Journal articles: 'Diversity norm'

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Tebartz van Elst, Ludger. "Disease, Human Norm, and Human Diversity in Neuropsychiatry." Philosophy, Theology and the Sciences 4, no. 2 (2017): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1628/ptsc-2017-0003.

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Rolin, Kristina. "Diversity and Dissent in the Social Sciences." Philosophy of the Social Sciences 41, no. 4 (September 8, 2010): 470–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0048393110381212.

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I introduce a case study from organization studies to argue that social epistemologists’ recommendation to cultivate diversity and dissent in science is unlikely to be welcomed in the social sciences unless it is coupled with another epistemic ideal: the norm of epistemic responsibility. The norm of epistemic responsibility enables me to show that organization scholars’ concern with the fragmentation of their discipline is generated by false assumptions: the assumption that a diversity of theoretical approaches will lead to fragmentation and the assumption that an imposed consensus on a theoretical approach is needed to maintain the unity of the discipline.

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Briolat, Emmanuelle S., Emily R. Burdfield-Steel, Sarah C. Paul, Katja H. Rönkä, Brett M. Seymoure, Theodore Stankowich, and Adam M. M. Stuckert. "Diversity in warning coloration: selective paradox or the norm?" Biological Reviews 94, no. 2 (August 27, 2018): 388–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/brv.12460.

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Ohk, Kyungyoung. "Influence of Accessibility, Subject Norm, and Social Norm to Use Diversity or Usage of Internet Contents." Journal of the Korea Contents Association 13, no. 5 (May 28, 2013): 443–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5392/jkca.2013.13.05.443.

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Winter, Fabian, and Nan Zhang. "Social norm enforcement in ethnically diverse communities." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 11 (February 26, 2018): 2722–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1718309115.

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Recent waves of immigration to Western nations have fueled a debate over the consequences of ethnic diversity for social cohesion. One prominent argument in this debate holds that diversity is detrimental to trust and cooperation because individuals in heterogeneous communities face difficulties in enforcing social norms across ethnic lines. We examine this proposition in a field experiment involving real-life interactions among residents of multiethnic German neighborhoods. We find significant ethnic asymmetries in the pattern of norm enforcement: Members of the majority “native” German population are more active in sanctioning norm violations, while ethnic minorities are more likely to find themselves the target of sanctions. We interpret these results in light of prevailing status inequalities between ethnic minorities and the native majority. We further calculate that, as a result of ethnic discrimination, social control is likely to rise in communities with moderate minority population shares.

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Xie, Yuan, Kan Xie, and Shengli Xie. "Underdetermined blind separation of source using lp-norm diversity measures." Neurocomputing 411 (October 2020): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2020.06.029.

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Patenaude, Johane, Georges-Auguste Legault, Monelle Parent, Jean-Pierre Béland, Suzanne Kocsis Bédard, Christian Bellemare, Louise Bernier, Charles-Etienne Daniel, Pierre Dagenais, and Hubert Gagnon. "OP104 Health Technology Assessment's Ethical Evaluation: Understanding The Diversity Of Approaches." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 33, S1 (2017): 47–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462317001738.

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INTRODUCTION:The main difficulties encountered in the integration of ethics in Health Technology Assessment (HTA) were identified in our systematic review. In the process of analyzing these difficulties we then addressed the question of the diversity of ethical approaches (1) and the difficulties in their operationalization (2,3).METHODS:Nine ethical approaches were identified: principlism, casuistry, coherence analysis, wide reflexive equilibrium, axiology, socratic approach, triangular method, constructive technology assessment and social shaping of technology. Three criteria were used to clarify the nature of each of these approaches: 1.The characteristics of the ethical evaluation2.The disciplinary foundation of the ethical evaluation3.The operational process of the ethical evaluation in HTA analysis.RESULTS:In HTA, both norm-based ethics and value-based ethics are mobilized. This duality is fundamental since it proposes two different ethical evaluations: the first is based on the conformity to a norm, whereas the second rests on the actualization of values. The disciplinary foundation generates diversity as philosophy, sociology and theology propose different justifications for ethical evaluation. At the operational level, ethical evaluation's characteristics are applied to the case at stake by specific practical reasoning. In a norm-based practical reasoning, one must substantiate the facts that will be correlated to a moral norm for clearly identifying conformity or non-conformity. In value-based practical reasoning, one must identify the impacts of the object of assessment that will be subject to ethical evaluation. Two difficulties arise: how to apply values to facts and prioritize amongst conflicting ethical evaluations of the impacts?CONCLUSIONS:Applying these three criteria to ethical approaches in HTA helps understanding their complexity and the difficulty of operationalizing them in HTA tools. The choice of any ethical evaluations is never neutral; it must be justified by a moral point of view. Developing tools for ethics in HTA is operationalizing a specific practical reasoning in ethics.

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Pazó, Diego, Miguel A. Rodríguez, and Juan M. López. "Maximizing the Statistical Diversity of an Ensemble of Bred Vectors by Using the Geometric Norm." Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 68, no. 7 (July 1, 2011): 1507–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011jas3729.1.

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Abstract It is shown that the choice of the norm has a great impact on the construction of ensembles of bred vectors. The geometric norm maximizes (in comparison with other norms such as the Euclidean one) the statistical diversity of the ensemble while at the same time it enhances the growth rate of the bred vector and its projection on the linearly most unstable direction (i.e., the Lyapunov vector). The geometric norm is also optimal in providing the least fluctuating ensemble dimension among all the spectrum of norms studied. The results are exemplified with numerical integrations of a toy model of the atmosphere (the Lorenz-96 model), but these findings are expected to be generic for spatially extended chaotic systems.

