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Journal articles on the topic 'Diversification'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 27 July 2024

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1

Hron, J., J. Štůsek, M. Arnošt, and J. Huml. "Diversification strategy in small and medium size agribusinesses in the Czech Republic – impulses for searching business opportunities." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 54, No. 11 (December 2, 2008): 505–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/267-agricecon.

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Abstract: The paper derives from the working and publication activities from research project “Chances of product diversification on behalf of improvement of competitive advantage in the small and middle-size farming business in the Czech Republic”. This paper deals with the critical success factors for successful diversification at the small and middle-size farming business. For the purpose effective implementation of the diversification have been identified the principal influences of this issue. Besides of that, we have tried to measure a diversification’s impact for an entrepreneurial profit in agricultural area. There is a definition of “diversification” as new farmer’s activities for using profit opportunity. On the base of 50 units-exploration has been made a hypothesis validation of the most often impulse for doing diversification. That is an effort to utilize more effectively the product factors of farming business. Further, there was a validation of the effective and efficiency diversifications‘ characters.

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2

Ndungu, John Gichia, and Willy Muturi. "Effect of Diversification on Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Kenya." International Journal of Current Aspects 3, no. V (October 31, 2019): 267–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.35942/ijcab.v3iv.67.

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Diversification plays a vital role in risk management and consequently financial performance of commercial banks. Diversification mitigates systemic risk facing a commercial bank and thus reduces the probability of bank failure. In Kenya, commercial banks have been diversifying their business by increasingly offering new services such as mobile banking, agency banking, bank-assurance, faceless banking and integrating microfinance in their banking system. Diversification by the commercial banks is premised on the need to enhance financial performance. This has mainly emanated from banking industry having undergone numerous regulations regimes which over the years have affected financial performance of these entities. Empirical literature shows that diversification may not always lead to higher financial performance due to increased overheads and exhausted economies of scale. The study sought to determine the effect of diversification on financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. The specific objectives of the study were to determine the effect of income diversification on financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya, to examine the effect of geographical diversification on financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya and to examine the effect of product diversification on financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. Secondary data used by the study was collected for five years period (2013-2017 on annual basis). All the commercial banks were studied. Data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics and presented in tables and figures. The study found that Income Source Diversification and Geographical Diversification had a positive effect on the financial performance of the commercial banks while the Product Diversification had a negative impact the financial performance the commercial banks. The findings from the OLS regression analysis revealed that the diversification components studied namely product diversification, geographical diversification and income diversification explain up to 13.3% of the variations in return on assets (R2=0.133) and 18.7% of the variations in return on equity (R2=0.187). The study concluded that financial performance of the commercial banks in Kenya can be accounted for by the diversification strategies that have been implemented. It was further concluded that increased formulation and implementation of additional diversification strategies resulted in significant improvement in the financial performance of the commercial banks. The study recommended that managers at the commercial banks to make formulation and implementation of diversifications as a key organizational priority. Before the adoption of any particular diversification, the management of the commercial banks are econcouraged to first determine the suitability of that particular diversification strategies based on the organization structure, culture and policies and the overall intended outcomes. The study recommends that the government and other regulatory bodies to create favourable policies on the implementation of diversifications in commercial banks. This will ensure that there is effectiveness, efficiency as well as consistency in the use and adoption of diversifications by not only the banks but also other organizations in different sectors.

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3

Singh, Garima, Francesco Dal Grande, Jan Schnitzler, Markus Pfenninger, and Imke Schmitt. "Different diversification histories in tropical and temperate lineages in the ascomycete subfamily Protoparmelioideae (Parmeliaceae)." MycoKeys 36 (July 2, 2018): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.36.22548.

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Background: Environment and geographic processes affect species’ distributions as well as evolutionary processes, such as clade diversification. Estimating the time of origin and diversification of organisms helps us understand how climate fluctuations in the past might have influenced the diversification and present distribution of species. Complementing divergence dating with character evolution could indicate how key innovations have facilitated the diversification of species.Methods: We estimated the divergence times within the newly recognised subfamily Protoparmelioideae (Ascomycota) using a multilocus dataset to assess the temporal context of diversification events. We reconstructed ancestral habitats and substrate using a species tree generated in *Beast.Results: We found that the diversification in Protoparmelioideae occurred during the Miocene and that the diversification events in the tropical cladeMaroninapredate those of the extratropicalProtoparmelia. Character reconstructions suggest that the ancestor of Protoparmelioideae was most probably a rock-dwelling lichen inhabiting temperate environments.Conclusions: Major diversification within the subtropical/tropical genusMaroninaoccurred between the Paleocene and Miocene whereas the diversifications within the montane, arctic/temperate genusProtoparmeliaoccurred much more recently, i.e. in the Miocene.

