Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Diversité sociale'
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Rouzeau, Marc. "La gestion localisée de la question sociale : diversité des échelles, circulation des idées, contributions expertes." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1G007/document.
Full textThe management of the social issue in France resulted in the establishment of a « quasi- sector » which, when it came in full force in the mid-1970's, combined the following aspects: welfare, help for the needy & social actions. Later, in order to tackle the « new social problems », a rather general process of social territorialization came into being, grounded in four rather separate fields of action: restorative adjustment, integrative administration, modernizing management and bottom-Up development. State expertise is then enriched by a more generalistic sort of expertise, at the crossroads of the different scales of the various public policies. Since 2005, the newly structured repertoire, known as cohesive activation, has been combined with a more prescriptive expertise and appears as one of the tokens of the new socially active State regime. In that light, the Quebec experience enables one to both perceive the meaning and the modes of the re-Adjustments at work and to pinpoint some of the basics of our national impetus
Marchi, Nina. "A la croisée de l'anthropologie et de la biologie évolutive : diversité génétique et comportements migratoires en Asie intérieure." Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MNHN0021/document.
Full textMy PhD thesis is about the influence of cultural behaviours on the neutral genetic diversity of human populations from Inner Asia. Notably, I investigated how specific behaviours may affect the demographic history of populations, by acting on the intensity of migration and genetic drift. To do so, I combined genetic and ethnological data, collected in present-day Inner Asian populations that belong to two major cultural and linguistic groups and have different social organisations.The first part of this work aims at understanding how Inner Asia was peopled, from the Bronze Age to nowadays. This was done in the framework of an international collaboration, through the study of both ancient and modern genomic data. The results obtained showed that modern populations are divided in two distinct genetic groups, mirroring the two cultural groups, and exhibiting contrasted ancestral components. I was then interested in exploring the influence of cultural behaviours on the sex-specific genetic structure of present-day populations from Inner Asia. By studying the genetic diversity of uniparental markers, namely mitochondrial DNA and the Y chromosome, I was able to characterize sex-specific genetic differences, such as a reduced population differentiation for mitochondrial DNA as compared to the Y chromosome. This maternal genetic homogeneity between populations may be explained by patrilocality, a residence rule shared by all the studied populations and generating mostly female migrations between populations. On the other hand, I showed there were some significant differences in genetic diversity between the two cultural groups for the Y chromosome. This observation may be related to the different filiation rules of these two groups. Indeed, one is patrilineal: the social filiation is inherited from the father, while the other is cognatic: the transmission is undifferentiated between the parents. It could then be that patrilineality leads to the formation of cores of related men within the population, who share the same Y chromosome. This population structuration would result in a reduced genetic diversity for the Y chromosome in patrilineal populations, compared to cognatics. As expected, the mitochondrial diversity is comparable between patrilineal and cognatic group, comforting the idea that patrilineality affects only the male genetic diversity. Finally, to investigate the ethnogenesis process, I calculated the genetic age of patrilineal ethnic groups from STR markers of the Y chromosome. I showed that this biological age is older than the one from historical sources, which suggests that, at least for Turko-Mongolic from Inner Asia, the ethnic group is partly a social construct, rather than an actual biological entity. In the third part, I focused on whether dispersal can be an inbreeding avoidance mechanisms by dispersal. Notably, I tested the hypothesis that exogamous unions, between spouses born in different villages, would lead to less inbreeding than endogamous unions. Despite a strong variation of the exogamous rate between the populations of the studied dataset, no significant difference was found for inbreeding, which was estimated from a genome-wide dataset. At the individual scale, I showed that some of the descendants of exogamous unions are inbred. This is especially true for spouses born less than 40 km away, in which case their descendants are statistically more inbred than those from endogamous unions. This shows that, in human populations, specific matrimonial behaviours, driven by culture, may contradict the results expected by evolutionary biology.In conclusion, my work shows several cases, at different time and geographic scales, where cultural behaviours left a footprint into the genetic diversity of Inner Asian populations
Badache, Ismail. "Recherche d'information sociale : exploitation des signaux sociaux pour améliorer la recherche d'information." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30038/document.
Full textOur work is in the context of social information retrieval (SIR) and focuses on the exploitation of user-generated content in the process of seeking information. The Usergenerated content, or UGC, refers to a set of data (eg. social signals) whose content is mainly produced either directly influenced by end users. It is opposed to the traditional content produced, sold or distributed by professionals. The term became popular since 2005, in the Web 2.0 environments and in new social media. This movement reflects the democratization of the means of production and interaction in the web thanks to new technologies. Among these means more and more accessible to a wide public, we can cite social networks, blogs, microblogs, wikis, etc. The majority of information retrieval (IR) systems exploit two classes of features to rank documents in response to user's query. The first class, the most used one, is querydependent, which includes features corresponding to particular statistics of query terms such as term frequency, and term distribution within a document or in the collection of documents. The second class, referred to as documents prior, corresponds to queryindependent features such as the number of incoming links to a document, PageRank, topical locality, presence of URL, document authors, etc. One of the important sources which can also be used to measure the a priori interest of Web resources is social data (signals) associated with Web resource resulting from user interaction with this resource. These interactions representing annotations, comments or votes, produce useful and interesting social information that characterizes a resource in terms of popularity and reputation. Major search engines integrate social signals (e.g. Google, Bing). Searchmetrics1 showed that it exists a high correlation between social signals and the rankings provided by search engines such Google. We propose an approach that exploits social signals generated by users on the resources to estimate a priori relevance of a resource. This a priori knowledge is combined with topical relevance modeled by a language modeling (LM) approach. We also hypothesize that signals are time-dependent, the date when the user action has happened is important to distinguish between recent and old signals. Therefore, we assume that the recency of signals may indicate some recent interests to the resource, which may improve the a priori relevance of document. Secondly, number of signals of a resource depends on the resource age. Generally, an old resource may have much more signals than a recent one. We introduce the time-aware social approach that incorporates temporal characteristics of users' actions as prior in the retrieval model. Precisely, instead of assuming uniform document priors in this retrieval model, we assign document priors based on the signals associated to that document biased by both the creation date of the signals and the age of the document
Duboz, Priscilla. "Diversité populationnelle et don de sang à Marseille." Aix-Marseille 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX20709.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to study foreign populations’ presence in Marseilles in relation to their representation in the blood donors population. The history of foreign population in Marseilles (chapter 2), current demography of theses populations (chapter 3) and presentation of our samples (chapter 4) allow us, in chapter 5, to examine integration and insertion notions, generally applied to theses populations. Chapter 6, devoted to the study of the representation of the different component of foreign population in Marseilles’ blood donors, permit to conceive Etablissement Français du Sang Alpes-Méditerannée as a socio-economic observatory of foreign populations and their descendants. Finally, the last chapter propose to examine the questions of insertion, citizenship and blood donation, understood as a creator of a certain social link (chapter 7)
Saint-Macary, Émilie. "Mixité sociale et diversité de l'habitat : l'investissement d'acteurs privés dans les opérations de rénovation urbaine." Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST1153.
Full textSince the vote of the orientation law in August 1st, 2003 on urban renewal, housing diversity is at the centre of new national injunctions by the government through the introduction of a new instrument: the diversification of the housing tenure. From the very first urban renewal program planning in France, social mix is used as a tool against poverty concentration. The introduction of housing diversity into the working-class neighbourhoods is therefore not a novelty. But, it has taken today a different turn in France's current urban renewal policy. Indeed, since the implementation of the Agence Nationale pour la Rénovation urbaine (ANRU) (national agency for urban renewal) we observe a shift in the financing sources of the urban renewal policy budget; the public sector has considerably reduced its participation while private investors such as Action Logement have become major investors. Second, we observe a quasi-systematic intervention of two types of private actors on the reconstruction projects, namely indepedant private developers and the Association Foncière Logement (AFL).This new economic setting gives another dimension to the implementation of social diversity in these areas. This notably raises the question of the ability of private actors to realize a public mission while being constrained by the necessity of profitability. The main hypothesis tested in this thesis is that private actors involved in urban renewal adjust their actions in order to provide an offer adapted to the newly targeted market. We test this hypothesis on three different sites: Mantes-la-Jolie (78), Le Blanc-Mesnil (93) and Le Havre (76) in which different diversification strategies have been applied. By investigating the implementation plans of diversification housing on each site, this thesis puts in evidence the different gaps existing between the initial intentions and the programs' achievements, both in terms of housing characteristics and of targeted populations. Such gaps potentially jeopardize the initially announced objectives of social mix
Provencher, Jérémie, and Jérémie Provencher. "La participation sociale en contexte de mixité sociale." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28279.