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Budilovskaya, Olga V., Elena V. Shipitsyna, Ekaterina N. Gerasimova, Margarita M. Safronova, and Alevtina M. Savicheva. "Species diversity of vaginal lactobacilli in norm and in dysbiotic states." Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases 66, no. 2 (March 15, 2017): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/jowd66224-32.

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Introduction. In healthy women of reproductive age, the vaginal microflora is represented mainly by lactobacilli. They provide a barrier function, preventing the propagation of opportunistic pathogens and the colonization of the vagina by pathogenic microorganisms. It is shown that the lactobacillary microflora of the vagina is very diverse, but not all species of lactobacilli can provide reliable protection of the female organism. Objective: to characterize the species and quantitative composition of vaginal lactobacilli of women of reproductive age in norm and in dysbiosis. Material and methods. The study involved 123 patients from polyclinic departments of the D.O. Ott Reasearch Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology. For analysis of clinical material (vaginal discharge) for lactobacilli and other microorganisms, quantitative real-time PCR was used. Results. The most common types of lactobacilli are Lactobacillus jensenii, L. Iners, L. crispatus, L. vaginalis and L. gasseri. Species diversity of lactobacilli (detection of ≥2 species) is observed much more often in women with physiological microbiocenosis than in women with vaginal dysbiosis. Our study confirms that L. crispatus is the dominant species of the vaginal biotope of healthy women, while in dysbiosis the species L. gasseri and L. Iners are most often identified.

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Plotnikof, Mie, Sara Louise Muhr, Lotte Holck, and Sine Nørholm Just. "Repoliticizing diversity work? Exploring the performative potentials of norm‐critical activism." Gender, Work & Organization 29, no. 2 (November 16, 2021): 466–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12771.

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Nasri, Amir, Ali Nezampour, and Robert Schober. "Adaptive Lp-norm diversity combining in non-gaussian noise and interference." IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications 8, no. 8 (August 2009): 4230–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/twc.2009.081307.

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Sharma Banjade, Vesh Raj, Chintha Tellambura, and Hai Jiang. "Performance of $p$-Norm Detector in AWGN, Fading, and Diversity Reception." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 63, no. 7 (September 2014): 3209–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2014.2298395.

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Linsenmaier, Thomas, Dennis R. Schmidt, and Kilian Spandler. "On the meaning(s) of norms: Ambiguity and global governance in a post-hegemonic world." Review of International Studies 47, no. 4 (July 8, 2021): 508–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210521000371.

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AbstractThis article offers a new conceptualisation of the meaning of norms in world politics. It starts from the observation that existing norm scholarship in International Relations has underestimated the role of ambiguity in the constitution of norm meaning. To address this shortcoming, we advance a conceptualisation that sees norm polysemy – the empirically observable plurality of norm meanings-in-use – as resulting from the enactment of inherently ambiguous norms in different contexts. By foregrounding norm ambiguity, this view offers a radically non-essentialist understanding of norm meaning, one that eschews any attempt to salvage final or ‘true’ meanings behind the polysemy of norms. Using empirical illustrations from different fields of contemporary global governance, we identify four mechanisms through which actors practically cope with the multiplicity of norm meanings that arises from norm ambiguity (deliberation, adjudication, uni- or multilateral fixation attempts, and ad hoc enactment) and outline their varying effects on the legitimacy and effectiveness of global governance. Based on this discussion, the article points to the normative implications of a radically non-essentialist conception of norms and suggests harnessing the positive potential of norm ambiguity as an ethically desirable condition that promotes human diversity and the plurality of global life.

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Canagarajah, Suresh. "Crossing borders, addressing diversity." Language Teaching 49, no. 3 (May 31, 2016): 438–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261444816000069.

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This paper presents a story of applied linguistics from my personal vantage point as a multilingual scholar whose career began outside the centers of research and scholarship. The article explains the assumptions and practices characterizing the foundation of the discipline in modernist discourses, and delineates the changes resulting from globalization towards postmodern discourses that question positivistic inquiry and homogeneity. As applied linguistics evolves to address diversity as the norm, the article identifies the different schools that have gradually moved the field in that direction – e.g., variationist applied linguistics (VAL), critical applied linguistics (CAL), postmodern hybridity, and translingual practice. Through these movements, the field has also evolved fromlinguistics applied (LA)to a more theoretically plural and, currently, to a more agentive relationship with other disciplines. Rather than simply borrowing from other disciplines, applied linguists have begun to make their own contributions to those disciplines on language-related issues.

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Nisya, Chairun, and Dwi Ardhanariswari Sundrijo. "Indigenisation of Global Norms: Norm Localization Analysis on LGBTQ+ Acceptance in Surabaya, Indonesia." SALASIKA: Indonesian Journal of Gender, Women, Child, and Social Inclusion's Studies 5, no. 1 (November 20, 2022): 33–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.36625/sj.v5i1.90.