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4

Anedda, Raffaele, and Didier Lebert. "La diversification technologique de Google." Marché et organisations Pub. anticipées (December 31, 2024): I113—XXXIII. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/maorg.pr1.0113.

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La stratégie de diversification technologique « liée de manière contrainte » de Google/Alphabet complexifie le paysage technologique de l’entreprise autour de son cœur de compétences en informatique. Nous produisons une spectrométrie de l’activité d’innovation technologique de Google/Alphabet sur la période 2011-2018 pour identifier les technologies qui structurent cette activité en utilisant les outils de l’analyse des réseaux. Cette période est marquée par une accélération du rythme de la diversification technologique de l’entreprise qui s’appuie sur une pratique intensive d’acquisitions et de dépôts de brevets. Nous proposons d’explorer deux hypothèses. La première considère que les diversifications récentes restent contraintes, mais de façon indirecte, au cœur informatique par le biais de diversifications passées. La deuxième considère les opportunités croissantes d’innovations originales permises par le « dé-silotage » des domaines technologiques que l’entreprise maîtrise.

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5

Rehman, Zia ur, Asad Khan, Rafique Ahmed Khuhro, and Abdul Ghafoor Khan. "Product Line Diversification and Its Impact on Firm Performance." Journal of Applied Economics and Business Studies 5, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.34260/jaebs.533.

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The objective of the study is to measure product diversification’s impact on insurance firm’s financial performance in Pakistan. Analysis are carried out to examine how ownership structure, capitalization, group membership, firm size, diversification across business lines, industry concentration affects firm’s financial performance. Data from 2009-2019 is collected to measure the impact of diversification (entropy) on the risk- adjusted returns. Findings of the study reveal that business line diversification has strong positive effect on firm performance (for both ROA and ROE) which means that diversified firms perform better than non-diversified firms. For managers these findings are useful as they propose the need for diversification, capitalization, increase in size and group affiliation to enhance firm profitability.

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6

Patidar, Hemant, and Satheesh Chothodi. "Livelihood Diversification in Rural India." Space and Culture, India 9, no. 3 (November 30, 2021): 32–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.20896/saci.v9i3.1206.

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This study aims to ascertain the level of livelihood diversification and examines the socio-economic contexts of livelihood diversification in rural India. Employing data from India Human Development Survey (IHDS-II), 2011-12, an Inverse Herfindhal-Harschman Diversity Index (IHHDI) was calculated incorporating eleven income sources (livelihood strategies). In addition, the contribution of each strategy in households’ total income has been calculated. Furthermore, binary logistic regression was applied to predict the households’ engagement in each livelihood strategy and the likelihood of high IHHDI. Results indicate that the higher livelihood diversifications were found among the households with large size, high dependency, lower social groups, low educated, landless, marginal and small farming, and economically poor. This study also highlights the significance of diversification strategies in raising households’ income. It is suggested that broadened policy support is required to promote diversification for economic development in rural India.

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Ba, Alice D. "Diversification's legitimation challenges: ASEAN and its Myanmar predicament." International Affairs 99, no. 3 (May 2, 2023): 1063–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiad061.

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Abstract International organizations (IOs) confront complex legitimation challenges with the diversification of audiences and actors asserting judgment and input. Drawing on Lenz and Söderbaum's agents-audience-environment (AAE) conceptualization of legitimation strategies, this discussion advances understandings of how diversification affects IO legitimation and legitimation strategies. Particular attention is given to their special sensitivity to internal IO diversification processes whose constitutive changes affect both the agent and audience ends of strategy. It especially highlights three commonly found sources of internal IO diversification: domestic change, new membership and new purposes. Providing illustration is the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and its 30+ year-long efforts to defend and legitimate the organization's choices vis-à-vis its most internationally criticized member, Myanmar, and to manage the delegitimating effects of association. The discussion highlights three periods of contrasting internal diversification and effects on ASEAN's legitimation strategies: the first characterized by the least diversification and defiant affirmation of internal founding norms; the second by membership-, purpose- and audience-diversification, and strategies of reconciliation; and the third by diversification's accentuation of member-states' dual roles as agents and audiences of legitimation with growing reliance on informal workarounds, strategic ambiguation and defensive depoliticization as especially illustrated by ASEAN's responses to Myanmar's 2021 coup.