Full textLa présente étude traite des enjeux de la participation sociale liés au contexte de mixité sociale. L'objectif général est de décrire et de découvrir les facteurs et obstacles qui favorisent ou freinent la participation sociale des personnes vivant dans une habitation collective de mixité sociale. La stratégie de recherche est qualitative et l'étude de cas a été choisie pour tenir compte des concepts de participation sociale et de mixité sociale. Ainsi, la recherche a été réalisée auprès de l'organisme à but non lucratif (OBNL) Habitations Vivre Chez Soi. Les données du projet ont été recueillies auprès de huit personnes lors d'entrevues semi-dirigées, deux périodes d'observation participante ainsi que l'analyse de vingt documents écrits. Le portrait ainsi obtenu de la participation sociale a démontré que les facteurs et les obstacles sont à la fois de l'ordre individuel, interpersonnel, organisationnel et environnemental. De plus, l'analyse des résultats indique que certaines caractéristiques propres au phénomène de la mixité sociale ont un impact sur l'engagement des participants. À partir des constats empiriques mis en parallèle avec la théorie, le chercheur a identifié quelques pistes d'action pour les organisateurs communautaires ainsi que pour les décideurs qui gèrent ou aménagent un milieu d'habitation en mixité sociale afin de mobiliser et de maintenir la participation.
Chaix, Raphaëlle. "Démographie, culture et diversité génétique : le cas des populations humaines nomades." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066045.
Full textSégurel, Laure. "Mode de vie et diversité génétique dans les populations humaines d'Asie Centrale." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00547600.
Full textLy, Goki. "Du système de parenté à la diversité génétique dans les populations humaines d'Asie du Sud-Est." Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MNHN0007/document.
Full textIn humans, evolution is not only biological but also cultural. In addition, biological and cultural processes interact with each other. Kinship system is particularly interesting for population geneticists since it conditions when, where and with whom men and women reproduce and raise their children. It is therefore a key factor in the genetic evolution of human populations. However, most studies in human population genetics do not take into account the influence of social structures. The aim of this Phd thesis was to deepen our understanding of the influence of kinship system on genetic diversity. We undertook a pluridisciplinary and quantitative approach by collecting genetic and ethno-demographic data from 12 Southeast Asian populations exhibiting a wide variety of descent (matrilineal, patrilineal, or cognatic) and residence (matrilocal, patrilocal, or multilocal) rules.We first showed that kinship systems influence ethno-demographic variables that impacts the evolution of genetic diversity, notably sex-specific migrations. We found that patrilineal and matrilineal systems are not the symmetric opposite of each other. There was a higher residence rule flexibility in patrilineal populations compared to matrilineal populations. In consequence, male migration rates were similar between kinship systems whereas female migration rates were higher in patrilineal populations compared to matrilineal populations. In addition, we showed that matrilineal populations and cognatic populations with predominant matrilocal residence had a higher village endogamy compared to patrilineal populations. The ethnological reasons for these observations were discussed, in particular in the light of the matrilineal puzzle hypothesis. We then tested to which extent such ethno-demographic differences between populations following different kinship systems impact their uniparental genetic diversity. We could detect the impact of the higher residence rule flexibility in patrilineal populations: indeed, Y chromosome diversity followed the male migration pattern, and was similar between kinship systems, whereas mitochondrial DNA diversity followed the female migration pattern, and was higher in patrilineal populations compared to matrilineal populations. Finally, we focused on the influence of kinship systems on autosomal diversity, more specifically on inbreeding levels. We demonstrated that, due to larger village endogamy, inbreeding level was higher in matrilineal and cognatic populations compared to patrilineal populations Together these results showed that the kinship system has to be considered as the combination of a set of crossing and interacting rules (descent, residence and alliance), whose effects on genetic diversity can be disentangled only by going beyond categorizations and performing a quantitative assessment of relevant ethno-demographic variables
Baker, Jack. "Analyse des objets de parure pour explorer la diversité culturelle et sociale au cours du Gravettien en Europe." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0277.
Full textThe Gravettian (34–24 ka) is widely considered as the final Pan-European technocomplex before the regional fragmentation of the population following the Last Glacial Maxima. Personal ornaments have been shown to be powerful indicators of social status and cultural affiliation. Hitherto, the ubiquitous personal ornaments found in occupation and burial sites characterising the Gravettian have yet to be the subject of a comprehensive study. The primary aim of the PhD was to document the variability in bead-type associations and identify the mechanisms driving this diversity at both regional and European scales during the Gravettian period. Achieving this paved the way for the second aim: investigating the cultural geography of Gravettian communities. We first provide an in-depth analysis of the numerous personal ornaments coming from a key Gravettian funerary site, Cro-Magnon (Dordogne, France). Subsequently, we created a representative georeferenced bead database of Gravettian personal ornaments encompassing 164 types coming from over 130 sites across Europe and analyse it using multivariate and spatial statistical methods, such as principal coordinates analysis (PCoA), Neighbour-joining, Neighbour-net, seriation and Mantel correlations and correlograms. We then proceeded to compare and contrast the Gravettian personal ornaments with those coming from the preceding Aurignacian using similar analyses in addition to k-means clustering, perMANOVA and Archaeological Similarity Networks to investigate whether continuity existed between these two technocomplexes. Analysis of the personal ornaments found at Cro-Magnon revealed the existence of extensive exchange networks across the continent. Despite sharing similarities with ornaments from other nearby groups in Dordogne, the Cro-Magnon ornaments exhibit a distinctiveness, i.e., a small, rather than large, number of decorated ivory pendants and a large, rather than small, number of shell ornaments, that highlights this people’s desire to assert their unique identity within a broader symbolic context. The recalibration of the only available radiocarbon date for this site suggests that a more extensive dating campaign is necessary to chronologically attribute this iconic site accurately. The analysis of the European-scale Gravettian database reveals that this technocomplex was split into nine groups who wore different bead-type associations which were organized in an east-west cline across Europe. Whereas Gravettian groups from the east of Europe wore personal ornaments predominantly fashioned from ivory, stone and mammal carnivore teeth, groups from the west tended to wear beads made from 8 marine shells and mammal herbivore teeth. The observed differences in bead-type associations were shown to not be solely due to Isolation-by-Distance. From this we concluded that a sense of cultural belonging dictated the personal ornament types different groups of Gravettian people wore. Burial and occupation sites were characterised by distinct patterns of personal ornament associations. The observed difference between burial groups was higher than the difference between occupation groups. The comparison of the Gravettian and Aurignacian databases unveiled stark similarities in terms of personal ornament choices between the two technocomplexes. The Gravettian was characterised by regions of similar personal ornament associations which had over ten times the surface area and which were more interconnected than those of the Aurignacian. Personal ornaments types fully carved out of osseous and lithic material better marked the cultural divide between these two technocomplexes than those produced from minimally modified natural forms
Martin, Claire. "Discours d'éducateurs de jeunes enfants et d'enseignants de maternelle sur la diversité des formes et des situations familiales." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO20013.