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In the era of globalisation, norms can easily travel and transfer worldwide; they can also be adapted into certain local norms. Indonesian public acceptance of global norms is heavily affected by religious norms, which are deeply conservative. The acceptance of the LGBTQ+ community by the Indonesian public has been its hard case for that reason. However, in Surabaya, one of the biggest cities in Indonesia, religious norms have been utilised by GayA Nusantara (GN), a local NGO advocating for the acceptance of the LGBTQ+, as an effective tool to reconstruct public perception towards the LGBTQ+ community. This research explains how the GN approach helped the Surabayan accept the LGBTQ+ community. This research highlights the importance of the history of local culture and local wisdom that proves that Indonesian society – to certain degrees – has long been relatively accepting of gender diversity as part of their day-to-day life. However, when it comes to accepting LGBTQ+ as part of global norms, Indonesian still seems reluctant to be open to it. Within this unique context, this research aims to explain the localisation process of the global norms on LGBTQ+ as part of the advocacy strategy conducted by GN. Applying the interpretative research method allows the researcher to interpret the result based on the data without letting the theory and/or indicators shape the research outcome.

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JAYABALAN, SHEELA. "The Need for Diversity in Teaching Law." Social and Management Research Journal 15, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/smrj.v15i1.4230.

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Teaching law is normally depicted with students seated in a largelecture theatre with the professor in law who lectures in the traditionallecture method feeding students with the content of law. This content isfaithfully taken down by students as notes while trying to make sense ofthe professor’s lectures. This was the norm of teaching law some 20 yearsback during the author’s student time and still is the practice because thelecture method is the most efficient means to cover the vast subject contentof law. Furthermore, it is opined that it is easier to expound one’s viewsthan to ask penetrating questions which rarely provoke the activity oforiginal thinking. As such, law students are inundated with substantive andprocedural law. Little thought is given to the learning process. The corpusof learning the law becomes less significant. Emphasis is on teaching thelaw. The traditional teaching norm of lecture method is so innate that thetraditional method of teaching law is perpetuated, dragging the studentsinto a dry and boring journey of studying law. Even though the study oflaw is daunted as a serious one, but equal significance should be givento provoke the cognitive thinking of the students. Law students should betaught to think like a lawyer. Additionally, some form of creativity can bean added value in teaching law which makes learning law more vibrant.This article laments that the traditional pedagogy of teaching law merelyimparts knowledge, whereas law students should be taught to learn the law,stimulate critical thinking and ignite their cognitive skills. Keywords: law, diversity, teaching pedagogy

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Verdam, Albert F. "The Obligation of Dutch Company Directors to Be Guided by the Interests of the Company Compared to the Concept of Enlightened Shareholders Value in the English Companies Act." European Company Law 11, Issue 3 (May 1, 2014): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eucl2014033.

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Under Dutch law, company directors are under an obligation to be guided by 'the interests of the company'. The content and interpretation of this norm of 'company interest' remains a topic of discussion. Partly, this can be explained by the character of the norm and by the diversity of situations in which the matter of concrete application of the norm has been raised over the years. In the discussion surrounding this topic reference has been made to the English guideline of 'enlightened shareholder value' as enacted in the Companies Act 2006, which is part of 'the duty to promote the success of the company'.

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Black-Samuelsson, Sanna, and Stefan Andersson. "Relationship between Reaction Norm Variation and RAPD Diversity in Vicia dumetorum (Fabaceae)." International Journal of Plant Sciences 158, no. 5 (September 1997): 593–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/297472.

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Coldicott, Dean. "The Emergence of a Cultural Diversity Norm in the World Trade Organisation." International Journal of Diversity in Organizations, Communities, and Nations: Annual Review 5, no. 3 (2006): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1447-9532/cgp/v05i03/38824.

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Rink, Floor, and Naomi Ellemers. "Diversity as a Basis for Shared Organizational Identity: The Norm Congruity Principle." British Journal of Management 18, s1 (March 2007): S17—S27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2007.00523.x.

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House, Bailey R., Patricia Kanngiesser, H. Clark Barrett, Tanya Broesch, Senay Cebioglu, Alyssa N. Crittenden, Alejandro Erut, et al. "Universal norm psychology leads to societal diversity in prosocial behaviour and development." Nature Human Behaviour 4, no. 1 (September 23, 2019): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41562-019-0734-z.

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Carstens, A. "Ideologiese normverplasings en die Afrikaanse handwoordeboek van die negentigerjare." Literator 16, no. 1 (April 30, 1995): 13–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v16i1.579.

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Ideological norm replacement and the Afrikaans desk dictionary of the ninetiesIn South Africa the past decade has been marked by extensive sociopolitical changes and by concomitant linguistic changes. These changes may be regarded as instances of norm replacement - a process during the course of which a norm or a set of norms is gradually replaced by another norm or set of norms. It is maintained that the standard synchronic dictionaries of a language not only have the obligation to reflect lexicalised norm replacements, but also to make projections with regard to future use. Two standard synchronic desk dictionaries of Afrikaans, namely the eighth edition of Verklarende Afrikaanse Woordeboek (1992) and the third edition of Verklarende Handwoordeboek van die Afrikaanse Taal (1994) are explored with special regard to their reflection of norm replacements within the domains of race and political ideology. It is shown that the compilers of these dictionaries consciously and sincerely aimed at removing all racial bias but that they failed to record the diversity of meaning within the political lexicon and the semantic shifts which have occurred within that lexicon during the past decade.

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Prabowo S, M. Nur. "Kerukunan Umat Beragama sebagai Cita-cita Etis (Tinjauan Perspektif Etika Filosofis-Religius)." Jurnal Sosiologi Agama 10, no. 1 (March 30, 2017): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/jsa.2016.1001-02.

