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Binder, Bettina, Terry Morehead Dworkin, Niculina Nae, Cindy Schipani, and Irina Averianova. "The Plight of Women in Positions of Corporate Leadership in the United States, the European Union, and Japan: Differing Laws and Cultures, Similar Issues." Michigan Journal of Gender & Law, no. 26.2 (2020): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.36641/mjgl.26.2.plight.
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Gender diversity in corporate governance is a highly debated issue worldwide. National campaigns such as “2020 Women on Boards” in the United States and “Women on the Board Pledge for Europe” are examples of just two initiatives aimed at increasing female representation in the corporate boardroom. Several European countries have adopted board quotas as a means toward achieving gender diversity. Japan has passed an Act on Promotion of Women’s Participation and Advancement in the Workplace to lay a foundation for establishing targets for promoting women. This Article examines the status of women in positions of leadership in the United States, several major countries in the European Union, and Japan. We focus on the legal backdrop in each jurisdiction regarding gender discrimination and studies tending to demonstrate the economic benefits of gender diversity. We conclude that although important steps have been taken in the direction of narrowing the gender gap in all jurisdictions examined, progress has been slow and difficult across the board. The issue of too few women at the top will not be resolved until there is a wider acceptance that female leaders can benefit their organizations and contribute to social and economic progress. Moreover, the presence of women on corporate boards is valuable in and of itself and the status quo ought to be further challenged in international business.
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Agu, Kenneth Obinna. "Impacts of workplace cultural differences on innovation and economic growth in Europe." Studia Mundi - Economica 8, no. 1 (2021): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.18531/studia.mundi.2021.08.01.87-101.
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Cultural differences and innovativeness are multi-faceted social phenomenon with innumerable manifestations. Majority of studies have indicated the positive impact of culture. There are some research findings which concluded that culture has a negative impact mainly due to language barriers of diverse cultural workforce which led to low level of communication, in turn led to low level of innovation. Hence the impact of culture on innovation and economic development is debated. Innovation takes place as an art of exercises routed into cultural view points and attitudes. With European Union struggling economies and financial crises, social integration and human capital mobility are key solutions to create innovation and innovative solutions. This study is, therefore aimed at examining the impacts of workplace cultural differences (in a form of human capital mobility) on innovation and economic growth in Europe. Accordingly, Germany, France, Belgium, and Luxembourg were purposively selected based on the higher number of diversified workforce available in companies located in these countries, in order words human capital mobility. Hence, data was collected using a questionnaire random sample of 392 employees (98 from each country) were selected. Consequently, though small portion of the respondents mentioned the negative impact of cultural diversity, the majority of the respondents and the results of the in-depth interview implied that cultural diversity brings people together and enables them to be creative and enhance their innovative performance. Mobility of skilled human capital is an attribute of culturally diverse workforce in a certain company which enable them to share knowledge and skills which in turn improve their innovative capacity. Therefore, this study concluded that cultural diversity has a significant positive impact on innovation and hence on the economic growth. But the barriers that may be seen at workplace due to cultural differences should be properly managed and prior training sessions to newly employed personnel and a platform where all the employees can get an opportunity to introduce themselves and ease their communication should be arranged.
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Munkholm, Natalie Videbaek, and Jackie Lane. "Danish and British Protection from Disability Discrimination at Work Past, Present and Future." International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 31, Issue 1 (March 1, 2015): 91–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2015006.
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Denmark and the United Kingdom both became members of what is now the European Union (EU) in 1973 and are thus equally matched in terms of opportunity to bring their anti-discrimination laws into line with those of the EU and other supra-national bodies such as the United Nations (UN) and the Council of Europe. Our investigation, based on existing reports, academic analysis and case law rulings involving alleged discrimination on grounds of disability, has revealed some major differences in the level of protection provided by each country's legislature and judicature, but also by other mechanisms that extend beyond these traditional measures, such as workplace collective agreements. While the UK has a long history of supporting people with disabilities by legislating in all aspects of society, Denmark has been at the forefront with social mechanisms, but has been reluctant to ensure equality in the labour market. However, both countries have been equally unsuccessful in ensuring opportunities for disabled workers, and consideration is given here as to whether one system of dealing with this is better than another. We conclude that neither strict regulation imposed by the EU or national governments, nor the laissez-faire method of leaving the level of protection to be decided by collective agreement is entirely satisfactory. A different perspective altogether would be to adopt the substantive diversity theory which would focus on a person's abilities and what they are able to do, and to gear society to embrace diversities, as the Danish employment agency Specialisterne has done so successfully in the case of adults with autism. Countries such as Denmark and the UK have much to learn from each other to tackle successfully this last bastion of workplace inequality.
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Fazekas, Zoltán. "Institutional effects on the presence of trade unions at the workplace: Moderation in a multilevel setting." European Journal of Industrial Relations 17, no. 2 (June 2011): 153–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959680111400897.
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Previous research has found that the presence of a union at a workplace is an important individual-level determinant of union membership. The present article, drawing on a multilevel analysis of 21 European countries, provides further evidence which nuances the conclusions of previous studies by introducing and testing institutional moderation effects. Thus, in countries with Ghent systems, having a union at workplace is less important, since probability of membership is already very high. Conversely, if there are extension mechanisms for collective agreements there is less incentive to join a trade union, and this is not compensated even when there is an active union at the workplace.
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Ebbinghaus, Bernhard, Claudia Göbel, and Sebastian Koos. "Social capital, ‘Ghent’ and workplace contexts matter: Comparing union membership in Europe." European Journal of Industrial Relations 17, no. 2 (June 2011): 107–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959680111400894.
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Union density still varies considerably across Europe. This cross-national diversity has inspired multiple explanations ranging from institutional to workplace or socio-demographic factors. In this comparative multilevel analysis, we combine personal, workplace and macro-institutional explanations of union membership using the European Social Survey. By controlling for individual factors, we test the cross-national effect of meso- and macro-level variables, in particular workplace representation, establishment size, Ghent unemployment insurance and a society’s social capital. We conclude that all these institutional and social contextual factors matter in explaining differences in union membership.
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Borrelli, Ivan, Paolo Emilio Santoro, Maria Rosaria Gualano, Antongiulio Perrotta, Alessandra Daniele, Carlotta Amantea, and Umberto Moscato. "Alcohol Consumption in the Workplace: A Comparison between European Union Countries’ Policies." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 24 (December 17, 2022): 16964. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416964.
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Background: Alcohol use is an ever-growing phenomenon in the population, consumption data indicate that 5–20% of the European working population have serious problems related to alcohol. The use of alcohol constitutes a risk to the health and safety of workers as well as to the safety of the general population. The present work aims to address the problem of alcohol intake in occupational settings by comparatively analyzing alcohol consumption behavior within the 27 countries of the European Union. Methods: The purpose of this research is to analyze the differences between the 27 countries of the European Union in the application of measures to assess and manage the risk of alcohol intake in occupational settings. Results: An examination of the legislation and guidelines of the different countries reveals profound differences in the management of the problem of alcohol in the workplace. The discrepancy is very wide that it ranges from the complete absence of legislative restrictions on a national level in some countries to highly restrictive measures with severe sanctions in others. Conclusions: It would be appropriate—also for the purpose of ease of movement of workers within the European Community—to find shared management models useful for protecting the health and safety of workers and the general population.
