Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Diversité Symbiotique'
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Pernice, Mathieu. "Diversité bactérienne associée aux organes excréteurs des Nautiloides : caractérisation du système symbiotique, implications évolutives et physiologiques." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066400.
Full textPorro, Barbara. "Diversités génétiques chez l’holobiote Anemonia viridis : des morphotypes de l’hôte à la différenciation symbiotique." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AZUR4071.
Full textWhat is an individual ? This apparently naive question is actually the first step of studies of population genetics and evolutionary biology, but is non-trivial in symbiotic organisms. The interaction among a host and its symbiotic micro-organisms can influence the development, the reproduction and the adaptative capacities of the holobiont and the evolutives trajectories of species. If we want to understand these interactions, we have to decipher the complexity of symbiotic interactions by characterizing the different partners and to measure the role of each partner in the proper functioning of the holobiont. In Anemonia viridis (as in many other Cnidarians), the animal hosts can live in mutualistic symbiosis with photosynthetic Dinoflagellates belonging to the Symbiodiniaceae family (with one Symbiodiniaceae clade for A. viridis). This anemone displays different colour morphs. To understand the origin of the phenotypic diversity but also to measure the associated symbiotic diversity, we genotyped sea anemones from English Channel and Mediterranean Sea with RAD sequencing (for the animal host) and targeted markers, the ITS2 and microsatellite markers (for the symbionts). Our studies revealed several sympatric host genetic lineages which were not congruent with the morphological differentiation. In addition, the symbiotic diversity was not correlated with host genetic lineages but with the sampling location of sea anemones. These results revealed that A. viridis is actually a species complex with both intergenerational vertical transmission and probably an additional horizontal acquisition of Symbiodiniaceae. Because A. viridis shows a dynamic symbiosis, selection can act independently on both the symbiotic composition and the host. This makes A. viridis an interesting laboratory model to understand adaptative capacities in an holobiont
Lazrek-Ben, Friha Fatma. "Analyse de la diversité génétique et symbiotique des populations naturelles tunisiennes de Medicago truncatula et recherche de QTL liés au stress salin." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/384/.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to study genetic diversity within 136 lines belonging to Tunisian 10 natural populations of M. Truncatula. These populations come from different soil and climatic conditions, representative of the Tunisian territory. The first part consists of an analysis at the molecular level by the use of 18 microsatellites spread over different linkage groups. That helped to structure populations depending to a north / south axis separated by the Tunisian Dorsale. The parameter rainfall is the most important factor influencing this structure. Similarly, using morphological markers, we tried to deepen the characterization of populations and to make comparison with that obtained by microsatellites. In the second part, we continued the analysis of the diversity by the study of the variability of a number of lines under nitrogen assimilation or in symbiosis with different strains of Rhizobium, in the presence or absence of salt stress. Based on this analysis, it was possible to select pairs of contrasting lines for their response to salt in those two conditions studied, which have enabled us to identify criteria for salt tolerance. The last part involves a quantitative analysis which aimed primarily to identify markers involved in salt tolerance in the plant partner. . .
Moulin, Lionel. "Etude moléculaire de la diversité symbiotique des rhizobia : de l'analyse du gène nodA à l'identification de rhizobia au sein des bé̀ta-protéobactéries." Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO10179.
Full textN'Zoué, Affoué Angèle. "Diversité génétique et fonctionnelle des souches de Bradyrhizobium impliquées dans les cultures mixtes niébé-soja-arachide/céréales (maïs) en Côte d’ivoire : approche méthodologique par analyse multi-locus (MLSA) : étude des effets PGPR sur le maïs." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20221.
Full textBacteria of the genus Bradyrhizobium fix nitrogen in symbiosis with legumes. In Côte d'Ivoire, mixed-cropping systems associating cowpea, groundnut, soybean and maize are practiced in agriculture. The aim of this PhD was to describe the genetic and functional diversity of legume symbionts found in these mixed-cropping systems, and their PGPR effects on maize. First we developed a Multi-Locus Sequence Analysis (on 9 conserved genes) on a collection of reference strains (from Aeschynomene) to detect most informative genes for Bradyrhizobium classification. Three gene-loci dnaK, glnB and recA congruent among each other and with previous taxonomic data, were chosen to study the genetic diversity of two collections of strains derived from mixed cereal/legume crops in Côte d'Ivoire and from soybean in India. Symbiotic properties of isolates from Côte d'Ivoire were analyzed in detail, revealing a large functional diversity in terms of plant host range (cowpea, groundnut and soybean) with variable efficiency according to strains. Several efficient strains on legumes also showed plant growth promotion (PGP) on traditional maize varieties from Côte d'Ivoire, demonstrating tripartite rhizobium-legume-cereal interactions. Microscopic observation using GUS and GFP-labeled bacteria evidenced the endophytic status of several strains on maize. Some of the known characteristics of PGP effect were found in several strains (siderophores, ammonium production, pectinase, cellulase). These strains are promising models in fundamental research and could have beneficial applications for agriculture in Africa
Mallien, Cédric. "Étude de la diversité neutre et adaptative chez l'anémone de mer symbiotique Anemonia viridis : apport de techniques de type Next-Generation Sequencing dans les questions de délimitation d’espèces et d’adaptation locale." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4111/document.