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This paper is a philosophical reflection and analysis by the writer, who is doing research on religious radicalism in Indonesia. The main idea is the principle of religious harmony as a social norm and ethical idealism. From the perspective of philosophical and religious ethics, the condition of harmonious diversity represents the social-good that should be manifested in ways that justified ethically as well. Theoritically, the norm of harmony contains etiquettes, rational consideration, and can be justified in terms of obligations and responsibilities, and in line with the principles of moderation.Keywords: Religious harmony, Ethics, Religion.

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Lankiewicz, Hadrian. "Zmienna norma pedagogiczna a postawy ucznia wobec nauki języka obcego." Neofilolog, no. 48/2 (June 15, 2017): 183–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/n.2017.48.2.02.

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Referring to critical ecological language awareness (Lankiewicz, 2015), autonomy in language learning (Benson, 2011) as well as the non-fixity of the linguistic code manifested by sociocultural and ecological studies (Harris, 1981; Otsuji and Pennycook, 2010), I put forth the need of applying the idea of a variable pedagogical norm, as postulated by Valdman (1989; 1992). The principal objective of the article is to present research elucidating the fact that the use of classroom activities respecting the pedagogical variable norm may contribute to the raising of students’ language awareness in respect to social and cultural linguistic diversity. Ultimately, this new awareness may contribute to the shift of attitudes towards language learning. The application of the variable pedagogical norm is indicative of critical language awareness of the teacher and helps develop a similar equivalent among students. Concluding, I dare say that developing autonomy in language learning seems impossible without the application of the pedagogical variable norm.

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Liapin, Sergei. "The Russian iambic tetrameter: The problem of description (Prolegomena to a new paradigm)." Studia Metrica et Poetica 3, no. 2 (January 17, 2017): 99–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/smp.2016.3.2.04.

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From the very beginning of systematic investigation of the Russian iambic tetrameter (1910s–1940s), the proportion of stresses on the first and second ictus of the line was chosen as its main rhythmic characteristic. Meanwhile, attributing an aesthetic value to this characteristic is wrong: it is largely dependent on the changing speech norm in the late 18th an early 19th century. The general trend in the evolution of the Russian iambic tetrameter from the mid 18th to the mid 20th century can be described as an increase in the degree of rhythmic diversity of this metre. Every rhythmic form of the iambic tetrameter approximates as close as possible to the frequency predetermined by the general norms of the Russian literary language. Both processes (changes in the speech norm and the growth of rhythmic diversity of the metre under consideration) are illustrated by statistical data.

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Taylor, Mary N. "Intangible heritage governance, cultural diversity, ethno-nationalism." Focaal 2009, no. 55 (December 1, 2009): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fcl.2009.550104.

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Since the early 1990s, language used to speak of cultural practices once thought of as "folklore" has become increasingly standardized around the term intangible heritage. Supranational intangible heritage policies promote a contradictory package that aims to preserve local identity and cultural diversity while promoting democratic values and economic development. Such efforts may contribute to the deployment of language that stresses mutual exclusivity and incommensurability, with important consequences for individual and group access to resources. This article examines these tensions with ethnographic attention to a Hungarian folk revival movement, illuminating how local histories of "heritage protection" meet with the global norm of heritage governance in complicated ways. I suggest the paradoxical predicament that both "liberal" notions of diversity and ethno-national boundaries are co-produced through a number of processes in late capitalism, most notably connected to changing relations of property and citizenship regimes.

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Czerwionka, Lori, and Daniel J. Olson. "Pragmatic development during study abroad." International Journal of Learner Corpus Research 6, no. 2 (December 10, 2020): 125–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijlcr.19006.cze.

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Abstract The current investigation examined the development of second language (L2) intensifier use in spoken Spanish over a 6-week immersion program in Madrid (n = 45). Native Spanish speakers from Madrid (n = 10) served as a comparison group to represent the local ambient input or sociopragmatic norm to which L2 learners were exposed. Data were extracted from semi-structured interviews. Results exposed different developmental trends over the program for intensifier frequency, intensifier lexical diversity, and intensifier collocations. While learners already had a strong sense of which intensifiers were most frequent in Spanish and how to use them in appropriate linguistic environments at the beginning of the program, the immersion program had positive impacts on the development of intensifier frequency and intensifier lexical diversity. The findings also highlighted different intensifier frequency developmental trends among learners, which collectively suggested that learners adjusted to the sociopragmatic norm of intensifier use in Madrid over the immersion experience.

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Zhang, Yibin, and Jing Zhou. "Building a norm-referenced dataset for vocabulary assessment based on Chinese vocD and word classes." Journal of Chinese Writing Systems 4, no. 1 (January 29, 2020): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2513850219894077.

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Exploration of trajectories of expressive language samples is essential for understanding potential indicators for language disorder assessment. This study examined conversational language samples from 341 typically developing Mandarin-speaking children aged 3–7. Through analysis of lexical diversity and word classes, a norm-referenced dataset for vocabulary assessment was built, including indicators such as vocD and the types and tokens of nouns, verbs, measures, adverbs, conjunctions and prepositions. As norm-referenced indicators for the language development of children speaking Mandarin, these developmental data could also inform clinical therapists about the direction of intervention for children with vocabulary deficits.

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Friedman, Elisabeth Jay. "Constructing “The Same Rights with the Same Names”: The Impact of Spanish Norm Diffusion on Marriage Equality in Argentina." Latin American Politics and Society 54, no. 4 (2012): 29–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2012.00171.x.