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Roman, Michał, Monika Roman, and Arkadiusz Niedziółka. "Spatial Diversity of Tourism in the Countries of the European Union." Sustainability 12, no. 7 (March 30, 2020): 2713. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12072713.
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The aim of the article is to present the spatial diversity of tourism in the countries of the European Union (EU). The main objective of the article can be divided into three immediate goals, each of which is to determine countries that are similar by means of: (1) accommodation base; (2) tourism traffic; and (3) tourism-related expenditures and revenues. In order to group countries, Ward’s cluster analysis method is used. The aim is verified with the use of 2017 United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) and Eurostat data. The analysis covers all EU member states. The research conducted confirms, inter alia, the key role of the accommodation base in the development of tourism in those countries.
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Bader, Veit, Katayoun Alidadi, and Floris Vermeulen. "Religious diversity and reasonable accommodation in the workplace in six European countries." International Journal of Discrimination and the Law 13, no. 2-3 (June 2013): 54–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1358229113493691.
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Robbers, Gerhard. "Diversity of State-Religion Relations and European Union Unity." Ecclesiastical Law Journal 7, no. 34 (January 2004): 304–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x00005391.
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There is no single system of state-religion relations within Europe which is equal to another. Each one is distinct. Many countries know a number of different systems within themselves, as does the United Kingdom, Germany or France. The presence of history is strongest perhaps in this field of life. Tradition and truth, emotion and identity flourish in this field. Future law on religion in Europe is best built on strong regional structures. This paper reports on three aspects of state-religion relations in Europe: What is the situation in Germany? What does the United Kingdom look like from the continent? And what about Europe?
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Vasanicova, Petra, Sylvia Jencova, Beata Gavurova, and Radovan Bacik. "Coopetition of European Union Countries within Destination Management." Journal of Tourism and Services 13, no. 24 (June 30, 2022): 71–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.29036/jots.v13i24.368.
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Coopetition has been the issue of various studies in different fields, but there is a research gap in examining coopetition within the tourism sector and destination management. This paper aims to determine whether there are internally homogeneous and externally heterogeneous groups of European Union countries regarding indicators of natural and cultural resources of the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI), and thus subsequently identify the importance and possibilities of competition among countries within the tourism sector. Multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis are used to verify the research hypothesis, along with ten indicators of the fourth sub-index (Natural and Cultural Resources) of TTCI. The results of the cluster analysis led to a six-group solution. Italy, Spain, and France have the best position in terms of tourism competitiveness. The results show space for competition in the international tourism market. Even though EU countries are competitors at a global level, their cooperation could be beneficial to tourism development. The findings of this study can be helpful in planning and strategy development for tourism policymakers and destination management organizations but can also be used to develop various marketing strategies. Furthermore, cooperation between destinations will support the need for strategic flexibility in the tourism sector, as the diversity of tourism attractions will increase.
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Hrebeniuk, D. "The genesis of the European Parliament and its transformation to supra statehood." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 1, no. 72 (November 16, 2022): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.72.5.
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The article examines the European Union as a unique association of European countries, which was created as an organizational form for political, economic and social cooperation between member countries, candidates for membership and partner countries that are not part of the union. The European Union symbolizes the diversity of nations and European cultures and aims to achieve peace and prosperity. Independent countries united for the sake of a common goal and sacrificed part of their sovereignty in order to become economically stronger, so it is not surprising that the official motto of the union is "unity in diversity".
The article pays special attention to the nature of the European Union, because de facto it is an international entity, it combines such features as supra-statehood and inter-statehood, but de jure it is neither one nor the other. The structure of the European Union includes institutions whose tasks are to realize the goals of this union, to serve its interests and the interests of its citizens, as well as to ensure the consistency and effectiveness of its policies. At the beginning of its creation, the European Union consisted of six countries and had a completely different name, namely the European Coal and Steel Association. Gradually, the subjects of this entity are deepening economic integration and creating a single market, we can also see that successively, partial management functions are moving to the supranational level and the number of future participants of the union is increasing. The evolution of the union takes place for the sake of economic development, through the opening of markets, which leads to an increase in production and, as a result, new working cities are created. With an increase in imports, competition increases and prices decrease and the quality of goods increases [1, р. 1].
This scientific work examines the formation of the legislative institution of the European Union, analyzes the cooperation of the European Parliament with other leading institutions, and also examines the regulatory and legal framework that influenced the transformation and reveals the nature of the European Parliament.
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Schutte, Camilo B. "Spain Tribunal Constitucional on the European Constitution. Declaration of 13 December 2004." European Constitutional Law Review 1, no. 2 (May 19, 2005): 281–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1574019605002816.
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When thinking about the integration of the European sovereign states in the European Union, one does not need to be a euro-sceptic to perceive a big fish devouring little fish. Of course, the individuality of the different countries is assured in the European Union. Article I-5(1) of the European Constitution establishes that the Union shall respect their national identities inherent in their fundamental structures, political and constitutional, and their essential state functions, including ensuring the territorial integrity of the State, maintaining law and order and safeguarding national security. Europe is to be ‘United in diversity’. Yet, however considerate the Union may be of the various European countries, unity can exist only by the grace of all member states' loyally fulfilling their European obligations.
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Badach, Elżbieta, Lidia Luty, Monika Zioło, and Jan Žukovskis. "THE DIVERSITY OF EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES ACCORDING TO EQUIPMENT WITH AGRICULTURAL TRACTORS." Metody Ilościowe w Badaniach Ekonomicznych 18, no. 3 (October 15, 2017): 399–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/mibe.2017.18.3.37.
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Gruziel, Kinga, and Małgorzata Raczkowska. "The Taxation of Agriculture in the European Union Countries." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 18(33), no. 4 (December 28, 2018): 162–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2018.18.4.107.
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The paper sets out the key principles for taxation of agriculture in selected European Union countries. The theoretical foundations of tax systems in the context of their functions and features specified as desirable in the literature are discussed. EU agricultural taxation systems are presented in reference to optimisation and tax competitiveness. Some shared features of these agricultural taxation systems were pointed out and their division in two basic models (the British model and the continental model), which was presented taking as example the countries in which these models operate. Taxation of income derived from agricultural business activity is a natural direction of changes in tax systems. The tax policy implemented in the European Union countries in relation to agriculture make use of the principle of tax justice to the highest possible extent. The diversity of the tax rules and structures applied in the EU makes it possible to tax agricultural income without limiting the development potential of agricultural enterprises (farms), and often stimulates them. The form of individual tax systems results from numerous economic, social and political circumstances. Special tax treatment of agriculture is expressed through tax construction elements, e.g. right to deduct the value of generated loss or investment expenditure from taxable income.