Full textThe symbiotic sea anemone Anemonia viridis has five morphs described using morphological traits. First, the taxonomical status of three of the morphs of A. viridis (var. rufescens, rustica and smaragdina) was studied using stress gene markers and RAD markers. We revealed that the three morphs were not different species, but that A. viridis was split into four polymorphic independent genetic lineages based on geographical origin (three in the Mediterranean Sea, one in the English Channel). Using ITS2 sequence variation, we could not detect any implication of the symbiont (Symbiodinium sp) in the morph differentiation, but we revealed a divergence in symbiont composition among the geographic independent lineages of the animal host. If no effect of the symbiont was detected, a variable distribution of the ITS2 variants based on geography was revealed. Moreover, A. viridis lives in highly contrasted environments, making it an ideal species to study local adaptation. Thus, local adaptation was tested on A. viridis by comparing populations coming from contrasted environments (shallow vs. deep and lagoon vs. sea). Using RAD and stress genes markers in a search for outlier loci, we revealed no candidate adaptive genes under our environmental conditions. In conclusion, Anemonia viridis seems to be a very plastic organism, with a high intrinsic polymorphism and a high acclimation potential
Zouache, Karima. "Interactions multipartites entre communautés symbiotiques, pathogènes et vecteurs : le système vectoriel bactéries, endosymbiotiques, virus chikungunya, moustiques aedes." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO10183.
Full textAedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti transmit a large number of arboviruses, including dengue and chikungunya. In addition to viruses, mosquitoes harbour other symbionts that are able to affect its biology. For instance, the bacterium Wolbachia infects naturally Aedes albopictus. As for many insects, this bacterium is an obligate parasite that manipulates the host reproduction and can also interact with pathogens, modifying the transmission of the pathogens by the mosquitoes. Except Wolbachia, little is known about the bacteria associated with Aedes mosquitoes. First, we detected and localized bacteria in field-caught and laboratory populations of Aedes, using culture and non-culture methods including PCR, DGGE and in situ hybridization. The bacterial populations belonged to Alpha, Beta and Gammaproteobacteria as well as to Firmicutes. Then, the effects of chikungunya infection on Wolbachia and total bacterial community were measured using quantitative PCR and taxonomic microarrays. Results showed interactions between the different partners in this vectorial system
Mohamad, Roba. "Adaptation des bactéries symbiotiques de légumineuses métallicoles : effets des métaux lourds et de la plante hôte sur la composition des populations de rhizobia symbiotiques d’Anthyllis vulneraria et de Lotus corniculatus." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT153/document.
Full textTwo legumes (Anthyllis vulneraria and Lotus corniculatus) adapted to heavy metals form an interesting material for phytostabilisation strategy in mining sites. As biological nitrogen fixators, these legumes associated with compatible symbiotic bacteria provide an efficient establishment of a sustainable cover vegetation limiting metal dispersion in the environment. Our objectives were to study the effects of heavy metals and the host plant on symbiotic populations naturally associated with these legumes by analyzing (i) symbiotic populations associated with A. vulneraria on 8 contaminated and uncontaminated sites (ii) rhizobial populations associated with L. corniculatus that were compared with those of Anthyllis. The distribution of mesorhizobial strains isolated from A. vulneraria root-nodules from several contaminated and uncontaminated sites depends on high levels of heavy metals in soils by selecting highly resistant strains and impacting the taxonomic composition. Strains belonging to M. metallidurans were only found in highly contaminated sites. Two new potential metal-tolerant species were detected in two distinct mines. One of them was closely related to M. ciceri and M. loti and its members had the feature of not -possessing the cadA gene, a gene involved in metal-tolerance among M. metallidurans strains. By contrast, uncontaminated sites revealed a different taxonomic diversity with new species sensitive to heavy metals. Four of these new species were defined. A. vulneraria and L. corniculatus share the same taxonomic diversity in the contaminated sites tested. By contrast, symbiotic properties of the strains vary depending on the host plant used for trapping. Strains belong either to symbiovar (sv.) anthyllidis or to sv. loti according to geographic origins and independently of heavy metal levels in soils. A. vulneraria associated with strains of sv. anthyllidis or sv. loti. In contrast, L. corniculatus only associated with strains of sv. loti. In contaminated or uncontaminated soils, A. vulneraria was preferentially nodulated by sv. anthyllidis. In conclusion, A. vulneraria and L. corniculatus established symbiotic relationships with the same taxonomic groups of Mesorhizobium but associated with different symbiovars. The finding of taxonomic groups strongly depends on geographical sites, suggesting special adaptations to environmental conditions. Use of local biological resources is the strategy we recommend for revegetation of old mines
Perrineau, Marie-Mathilde. "Variations géographiques et temporelles de la diversité des bactéries symbiotiques associées à Acacia mangium : zone d’origine, zones d’introduction et inoculation contrôlée." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20046/document.