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AbstractThis article argues that Spain has been the driving external force in the advancement of LGBT rights in Latin America, from marriage in Argentina to the regional recognition of “sexual diversity rights” as human rights. Acting as “norm entrepreneurs,” Spanish activists and organizations, relying on development aid, have promoted their perspectives through two approaches: strategic consulting and resource transfer. Their diffusion is illustrated primarily by the Argentine case. There, activists underwritten by Spanish resources have borrowed Spanish strategies to achieve “the same rights with the same names.” Besides broadening our understanding of the struggle for LGBT equality in Latin America, this article deepens the explanation of norm diffusion, focusing on emergence. In this stage, specific individuals and organizations deliberately select appropriate “targets” for and moments of intervention. But norm “receptors” must also be ready for action.

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Arce-Trigatti, Andrea, and Ashlee Anderson. "Shortchanging complexity: Discourse, distortions, and diversity policy in the age of neoliberalism." education policy analysis archives 27 (July 22, 2019): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.27.4268.

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With this paper we explore the practical materialization of select diversity policies in the United States via an analysis of their implementation at different institutional levels. Specifically, using a cultural studies framework that is guided by Stuart Hall’s (1993) concept of distortions, we investigate how discursive conceptualizations of diversity have been translated into educational policy at the federal and state levels. We contend that the complexity of diversity is often inconsistent with existing neoliberal reform trends that embrace standardization and accountability, making meaningful practical applications exponentially more challenging (Manna, 2011; Wong, 2008). Finally, we look to how these analyses might inform future iterations of diversity policy in a time where rapid changes in education policy and characteristically partisan political agendas have become the norm.

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Marsh, Nina, Dirk Scheele, Justin S. Feinstein, Holger Gerhardt, Sabrina Strang, Wolfgang Maier, and René Hurlemann. "Oxytocin-enforced norm compliance reduces xenophobic outgroup rejection." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 35 (August 14, 2017): 9314–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1705853114.

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Never before have individuals had to adapt to social environments defined by such magnitudes of ethnic diversity and cultural differentiation. However, neurobiological evidence informing about strategies to reduce xenophobic sentiment and foster altruistic cooperation with outsiders is scarce. In a series of experiments settled in the context of the current refugee crisis, we tested the propensity of 183 Caucasian participants to make donations to people in need, half of whom were refugees (outgroup) and half of whom were natives (ingroup). Participants scoring low on xenophobic attitudes exhibited an altruistic preference for the outgroup, which further increased after nasal delivery of the neuropeptide oxytocin. In contrast, participants with higher levels of xenophobia generally failed to exhibit enhanced altruism toward the outgroup. This tendency was only countered by pairing oxytocin with peer-derived altruistic norms, resulting in a 74% increase in refugee-directed donations. Collectively, these findings reveal the underlying sociobiological conditions associated with outgroup-directed altruism by showing that charitable social cues co-occurring with enhanced activity of the oxytocin system reduce the effects of xenophobia by facilitating prosocial behavior toward refugees.

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Ni, Qingjian, and Jianming Deng. "Analysis of Population Diversity of Dynamic Probabilistic Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithms." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/762015.

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In evolutionary algorithm, population diversity is an important factor for solving performance. In this paper, combined with some population diversity analysis methods in other evolutionary algorithms, three indicators are introduced to be measures of population diversity in PSO algorithms, which are standard deviation of population fitness values, population entropy, and Manhattan norm of standard deviation in population positions. The three measures are used to analyze the population diversity in a relatively new PSO variant—Dynamic Probabilistic Particle Swarm Optimization (DPPSO). The results show that the three measure methods can fully reflect the evolution of population diversity in DPPSO algorithms from different angles, and we also discuss the impact of population diversity on the DPPSO variants. The relevant conclusions of the population diversity on DPPSO can be used to analyze, design, and improve the DPPSO algorithms, thus improving optimization performance, which could also be beneficial to understand the working mechanism of DPPSO theoretically.

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Andrade, A. A., A. J. Ferrari, J. C. Interlando, and R. R. Araujo. "Constructions of Dense Lattices of Full Diversity." TEMA (São Carlos) 21, no. 2 (July 22, 2020): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.5540/tema.2020.021.02.299.

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A lattice construction using Z-submodules of rings of integers of number ﬁelds is presented. The construction yields rotated versions of the laminated lattices A_n for n = 2,3,4,5,6, which are the densest lattices in their respective dimensions. The sphere packing density of a lattice is a function of its packing radius, which in turn can be directly calculated from the minimum squared Euclidean norm of the lattice. Norms in a lattice that is realized by a totally real number ﬁeld can be calculated by the trace form of the ﬁeld restricted to its ring of integers. Thus, in the present work, we also present the trace form of the maximal real subﬁeld of a cyclotomic ﬁeld. Our focus is on totally real number ﬁelds since their associated lattices have full diversity. Along with high packing density, the full diversity feature is desirable in lattices that are used for signal transmission over both Gaussian and Rayleigh fading channels.