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Vacca, Alessia. "The Council of Europe and the European Union frameworks in the legal protection of minority languages: unity or diversity?" Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 2, no. 1 (June 17, 2011): 347–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2011.2.1.23.
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This article focuses on the comparison between European Union Law and Council of Europe Law in the field of the protection of minority languages and looks at the relationships between the two systems. The Council of Europe has been very important in the protection of minority languages, having created two treaties of particular relevance: the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in 1992 and the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities in 1995; both treaties contain many detailed provisions relating to minority languages. Not all countries, even of the European Union, have ratified these treaties. 12 out of 27 EU countries did not ratify the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. The European Union supports multilingualism because it wants to achieve unity while maintaining diversity. Important steps, with respect to minority languages, were taken in the European Community, notably in the form of European Parliament Resolutions. The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, approved in Nice the 7th December 2000, contains art. 21 and art. 22 related to this topic. The Treaty of Lisbon makes a cross reference to the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union which is, consequently, legally binding under the Treaty of Lisbon since December 2009. The Charter could give ground for appeal to the European Court of Justice in cases of discrimination on the grounds of language
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Donegani, Chiara Paola, and Stephen McKay. "Is there a paradox of lower job satisfaction among trade union members? European evidence." Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research 18, no. 4 (October 26, 2012): 471–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1024258912459312.
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In most of the literature on industrial relations, union members are found to be less satisfied with their jobs than non-members. Analysts have applied various statistical and econometric approaches to try to resolve what seems like a paradoxical finding, with mixed results, using theories based on selection bias and ‘exit-voice’ considerations. We review this literature, and note that most empirical studies are from only a few countries – especially the US and the UK. Analysis of a wider range of 18 countries participating in the large-scale European Social Survey in both 2006 and 2010 finds that trade union members generally tend to express higher rather than lower job satisfaction than others, although results differ by country. We use regression models (ordinal logistic) to show that union membership is generally associated with higher job satisfaction, even after controlling for individual, job and workplace differences. Attempts to link the union factor in job satisfaction to typologies of countries, either by welfare regime or extent of collective bargaining coverage, have not been able to address the puzzle of why a negative link persists in a few countries, but not in most.
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Tluczak, Agnieszka. "Diversity of the selected elements of agricultural potential in the European Union countries." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 66, No. 6 (June 22, 2020): 260–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/381/2019-agricecon.
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Agricultural importance in determining the directions of respective regions results from its production potential. The agricultural potential of a given country is determined by natural resources, ways of using them, natural conditions, workforce resources, technical resources and basic economic conditions. In this paper, only income and rural population are taken under consideration to describe the agricultural potential. Currently, European Union countries are functioning under the assumptions of the Common Agricultural Policy, assuming, among other things, increasing agricultural productivity, ensuring an adequate standard of living for the rural population and stabilising markets. The European Union (EU) is one of the world’s leading exporters and importers of agricultural products. The obtained results allowed the identification in 2010 and 2018 of countries with high and low values of income and population potential. It is characteristic that within both potentials, population and income, the countries with the lowest potentials are the most numerous group. Poland and Romania stand out against the background of all countries, where due to the high share of people working in agriculture, the population’s potential has the highest values. Denmark is also an outstanding country for which income potential has the highest value. This study aims to examine the diversity of selected elements of agricultural potential in the European Union countries. The research was conducted using, among other potential models and global and local spatial autocorrelation statistics. The analysis covered the years 2010 and 2018 by applying statistical data (Eurostat, Statistical Yearbook of Agriculture).
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Wojnar, Jolanta. "Diversity in the use of information and communication technologies among European Union countries." Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 65, no. 8 (August 31, 2020): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.3526.
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The aim of the research discussed in the article is to assess the diversity among European Union countries in terms of the use of information and communication technologies (ICT). Fifteen indicators describing the use of ICT by natural persons and households were selected for the analysis. The data were obtained from Statistics Poland reports and from the Eurostat database for the year 2017. The method of principal components analysis was applied in the process of analysing the diversity. Moreover, a cluster analysis based on the k-means method was performed. The analysis demonstrates that Scandinavian and Benelux countries are the leaders in using ICT, while countries of southern and south-eastern Europe as well as Poland are the lowest rated.
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Paszko, Julita. "Intellectual capital of European Union countries (EU-28) – measurement concept." Optimum. Economic Studies, no. 3(101) (2020): 107–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/oes.2020.03.101.09.
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Purpose – The aim of the present research paper is to enrich the achievements of science through a description of a theoretical-methodological approach to measuring the national intellectual capital (NIC) along with its application in the evaluation of the European Union countries (2015). Research method – The synthetic indicator, describing the intellectual capital of the EU countries was quantified by using the TOPSIS method. The year 2015 is the study period. Results – The estimation results confirm the diversity of the intellectual capital level in the 28 countries of the EU. The highest index value applies to Sweden. Romania takes the last – 28th place and belongs to the fourth typological group with a very low potential of intellectual capital. Originality /value / implications /recommendations – The new perspective on defining and taxonomy of intellectual capital (including ecological capital) is a kind of novum in this area. As a result, the elaborated ranking of the EU countries provides a new, wider perspective on the intellectual capital issues.
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MATEI, Alexandru. "EUROPEAN UNION - MODEL OF GLOBAL INTEGRATION -IDENTITY THROUGH CULTURAL DIVERSITY." Theoretical and Practical Research in the Economic Fields 11, no. 2 (December 27, 2020): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/tpref.v11.2(22).09.
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Cultural identity at both levels - national and international - remains one of the main psychological and spiritual needs. The inability to preserve their own identity automatically and naturally leads to conflicts within a society or within societies in a particular region.
There is tolerance, but not sincere acceptance by peoples on a higher stage of technological and civilization advancement, the values of the new countries that have entered or will enter the European Union.Harmonizing the different cultural systems within the European Union gives the European integration model itself a long-term perspective. This process involves knowledge and respect for cultures and awareness of the European and global interdependence phenomenon, based on the elements and specifics of cultural pluralism, excluding the imposition of a unique learning model while recognizing the importance of respect for the values of other cultures in the spirit of the cultivation of universal values, giving a greater role to international exchanges so that people can move to the European space.Understanding the implications of cultural diversity is one of the challenges of the contemporary world, being one of the main objectives of a new orientation in the globalization process.
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Skowronek-Gradziel, Agnieszka. "Analysis of the differentiated Internet use in the activity of the EU enterprises in 2014." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 191, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 36–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.2397.
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The article aims at identification of dependencies occurring in relation to the Internet use in the activities of enterprises in the European Union countries in 2014. The research hypothesis assumed that the spatial diversity exists in the European Union in the area under study. The article presents the results of research conducted on the basis of data from the European Statistical Office regarding the use of the Internet in the activities of enterprises in 2014. The study covered 28 countries in the European Union. On account of the nature of research, the methods of Multidimensional Comparative Analysis were employed. The acquired knowledge has a cognitive dimension and can be applied in practice to set tasks for leveling out the development differences with regard to the European regional policy in the subsequent financial perspectives.
