly,2 and DNA-based methods,3,4 have attracted great research interest. In this paper, we report a DNA self-assembly process and discuss its application to the construction of photonic crystals.
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Akerman, Bjorn, Roine Svingen, and Nils Carlsson. "Electrophoretic migration of DNA in lyotropic liquid crystals." In Optical Science and Technology, SPIE's 48th Annual Meeting, edited by Tianquan Lian and Hai-Lung Dai. SPIE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.513311.

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Dovbeshko, Galina I. "Vibrational spectra of free and intracellular DNA in the weak electromagnetic field." In International Conference on Nonlinear Optics of Liquid and Photorefractive Crystals, edited by Gertruda V. Klimusheva. SPIE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.323697.

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Knotts, Thomas A. "Density of States Simulations of Proteins, Liquid Crystals, and DNA." In THE MONTE CARLO METHOD IN THE PHYSICAL SCIENCES: Celebrating the 50th Anniversary of the Metropolis Algorithm. AIP, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1632159.

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Kruglova, E. B., and N. A. Gladkovskaya. "Comparison of the binding of the therapeutically active nucleosides to DNA molecules with different level of lesions." In XV International School on Spectroscopy of Molecules and Crystals, edited by Galina A. Puchkovska and Sergey A. Kostyukevych. SPIE, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.486647.

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Asmatulu, Ramazan, Sejong Kim, Robin Bright, Phillip Yu, Fotios Papadimitrakopoulos, and Harris Marcus. "Micro-machining of DNA Linked 2D Colloidal Photonic Crystals Using a Nd:YAG Laser." In Integrated Photonics Research and Applications. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ipra.2006.iwc2.

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Fung, Tracy Helen, Shih-Hui Chao, Joseph E. Peach, and Deirdre R. Meldrum. "Liquid Crystal Thermography of an On-Chip Polymerase Chain Reaction Micro-Thermocycler." In ASME 4th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2006-96175.

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Microscale liquid crystal thermography is a technique to measure temperature distribution of microfabricated devices in real-time. This method utilizes a microscope to image the color map of a layer of temperature-sensitive encapsulated thermochromic liquid crystals (TLC) coated on a microfabricated device. This paper describes the TLC coating process on microscale devices, the characteristics of colorimetric hysteresis, and the calibration of temperature measurements. The calibrated measurements have been applied for characterization of an on-chip polymerase chain reaction (PCR) microscale thermocycler where precise and dynamic temperature control is essential for efficient DNA amplification. Tests on the micro-thermocycler were done around the ranges centered at 30 °C and 95 °C. The results illustrate the effects on the temperature distribution due to micro-thermocycler geometry, and provide important insight for micro-thermocycler design.
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Fabian, Heinz, W. Hoelzer, Dieter Naumann, H. Welfle, and U. Heinemann. "Structural analysis of DNA oligomers in single crystals and in aqueous solutions by micro-FTIR and Raman spectroscopy." In Luebeck - DL tentative, edited by Herbert M. Heise, Ernst H. Korte, and Heinz W. Siesler. SPIE, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.56445.

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Chen, Pin-Chuan, Michael W. Mitchell, Dimitris E. Nikitopoulos, Steven A. Soper, and Michael C. Murphy. "Assessment and Improvement of the Thermal Performance of a Polycarbonate Micro Continuous Flow Polymerase Chain Reactor (CFPCR)." In ASME 2007 InterPACK Conference collocated with the ASME/JSME 2007 Thermal Engineering Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2007-33330.