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8

Schuhl, Christine. "Diversification." Métiers de la Petite Enfance 20, no. 215 (November 2014): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.melaen.2014.09.012.

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9

Dalenback, Jan-Olof. "Diversification." Refocus 5, no. 6 (November 2004): 54–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1471-0846(04)00263-x.

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10

Phukan, Pallabi, U. Barman, H. Saikia, S. Baruah, and N. Deka. "Assessing Livelihood Coping Strategies Adopted by Small and Marginal Farmers of Climate-Vulnerable Assam State of India." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, no. 11 (November 24, 2023): 3618–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i113537.

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This study examined the livelihood diversifications of small and marginal farmers' households and determinants of livelihood diversification of Assam state of India under climate-vulnerable situations. A sample of 300 marginal and small rural households was obtained from three highly flood-affected districts. The sampling plan adopted some flexibility as the data collection process coincided with the late part of the COVID-19 pandemic. Data was collected through a structured questionnaire. The data were analysed using descriptive statistical tools, the non-parametric chi-square test, and the Simpson Diversification Index. The study indicates that most respondents tried diversifying their livelihood strategies for economic improvement. However, no dominant livelihood strategies were found among the adopted portfolios. Many respondents preferred livestock as a portfolio for livelihood diversification. The study found that respondents with a higher formal education or job card holders under the MGNREG-Act were identified as positive determinants for livelihood diversification. The study proposes increasing the allocation of Job Cards under the MGNREG-Act, given that Job Cards enable cash in hands or establish a consistent provision of substantial cash through different farming programmes. The study also emphasises the introduction of suitable livestock-based livelihood diversification.

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11

Ha, Kristen, Yuli Su, and Yewmun Yip. "Global Diversification of Equity Portfolios: Non-US Perspective." Journal of Finance Issues 6, no. 1 (June 30, 2008): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.58886/jfi.v6i1.2434.

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The purpose of this paper is to examine the ex-ante performances of international portfolios from a non-U .S. investor's perspective (i.e., Mexican, Thai, German, and British), and to examine whether controlling for exchange rate risk through the use of currency forwards would allow investors to capture additional gains from international diversification. Portfolio strategies such as minimum variance portfolio and the certainty equivalence portfolio are used to construct global portfolios, and their performances on an ex-ante basis are compared to those for domestic portfolios for each of the four countries. The sample period from 1999 to 2003 is selected so as to examine the effect of the introduction of the euro on the benefits of international portfolio diversification. Our results suggest that during the sample period, international portfolio diversification does not benefit Mexican and Thai investors mainly due to the fact that their domestic market performances dominate the performances using international diversificati on strategies. On the other hand. Gemlan and British investors can benefit from international portfolio diversification. However, hedging against exchange rate risk reduces the benefits of international portfolio diversification. Our result suggests that part of the diversification benefits for investors in developed economics comes from exchange risk exposure.

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12

Osifo, Osagie, and Esther Ikavbho Evbayiro-Osagie. "FOREIGN DIVERSIFICATION AND PERFORMANCE OF QUOTED DEPOSIT MONEY BANKS IN SELECTED SUB-SAHARA AFRICAN COUNTRIES." Oradea Journal of Business and Economics 5, Special (June 2020): 82–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.47535/1991ojbe099.

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Foreign diversification offers prospective market opportunities which afford firms prospects for greater growth and penetration of global markets. This study investigated the effect of foreign diversification on performance of quoted deposit money banks in selected Sub-Sahara African countries; Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe and Zambia. The study employs secondary data collected and computed from sampled deposit money banks annual audited financial statements. Employing the use of descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, panel unit root analysis, co-integration test, multivariate panel data analysis and the system- GMM for a period of 2007 – 2017, the data were estimated with the aid of Eviews 9.0 econometric statistical package. Using dependent variables (Net interest margin and Tobin Q), explanatory variables of foreign diversification, bank’s size and bank’s age respectively. The findings revealed that foreign diversifications have negative and significant effect on all the performance indicators (NIM and TOBIN Q) used in the study. The explanatory variable (foreign diversification) was significant at 1% significance level. The findings from robustness check showed that the coefficients of foreign diversification are also largely negative for most of the banks. This study therefore recommends, amongst others, banks should consider diversification as a long run strategy for promoting growth and other forms of expansions. This can be achieved by promoting more regional banking integration within the sub-region. Given that formalities are already on the ground to facilitate entry and establishment within economies in the regional blocs, diversification in this direction will involve less institutional obstacles