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Klimkiewicz, Karolina, and Honorata Cierpisz. "Rozwój zjawiska mobbingu w miejscu pracy w warunkach polskich – implikacje dla pracy socjalnej." Zeszyty Pracy Socjalnej 25, no. 3 (2020): 219–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/24496138zps.20.027.13082.
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The development of mobbing in the workplace in Polish conditions – implications for social work The current understanding of the concept of mobbing, its tactics and methods used by mobbers, as well as the legal status, scale and effects of mobbing in the workplace in Poland, compared with other European Union countries were characterized. The summary also discusses the reasons for the persistence of this phenomenon in our country, with proposals for effective fight to combat it, and even to abolish it.
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Liberal Ormaechea, Sheila, Eduardo Gismera, Cristina Paredes, and Francisco Javier Sastre. "Suffering in the Workplace from a Philosophical View." HUMAN REVIEW. International Humanities Review / Revista Internacional de Humanidades 11, no. 2 (October 14, 2022): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37467/revhuman.v11.3480.
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Individual, family, economic, and other forms of people suffering impact organizations. Suffering in the workplace is probably a more common occurrence than expected in everyday life, and opposite to health and employee wellbeing. According to the World Health Organization, 300 million people worldwide struggle with depression and close to 800.000 people die due to suicide every year. The European Survey on Working Conditions in the European Union gathers the most varied aspects of working conditions, such as the duration of the working day, relationships between collaborators in organizations, or healthy work habits. Among the results of that survey it is noteworthy that almost half of the close to twenty-two thousand workers surveyed in the 27 member countries stated that they felt uneasiness due to the conditions of their work.
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Bishnoi, Sonamika. "The Religious Roots of Contemporary European Identity :." Jindal Journal of International Affairs 2, no. 1 (August 1, 2012): 191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.54945/jjia.v2i1.36.
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What is Europe and who are the Europeans? This question has raised many answers and arguments, but it still remains unresolved. This book comes as a fresh approach to this on-going debate on the European identity, which seems to be moving across discourses and themes. The question of identity and Europeanism becomes more relevant in the light of European integration. Whom to include and whom to exclude, and how to deal with the increasing diversity with inclusion of new countries in the European Union, has raised renewed debates related to the identity. The intellectual and political conducts of the countries which have come under the European Union has become much wide and varied, and thus, has expanded the range of the discourses on the subject of identity.
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Pankotay, Fruzsina Magda. "Diversity of SME Sizing Policies and Delimitations in the World." Gazdaság és Társadalom 13, no. 3-4 (2020): 102–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21637/gt.2020.3-4.07.
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Global partnerships are essential in order to maintain European competitiveness. People tend to think of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) on a global scale, however we should always consider the following questions: Is this the right way? Are we aware of the current situation of SMEs in the world? The aim of the study is to demonstrate the characteristics and the roles of SMEs on national, on European and on global scales, based on secondary data collection in 21 countries, including Arab, Latin America, Asia and the European Union. Based on the differences and identities, the definitions of the various practices regarding sizing policies of SMEs and delimitations in the European Union and Hungary have been summarized, highlighting the “Made in Germany” model as a characteristic difference. In addition, the different data for the countries in a table by regions will also be summarizes. A micro-enterprise typically has less than 10 employees, but distinguishes between self-employment, family, craft and “existential work”. The diversity of size delimitation and the intention to unify are the result of globalization. In the age of Info Communication Technology (ICT) companies have a legitimate need to connect to the global supply chain, therefore gaining know¬ledge of their potential partners. The goal is to see how SMEs can be compared on a global scale, outside the national and European Union frameworks. White looking for a global definition and size limitation of SMEs, I arrived to the global International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), more precisely to “IFRS for SMEs”, as a potentially usable benchmark for SMEs in the 21st century.
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Kwiatkowska-Ciotucha, Dorota, Urszula Załuska, Cyprian Kozyra, Alicja Grześkowiak, Marzena Żurawicka, and Krzysztof Polak. "Diversity of Perceptions of Disability in the Workplace vs. Cultural Determinants in Selected European Countries." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 4 (February 12, 2022): 2058. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042058.
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The perception of people with disability (PwD) is of key importance for the full inclusion of this group in the labour market. The article presents selected results of research on the perception of PwD in the workplace. The analyses are based on the results of semiotics research conducted in Poland and of quantitative study in the form of computer-assisted Internet interviews (CAWI) carried out on representative samples from eight European countries. Opinions of Internet users were collected in Belgium, Bulgaria, Greece, Spain, Germany, Poland, Sweden and Great Britain. The results of semiotic analyses on texts mainly from Polish culture made it possible to identify the prevailing images of disability in Polish popular culture and inspired the authors to seek diversity in perceptions of disability depending on social and cultural patterns in a given country. The results of the international survey were used to compare all eight countries with regard to the relationship between the dimensions of culture according to G. Hofstede, and openness to people with disability in the workplace. The conducted research indicates that the perception of the issue of disability is significantly related to the selected dimensions of culture according to G. Hofstede.
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Chudy-Laskowska, Katarzyna, Tomasz Pisula, Mirosław Liana, and László Vasa. "Taxonomic Analysis of the Diversity in the Level of Wind Energy Development in European Union Countries." Energies 13, no. 17 (August 24, 2020): 4371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13174371.
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In this paper, the development of the wind energy sector in 28 European Union countries in 2017 is described. By means of taxonomic methods—i.e., Ward’s method and the Wroclaw taxonomic methods—clusters of countries similar in terms of their potential and level of development of the wind energy sector in the EU are distinguished. The main purpose of the paper is to separate and cluster EU countries due to the current development potential of the wind energy sector and determinants stimulating the development of this sector. By means of the ranking methods of linear ordering (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution—TOPSIS method), a ranking of EU countries that defines their position in the development of this very important wind energy sector was determined. The results show that the research hypothesis of a great diversity of EU countries considering the development potential of the wind energy sector is justified. The countries of the former European Union, which have focused for a long time on the development of wind energy in their energy policy and have had favorable climate and natural conditions, as well as a large social acceptance of programs supporting the acquisition of energy from renewable sources, have primacy in the development ranking of the energy sector. Additionally, new members of the union, in spite of some delays associated with the development of “green” energy, are trying to increase their energy potential in this area. The research may be extended to include further analyses regarding other renewable energy sources and take into account other European and world countries.
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Iwacewicz-Orłowska, Anna. "Diversity of poverty in the chosen European Union countries within the period 2006-2014." Zbornik radova Ekonomskog fakulteta u Rijeci: časopis za ekonomsku teoriju i praksu/Proceedings of Rijeka Faculty of Economics: Journal of Economics and Business 34, no. 2 (December 22, 2016): 481–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.18045/zbefri.2016.2.481.
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Koroliova, Larisa. "THE INFLUENCE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION MULTILINGUALISM POLICY ON THE TRAINING OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHERS IN ROMANIAN UNIVERSITIES." English and American Studies 1, no. 16 (September 7, 2019): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/381909.