Full textFrom Australia, its native area and since three decades, the legume tree Acacia mangium Willd. has been introduced in many tropical countries, sometimes with selected rhizobium strains. A. mangium symbiotic nodule bacteria have been sampled in Australia at different times (1986, 2007, 2009), as well as in countries where it was introduced for inoculation trials (Brazil, Senegal and Malaysia). More than 500 isolates were obtained and checked for homologous nodulation. They were then characterized on the housekeeping recA and symbiotic nodA genes. We demonstrated through this study that A. mangium was almost always nodulated by Bradyrhizobium. Phylogenies of the obtained sequences were made, showing a high level of bacterial diversity in the native area, and a much more reduced diversity in introduced areas. In Australia, some genotypes were predominant and persist over 20 years. A phylogeographic structuration and isolation by distance at a global scale were demonstrated for the nodA symbiotic gene. Among introduced areas, the main result was the unsystematic occurrence of inoculated strains. We highlighted horizontal nodA symbiotic gene transfer between inoculated and indigenous bacterial strains. These data allow to make recommendations in terms of microbial diversity conservation in natural areas and on the need for inoculation of A. mangium in forestry practices
Damon, Coralie. "Impact de la nature du couvert végétal sur la diversité taxonomique et fonctionnelle des champignons symbiotiques et des microorganismes eucaryotes associés." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO10061.
Full textIn forest soils, taxonomic richness and functional diversity of eukaryotic microorganisms (mainly Fungi) remain largely unknowned. Tree species is one of the main factors that structure eukaryotic microbial communities. We have studied the impact of tree species (beech and spruce) on taxonomic and functional diversity of these communities by using a metatranscriptomic approach and a biochemical one focusing on ectomycorrhizal fungi. We showed an effet of different sequences (18S rDNA, cDNA) on taxonomic composition of eukaryotic microbial communities and we developped anew mitochondrial molecular marker for the study of metabolically active fungal communities. Identification of ecologically and industrially important genes by the shotgun sequencing of metatranscriptomic libraries and also identification of a new family of transmembrane transporter demonstrate the great potential of the metatranscriptomic approach. The biochemical approachconsisted in a multiple enzymatic test carried out on ectomycorrhizal roots, of enzyme activities linked to organic matter degradation and phosphorus and nitrogen mobilization. All these approaches revealed an impact of tree species on the microbial species composition but not on taxonomic richness and also host preference for some ectomycorrhizal taxonomic groups. The biochemical approach showed a high functional redundancy for some enzyme activities while one activity was very specific of an ectomycorrhizal taxonomic group
Darius, Hélène Taiana. "Diversité des dinoflagellés symbiotiques de sept espèces de coraux du lagon de Tahiti." Pacifique, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PACI0024.
Full textRangin, Cécile. "Phylogéographie, compétition et sélection chez les bactéries symbiotiques Sinorhizobium meliloti et Sinorhizobium medicae." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20220.
Full textThe two bacterial species, Sinorhizobium meliloti and S. Medicae form an efficient symbiosis with Medicago truncatula, while presenting a polymorphism for nitrogen fixation. We could not confirm in this biological model the existence of mechanisms of sanctions against non-fixing symbionts, theoretically and experimentally described for other symbiotic couples. Both bacterial species might then be maintained in sympatry with the same plant-host because of different selective advantages: S. Meliloti would be more competitive for plant nodulation, while S. Medicae would present a better potential of fixation. Mostly because of its strong rate of recombination, S. Medicae is the species presenting the more genotypic diversity. At the scale of the Mediterranean basin, S. Medicae show a panmictic structure converging towards a metapopulation structuration, explaining the phylogeographic pattern revealed on this species. Its strong demographic expansion could also suggest an ongoing symbiotic specialization. S. Meliloti displays an epidemic genetic structure, with possible local adaptations that however could not be proven. Lack of isolation by distance could not help in explaining the spatial distribution of the bacterial diversity, both at an intra- and interspecific scale. However, several physical and chemical soil parameters, as well as the plant cover, even on the scale of the fixed line, have an influence on the structuration of the bacterial diversity. Bacterial artificial evolution experiments were initiated to estimate the impact of the plant-host on the mutational process of these associated symbiotic bacteria
Soussou, Souhir. "Adaptation de la symbiose Fabacées-rhizobium aux sites miniers : absorption du zinc par Anthyllis vulneraria et analyse de la diversité des bactéries symbiotiques d'Hedysarum coronarium." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NSAM0007/document.