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13

Ali Shah, Idrees, Saleem Ullah Khan, and Muhammad Fahad Siddiqi. "Effect of Corporate Diversification on the Value of Cash Holding." Fall 2023 VIII, no. IV (December 30, 2023): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/ger.2023(viii-iv).05.

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The purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between corporate diversification on the value of cash holding. Furthermore, the research also examined the corporate diversificationâvalue of cash holding relationship with good and poor corporate governance (CG); industrial competitiveness and industrial nonâcompetitiveness; family and nonâfamily oriented firms; Sharia and nonâSharia compliant firms. The data is used for the years 2017 to 2022 of nonâfinancial firms registered on the Pakistan Stock Exchange. The result predicts that corporate diversification exerts a negative effect on the value of cash holding but this negative relationship becomes positive in goodâgoverned firms, completive industries and Sharia label firms. On the other hand, corporate diversification exerts a negative effect on the value of cash holding in familyâoriented firms due to agency problems.

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Ben Hammouda, Hakim, Nassim Oulmane, and Mustapha Sadni Jallab. "D'une diversification spontanée à une diversification organisée." Revue économique 60, no. 1 (2009): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/reco.601.0133.

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15

Mueller, Glenn, and Barry Ziering. "Real Estate Portfolio Diversification Using Economic Diversification." Journal of Real Estate Research 7, no. 4 (January 1, 1992): 375–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10835547.1992.12090688.

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16

Denis, David J., Diane K. Denis, and Keven Yost. "Global Diversification, Industrial Diversification, and Firm Value." Journal of Finance 57, no. 5 (October 2002): 1951–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0022-1082.00485.

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17

Hargis, Kent, and Jianping Mei. "Is Country Diversification better than Industry Diversification?" European Financial Management 12, no. 3 (June 2006): 319–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1354-7798.2006.00323.x.

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18

Machac, Antonin. "Detecting Trait-Dependent Diversification Under Diversification Slowdowns." Evolutionary Biology 41, no. 2 (November 2, 2013): 201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11692-013-9258-z.

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19

Sundberg, Frederick A. "Morphological diversification of Ptychopariida (Trilobita) from the Marjumiid biomere (Middle and Upper Cambrian)." Paleobiology 22, no. 1 (1996): 49–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300016018.

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Ptychopariid trilobites from the Marjumiid biomere of Laurentia underwent a statistically significant morphological diversification that is concordant with proposed adaptive radiations of trilobites in each of the Cambrian biomeres. An analysis of a subset consisting of the biomere's most characteristic taxa, the Asaphiscacea, Raymondinacea, and Marjumiacea, also illustrates this morphological diversification. In detail, the total data set and subset show a limited range of morphologies near the base of the biomere and a large increase in range in the upper portion of the biomere.Regional assemblages from the Appalachians, Great Basin, and Texas were also studied to determine if they too show the larger-scale macroevolutionary patterns of trilobites from Laurentia as a whole. The regional assemblages illustrate similar, butnot identical, morphological diversifications, which are also similar to the overall Laurentian pattern. Subsets of the characteristic taxa also show this diversification. These results suggest that regional assemblages can be used to investigate these larger-scale macroevolutionary patterns.Causal mechanisms for the diversification patterns are not clear. Potential mechanisms include: (1) endemic evolution of new morphologies in Laurentia; (2) migration of new morphologies, including intra- and inter-continental migrations; and (3) environmental controls over the distribution of morphologies. Likely causes for the morphological diversification and its similarity among regions probably include aspects of all three mechanisms.

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20

KUMAR, PANKAJ. "Agriculture Diversification in India." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 8 (October 1, 2011): 648–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/august2014/170.

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BUDAY, Š., Z. FEDERIČOVÁ, and R. VAJCÍKOVÁ. "Diversification of farm business." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 55, No. 2 (February 18, 2009): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/583-agricecon.