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The article highlited the European policy of multilingualism and multiculturalism of language education in European countries. Besides the article also deals with directions of joint activities of countries of the European Area in the organization of training foreign language teachers, the formation of uniform professional qualification standards for determining the professional definition of foreign language teachers, strategies and practical steps for the implementation of projects in the field of training foreign language teachers funded by the European Union and participation of European countries, in paticular Romania, in these projects. The European Union constantly emphasizes the fact that every citizen should be able to speak in his native language plus two other European languages, stresses the need to promote of linguistic diversity and the motivation of European citizens to learn less widely used languages and improve the quality of teaching foreign languages in educational establishments at different levels and focus its efforts to realize these ideas through the implementation of projects and programs that it has funded. The author focuses on the fact that Romania like all European countries is actively involved in the numerous projects and programs offered by the European Union as one of the priority areas of the Romanian Government is the quality of education at all levels and brings it in conformity with European standards. At the end of the article, the author concludes that the multilingual policy of the European Union has a certain influence on the training of foreign language teachers at the Romania Universities. The author also sums up that due to the participation in various educational projects and programs financed by the European Union among higher education institutions aimed at the development of multilingualism and multiculturalism of language education, the professional level of foreign languages teachers in Romania is increasing.
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Tutak, Magdalena. "Analysis of Gas and Dust Emissions From the Mining and Quarrying Sector in the European Union Countries." Multidisciplinary Aspects of Production Engineering 3, no. 1 (September 1, 2020): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mape-2020-0006.
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AbstractDespite the ongoing changes in the energy and economic structure of the European Union countries, mineral and energy resources such as hard coal, brown coal, natural gas, copper ores, zinc ores and many other minerals continue to be extracted. Each year, the mining and extraction sector emits thousands of tons of harmful substances into the atmosphere, in the form of greenhouse and other air-polluting gases, as well as harmful dusts. These substances include, amongst others, carbon dioxide, methane, carbon monoxide, as well as PM2.5 and PM10. The European Union climate policy clearly recommends that the exploitation of mineral resources be carried out in full respect of the principles of their rational, economical and environmentally neutral acquisition, which is confirmed by the promoted strategy of sustainable development economy. Therefore, this means the necessity to undertake actions aimed at limiting the emission of greenhouse gases and air pollutants into the atmosphere. To assess the actions taken by the European Union countries to date with respect to limiting those emissions, a comparative analysis was carried out for the particular countries. This analysis encompassed the emission of harmful substances from the mining and quarrying sector by the European Union countries in the years 2008 and 2017. The purpose of the analysis was to show the diversity of those countries in terms of the emission of harmful gases and dusts, as well as to divide them into similar groups. Such a division paves the way for developing a common climate policy and exchanging experiences between the countries from the particular groups. The European Union countries were divided into similar groups using the k-means grouping method. Comparison was also made for the emissions of the substances under analysis for the particular countries over the research years. The results obtained unequivocally demonstrate that this emission has been limited in the European Union, but there are countries where the emission of certain substances has increased.
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Baer-Nawrocka, Agnieszka, and Wioleta Barczak. "PRODUCTION POTENTIAL OF HOLDINGS SPECIALIZING IN COW MILK PRODUCTION IN MACROREGIONS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION – A TYPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXII, no. 1 (February 8, 2020): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7982.
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The purpose of this paper was to classify FADN macroregions in the European Union into types by production potential of farms specializing in cow milk production in 2008 and 2017. The production of cow milk is one of the most important branches of animal production both in Poland and other European Union countries, therefore it is the subject of numerous publications. Most often, cow milk production is the subject of research in global terms, European Union countries or regional diversity in Poland. Relatively rarely does the subject of milk production cover a regional approach throughout the European Union. Due to dynamic changes in factors affecting milk production and, in particular, the abolition of the cow milk production quota system in EU countries in 2015, it is important to continue to monitor changes in the milk market, especially on the supply side. Hellwig’s method was employed in the calculation of the synthetic indicator of production potential for each macroregion in order to determine types. The study demonstrated that the most advantageous characteristics of the production potential of milk farms, in both years covered, were mostly reported by EU-15 macroregions located in western and northern Europe. Macroregions of new member countries, except Slovakia, were less competitive in terms of their potential. As demonstrated by this analysis, development disparities persist between milk farms located in different EU macroregions.
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Bryson, Alex, Rafael Gomez, Tobias Kretschmer, and Paul Willman. "What Accounts for the Union Member Advantage in Voter Turnout? Evidence from the European Union, 2002-2008." Articles 69, no. 4 (January 21, 2015): 732–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1028110ar.
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Across countries, union membership and voter turnout are highly correlated. In unadjusted terms, union members maintain a roughly 0.10 to 0.12 point gap in voting propensity over non-members. We motivate empirically and propose a model—with three causal channels—that explains this correlation and then empirically tests for the contribution of each channel to the overall union voting gap. The first channel by which union members are more likely to vote is through the so-called "monopoly-face" of unionism (i.e., unionization increases wages for members and higher incomes are a significant positive determinant of voting). The second is the so-called "social custom" model of unionism, which argues that union co-worker peer pressure creates incentives to vote amongst members for the purpose of having cast a ballot or being seen at the voting poll. The third and final channel is based on the "voice-face" of unionism whereby employees who are (or have been) exposed to the formalities of collective bargaining and union representation at the workplace are also more likely to increase their attachment to structures of democratic governance in society as well. We test to see how much of the raw "union voting premium" is accounted for by these three competing channels, using contemporary data from 29 European countries. We find that all three channels are at work, with voice the dominant effect (half of the overall gap attributed to this channel) and the other two (monopoly and social custom), each accounting for approximately one-fourth of the overall union voting gap.
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Bravo Torres, Carmen Clara. "The role of the European Union on immigration. An anthropological approach to the treaties that have been carried out in Europe in order to manage diversity." REGION 6, no. 1 (August 12, 2019): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18335/region.v6i1.262.
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Migrations are a global phenomenon that has prevailed throughout history. In the last decades there is a need to control every person who enters and leaves the borders of a country. This fact can be observed in the European Union where in the last years the migratory phenomenon is appreciated as a problem. This institution carries out different measures in order to manage this diversity within its borders. However, these agreements are not adapted to the different contexts and are not carried out by all the countries that compose this institution. In spite of all this, the discourse used by the European Union promotes the European identity in front of the rest, differentiating those considered others. These others are differentiated primarily by their nationality although from the discourse analysis can be observed as the economic factor is essential. These themes will be studied in this paper, which will allow us to understand what treaties have been established in the European Union regarding migration and how diversity is managed from them.
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Hamers, F. F., J. Alix, C. Semaille, H. Pilkington, and A. M. Downs. "Surveillance of HIV/AIDS in Europe: update at end 2000." Eurosurveillance 6, no. 5 (May 1, 2001): 84–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.06.05.00210-en.