Full textHigh contents of trace metals present in waste rock mining causes a significant reduction in plant and microbial diversity. According to soil physico-chemical characteristics, metal nature, concentration and speciation, only some plant and strain species have developed specific mechanisms to cope with trace metal toxicity. This is the case of Anthyllis vulneraria and Hedysarum coronarium, two Fabaceae that are present on Zn / Pb ancient mines respectively in southern France and northern Tunisia. The Zn absorption study in four subspecies of A. vulneraria showed that only the carpatica subspecies, present on the Zn / Pb ancient mine of Les Avinières, can grow with high Zn concentrations and accumulate high levels of this metal without showing toxicity symptoms. Thus, A. vulneraria subsp. carpatica should be considered as a Zn-hypertolerant and accumulator plant. Inoculation of A. vulneraria with a nitrogen-fixing symbiotic bacterium, Mesorhizobium metallidurans STM2683 (metallicolous strain) or Mesorhizobium sp. STM2682 (non- metallicolous strain), induced a significant decrease of Zn content in the plant. However, only the metallicolous strain showed a protective effect for sensitive A. vulneraria subspecies when symbiotic plants were exposed to a moderate Zn concentration. Phenotypic and phylogenetic diversity of nitrogen-fixing symbiotic bacteria associated with H. coronarium isolated from the Zn / Pb ancient mine of Fej El Hdoum and an agricultural parcel of El Krib highlighted (i) that all studied isolates belong to the genus of Rhizobium, (ii) the existence of different Cd tolerance levels and the absence of Zn tolerance for isolates from the Fej El Hdoum substrate (iii) the close link between the presence of the host plant, H. coronarium and their symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria on a given site. Thus, given the constraints imposed by heavy metals, the use of Fabaceae in a first sequence of vegetation to promote nitrogen entrance and facilitate the installation of a sustainable plant cover able to phytostabilise waste rock mining, necessitates the selection of the best adapted associations to local environmental conditions
Halary, Sébastien. "Etude des symbioses de mytilidés des écosystèmes marins profonds à base chimiosynthétique par des techniques de FISH, de microscopie et de traitement d'images." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066057.
Full textVachat, Francis. "Plasmides de rhizobia nodulant le haricot (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ) : transfert de plasmides symbiotiques, diversité de séquences repC de réplication." Dijon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000DIJO5067.
Full textPichon, Delphine. "Associations symbiotiques chez les céphalopodes : étude comparative de la diversité bactérienne dans les glandes nidamentaires accessoires du système reproducteur." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066236.
Full textLORTET, GILLES. "La diversite symbiotique des rhizobia : une approche moleculaire appliquee a differents groupes taxonomiques isoles des genres acacia et sesbania au senegal." Paris 11, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA112296.
Full textTerraz, Gabriel. "Diversité génétique et admixture au sein du complexe d’espèces Bemisia tabaci : contributions des compartiments nucléaires et cytoplasmiques." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1112/document.
Full textBiological invasions have ecological consequences such as the emergence of pathogens and pests. Invasive populations face new biotic and abiotic conditions that they have to overcome.These biological invasions are model systems to study the evolution over short time scales because they require rapid adaptation that involves different processes (natural selection, drift, phenotypic plasticity).Because multiple introductions and hybridization, an increase in the nuclear genetic variability may be observed in these populations, supporting a faster adaptive response.Moreover, in insects, symbionts can play an important role in adaptation, a contribution largely unknown yet.Bemisia tabaci crop pest is a complex of species whose reproductive barriers are poorly known and whose different entities --- the cytotypes --- have symbiotic associations specific to them.Through a spatio-temporal dynamics description of these cytotypes in invasive context in France and more widely in the Mediterranean bassin, we found the simultaneous presence of both of these entities and we wondered about a possible replacement or coexistence.This peculiar situation has allowed us to test their reproductive boundaries with microsatellites and behavioral tests, as well as the possibility of horizontal transfer of bacteria. Transfers that we tried to reproduce in the laboratory. We have also developed RADSeq markers for future genomic analyzes