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One of the measures of the Sectoral Operational Programme Agriculture and Rural Development is focused on the diversification of agricultural activities. The analysis of the measure showed the greatest interest in financial support among the subjects aimed at agritourism and rural tourism. The field of tourism dominates also among the number of the approved projects. The share of other diversification activities is very low. The analysis of other profitable activities in the Farm Structure Census and Farm Structure Survey by the type of activities shows that the total number of agricultural enterprises with other profitable activities decreased in 2005 compared to 2001 and 2003. The total amount of agricultural enterprises with other profitable activities in the Slovak Republic reached 3 219 in 2001, 4 465 in 2003, and 2 066 enterprises in 2005. In 2005, the number of the enterprises increased in the field of craft industry, wood processing, fishery, generating energy from renewable resources and contracted work.

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Srinurmahningsi, Sri, Jardie A. Andaki, and Adnan Wantasen. "Diversification of business and its implications for the welfare of traditional fishermen community in Uso Village, Batui District, Luwuk Banggai, Central Sulawesi Province." AQUATIC SCIENCE & MANAGEMENT 5, no. 2 (July 27, 2019): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35800/jasm.5.2.2017.24567.

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Title (Bahasa Indonesia): Diversifikasi usaha dan implikasinya terhadap kesejahteraan masyarakat nelayan tradisional Desa Uso,Kecamatan Batui,Kabupaten Luwuk Banggai,Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah This study aims to determine the business diversification selected by the fishing community in maintaining family life, to determinethe difference in choice of business diversificationas well as the implications on the fishing communityof Uso Village, Batui District, Banggai Regency, Central SulawesiProvince. This study used a mixed method, which is a research approach that combines qualitative and quantitative research. Data used in this research is both descriptive and analytical. Comparative test was performed using Student’s t-test. The results of this study concluded that 1) there is diversification outside the fishing effort by the fishermen of the village,such asworking as construction workers, company workers, motorcycle taxi drivers, merchants and farming, 2) there is a significant difference between fishing effort and business diversifications in which the contsruction workers have lower income then the fishing efforts, while the income of business diversifications as company workers, motorcycle taxi drivers, and farmers are not significant, 3) diversification of fishing effort has a positive impact on the lives of fishermen to use their spare time not to fish due to weather factors, replace lost income because it does not go to the sea, and combines a variety of businesses in outside the fishing business potential in increasing the family income of fishermen in the village, and 4) cash-flow and financial analysis shows fishing effort is feasible, as well as diversification is feasible as the support of fishing effort.Penelitian ini bertujuanuntuk menentukan diversifikasi usaha yang dipilih oleh masyarakat nelayan dalam mempertahankan hidup keluarga,untukmenentukan perbedaan pilihan diversifikasi usaha danimplikasinyapada masyarakat nelayan Desa Uso,Kecamatan Batui,Kabupaten Banggai,Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini, yaitu mixed-method.Analisis data menggunakandeskriptif analitik. Uji perbandingan menggunakan uji-t. Hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan, 1) diversifikasi usaha, yangdilakukan selain usaha penangkapan ikan, yaitu bekerja sebagai buruh bangunan, buruh perusahaan, tukang ojek, pedagang dan bertani, 2) terdapat perbedaan nyata antara usaha penangkapan ikan dengan diversifikasi usahadi mana pendapatan sebagai buruh bangunan lebih rendah daripendapatan nelayan. Sedangkan diversifikasi usahasebagai buruh perusahaan, tukang ojek,dan bertani,tidak berbeda nyata, 3) diversifikasi usaha nelayan berimplikasi positif pada kehidupan nelayan dalam memanfaatkan waktu luangsaattidak melaut karena faktor cuaca, mengganti kehilangan pendapatan karena tidak melaut, dan mengkombinasikan berbagai usaha di luar usaha penangkapan ikan yang berpotensi pada peningkatan pendapatan keluarga nelayan, dan 4) Cash-flowdan analisis finansial menunjukkanbahwausaha perikanan tangkap layak dilaksanakan, demikian pula diversifikasi usaha sebagai penunjang usaha nelayan.

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Mukoya, Daisy, Consolata Ngala, and Jairus Simiyu. "Moderating Effect of Entrepreneurship Determinants on the Relationship between Economic Diversification and Sustainable Livelihoods among Fish Farmers in Kakamega County." African Journal of Empirical Research 5, no. 2 (May 6, 2024): 343–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.51867/ajernet.5.2.30.