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In the Western area of Europe, AIDS incidence decreased by 12% in 2000 compared to 1999 (22 cases per million population). In the Eastern area, the incidence of notified cases remained low, but newly diagnosed cases are still rising. In the Centre, the rates of AIDS cases and HIV infections remain low. EuroHIV (European Centre for the Epidemiological of AIDS) coordinates the surveillance of AIDS in the WHO European Region since 1984 and of newly diagnosed HIV infection since 1999. The main findings of the latest update at end 2000 are presented here (1). To take into account the diversity of the epidemiological situation in the region, countries have been grouped into three geographic areas: the West (the 15 countries of the European Union plus Norway, Switzerland, Iceland, Israel, Malta) the East (the 15 Newly Independent States of the former Soviet Union) and the Centre (the remaining countries of the region).
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EVANS, DOUGLAS, ANDRÁS DEMETER, PETER GAJDOŠ, and ĽUBOŠ HALADA. "Adapting environmental conservation legislation for an enlarged European Union: experience from the Habitats Directive." Environmental Conservation 40, no. 2 (March 1, 2013): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892912000422.
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SUMMARYThe European Union's (EU's) Habitats Directive includes annexes listing the habitats and species requiring protection. As new countries join the EU these lists need to be amended to remain pertinent. In 2004 and 2007, 12 countries, mostly in central Europe, joined the EU and were asked to propose native species or habitats that required protection; this formed an initial base for negotiations with the European Commission in consultation with the existing member states and with scientific support from the European Topic Centre on Biological Diversity. The 12 countries made 831 proposals, resulting in the addition of 191 species and 33 habitats, and geographical exemptions for eight species. Although the Directive provided definitions, these needed to be supplemented with additional criteria to permit assessments of the proposals. The process involved many actors at both European and national level. This illustrates the development of biodiversity governance and provides potential lessons for future activities, including the need for scientific guidance and the importance of involving all relevant actors.
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Hemmerling, Jana, Karolin Eberle, Sara Hogger, Maike Gupta, Anna Ullraum, and Silke Seemüller. "PP096 European Union-Health Technology Assessments For Medical Devices - How To Overcome Reimbursement Divergence." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 33, S1 (2017): 116–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462317002616.
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INTRODUCTION:National Health Technology Assessments (HTAs) for medical devices are crucial to regulate the quality and costs of healthcare systems. However, there is diversity in several aspects among European countries. Consequently, controversial results might arise, generating contrary reimbursement decisions. The European Network for Health Technology Assessment (EUnetHTA) is an interface platform for the harmonization of HTA information across Europe. The European Commission expects national uptake of a European HTA. Thus, European HTAs might overcome the diversity of national HTA requirements.METHODS:We aimed to compare German and European HTAs for medical devices regarding processes, methods, timelines, and involvement of medical device companies. Therefore we analyzed guidelines, requirements, and output of EUnetHTA and compared those aspects with the German G-BA (Federal Joint Committee, Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss) standard and IQWiG (Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care, Institut für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit im Gesundheitswesen) methods.RESULTS:We found differences between the European and German HTAs for medical devices regarding timelines, involvement of medical device companies, body of evidence, use of surrogate endpoints, and methodology. European HTAs for medical devices reflect the clinical reality by integrating the existing evidence (including real world data) and by using comprehensive statistical methods for medical devices. In contrast, German HTAs for medical device-based technologies are long lasting and are often restricted to a small body of evidence.CONCLUSIONS:As a conclusion, similar to pharmaceuticals, the European HTA framework might also become a worldwide platform for HTAs of medical device-based technologies with the potential to harmonize reimbursement decisions and patients health care across countries on the basis of clinical reality.
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Smędzik-Ambroży, Katarzyna, and Agnieszka Sapa. "The impact of agricultural policy on income diversity among farmers in the European Union in 2005–2017." Nierówności społeczne a wzrost gospodarczy 63, no. 3 (2020): 195–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/nsawg.2020.3.9.
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The aim of paper is to answer to the question whether the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy reduces the differences in the average agricultural income between the EU-15 countries and those that joined the EU in 2004. The hypothesis was assumed that the CAP subsidies reduce the differences in agricultural income between these two groups of countries. Spreads between average income of farmers from the old and new members were calculated. The analysis is carried out in two variants. In the first one, the agricultural income does not include the CAP support, in the second one the agricultural income covers all CAP subsidies. The spatial scope of research involves two groups of countries: EU-15 (Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, Denmark, Ireland, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Finland, Austria and Sweden) and EU-8 (the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Hungary and Slovenia). The subjective scope of the survey covers representative farms from the EU countries (representing 4,045,300–5,295,930 farms in the EU countries, depending on the investigated year). The time frame of the analyses concerns the years 2005–2017. The data from the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) are used. The study positively verifies the hypothesis that: subsidies from the CAP cause a decrease in the differences in average agricultural income between the EU-15 and the EU-8 countries. This contributes to an increase in economic sustainability and in the territorial cohesion of agriculture for the EU countries.
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Poór, József, Agneš Slavić, Milan Nikolić, and Nemanja Berber. "The managerial implications of the labor market and workplace shortage in Central Eastern Europe." Strategic Management 26, no. 2 (2021): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/straman2102031p.
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In the recent years the labor market of the Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries has changed a lot. One of the main business challenges in the CEE region is the worker shortage. The possible reasons of this phenomenon are the emigration of the labor force from the countries of the former Eastern Bloc to the Western countries, the negative demographic tendencies in the region, the effects of economic crisis and the significant wage differences in the countries of European Union. This paper presents the first results of an international research conducted in six countries from the CEE region (Austria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania, Serbia and Slovakia) on the reasons and managerial implications of the current labor force shortage. The research questionnaire was filled out in 797 companies and institutions in the CEE region. In our paper we will show the size, ownership and the sectoral distribution of our sample, as well as the average turnover rate, the average time to fill a position in, the positions hard to fill in, the possible reasons of labor shortage and the successful organizational and governmental programs to deal with labor market shortage. The obtained results may be a useful input for the formulation of human resource management programs in the organizations facing with labor market shortage in Serbia and other CEE countries.
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Mutatović, Šaban, Nina Paunović, and Miodrag Šmelcerović. "MANAGEMENT FUNCTION OF SUPPRESING MOBBING." Knowledge International Journal 34, no. 5 (October 4, 2019): 1545–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij34051545m.
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This paper deals with emotional and physical abuse by co-workers or subordinates, as well as negative effects it might have on the personnel and the company performance. We also want to emphasise the role of management in its eliminating and suppressing. The first part explains the terms and the ideas of management and mobbing, including the functions and different levels of management, as well as different kinds of mobbing. The second part deals with the impact mobbing has on workers and business activities, the responsibility of management on suppressing physical and psychical abuse at workplace as well as creating positive working environment. n the last twenty years, workplace abuse has become a particularly significant problem. The first extensive study of this phenomenon was conducted in Sweden under the leadership of Heinz Leymann, who also defined mobbing as psychological terror in the workplace, which refers to unethical and hostile communication by one and / or more persons to the most commonly one person who becomes helpless and unable Defense. Such activities take place at least once a week for at least six months leading to mental and social disorders. It is believed that this problem is on the rise in almost all countries of the European Union and the world, and for this reason laws are being adopted addressing the issue of mobbing both at the national and European Union levels. In addition, numerous associations have been set up worldwide to prevent workplace abuse.