Full textThis research focuses on the discourse of early childhood professionals on the diversity of family situations and patterns in France. Particular attention is paid to two types of professionals : early childhood educators and preschool teachers. After having being neglected for a long time, collaboration between professionals and parents has become today an injunction. Indeed it appears as the essential basis for every child’s welfare and well-becoming. In this context, the research intends to find out whether family patterns and situations are identified by early childhood practitioners as a parameter influencing the child's path. The aim is to study, through the prism of comparative education, how two professional s relate to this issue. What parameters, but also what skills can be useful to improve how diversity is embraced? To address these issues, quantitative and qualitative methods have been crossed. Additionally several approaches have been used – though different, they prove to be complementary to the understanding of our subject. Thus, the evolution of early childhood education institutions, of family patterns, of the comparative education field and of the concept of social representation is discussed.To conduct this research, the study has focused on texts which organize the care and education of children from 0 to 6 years. These texts approach the issue of parent-professional relationships, in terms of both regulation as well as initial and continuing training devices. In addition different views and speeches have been collected: students, professionals – both early year’s educators and preschool teachers – but also parents. Four methodological tools have been used: questionnaires, interviews, problem-situations and analysis of internet discussion forums. The results of this research show that, when facing a familiar yet complex subject such as the family, stubborn social representations exist on the familial pattern. Indeed, a persistent reference to the intact and idealistic family is present in both students’ groups, despite having followed very different trainings in the field – in terms of content, tools and organization of the curriculum. If the confrontation with the reality of professional practice has subsequently consolidated early year’s educators in their skills, it seems that this is not the case for the preschool teachers. Furthermore, the resources made available on the ground in terms of continuing training and team work process can amplify the difference. Thus, when “extra-ordinary” situations arrive (from the professionals point of view), two positions are observed: early year’s educators mainly summon their training – initial and ongoing – and their professional experience, while preschool teachers mainly refer to their personal experience, as if the theoretical elements provided by the initial training had not taken an operational sense. In view of social issues for both the child’s welfare and well-becoming but also for the building of the parents’ identity, this research argue in favor of a reflection on preschool teachers training in order to allow every child and every parent to be considered in its diversity
Ze, Mendo Gérard. "La citoyenneté différenciée : une approche comparée des modèles d'intégration américain et français." Paris 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA010332.
Full textEyer, Pierre-André. "Modes de reproduction et diversité génétique chez les fourmis du genre Cataglyphis." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209190.
Full textLes analyses phylogénétiques montrent que la polyandrie est ancestrale au sein du genre Cataglyphis. Le premier axe de ce travail a pour but d’étudier les causes évolutives justifiant le maintien d’un tel système de reproduction au sein de ce genre. Ce travail porte sur les avantages d’une diversité génétique accrue parmi les ouvrières. Une telle diversité génétique permettrait notamment d'accroître le polymorphisme de taille des ouvrières et l'efficacité de la division du travail [Chapitre 1], ou la résistance aux pathogènes de la force ouvrière [Chapitre 2]. [1] Ce premier travail a été réalisé sur Cataglyphis cursor, une espèce strictement monogyne et polyandre. Les résultats de cette étude révèlent une très grande fidélité des ouvrières à la tâche. Ils montrent l’existence d’une association significative entre la tâche réalisée par une ouvrière et sa lignée paternelle, ainsi qu’entre la taille des ouvrières et la tâche effectuée. [2] Le second travail de cette thèse a été réalisé chez C. mauritanica. Nos résultats montrent que la résistance aux pathogènes diffère entre ouvrières issues de différentes lignées paternelles lorsque ces dernières sont isolées. Curieusement, cette différence s’estompe lorsque les lignées paternelles sont regroupées au sein des sociétés polyandres. Dès lors, la polyandrie permettrait d’homogénéiser l’immunité des sociétés. Nos données montrent cependant que la résistance des ouvrières à Metarhizium anisopliae n’est pas corrélée à la diversité génétique de la colonie ou au nombre d’accouplements des reines.
Le second axe de ce travail porte sur les stratégies de reproduction remarquables observées chez les espèces de Cataglyphis appartenant au groupe altisquamis :C. velox, C. mauritanica, C. humeya et C. hispanica. Ces espèces partagent une stratégie unique dans le règne animal, appelée hybridogénèse sociale. L’hybridogénèse classique est un système reproductif dans lequel les parents issus de lignées génétiques distinctes s’hybrident. Alors que les génomes maternels et paternels sont exprimés dans la lignée somatique des descendants, le génome paternel est systématiquement écarté de la lignée germinale. En conséquence, seul le génome maternel est transmis aux générations futures. Dans le schéma d’hybridogénèse sociale reporté dans ces travaux, les reines s’accouplent systématiquement avec un mâle originaire d’une lignée génétique distincte. Elles utilisent la reproduction sexuée pour la production d’une caste ouvrière stérile intégralement hybride (analogue à la lignée somatique) et la reproduction asexuée par parthénogénèse pour la production des castes reproductrices mâles et femelles (analogues à la lignée germinale). Dans ce système, bien que les génomes paternels et maternels soient exprimés dans la caste ouvrière, seul le génome maternel est transmis aux descendants reproducteurs [Chapitre 3]. Le groupe altisquamis est représenté par plusieurs espèces au sein desquelles deux lignées génétiques s’hybrident systématiquement pour la production de la caste ouvrière. Le dernier chapitre de cette thèse [4] est une analyse phylogéographique des espèces de ce groupe dans la péninsule ibérique. Les résultats confirment l’existence d’une seule paire de lignées génétiques au sein de chaque espèce. Ces résultats révèlent également une contradiction entre les marqueurs nucléaires et mitochondriaux traduisant la complexité du système reproductif. Ces travaux soulignent l’ambiguïté des relations phylogéniques entre espèces d’un tel système et discutent de son implication dans la spéciation des espèces hybridogénétiques.
Social insects represent the most extreme form of cooperative life in the animal kingdom. This is based on the existence of a division of reproductive activities between the reproductive individuals (queens and males) and a majority of workers performing all logistical tasks at the expense of their own reproduction. In social Hymenoptera, comparative analysis of reproductive strategies reveals that colonies headed by a single mated queen (monogyny/monoandry) is the ancestral structure of colonies. This structure provides a high genetic correlation between the workers and the brood they raise and, therefore, their overall reproductive success (inclusive fitness). However, an increasing number of genetic studies reveal that the reproductive structure of colonies can strongly differ from this pattern. This is particularly obvious in ants, which have a very large social polymorphism resulting in a large variability in the number of reproductive females within colonies. The Formicidae are also remarkable for the diversity of their modes of reproduction. This diversity relates to mating frequency (monoandry/polyandry) or conditional use of sexual and asexual reproduction. In some species, new queens are produced by parthenogenesis (they are almost clones of their mothers), while the workers arise from a classical sexual reproduction. By using alternative modes of reproduction for queen and worker castes, queens can increase the transmission rate of their genes to their reproductive female offspring while maintaining genetic diversity in the worker population. This high diversity of social structures and modes of reproduction suggests the occurrence of many selective forces. This thesis aimed at determining environmental and genetic factors responsible for the large social polymorphism and the high diversity of reproductive modes display by Cataglyphis desert ants. This thesis is divided into two main parts.
Phylogenetic analyses show that polyandry is ancestral across the genus Cataglyphis. The first part of this thesis examines the genetic hypothesis to account for the evolution and maintenance of multiple mating by queen in this genus. This work focuses on the benefits of increased genetic diversity among workers. Such genetic diversity may increase the size polymorphism of the worker force and improve efficiency of the division of labor [Chapter 1] or increase pathogen resistance of the colony [Chapter 2]. In Chapter 1, the genetic hypothesis to enhance efficiency of division of labor was tested on Cataglyphis cursor, a strictly monogynous and polyandrous species. The results reveal a great fidelity in task performance by workers. They reveal a significant association between patriline and task preference: workers belonging to different patrilines differ in their propensity to perform a given task. We also found that worker size is closely associated with task specialization. The second work of this thesis [Chapter 2] was performed in C. mauritanica. Our results show that resistance to pathogens differs between workers from different patrilines when patrilines are raised separately. Surprisingly, this difference disappears when the patrilines are grouped within polyandrous colonies. Therefore, polyandry would standardize the overall resistance of colonies. Consistent with this result, our data show a positive association between the number of matings by the queens and colony resistance to Metarhizium anisopliae.