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Abu Bakar, Hassan, and Robert M. McCann. "Workgroup diversity." Corporate Communications: An International Journal 23, no. 1 (February 5, 2018): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ccij-03-2017-0012.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore whether surface-level actual similarity interacts with leader-member dyadic communication agreement in predicting group member performance ratings at earlier time periods in a work group’s development. Additionally, this research examines whether deep-level perceived similarity interacts with leader-member dyadic communication agreement in predicting group member performance ratings at later time periods in a work group’s development. The relationship between shared cultural context and perceived and actual similarity is also investigated. Design/methodology/approach This research analyzes longitudinal data from the study questionnaires at five occasions in a Malaysian organization. Findings Results based on a sample of 28 group projects and 141 matching dyad who completed the study questionnaires at 5 occasions reveal that there is no interaction between workgroup relational ethnicity and workgroup relational gender with leader-member dyadic agreement at early time periods in a workgroup’s development. Therefore, H1 is not supported. H2 posited that deep-level perceived similarity will interact with leader-member dyadic communication agreement in predicting group member performance ratings at later time periods in a workgroup’s development. H2 is supported. Results reveal that the interaction between leader-member dyadic communication agreement and perceived similarity explains 36 percent of the variance of perceived group members’ performance ratings. This is after accounting for the control variable and the independent variables. From a cultural standpoint, the findings in this study underscore that conversations based on the Malaysian cultural norm of “budi” reflect not only a cultural basis of communication, but also that this shared cultural context leads to perceived similarity between ethnic Malay, Chinese, and Indians, and also both genders in the Malaysian workplace. Research limitations/implications Leader-member dyadic communication agreement reflects the social appropriateness and relationship quality between individuals, as well as the context of the leader-member workgroup interactions. The findings of this study underscore the premise that conversations reflect not only a cultural basis of communication, but also that shared cultural context leads to perceived similarity. This study specifically examines the role of ethnicity in Malaysia organizational workgroup (e.g. ethnic Malay, Chinese Malay, and Indian Malay) as well as gender. Originality/value This study systematically examines the influence of actual and perceived similarity in leader-member dyadic communication from a longitudinal and multilevel standpoint.

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Murashkina, O. V. "The Concepts "Estándar", "Norma" and "Variedad" as a Reflection of Linguistic Variability in the Spanish Area." Язык и текст 8, no. 3 (2021): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/langt.2021080307.

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The dialectal diversity of the Spanish language creates certain difficulties in teaching Spanish as a foreign language due to the complex relationship between the standard, the norm and the national variant. Idiomatic variability manifests itself at all levels of the language: phonetic, phonological, morphological, syntactic. In our short message, attention is paid to the phonological level, which is the most difficult due to the dialect factor.

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Shen, Zhesi, Fuyou Chen, Liying Yang, and Jinshan Wu. "Node2vec Representation for Clustering Journals and as A Possible Measure of Diversity." Journal of Data and Information Science 4, no. 2 (June 7, 2019): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jdis-2019-0010.

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Abstract Purpose To investigate the effectiveness of using node2vec on journal citation networks to represent journals as vectors for tasks such as clustering, science mapping, and journal diversity measure. Design/methodology/approach Node2vec is used in a journal citation network to generate journal vector representations. Findings 1. Journals are clustered based on the node2vec trained vectors to form a science map. 2. The norm of the vector can be seen as an indicator of the diversity of journals. 3. Using node2vec trained journal vectors to determine the Rao-Stirling diversity measure leads to a better measure of diversity than that of direct citation vectors. Research limitations All analyses use citation data and only focus on the journal level. Practical implications Node2vec trained journal vectors embed rich information about journals, can be used to form a science map and may generate better values of journal diversity measures. Originality/value The effectiveness of node2vec in scientometric analysis is tested. Possible indicators for journal diversity measure are presented.

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Beetz, Jan Pieter. "From Practice to Principle and Back: Applying a New Realist Method to the European Union’s Democratic Deficit." Political Studies 66, no. 2 (October 11, 2017): 339–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032321717722355.

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The prospect of a Brexit illustrates that the European Union’s legitimacy deficit can have far-reaching political consequences. In normative political theory, realists take a keen interest in questions of legitimacy. Building on Bernard Williams’ realist writings, I propose a two-step method of normative political theorization. Each step contains both a practice-sensitive phase and a practice-insensitive phase. First, the conceptualization of a norm should draw on conceptual resources available to agents within their historical circumstances. Second, the prescriptions that follow from this norm should take into account whether political order can be maintained. Applying this method to the European Union’s democratic deficit yields, first, based on public opinion research, the norm of European deep diversity and, second, a set of prescriptions for a demoicratic confederacy. Thereby, I demonstrate that this realist method is able to yield political theories distinct from other philosophical approaches. Moreover, I contribute a realist theory to the normative literature in European Union studies.

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Santos, Anabela, Carla Cerqueira, and Rosa Cabecinhas. "Between the norm and the exception: gender asymmetries in portuguese newsmagazines." Comunicação e Sociedade 27 (June 29, 2015): 457–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17231/comsoc.27(2015).2112.

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This paper, which is informed by a feminist perspective, presents an analysis of the gender representations that emerge in the Portuguese newsmagazines, focusing in particular on their intersection with the thematic profile of this type of medium. The results suggest that these publications tend to favour representational paradigms that are consistent with the ‘benevolent sexism’. While men are represented as holders of power and agents of influence, women are portrayed as individuals that depend on the mentoring of their male counterparts in the exercise of leadership. The Portuguese newsmagazines thus invisibilise the diversity of identities and experiences, encouraging the perpetuation of androcentric values and unequal power relations.

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Câșlaru, Mariana-Diana, and Elena-Mihaela Andrei. "The Use of the CTTR Index in Lexical Diversity Analysis of RFL Students̕ Interlanguage." Analele Universității de Vest. Seria Științe Filologice, no. 59 (January 2022): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.35923/autfil.59.02.

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The transitory nature of interlanguage, seen as a temporary linguistic system of a foreign language learner, requires the use of methodologies that go beyond the narrow framework of compliance with the norm. In this article, we aim to present a methodology for analyzing the lexical diversity of interlanguage, using the CTTR index. We will also present the results of a pre-test that applies this approach to the language production of international RFL students.