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Abstract:
BioMEMS are compact devices that use microfabrication to miniaturize benchtop instrumentation. Due to the requirement for uniform temperature distributions over restricted areas, thermal isolation, and faster heating and cooling rates in a limited space, thermal management is a key to ensuring successful performance of BioMEMS devices. The continuous flow polymerase chain reactor (CFPCR) is a compact BioMEMS device that is used to amplify target DNA fragments using repeated thermal cycling. The temperature distribution on the backside of a micro CFPCR was measured using thermochromic liquid crystals and an infrared camera. In the liquid crystal experiment, the performance of a 5 mm thick polycarbonate micro CFPCR with thin film heaters attached directly to the bottom polycarbonate surface over each temperature zone was studied. Natural convection was used as a cooling mechanism. The temperature distribution in the renaturation zone was dependent on the positions of the feedback thermocouples in each zone. Three different thermocouple configurations were assessed and the liquid crystal images showed that a best case 3.86°C temperature difference across the zone, leading to a 20% amplification efficiency compared to a commercial thermal cycler [5]. The device was modified to improve the temperature distribution: a thinner substrate, 2 mm, reduced the thermal capacitance; grooves were micro-milled in the backside to isolate each temperature zone; and three separate copper heating stages, combining the thin film heaters with copper plates, applied uniform temperatures to each zone [10]. Infrared camera images showed that the temperature distributions were distinct and uniform with a ±0.3 °C variations in each temperature zone, improving amplification efficiency to 72%. Good thermal management for PCR amplification can’t only increase its reliability and yield efficiency, but also accelerate the entire analytical process.
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Reports on the topic "DNA crystals"

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Jackson, Doba D., and Gloria Borgstahl. The Molecular Basis of Double-Strand DNA Break Repair: Crystal Structure of the RAD52/RPA Complex. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada410170.

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Brenan, J. M., K. Woods, J. E. Mungall, and R. Weston. Origin of chromitites in the Esker Intrusive Complex, Ring of Fire Intrusive Suite, as revealed by chromite trace element chemistry and simple crystallization models. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328981.

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Abstract:
To better constrain the origin of the chromitites associated with the Esker Intrusive Complex (EIC) of the Ring of Fire Intrusive Suite (RoFIS), a total of 50 chromite-bearing samples from the Black Thor, Big Daddy, Blackbird, and Black Label chromite deposits have been analysed for major and trace elements. The samples represent three textural groups, as defined by the relative abundance of cumulate silicate phases and chromite. To provide deposit-specific partition coefficients for modeling, we also report on the results of laboratory experiments to measure olivine- and chromite-melt partitioning of V and Ga, which are two elements readily detectable in the chromites analysed. Comparison of the Cr/Cr+Al and Fe/Fe+Mg of the EIC chromites and compositions from previous experimental studies indicates overlap in Cr/Cr+Al between the natural samples and experiments done at >1400oC, but significant offset of the natural samples to higher Fe/Fe+Mg. This is interpreted to be the result of subsolidus Fe-Mg exchange between chromite and the silicate matrix. However, little change in Cr/Cr+Al from magmatic values, owing to the lack of an exchangeable reservoir for these elements. A comparison of the composition of the EIC chromites and a subset of samples from other tectonic settings reveals a strong similarity to chromites from the similarly-aged Munro Township komatiites. Partition coefficients for V and Ga are consistent with past results in that both elements are compatible in chromite (DV = 2-4; DGa ~ 3), and incompatible in olivine (DV = 0.01-0.14; DGa ~ 0.02), with values for V increasing with decreasing fO2. Simple fractional crystallization models that use these partition coefficients are developed that monitor the change in element behaviour based on the relative proportions of olivine to chromite in the crystallizing assemblage; from 'normal' cotectic proportions involving predominantly olivine, to chromite-only crystallization. Comparison of models to the natural chromite V-Ga array suggests that the overall positive correlation between these two elements is consistent with chromite formed from a Munro Township-like komatiitic magma crystallizing olivine and chromite in 'normal' cotectic proportions, with no evidence of the strong depletion in these elements expected for chromite-only crystallization. The V-Ga array can be explained if the initial magma responsible for chromite formation is slightly reduced with respect to the FMQ oxygen buffer (~FMQ- 0.5), and has assimilated up to ~20% of wall-rock banded iron formation or granodiorite. Despite the evidence for contamination, results indicate that the EIC chromitites crystallized from 'normal' cotectic proportions of olivine to chromite, and therefore no specific causative link is made between contamination and chromitite formation. Instead, the development of near- monomineralic chromite layers likely involves the preferential removal of olivine relative to chromite by physical segregation during magma flow. As suggested for some other chromitite-forming systems, the specific fluid dynamic regime during magma emplacement may therefore be responsible for crystal sorting and chromite accumulation.
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