The second part of this thesis expounds the unorthodox reproductive strategies observed in species belonging to the group Cataglyphis altisquamis: C. velox, C. mauritanica, C. hispanica and C. humeya. These species share a unique strategy in the animal kingdom, called social hybridogenesis. Hybridogenesis is a sexual reproductive system, whereby parents from different genetic origin hybridize. Both the maternal and paternal genomes are expressed in somatic tissues, but the paternal genome is systematically excluded from the germ line, which is therefore purely maternal. Consequently, only the maternal genome spread across generations. Here, we report a unique case of hybridogenesis at a social level. Queens mate exclusively with males originating from a different genetic lineage than their own to produce hybrid workers, while they use parthenogenesis to produce the male and female reproductive castes. In consequences, all sterile workers (somatic line) are sexually produced hybridogens, whereas sexual forms (germ line) are clonally produced. Thus, only maternal genes are perpetuated across generations [Chapter 3]. The group C. altisquamis is represented by several hybridogenetic species in which two highly divergent genetic lineages co-occur, despite their constant hybridization. The last chapter of this thesis [Chapter 4] is a phylogeographic analysis of C. altisquamis species in the Iberian Peninsula. Our results confirm the existence of a single pair of genetic lineages within each species. Our results also reveal strong incongruences between nuclear and mitochondrial markers that reflect the reproductive system complexities. These studies reveal phylogenetic ambiguities among these hybridogenetic species and discuss the involvement of such unconventional system in speciation process.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Soubiron, Aude. "L'action publique expérimentale : les dispositifs d'égalité des chances et de diversité dans les grandes écoles françaises." Paris 9, 2010. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2010PA090041.
Full textKoulinsky, Audrey. "Convergence des inégalités de revenus individuels et diversité des systèmes nationaux de redistribution : une mise en cause du consensus transatlantique." Aix-Marseille 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AIX24010.
Full textPoirier, Cécile. "L'ethnicité comme ressource politique : partage de l'espace urbain et gestion de la diversité à Montréal et Bordeaux." Bordeaux 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR30018.
Full textDuring the last twenty years, local authorities in western countries have been put under pressure to better take into account their citizens’ ethnocultural differences or, on the contrary, to limit such adaptation. Although this kind of accommodation often consists of ad hoc measures, researchers in the field of the management of diversity, have tended to focus on public policies. This research examines instead concrete practices of diversity management, specifically in the domain of sports and leisure, which are usually perceived as a means of social integration. In fact, both diversity management and recreation services are somewhat ambiguous because of their double vocation of respecting differences and personal development and promoting integration. Both also operate in a context dominated by formal and informal partnerships with a variety of organisations providing public services. What strategies do local authorities adopt to take differences into account and develop appropriate service provision? Based on three case studies (two in Montreal and one in Bordeaux), this research reveals that diversity management practices depend less on formal policy than on local issues of governance in sports and leisure and on the actors’ capacity to understand cultural codes. From a scientific viewpoint it underscores the relevance of the notion of ethnicity as a political resource, and from a practical viewpoint it highlights the importance of developing intercultural training and reflexive practices
Charitonidou, Androniki. "L'introduction de la dimension interculturelle dans les nouveaux curricula : l'enseignant grec face à l'innovation." Phd thesis, Université du Maine, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00753793.
Full textElie, Luc. "Diversité des capitalismes et dispositifs institutionnels environnementaux." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0625/document.
Full textThis thesis contributes to the diachronic and synchronic analysis of the linksbetween the forms of capitalism and their environment. The first chapter proposes to highlightthe manner in which the coevolution between capitalism and the environment was carried outby crossing the theoretical and empirical contributions of the régulation school withenvironmental history and ecological economics studies. We reveal that the differenthistorical forms of capitalism have led to extensive and differentiated environmentalconsequences. Conversely, it turns out that the relationship with the environment has had amajor influence on the forms of capitalism, especially through institutional environmentaldevices (EID). The second chapter aims at deciphering in which extent these devices undergoa process of differentiated adoption depending on the contemporary forms of capitalismwithin which they take place. In this framework, some degree of correlation appears betweenour EID based typology of countries and the typology of capitalism. Finally, the third chapterfocuses on how levels of inequality, which are largely dependent on different forms ofcapitalism, can influence the adoption of EID. By means of an econometric analysis, weattempt to determine which mechanisms are most likely to explain this phenomenon
Policar, Alain. "Liberté individuelle et justice sociale : de la possibilité d’un libéralsocialisme : égalité versus inégalité ou la valeur propre de l’humanité’." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011IEPP0042.
Full textIn a thorough analysis of various powerful thinkings, I have tried to give them consistency. Prompted by the early works of P. -A. Taguieff, I have mentioned that making a stand against racism cannot be only a matter of indignation because, if it were, one would deny the political dimension. Universally acknowledged examples of such a stance can be found in the works of Durkheim and Bouglé. For the antiracism of Durkheim, which is a development of both his moral convictions and his scientific standpoint, one must take into account the high value he placed on education in the process of integration. As for Bouglé, his contribution to the failure of ‘the philosophy of races' is in the same perspective : a good notion of national identity must not be based upon the resemblance of the bodies but must be founded on the 'conspiracy of ideas'. What is also relevant in Bouglé's standpoint is the importance lent to the quest for social justice. Therefore, the second part of this present work can be considered as a critical vindication of political liberalism. This is how liberal socialism must be understood. If combining consubstantially liberalism with socialism is the main objective, the fate of the underprivileged section of the population should be considered as a crucial issue. Therefore, I have attached major importance to social conflict : it is through conflictual situations that the integration of the social actors into the community can be achieved. So, social conflict, in a pluralistic world, is one of the best ways to the achievement of freedom
Baude, Mathilde. "Information et compétition dans les systèmes plantes-ôllinisateurs : rôles de la structure spatiale et dela diversité des communautés végétales." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066340.
Full textAchour, Nadra. "Contribution à une étude des psychologues et de leurs problèmes identitaires dans des équipes pluridisciplinaires: le cas des psychologues tunisiens du secteur de la santé." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209977.
Full textLa première étude a permis de dégager le niveau d’intégration des psychologues au sein de leur équipe de travail en interpellant les variables de socialisation professionnelle et de comparaison sociale.
En interrogeant la dimension évaluative de la notion de compétence, la notion de représentation de soi professionnelle a été sollicitée dans la mesure où celle-ci ne peut être appréhendée qu’à partir de la relation dans le groupe social où le sujet vit et agit (Costalat-Founeau, 1997). En s’inscrivant fidèlement dans la dialectique opposant le soi au groupe, l’objectif de cette recherche a été de savoir si dans un contexte pluridisciplinaire, l’identité professionnelle pour soi est rendue plus saillante par rapport à l’identité professionnelle pour autrui.
En interpellant le processus d’auto-catégorisation, la troisième étude a eu pour ambition une meilleure compréhension de l’impact de la pluridisciplinarité sur les processus identitaires. Elle pose l’hypothèse selon laquelle, le niveau d’auto-catégorisation subordonné, rendu saillant dans un contexte de pluridisciplinarité se manifeste à travers une auto-catégorisation tenant compte de la diversité professionnelle et non du contenu objectif de cette catégorisation sociale portée sur soi.
Les trois études ont permis d’observer la difficulté pour les membres d’une équipe pluridisciplinaire à effectuer le passage entre une identité professionnelle pour soi, préalablement construite vers une identité professionnelle pour autrui nécessaire à l'immersion optimale dans l’équipe.
Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
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Biltiau, Jean-Paul. "Diversité des pratiques techniques dans la région du lac Inlé :une analyse multiscalaire des chaînes opératoires de la poterie et de la métallurgie." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/257034.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
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Labeyrie, Vanesse. "L'organisation sociale des plantes cultivées : influence des échanges, représentations et pratiques sur la diversité du sorgho ( Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) chez les peuples du mont Kenya." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NSAM0041/document.
Full textCrop genetic resources are elaborated by multiple environmental factors in situ, among whichthe human action plays a major role. Seed diffusion and selection are the main humanpractices that influence crop evolution on farm. In addition, in most small-scale farmingsystems, farmers’ practices of seed exchanges and selection are not independent. Indeed, theindividual practices are considerably influenced by the organization of societies that shapesseed and knowledge diffusion.This thesis addresses the mechanisms through which the organization of societies shapes cropdiversity in situ. We combined populations’ biology with social and cultural anthropologyapproaches to analyze the relationship between the organization of Chuka, Tharaka andMbeere societies and the patterns of sorghum diversity (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) on theeastern slope of Mont Kenya.This study first describes the patterns of sorghum diversity with regards to the organization ofsocieties. We show that ethnolinguistic organization shapes the distribution of sorghumdiversity as perceived by farmers (the varieties they name), and as characterized by us usingneutral genetic markers and phenotypic descriptors. Nevertheless, these approaches ofdiversity have evidenced some divergence, notably because the local varieties were notdistinct and uniform genetic units. This observation raised questions concerning thecorrespondence between farmers’ taxonomy and the structure of genetic and phenotypicdiversity.This led us to test whether farmers belonging to a same ethnolinguistic group identify, nameand classify varieties consistently regarding their phenotypic characteristics, and whetherthese local taxonomies differ among groups. These analyses showed that the organization ofsocieties impacts the diffusion of local taxonomy.Examination of seed exchange networks finally helped to understand this latter relationshipby showing that seed, and the knowledge probably associated, are exchanged mainly betweenpeople from the same ethnolinguistic group.We further discuss the effect of differences in the way farmers represent sorghum diversity tothemselves, reflected by their taxonomies, on their seed selection practices.This study showed that the organization of societies shapes seed and knowledge exchanges,hence influencing farmers’ individual practices of diversity management. Thispluridisciplinary approach hence gives new perspectives for the characterization, theconservation and the improvement of crop genetic resources
Belondo, Sandra. "Diversité et pluralité linguistique d'enfants allophones en mobilité : réussir avec, malgré ou sans les langues ?" Thesis, Tours, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOUR2016/document.
Full textDiversity, linguistic and cultural pluralism of allophones children in migratory process: succeed with, despite or without languages? The purpose of this thesis is to study how the linguistic and cultural diversity of young allophone children and their families in migratory processes, is taken into consideration by the French society and, more particularly, the linguistic, social and academic systems established by the State and its institutions. Based on a comprehensive and interpretive approach, this study raises the question of how young migrants diversity is appreciated and handled, or not, questioning the use and/or the building of sociolinguistic representations concerning the roles and statuses of the languages in presence within migratory and integration processes such as social and academic achievement dynamics
Salime, Fouade. "Diversité et identité nationale en France : pour quels processus d'intégration ? Le cas de Mayotte." Thesis, Paris 4, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA040221.
Full textThe main purpose of this dissertation is actually to prove that the French political integration model is completely failing on its goals. It meets in reality several limits. The French institution policies towards the French minorities could demonstrate this fact. The French model refuses however to see those limits. Our principal aim here is clearly to accuse about what we can call an “ethnic relegation” in France. Roughly speaking, it could be understood as a discriminatory mechanism of exclusion that targets especially some of the French population segments. This mechanism is set up by the French integration processes and seems to focus particularly the ethnic minorities. Three dimensions are really important in this relegation mechanism. The first one is a social problem. It is especially the disqualification and the segregation (socially and spatially speaking) of the French minorities. The second one is about the minorities moral values. It is set up by the social and civil insecurity. The third one is constructed by a political scheme. It means that the French republican processes are working in the wrong way regarding what kind of society they want to build. Hence, the main interrogation of a political philosophy questioning the minority problems and ethnic justice in France is : 1) how to deal with and stop this relegation? 2) how to recreate new integration processes and with what kind of model? The 101st French department, the so-called "neuf, setp, sita (six)", offers new perspectives of analysis concerning this double problem
Milazzo, Josepha. "Habiter un village global : migrations et expériences à Cadaqués (Catalogne, Espagne)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/666863.
Full textCette thèse, qui vise la formalisation d’une géographie psycho-sociale, aborde le rôle de la psyché et de l’espace dans l’individuation et le rapport à l’autre, à travers l’habiter à Cadaqués, commune semi-rurale touristique de la Costa Brava espagnole, située au sein de la région catalane de l’Empordà, sur la côte méditerranéenne sud-européenne. Participant de la diversité immigrée locale, des non-nationaux extra/européens, souvent réduits au statut de travailleurs étrangers saisonniers et précaires, habitent aussi ce village, pour certains depuis longtemps. Dans cet espace partagé, traversé et riche de lignes de vies complexes, le vivre-ensemble avec autrui connaît pour autant divers compartimentages, liés à des positions sociales différenciées, et au marketing d’une prétendue authenticité autochtone. Une lecture trans-scalaire des évolutions spatiales et une approche biographique des expériences humaines permettent alors d’apprécier les transformations contemporaines du village dans la mondialisation, et les formes du co-habiter qui en résultent. Elles donnent à voir un lieu constitué de l’enchevêtrement séculaire de multiples mouvements matériels et idéels. Mais aussi des écarts, qui sont négociés entre les hommes selon des logiques communautaires mues par des intérêts variés, malgré des infortunes et des aspirations existentielles communes. L’analyse, qui s’appuie sur une enquête qualitative mobilisant un terrain ethnographique avec différents résidents interviewés, des données statistiques, de la presse locale, et l’outil cartographique, montre ainsi un quotidien animé par une pluralité d’univers. Les ferments géo-historiques d’une notoriété et d’une globalité villageoises et les enjeux actuels d’une coprésence héritée, sont mis en exergue par les migrations inter/nationales. Cette étude de cas étendue interroge donc de manière distanciée, située et ordinarisée, une participation des migrants à la localité plus souvent saisie en milieu urbain sous les angles de l’ethnicisme et de l’intégrationnisme méthodologiques. Face à une augmentation du racisme, un court-termisme politique, et une démocraticité discutable des droits à habiter et à se mouvoir en Europe et en Occident, cette thèse suggère la nécessité d’une pensée prospective et utopique renouvelée, sur une socialité respectueuse et promotrice d’altérité, et sur une citoyenneté associant ancrage et mobilité.
This thesis, which seeks to formalize a psycho-social geographical situation, reviews the role of the psyche and of space in individuation and the relationship with the other by studying everyday life in Cadaqués, a semi-rural tourist village on Spain’s Costa Brava, situated in the heart of the Catalan region of Empordà on the South-Mediterranean coast. This village has a diverse local population, given the presence of European and non-European immigrants who are often reduced to the status of foreign seasonal and temporary workers, often long-term. In this shared community, with a wide variety of rich and complex lives, co-habitation with outsiders leads to the emergence of several subgroups based on hierarchical social position and promotion of a so-called native authenticity. A transcalar interpretation of spatial changes and a biographical approach on human experience permits an assessment of contemporary transformations in this village as part of the global world and of different forms of co-habitation that emanate from this situation. It describes a space constituted by a secular interaction of a wide range of material and idealistic changes, while at the same time, exposing the variations negotiated between individuals along community lines and influenced by various interests, despite their shared existential misfortunes and aspirations. This analysis, which is based on a qualitative survey of an ethnographic terrain, interviews with different categories of residents, statistical data, press articles, and mapping, reveals daily life functioning within a plurality of universes. Geohistorical catalysts of notoriety and adherence to globalization processes of the village of Cadaqués, as well as issues arising from a co-habitation between native population and visitors, are both highlighted by inter/national migrations. This extended case study takes a distanced, situated and ordinarized approach to questioning the participation of migrants in their village, a participation that is more often analysed in an urban environment from the perspective of methodological ethnicism and inclusiveness. With the rise in racism, political short-term vision and disputes over conformity to democratic principles, specifically the right to live and move around Europe and the West, this thesis demonstrates the importance of initiating a renewed prospective and utopic approach to a respectful sociality that is capable of promoting otherness and a citizenship that permits both rooting and mobility.