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Rumbaut, Rubén G., and Douglas S. Massey. "Immigration & Language Diversity in the United States." Daedalus 142, no. 3 (July 2013): 141–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00224.

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While the United States historically has been a polyglot nation characterized by great linguistic diversity, it has also been a zone of language extinction in which immigrant tongues fade and are replaced by monolingual English within a few generations. In 1910, 10 million people reported a mother tongue other than English, notably German, Italian, Yiddish, and Polish. The subsequent end of mass immigration from Europe led to a waning of language diversity and the most linguistically homogenous era in American history. But the revival of immigration after 1970 propelled the United States back toward its historical norm. By 2010, 60 million people (a fifth of the population) spoke a non-English language, especially Spanish. In this essay, we assess the effect of new waves of immigration on language diversity in the United States, map its evolution demographically and geographically, and consider what linguistic patterns are likely to persist and prevail in the twenty-first century.

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Cold-Ravnkilde, Signe Marie, Lars Engberg-Pedersen, and Adam Moe Fejerskov. "Global norms and heterogeneous development organizations." Progress in Development Studies 18, no. 2 (January 25, 2018): 77–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464993417750289.

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Contemporary development cooperation is characterized by an increasing tension between a growing diversity of actors and significant attempts at homogenizing development practices through global norms prescribing ‘good development’. This special issue shows empirically how diverse development organizations engage with global norms on gender equality. To understand this diversity of norm-engagement conceptually, this introductory article proposes four explanatory dimensions: (i) organizational history, culture and structures; (ii) actor strategies, emotions and relationships; (iii) organizational pressures and priorities; and (iv) the normativeenvironment and stakeholders. We argue that, while development organizations cannot avoid addressing global norms regarding gender equality, they do so in considerably divergent ways. However, the differences are explained less by whether these organizations constitute ‘new’ or ‘old’ donors than by the four identified dimensions.

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Nagashima, Jennifer B., and Nucharin Songsasen. "Canid Reproductive Biology: Norm and Unique Aspects in Strategies and Mechanisms." Animals 11, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030653.

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The reproductive physiology of canids is unique compared to other mammalian species. Specifically, the reproductive cycle of female canids is characterized by extended periods of proestrus and estrus followed by obligatory diestrus and protracted ovarian inactivity (anestrus). Although canid reproduction follows this general pattern, studies have shown variations in reproductive biology among species and geographic regions. Understanding of these differences is critical to the development of assisted reproductive technologies including estrus induction, gamete rescue, and embryo production techniques for canid conservation efforts. This review summarizes current knowledge of canid reproduction, including estrus cyclicity, seasonality, and seminal traits, with the emphasis on species diversity. The application of reproductive technologies in wild canid conservation will also be discussed.

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Averin, Vyacheslav A. "On the norm in human mental development." Pediatrician (St. Petersburg) 11, no. 5 (December 30, 2020): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ped11581-90.

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Various approaches and models of the concept of mental health norm are analysed: medical (biological), psychological, social normative, based on the principles of mechanistic determinism. As opposed to them, A.B. Cholmogorova advocates biopsychosocial models, which are based on a systemic approach. B.S. Bratus singles out the statistical adaptation approach and the adoption of negative criteria of the norm opposing it, as well as the cultural relativistic and existential approaches and the descriptive criteria of mental health opposing them. Searching for optimal criteria for the norms of mental development the HUMAN BEING is found to be in the centre of consideration as a result of cultural development in all its diversity: as an individual, personality, subject of activity, the integration of the variety of properties of which is expressed in individuality. The development of a human being within culture leads to the formation of a cultural consciousness, the main criteria of which are freedom, independence, creativity, self sufficiency and conscience. They can be considered as criteria for the normal course of a persons mental development. An attempt to formulate psychological tools to achieve aims of the mental development of a human being has been made. At the level of individual-personality this role belongs to the directedness of the personality, expressing the relation of an individual to the aims of the activity. At the level of the subject of activity to the individual style of activity. The interaction of these key factors of the development of a human being ensures the internal unity of all levels of the organization of a human being, resulting in the concept of the integrity of human being, which fully expresses the psychological content of individuality the bearer of cultural consciousness.

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Sarangapani, Padma M. "Pedagogy and Diversity: Difference or Deficit." Journal of Human Values 28, no. 1 (January 2022): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09716858211069596.

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Schools—their curriculum and pedagogy—assume the middle-class child as the norm, effectively rendering other childhoods and life-worlds as being deficient. Shifting away from this assumption, and acknowledging diversity, is usually understood as requiring an ‘attitudinal’ shift on the part of teachers. Teachers are usually held ‘guilty’ of having negative attitudes towards children of the poor. Explanations for the pedagogy generally then refer to these attitudes, and ‘corrective action’ then attends to an attitudinal change. The idea of ‘multiple childhoods’ is gaining influence in the teacher education curricula as providing an alternative normative framework that can enable teachers to work with, and retain, diversity. Some recent research into the manifestation of ‘difference’ in the primary school classroom indicates that differences are experienced by teachers as learning difficulty issues that need a curricular and pedagogic response. The child’s home culture, home support for schooling and home socialization seem to enter into the pedagogy in more ways than can be addressed by changing the ‘teachers’ attitudes’. ‘Educability’ is a central (folk) concept for teachers who engage with and try to address the learning requirements of children, particularly those from underprivileged backgrounds (and particularly social classes lower than themselves). Four studies on teachers’ experiences of ‘difference’ are drawn upon to engage with and to evolve an understanding of the specific implications of for pedagogy and educational aims.