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Ferran Vila, Susanna, Giorgia Miotto, and Josep Rom Rodríguez. "Cultural Sustainability and the SDGs: Strategies and Priorities in the European Union Countries." European Journal of Sustainable Development 10, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 73–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2021.v10n2p73.
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This research aims to analyze how the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are included in the EU cultural policies and which are the priorities of the European Union (EU) in the cultural sustainability’s agenda. We performed a content analysis of the EU Countries’ cultural policies, evaluating the grade of inclusion of the SDGs. The conclusions show that the EU cultural policies, although not explicitly, include the SDGs in the definition of their strategies, policies, projects and actions. Specifically, eight of the seventeen SDGs are included in relation to the following interdisciplinary topics: Cultural and Natural Heritage (SDG11), Cultural Education (SDG 4), Cultural Diversity (SDG 4), Social Inclusion (SDG 10), Information Access (SDG 16), Cooperation with other institutions (SDG 17), Environment (SDG 13), Economic Growth (SDG 8) and Gender Equality (SDG 5). Topics’ priorities are generally commonly defined in the different EU countries.
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Kellerer, Jan D., Matthias Rohringer, and Daniela Deufert. "Factors influencing nursing competence of registered nurses in the European Union: A scoping review." Journal of Nursing Education and Practice 13, no. 1 (September 13, 2022): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jnep.v13n1p6.
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Background and objective: In the countries of the European Union, more than three million registered nurses take responsibility for health care in various acute- and long-term settings. The development of nursing competence and its continuous evaluation are part of the European strategy to ensure high-quality health care. Transnational standards in the education of nurses intend to ensure the advancement of competent nurses. However, competence is a multifactorial construct that does not solely rely on formal qualifications. Experience, contextual conditions, knowledge and skills as well as values, norms and rules are defined as critical components of competence. Thus, the aim of this scoping review was to identify factors that influence the nursing competence of RNs in countries of the European Union.Methods: A scoping review following the guidelines of Joanna Briggs Institute was conducted. Quantitative studies assessing nursing competence by psychometrically tested instruments and exploring respective influence factors were searched in electronically databases (Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Medline, DOAJ, ERIC, Academic Search Elite, PsycInfo, PsycArticles, CareLit). Extracted study results were deductively structured with reference to theoretically reasonable factors of competence. Results: A total of sixteen studies were included in this scoping review. Most studies were conducted in Northern European countries. Experience (operationalized as age and years of working as a registered nurse), professional nursing context, type of nursing education, non-formal acquisition of nursing-specific knowledge as well as experiencing workplace autonomy, high quality of care and empowerment all influence the competence of registered nurses.Conclusions: For most European countries, there are neither scientific data on nursing competence nor on its influencing factors available. Our findings emphasize the importance of considering factors that influence nursing competence in the course of systemic policy-making on nursing development as well as on organizational nursing governance. We strongly suggest the conduct of longitudinal studies in further countries of the European Union to gain further insights on nursing competence and to explore the impact of its influencing factors.
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Janiszewska, Dorota, and Luiza Ossowska. "Diversification of European Union Member States Due to the Production of Renewable Energy from Agriculture and Forestry." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 18(33), no. 2 (July 2, 2018): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2018.18.2.37.
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The main objective of this article is to discuss the diversity of European Union countries in terms of their production of renewable energy from agriculture and forestry. The analysis includes 28 EU countries. Figures come from 2013-2015. Diversification of European Union members was conducted using cluster analysis. The following diagnostic features were used for the analysis: production of renewable energy from agriculture, share of agriculture in production of renewable energy, change in the production of renewable energy from agriculture in 2013-2015, production of renewable energy from forestry, share of forestry in production of renewable energy, change in the production of renewable energy from forestry in 2013-2015. As a result of the cluster analysis examined regions were divided into five groups.
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Wildan, Muhammad. "Religious Diversity and The Challenge of Multiculturalism: Contrasting Indonesia and The European Union." Sunan Kalijaga: International Journal of Islamic Civilization 3, no. 2 (September 23, 2020): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/skijic.v3i2.1904.
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As the profile of religions in the world is changing rapidly, religious diversity is becoming a more common phenomenon nowadays in almost every society. Indonesia and European Union (EU) are not an exception to be more diverse and plural societies. Although religious diversity gives such richness of culture in society, religions are known as vulnerable entities. Many social problems caused by religions brought about various conflicts and violent actions on a big scale and also numerous hostilities, discriminations, and hatred on a small scale. Many regulations have been issued to address such social tensions both in Indonesia and the EU. However, many conflicts, hostilities or discriminations are recurring in both Indonesia and EU states. Interestingly, in many cases, hostilities and discrimination even done by the apparatus of the state. The current paper is dedicated to explore how these countries deal with religious diversity and whether there are social tensions and discriminations occurred. Religion as a common phenomenon in the world should be seen more as a challenge for every country rather than a contentious threat.
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Wright, Tessa, Fiona Colgan, Chris Creegany, and Aidan McKearney. "Lesbian, gay and bisexual workers: equality, diversity and inclusion in the workplace." Equal Opportunities International 25, no. 6 (August 1, 2006): 465–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02610150610713782.
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PurposeAims to present a report of a conference held at London Metropolitan University in June 2006 that presented and discussed the findings of a two‐year research project, funded by the Higher Education European Social Fund. The project investigated the experiences of LGB workers following the introduction of the Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulation 2003 in the United Kingdom.Design/methodology/approachThe research was a qualitative study carried out in 16 case study organisations, seen as representing “good practice” in the area of employment of LGB workers. The case studies involved: the analysis of company documentation and reports; interviews with 60 management, trade union and LGBT network group representatives, a short survey and in‐depth interviews with 154 LGB employees. The case studies were supplemented by a series of 25 national key informant interviews with individuals in UK organisations representing government, employers, employees, and LGB people charged with disseminating advice and promoting good practice.FindingsJust over half (57.8 per cent) of the LGB respondents were out to everyone at work. A third (33.8 per cent) were out to some people, while 8.4 per cent said that they were out to very few people or nobody at work. The research indicated that equal opportunities and diversity policies which include sexual orientation; the establishment and promotion of same sex benefits; positive employer and trade union signals; the existence of LGBT groups, the presence of LGB colleagues and LGB senior managers can help LGB people come out. However, LGB people may be prevented from coming out by fears about career progression; lack of visible senior LGB staff; temporary employment status; previous negative experiences of discrimination and harassment; desiring privacy; “macho” or religious attitudes/behaviours of co‐workers.Originality/valueLittle research exists in the UK on the experiences of LGB workers, and this is one of the first studies to focus on the experiences of LGB workers following the introduction of legislation to protect workers against discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation in 2003.
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Sobczak, Elżbieta, Dariusz Głuszczuk, and Andrzej Raszkowski. "Eco-Innovation and Innovation Level of the Economy as a Basis for the Typology of the EU Countries." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 4 (February 11, 2022): 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042005.