Roux, Nina. "Klèros et kratos : le tirage au sort, un outil au service de la démocratie radicale ? Retour sur le cas athénien (V-IVe siècle avant notre ère)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, EHESS, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024EHES0114.
Full textThis PhD aims both at reconstructing the uses of sortition in classical Athens and analyzing its reception until the contemporary debates on representative democracy. The first objective was to reconstruct the methods used by the polis to allot citizens and identify the allotted functions in the institutional system of the city-state. The scope adopted here is strictly political. Three different methods are described: the Homeric model, the use of beans, and the kleroteria. Every method presents with advantages and constraints, especially regarding practicality and/or corruptibility. Regarding the functions put to allotment, the dynamics of the institutional organization are approached as a whole: are the allotted functions associated to an effective power of decision? Are their decisions supervised by elective magistrates? How is the allotment procedure controlled before and after the lot itself? The second part of the PhD focuses on the effects of sortition on political participation: sortition in Classical Athens is often associated with participatory or at least deliberative democracy. Yet, challenging this assertion by disconnecting sortition and effective political participation offers new perspectives on the social diversity of the classical Athenian institutions. Sortition is a method of selection that can be used in non-democratic contexts, and it does not imply by itself any participatory effect. Several examples of constraints, material or not, that hinder political participation, even within a generalized sortition system, are developed in this section. For example, a chapter is dedicated to the impact of residence on political participation and its consequences on the descriptiveness of allotted assemblies. The third and last section of the PhD describes the reception of the Athenian model of sortition from Antiquity to today, particularly regarding the new democratic models and the debates on representative democracy. Did the Athenian sortition influence subsequent political models? How is perceived the Athenian system today, especially by non-specialists of ancient Greek history? How can we appeal to the Athenian model in a relevant manner? To this end, a short history of the Athenian sortition is drawn, with emphasis on the references to the Athenian model and whether it is reused or not in practice
Quinard, Aurélie. "Diversité génétique individuelle, différenciation morphologique et comportementale entres les sexes, patterns d'appariement et paramètres démographiques chez une espèce d'oiseau tropicale et monogame, la tourterelle à queue carrée, Zenaida Aurita." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00995585.
Full textHilario, Rosangela Aparecida. "A escola de linha em Rondônia: a pedagogia da diversidade e acolhimento discente no interior da floresta amazônica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/48/48134/tde-22012014-135928/.
Full textLa formation territoriale de Rondônia a été défini avec la création de la Guapore fédérale de territoire par le décret-loi n ° 5.812 du 13 Septembre 1943, étant donné le précepte constitutionnel 1937 à son article 6: L\'Union apporte dans l\'intérêt la défense nationale, avec des pièces provenant du démembrement des Etats, territoires fédéraux, dont l\'administration est régie par une loi spéciale. Dans cette perspective, un grand nombre de personnes migré vers le territoire volontairement ou non dans le but de peupler et de chercher de meilleures possibilités de survie. À une époque où tout était à faire, Écoles ligne Rondônia remplie et jouent un rôle essentiel pour la mise en oeuvre de l\'école comme un lieu d\'apprentissage et les pratiques de gestion des connaissances devenir dans le monde, parmi les migrants qui se sont installés dans l\'Etat, depuis fois le territoire fédéral de Guapore le début du siècle dernier à nos jours. Sont des écoles forestières et la diversité, dans laquelle les héritiers des parents qui n\'ont pas réussi dans les différentes économies d\'exploitation de l\'abri de la forêt pour survivre, l\'échange de connaissances et de construire une nouvelle culture organisationnelle. À la lumière des politiques publiques que les actions d\'orientation pour l\'éducation de base scolaire de ces écoles tendent à disparaître sous les règlements qui sont considérées comme inefficaces et coûteuses financièrement. Pour atteindre les objectifs proposés mené une recherche-action pour comprendre que les principaux acteurs / sujets de la forêt de l\'école sont les élèves, les parents et les enseignants, et corroborarmos avec la possibilité d\'une hybride et la complémentarité des méthodes de recherche et participant à la recherche action, vu dans ce type de recherche un outil pour la habiliter voix et la représentation de sujets / acteurs de ces écoles et rendre visible leur système éducatif périphérique, de figurer dans cette voie, les représentations sociales de ces personnes sur l\'espace / de l\'école la ligne et comment la compréhension de la diversité culturelle comme une valeur à ajouter au programme est important pour les personnes à obtenir du succès dans leurs pratiques. Ont été utilisés comme des théoriciens de référence des représentations sociales (Moscovici, Minayo), les auteurs des études culturelles et les politiques publiques (Kruppa, Bittentcourt, Arelaro, Oliveira) des auteurs qui écrivent sur la colonisation et le règlement de l\'Amazonie ( Amaral, Gurgel Amaral, Oliveira); Pontuschka et alternatives pédagogiques pour l\'inclusion et le système scolaire. Les résultats montrent que, dans le plus éloigné des centres urbanisés, l\'établissement d\'enseignement n\'est pas rare, constitue la référence principale de la présence de l\'Etat dans les collectivités de la forêt. La transition entre plusieurs identités dans l\'école publique est organisée dans les lignes Écoles nécessaires ainsi un nouveau sens à l\'espace et de la culture termes, le développement d\'un dialogue entre les diverses sciences qui guident la formation des enseignants et les écoles à avancer une proposition éducative qui répond et répond à la diversité. Ne vous contentez pas d\'espace universel, il est nécessaire d\'améliorer l\'accès de fait et affirmer être à l\'école en donnant la parole et la pertinence de la culture collective vécue par beaucoup en dehors de l\'école.
Nadeau, Frédérick. "Les jeunes de Québec sont-ils cosmopolites? : rapport à la diversité culturelle, rapport au politique et construction identitaire chez des jeunes cégépiens de la ville de Québec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30392/30392.pdf.
Full textThis research tries to determine if Quebec City’s youth can be considered cosmopolitan. It draws upon the content analysis of 169 open-answers questionnaires, completed by students aged 18 to 23, between November 2012 and January 2013. Examining their relation to cultural diversity, their relation to politics and exploring the different categories from which they build their identity, it comes to the conclusion that the growing ethnocultural diversity that characterize Quebec’s urban landscape and its inscription in a global society are phenomena that are experienced rather passively by today’s youth. These phenomena do not generate greater enthusiasm for intercultural encounters nor do they lead to the adoption of moral dispositions usually associated with cosmopolitanism. On the contrary, results show that young people in Quebec are more concerned with issues that are local in scale and they express their preoccupations with the protection and valorization of what they refer to as their cultural heritage, in response to globalization.
Touihri-Mebarek, Donia. "Ruptures et continuités dans les politiques d'intégration au Royaume-Uni (1997-2014)." Thesis, Paris 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA030163.