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Kauff, Mathias, Frank Asbrock, Stefan Thörner, and Ulrich Wagner. "Side Effects of Multiculturalism." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 39, no. 3 (January 23, 2013): 305–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167212473160.

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We studied the influence of right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) on the relationship between a multicultural ideology and attitudes about ethnic diversity and immigrants. We hypothesized that a multicultural ideology poses a threat to authoritarian individuals, which leads to a decrease in positive diversity beliefs and an increase in prejudice toward immigrants. On the basis of representative survey-data from 23 European countries, we showed that the negative relationship between RWA and positive diversity beliefs was stronger the more a country engages in multiculturalism (Study 1). In addition, in two experiments we demonstrated that RWA moderated the relationship between a video promoting multiculturalism (Study 2) or a picture showing a multicultural group (Study 3) and attitudes toward immigrants and diversity. As expected, for high-RWAs, both stimuli led to an increase in prejudice. In Study 3, perceived threat mediated the relationship between a multicultural norm and prejudice for people high in RWA.

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Ondrejovič, Slavomír. "Relation of the codification and the real language in reflection of Ján Bosák." Journal of Linguistics/Jazykovedný casopis 70, no. 3 (December 1, 2019): 505–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jazcas-2020-0001.

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AbstractIn the study, the author analyzes the relation between communication and the real language, as this relation had been reflected by Ján Bosák (1939 – 2019), an important representative of the Slovak linguistics of the second half of the 20th and beginning of the 21st century. The theoretical and methodological coordinates of Ján Bosák’s research evolved from systemic linguistics to studying language in communication and language as a social phenomenon of its own kind. Ján Bosák has contributed to the Slovak linguistic research on the function of standard Slovak by introducing notions of the ordinary Slovak vernacular and the vernacularity, not only in the sense of stylistics, but in the sense that this vernacular represents a newly emerging variety in contemporary language situation. Since the beginning of the 1990s, Ján Bosák has systematically developed, as well as, strictly speaking, initiated the Slovak research in sociolinguistics, while he focused especially on sociolinguistic interpretation of variants and later on an original research into stratification of the Slovak language. Using sociolinguistic perspective as a starting point, Ján Bosák creatively revised the theory of Slovak national/standard language, as well as engaged in the discussion on both the norm(s) and codification of standard Slovak and the issues of language culture and possibilities for its cultivation. He also defined the so-called communication spheres and their relation to functional styles. Willingly or not, he had to leave the view of traditional theory, especially with regard to the issue of how to perceive plurality, diversity and variability within language, given that, as he assumed, the norm can neither be identified with codification nor subsumed under standards of the previous language situation. Ján Bosák undoubtedly deserves credit for the fact that the Slovak linguistics has gradually endorsed a new perspective on standard Slovak and that a diversity of views has been established in this respect. He tied in with the previous research tradition in that he held the notions of norm, codification and common use to be important with respect to the issues of standard Slovak and language culture. He believed, however, that the codification needs to be grounded in meticulous scientific knowledge on the real norm and that it is also inevitable to respect innovations and accept the principle of variety. Ján Bosák also believed that the distance in mutual communication between the norm and codification continues to grow because the “hypostatization” of the notion of system, in the sense that “everything happens in the name of the system and its sustenance” is still a characteristic tendency in Slovak linguistics. In this way, the relation between system and norm on the level of particular speech activity goes missing with regards to the individual user. A certain part of Slovak linguists is severely mistaken in that they identify norm with codification. But, as Ján Bosák argued, the contradictions of norm, common use and codification can best be grasped and interpreted through a symbiosis of systemic approach, communication approach and sociolinguistic strategy.

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Yusoff, M. S. B. "‘Think global, act local’-ensuring inclusivity and diversity of medical education in the new norm." South-East Asian Journal of Medical Education 15 (July 6, 2021): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/seajme.v15i0.320.

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Kanellopoulou, K. Denia, Kostas P. Peppas, and P. Takis Mathiopoulos. "Effective Capacity of $L_p$ -Norm Diversity Receivers Over Generalized Fading Channels Under Adaptive Transmission Schemes." IEEE Transactions on Communications 68, no. 2 (February 2020): 1240–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcomm.2019.2949996.

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Jiang, Shanhe, and Zhicheng Ji. "A self-organisation particle swarm optimisation algorithm based on L norm multi-measurements diversity feedback." International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology 47, no. 2/3 (2013): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijcat.2013.054358.

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Strimling, Pontus, and Seth Frey. "Emergent Cultural Differences in Online Communities’ Norms of Fairness." Games and Culture 15, no. 4 (September 27, 2018): 394–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1555412018800650.

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Unpredictable social dynamics can dominate social outcomes even in carefully designed societies like online multiplayer games. According to theories from economic game theory and evolutionary anthropology, communities that are otherwise identical can spontaneously develop emergent cultural differences. We demonstrate the emergence of norm diversity in comparable populations distributed across identical copies of a single multiplayer game world. We use 2006 data from several servers of World of Warcraft to analyze how social contracts about resource distribution converge within independent communities, while varying across them. We find wide-ranging diversity in the norms that communities consider standard, fair, and common, even where these norms are unenforcable and players face large incentives to deviate from them. By documenting how designed societies come to differ in undesigned ways, we present emergent cultural diversity as a distinguishing feature of human sociality and a major challenge for game designers.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Diversity norm'

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