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The study addresses the issue of eco-innovation and innovation in the European Union countries, which is important from the perspective of the sustainable development paradigm. Innovation constitutes a significant factor related to socio-economic development, and it is crucial in constructing the competitive advantage of enterprises, regions, and countries. Nowadays, an increasing importance is attached to eco-innovations, which takes into account the ecological perspective ensuring the reduction of environmental burdens. The purpose of the conducted research was to assess the diversity among the European Union countries regarding the situation related to eco-innovation and innovation, which is focused on the typology of the EU Member States taking a holistic approach to innovation, i.e., considering not only economic but also environmental and social performance. The methods of multivariate statistical analysis, with a particular emphasis on classification methods, were used in the research. A holistic overview of innovation results from the combination of findings based on the research was carried out within the framework of the Eco-Innovation Observatory and the European Innovation Scoreboard. The study covered 28 European Union countries in the period 2013–2019. As a result of the conducted analyses, four classes of the EU Member States were identified (Leaders of Eco-Innovation and Innovation, Moderate Eco-Innovators and Catching-Up Leaders of Innovation, Poor Innovators, The Poorest Eco-Innovators and Innovators).
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Matsuieva, Julia. "The impact of generic medicines on the European pharmaceutical market: The example of Poland." Ekonomia 23, no. 4 (May 23, 2018): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-4093.23.4.20.
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The impact of generic medicines on the European pharmaceutical market: The example of PolandIn this paper has been done a review of the existing situation on European pharmaceutical market. It was found that the Polish pharmaceutical market is quite different from other countries of the European Union. The share of generic medicines in Poland is the highest in the European Union. Quantitatively about 85% of the pharmaceutical market is composed of generic drugs. The social role of generics is expressed in their accessibility, affordable price, diversity and security for the most vulnerable part of the population — people with various health problems. It is impossible to overestimate the importance of generic medicines in both saving of the state’s budgets and the rational use of public fi nances.
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Hodges, Ann C. "Bargaining for Privacy in the Unionized Workplace." International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 22, Issue 2 (June 1, 2006): 147–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2006009.
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Abstract: This article considers whether collective bargaining can enhance privacy protection for employees in the United States. Employers are increasingly engaging in practices that invade employee privacy with few existing legal protections to limit their actions. While data on the extent of bargaining about privacy is limited, it appears that unions in the U.S. have primarily used the grievance and arbitration procedure to challenge invasions of privacy that lead to discipline of the employee instead of negotiating explicit contractual privacy rights. In contrast to the U.S., labor representatives in many other countries, particularly in the European Union, have greater legal rights of consultation with employers and take a more proactive approach to protection of employee privacy. While this approach offers promise for achieving greater privacy for employees and more flexibility for employers, the article concludes that it is unlikely to be widely adopted in the U.S. because of the limited power of labor unions.
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Van Witteloostuijn, Arjen. "Why the European Union is not Delivering. An Essay on the Role of Diversity." European Review 20, no. 3 (May 2, 2012): 365–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798711000615.
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The European Union (EU) has suffered from fall-out recently. Clear cases in point were the anti-EU outcomes of the referenda in France and the Netherlands, as well as the messy process in response to the Euro crisis. More broadly, recent elections in many European countries have resulted in winning parties that advertise an explicit anti-EU sentiment, often linked to an equally explicit anti-immigrant stance. Apparently, in the eyes of many, the EU is not delivering – quite to the contrary. In this essay, insights from a variety of social sciences will be reviewed that may shed light on this issue, with a focus on the role of a multidimensional conception of diversity.
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Kunz, Rahel, and Julia Maisenbacher. "Women in the neighbourhood: Reinstating the European Union’s civilising mission on the back of gender equality promotion?" European Journal of International Relations 23, no. 1 (July 26, 2016): 122–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354066115621120.
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The European Union has launched its New European Neighbourhood Policy as a reaction to a ‘changing neighbourhood’. A key novelty in the New European Neighbourhood Policy is the special role attributed to gender equality promotion as an important ingredient of Europeanisation. The literature has so far focused on assessing whether and to what extent neighbourhood countries adopt and implement European Union gender equality norms. Bringing together the feminist and postcolonial literature on gender equality promotion and European identity formation, this article resituates the New European Neighbourhood Policy within the broader debate regarding processes of European identity formation and Europe’s relations with Others. We combine the concept of delineating gendered and racialised coding with the concept of contrapuntal reading to analyse key official European Union documents alongside the voices expressing themselves through new (social) media. This allows us to highlight silences and exclusions within New European Neighbourhood Policy narratives, to resituate these narratives in their historical context, and to render visible the diversity of competing and interrelated narratives related to gender equality promotion. We read the recent focus on gender equality promotion in the New European Neighbourhood Policy as an expression of the ambivalence of European Union identity building: at a moment when neighbouring countries move closer to Europe, either adopting the acquis communautaire or going through democratisation processes, they are placed at a spatial and temporal distance outside Europe. Our analysis highlights the persistence of colonial practices of Othering and hierarchical Self–Other definitions that are reproduced through current New European Neighbourhood Policy policies. Yet, we suggest that this moment might also present an opportunity to render visible and take seriously the co-constitutive relationship between the European Union and its Others, which could point to alternative forms of interaction and identity building.
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Yuskiv, Bohdan, and Nataliia Karpchuk. "Multilingualism Factors of the European Union Member-States." Історико-політичні проблеми сучасного світу, no. 43 (June 15, 2021): 136–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/mhpi2021.43.136-145.
Full textAbstract:
Languages are the basis for Europeans who want to coexist and work together. To do this, the Europeans need to understand each other, the EU's neighbors and partners as well, and to teach and promote the linguistic heritage of the Member States. The motto of the European Union – “Unity in diversity” – reflects multilingualism as the basis of the EU, which is enshrined in a number of documents at the pan-European level. Multilingualism makes business and citizens more competitive and mobile. Promoting multilingualism is a great way to unite Europeans, to build a truly inclusive society where citizens' rights are respected. In the EU “multilingualism” is treated as the ability of communities, groups and individuals to use more than one language in their daily activities on an ongoing basis. The European Commission (together with national governments) coordinates the goal of multilingualism and the goals of the language strategy. Languages should not be an obstacle to participation in society, and marginalized language groups should be identified, represented and included in society. However, the national language policy is the sphere of competence of each state. The article substantiates the assumption that there are certain factors that determine the specifics and level of multilingualism of the EU Member-States. The multilingualism index of each EU Member-State was calculated and the countries were ranked according to a number of sub-indices, in particular: official languages, foreign language skills, language education and study, foreigners (migrants) and language policy, everyday languages, international communications. It was found out that according to the integrated index of multilingualism, the top 5 countries are represented by Luxembourg, Germany, Finland, Sweden and the Netherlands. The most important factors determining the policy of multilingualism are the following: the influence of citizens who are interested in learning foreign languages, as well as foreigners, migrants who study the state language to assimilate in society, the influence of using foreign languages in practice and online communication.