Full textIn the United Kingdom, integration policies have undergone a constant process of redefinition since the urban riots in northern England in 2001. These events, and the London bombings of 2005, which were widely described as resulting from the ethnic segregation of British society, have led to a questioning of the multiculturalist policies implemented since the 1980s and to a review of integration policies. The objective of this research is to determine the ruptures and the continuities in the new political definitions of integration, both at the level of political discourse and of the actual implementation of policy guidelines, and to determine whether there has been indeed a break with multiculturalism between 2001 and 2014. Analysis of speeches and official reports, as well as a field survey on the reforms and on the new arrangements for naturalization lead to several conclusions: On the one hand, it is possible to observe the gradual crystallization of an assimilationist approach to integration that has become more visible since the Conservatives came to power in 2010. On the other hand, however, multiculturalist discourses and policies subsist in various guises; in fact, innovative visions of integration such as ‘community cohesion’ can be understood to have renewed this paradigm in new ways. Likewise, the increasing recognition of religious pluralism in public action suggests what we call a ‘confessionalisation’ of British multiculturalism
Hammoud, Ghida. "Représentations de la tolérance, de la liberté et de la démocratie : étude comparative entre la France et le Liban auprès d'enseignants et d'étudiants." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOU20121.
Full textAt a time when reforms propose to reintroduce ethics at school, it is pertinent to question the conceptions that individuals have about values. This study proposes a crossed and comparatist approach of social representations of tolerance, liberty and democracy in two groups marked by cultural differences. Thus, French and Lebanese subjects within the domain of education participated in this research work with the objective being to examine certain aspects of the education of values. In the first empirical part, starting from a task of free association on the inductor word “tolerance,” the data was treated through a prototypical analysis, an analysis of similitude and a multidimensional analysis. The results obtained show that tolerance is associated to values and themes relative to the specificities of each society. Intergroup and intragroup divergences were noted in the representation of tolerance. This demonstrates that this value correlates to a cultural diversity despite apparent attitudinal consensuses. The second empirical part compares the social representation of “liberty” and “democracy as a universal value” between French and Lebanese students. We notice that liberty is associated to polyvalent domains and that it functions as a “nexus” (Rouquette, 1994). As for the representation of democracy as a universal value, it references values all the while representing a mode of government and generating a certain vision of democracy. In addition to the cultural differences, the results underline that intragroup divergences appear when values transform into concrete societal situations. The discussion of the ensemble of these studies underlines the importance of taking into account conflicts of values (evoked by several authors) in the question of transmission of values in school
Periac, Fabrice. "Les concepts de "diversité culturelle" et de "capital social" comme facteurs explicatifs de la capacité d'innovation des organisations et des territoires." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STETT109/document.
Full textWe investigate whether tt is salient to çonsider the concept of "cultural diversity" (CD) and/or "social capital" (SC) as explanatory factors of organisations' and territories' innovative capacity (IC). The starting point of our demonstration is Reagans & Zuckerman's article (2001), who shows that at the level of work groups, CD does not have a direct impact on IC but rather an indirect impact, mediated by two variables of SC cohesion and external range. We propose that the concept of "bonding-and-bridging social capital"' (BBSC)- combination of the two SC variables- constitutes a salient explanatory factor of work group's IC. Through an interdisplinary literature review we show how and why this more complex pattern interaction can be extended at the level of organisation, territories, and territory -industry (Tl). We carry out two empirical analyses to test our hypotheses. The first study concerns Tl level. lt uses EPO patent date to reconstitute the co-inventor's network of 85 Tls of the EUI5 in the electric equipment industry. We evaluate BBSC and IC in each TI, and we test their interaction econometrically. Result.s confirm the existence of a positive impact of BBSC on Cl, and show thal cohesion stimulates the quantity or patents, while extemal range stimulate the sustainable and collective orientation of patents. The second analysis concerns organisation level. It uses a set of unique data collected from 104 French SMEs. Results broodly confirm our hypotheses although the empiricaI frame allows to test only a small part of the model
Hémet, Camille. "Birds of a feather cannot always flock together : essays on the socio-economic impacts of local diversity." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013IEPP0041/document.
Full textDiversity reflects the extent to which members of a given community share different characteristics, usually pertaining to ethnicity, socio-economic status or even culture. As a result of trade development and economic integration, modern societies have to cope with increasing levels of diversity, both in terms of origins and social statuses. The purpose of this dissertation is to assess the social and economic impacts of local diversity. More precisely, this thesis shows how neighborhood level diversity affects individuals’ living conditions and employment prospects. This work contributes to the existing literature in three ways: it examines unexplored issues at a very local level, gives new insights about the underlying mechanisms and provides new methods to address the endogeneity issue. Chapter 1 shows that diversity in terms of origins has a negative effect on the quality of local public goods, due to vandalism, not deterred by social policing, and due to collective action failure to ensure effective property management. However, it has no robust effect on public safety. Chapter 2 reveals that the effect of unemployment on crime has a spatial dimension: for economic crimes the effect of unemployment rate in surrounding neighborhoods is stronger than that of the immediate neighborhood, while the reverse holds for vandalism. Chapter 3 shows that people living in a diverse neighborhood face lower employment prospects, but that this effect is more related to cultural (e.g. language) diversity than to ethnic diversity. Chapter 4 develops a model rationalizing the fact that ethnic minorities turn to the informal economy in response to adverse labor market conditions
Shawver, Brenda G. "The social construction of workplace "diversity"." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2004. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000263.
Full textMboka, Ingoli Jean-Claude. "Les champs-écoles paysans en Afrique subsaharienne : une approche d'analyse des réseaux complets." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/36943.
Full textBruna, Maria Giuseppina. "Le portage d'une politique de diversité en entreprise comme processus de changement : enjeux stratégiques et dynamiques socio-organisationnelles." Thesis, Paris 9, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA090041.
Full textThe present thesis addresses - cross-cutting the fields of organization sociology, strategic management and human resources - the motivation-stakes, the strategic challenges and the phenomenology inherent to the conduction of a diversity policy in the companies. The innovative nature of a diversity policy is evaluated vs. several criteria, such as the co-existence of discursive, normative and operation-oriented dimensions, the existence of a socio-organisational dynamics leading to a managerial training-learning process and the inscription of the diversity-driven change in a curling- expansion mode of progress.Accordingly, the thesis adopts an open-minded heuristically-based approach (which combines and profits from induction and deduction), uses diverse and diversified sources (four exploratory investigations, a case-study addressing the diversity policy of the La Poste group from the beginnings of 2006 to the end of 2012) and relies upon numerous investigations
Witcher, Sally A. "Diversity and social inclusion : a theoretical framework." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25328.
Full textBullemer, Beth. "Identifying Diversity of Thought on Social Media." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1558713165638632.
Full textCohu, Medhi. "Approche psychosociale des croyances relatives à la laïcité : Création d’un outil de mesure et mise en relation avec la perception des minorités culturelles et ethniques en France." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN20041/document.
Full textLaïcité is considered a pillar of the French Republican model and is used, today, as a model of integration concerning immigrants and cultural and religious minorities in France. Research in socialpsychology studying the impact of support for the principle of laïcité on intergroup relations reveal that this principle negatively predicts the tolerance of cultural diversity. However, many sociologists, political analysts and historians agree to say that laïcité, as it is understood today, does not correspond to its initial definition, at the time of the creation of the law of Separation of Churches and the State, in 1905. Thus, it would seem that several, not only one, conceptions of laïcité exit. The objective of this thesis is to highlight the different conceptions of laïcité, and to study, to what extent, these reduce, or, on contrary, promote the tolerance of cultural and religious diversity. This objective is delineated in three lines of research: the first is to construct a measure of beliefs concerning laïcité taking into account the different interpretations of laïcité expressed in the public debate; the second is to study, to what extent, adhesion to the dimensions of laïcité is related to more or less tolerance of cultural diversity; the third is to study, to what extent, adhesion to the dimensions of laïcité reduces, or, on the contrary, promotes tolerance of religious diversity. In conclusion, this thesis shows that different conceptions of laïcité exist. These either promote tolerance of cultural and religious diversity, or on the contrary, reduce tolerance of cultural and religious diversity. The contributions of this work, both at the level of academic research, and at the societal level are discussed in the general conclusion
Guidroz, Ashley Michelle. "How Much Diversity is Diversity?" Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1206122218.
Full textZouari, Nabil. "Derrière le "ghetto", la centralité minoritaire : le rôle de la présence commerciale dans un quartier d'habitat social en rénovation." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE2022.
Full textThis thesis analyzes the role of commerce in a large underprivileged district. In particular, it evaluates the capacity of a local shopping centre, which some public actors aim to destroy, to be a place of opportunity for its inhabitants. To do so, the thesis approaches commerce as a “total” social system, by multiplying the points of view, including planning, urban design, economic, social as well as political perspectives. Commercial polarities of French large social housing estates have, since the 1970s, experienced a decline in their commerciality. This evolution is generally explained by various factors, including the impoverishment of the neighbourhoods in which they are located, or the deployment of hypermarkets on the outskirts of French cities. Architectural and urban design errors are also questioned, especially the disconnection of these places from pedestrian and motorised traffic. At the same time, following the population dynamics within large suburban complexes, the image of these commercial polarity has become ethnicized. From there, urban renewal in disadvantaged neighbourhoods is generally accompanied by major urban transformations and the introduction of regulatory tools. However, some of the commercial polarities involved in urban renewal are economically healthy with important sales figures, low vacancy rates and low turnover. This is notably the case of the commercial polarity of the Mas du Taureau in Vaulx-en-Velin. This thesis thus proposes to understand how this suburban shopping area has been able to adapt.The thesis begins by exploring the resilience capacities of the Mas du Taureau retailers and shopkeepers and their economic development strategies. Those strategies are based on a regime of mutual knowledge and a dense network of sociability. Besides, the shopping centre has been able to radiate on a metropolitan scale. Indeed, the survey shows that the good economic health and high sales of the shopping centre exceed the standards of proximity polarity. The thesis therefore analyzes the main factors that allowed this unplanned shift from proximity polarity to metropolitan shopping centrality. The latter type of centrality is sustained by a bi-weekly market and numerous sedentary businesses (butcher's shops, bakeries, restaurants) that radiate out over a vast quadrant of Lyon metropolitan area. The attractiveness of the Mas du Taureau shopping centre makes it a minority center approaching the standards of "super diversity", a concept introduced in 2007 by Steven Vertovec. It appears that the shopping centre's ability to attract customers from outside the neighbourhood is based on a game of "ethnic" specialisations full of make-believes. However, the thesis focuses on a few locally trained entrepreneurs and ethnic markers that give the Mas du Taureau's commercial offer an image of minority centrality.Finally, the thesis examines the point of view of local public decision-makers. They often perceive this market space through the prism of communitarianism, leading to new forms of public regulation. The commercial polarity is thus administered by powerful management tools that place it at the centre of a lasting tension. As of today, the economic success of Mas du Taureau commercial polarity is not acknowledged by local public actors and its maintenance is minimal. Through the analysis of the current urban renewal project, the thesis shows the representations of local actors that underlie the project to destroy a dynamic shopping centre in order to rebuild another one with an uncertain future
Sympson, Stacey. "Attitudes Toward Diversity: Determining Differences by Social Locators." TopSCHOLAR®, 1999. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/759.
Full textFisher, S., H. Anderson, A. Eldaba, and Natalia Ward. "Social Justice Literature and LAT Diversity Committee Grant." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5951.
Full textSchulz, Michael E. "Unity within diversity: social effects on project efficacy." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/17822.
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We describe a performance gap in project management standards and pose the question, 'What is the best methodology for addressing this gap?' The purpose of our exploration is to measure the relationship between social factors and project performance as a function of two variables; unity and diversity. The general objective is to define the gap through the lens of our philosophical worldview and apply a methodology for measuring it. In so doing, we seek to raise awareness of the importance of a projects social performance as a success criteria. Using a theoretical social health model as our tool, we quantify the social performance potential of a case study project environment as a numeric measurement. Ethnography and a mixed method approach focus attention on context and its synthesis of findings. Findings identify improvements in people processes which can be applied to the practices and procedures of global practitioners. Specifically, we refer to social engineering improvements in the planning, executing, and monitoring processes. Our analysis of the model’s output was largely supportive of the performance findings of the case study environment. However, it revealed some technical flaws in the models structure requiring improvement. First, refinements are needed to account for imbalances in individual nodal weights based on systemic failures, which put performance potential at risk. Second, our measurement of performance potential challenges the traditional criteria of project success. Based on the findings, we describe a scenario where social design may well be incompatible with the widely accepted definition of project success. We must then consider what is more costly. Changing an organizations culture, or redefining success according to the performance potential of the organization encountered.
Djabi, Anissa. "L'institutionnalisation d'une question sociétale en défis managériaux : le cas du Label Diversité dans le champ de la non-discrimination au travail." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST0045.
Full textWith the breakthrough of the Anglo-saxon approach to manage a diverse workforce in this globalize world – best known as “Diversity management” in the USA – non-discrimination within the workplace became a major social issue and a growing concern for French companies in the early 2000s. So as to face the need to better understand the societal and managerial peculiarities of this phenomenon within the French context, this thesis explores the process of translating the issue of non-discrimination at work in managerial practices within companies. To understand and illustrate this process, this thesis provides an analysis of mixed data and an original case study: the French Diversity Label. To collect data and get access to the field, it was chosen to be immersed in a network of companies (FACE) with a 3-year research contract (CIFRE) and to complete immersion with a survey that implied two categories of participants: the designers of the Diversity Label and labelled companies. An integrative analysis grid combining neo-institutionalist theories and scientific literature on management instrumentation is also used. These methodological and theoretical choices allow us to meet the objective of this doctoral work at four levels. Considering non-discrimination at work as an organizational field, this thesis promotes a better understanding of the contextual characteristics regarding the issue of non-discrimination at work in France. In the light of theories of institutional change, it also offers a better understanding of the process by which the diversity approach enabled companies to consider and focus on the discrimination issue in their organisational practices. This thesis provides also an understanding of how these companies integrate and take ownership of the diversity management approach in practise. And finally, a first assessment of the effects of diversity management practices within companies is developed throughout the analysis of the Diversity Label in regards with appropriative perspectives of management instruments approach. In conclusion, this doctoral study questions the institutionalization of non-discrimination at work in France. It shows that this question seems not yet seen as a "natural fact" by all actors and questioned its ability to address the problem of discrimination in the workplace, in a context where a socioeconomic crisis is still going on
Marival, Celine. "Interactions entre associations et pouvoirs publics : logiques, tensions, diversite. Le cas des associations d'action sociale et medico-sociale." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX24002.
Full textIn a context of profound changes in public policy, this thesis investigates the relationship between associations and public authorities by consolidating an approach in terms of interactions. Relations between these two entities are often considered unilaterally, pointing solely the increasing influence of public intervention on the functioning and projects of non-profit organizations, whereas this thesis looks also at the impact of associations on government, which is less explored in the literature. Associations providing social and “médico-social” services in the Languedoc-Roussillon Region are studied by a combination from qualitative and quantitative data. The theoretical perspective mobilized is a socio-economic one. It is built on the criticism of economic standard current according to which associations are perceived only through their economic role of service providers. By considering the political role of associations as well, this thesis adopts a more complex approach. Moreover, this approach is historically and institutionally contextualized, as suggested by the Institutionalist theory. The analysis of the changes in the regulation of the welfare state since 1945, leads to the characterization of the current model that oscillates between an enhanced supervision and a competitive tendering of the associations. Finally, the exploration of organizational and strategic features of the associations highlights, beyond rationalization, their diversity in the studied interactive process
Banos, Vincent. "L'hypothétique construction des lieux ordinaires entre agriculteurs et non-agriculteurs en Dordogne : de l'idéologie patrimoniale à la recherche des échappés du territoire." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Sorbonne - Paris IV, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00426652.
Full textFay, Doris, and Yves R. F. Guillaume. "Team diversity." Universität Potsdam, 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1829/.
Full textGuillaume, Yves R. F. "Relational diversity, social integration and individual effectiveness : a social self-regulation perspective." Thesis, Aston University, 2008. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/15312/.
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