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This study investigates the effect of entrepreneurship determinants on economic diversification and sustainable livelihoods among fish farmers in Kakamega County, Kenya. Entrepreneurship determinants encompass a range of factors including access to finance, training, market information, infrastructure, and supportive institutional frameworks. Economic diversification is vital for reducing reliance on traditional income sources and enhancing resilience to economic shocks, while sustainable livelihoods ensure long-term prosperity while preserving natural resources. The specific objective was to examine the moderating effect of entrepreneurship determinants on the relationship between economic diversification and sustainable livelihoods among fish farmers in Kakamega County. The study was guided by Sustainable Livelihoods Theory. The target population was 4500 fish farmers in Kakamega County from which a sample of 354 fish farmers was selected for the study using the Krejcie and Morgan Table 1970. Data was collected using closed-ended questionnaires. Data collected was analyzed using SPSS version 26. Using descriptive and survey research designs, data was collected from a sample of fish farmers in Kakamega County. The findings reveal significant correlations between entrepreneurship determinants, economic diversification, and sustainable livelihoods. Economic Activity Diversification explained 50.8% changes on sustainable livelihoods. However, when moderated with entrepreneurial determinants, the influence of economic diversification explained 66.3% of the changes in sustainable livelihoods among the fish farmers in Kakamega County. The analysis utilized unstandardized coefficients to elucidate the relationships between variables. In Model 1, Vertical Diversification (B = 0.271, p = 0.000) and Portfolio Diversification (B = 0.488, p = 0.000) significantly influenced Sustainable Livelihoods, while Structural Diversification (B = -0.044, p = 0.493) did not. Model 2 introduced Entrepreneurial Determinant, which exhibited a significant positive effect (B = 0.356, p = 0.000), alongside Vertical (B = 0.111, p = 0.041) and Portfolio (B = 0.329, p = 0.000) Diversifications. In Model 3, while all diversification variables remained significant, the interaction terms showed significant impact, emphasizing the moderating role of entrepreneurial determinants in influencing sustainable livelihoods among fish farmers in Kakamega County. Access to finance and market information emerged as key determinants influencing the ability of fish farmers to diversify their economic activities and achieve sustainable livelihoods. Additionally, supportive institutional frameworks, infrastructure development and access to training were identified as critical enablers of entrepreneurial success among fish farmers. The study concludes by highlighting policy implications and recommendations aimed at enhancing entrepreneurship development, promoting economic diversification, and fostering sustainable livelihoods among fish farmers in Kakamega County and similar contexts.

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Bulava, I. V., N. N. Chalenko, and O. S. Aleshina. "Leveling diversification risks of industries of the Defense-Industrial Complex of Russia: problems and solutions." Management and Business Administration, no. 4 (December 2020): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.33983/2075-1826-2020-4-58-66.

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The article shows the need to identify diversification risks and opportunities for their leveling by the state and business, which depends on the state of the Russian defense industry sectors in modern conditions. It has been substantiated that an important role in their leveling is played by a systematic approach to assessing and managing diversifications risks in the medium and long term. The result of leveling diversification risks is assessed in the form of increasing the competitiveness of the defense industry sectors, receiving tax payments and improving the welfare of the population, ensuring the country's economic security.

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Chiang, Kevin C. H., and Christian Leonhard. "International Diversification." Journal of Investing 16, no. 1 (February 28, 2007): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/joi.2007.681824.

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Di Bene, Claudia, Rosa Francaviglia, Roberta Farina, Jorge Álvaro-Fuentes, and Raúl Zornoza. "Agricultural Diversification." Agriculture 12, no. 3 (March 5, 2022): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12030369.

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Agricultural intensification is a highly specialized agri-food system that has contributed to raising food production worldwide due to progress in agricultural machinery and technologies, the use of improved cultivars, and external inputs such as fertilizers, irrigation, and pesticides [...]

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Chacko, George, Robert McMillan, and Karl Neumar. "Optimal diversification." Journal of Investment Strategies 3, no. 2 (March 2014): 59–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21314/jois.2014.046.

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28

Burge, Dylan O. "Diversification ofPachypodium." Cactus and Succulent Journal 85, no. 6 (November 2013): 250–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2985/015.085.0605.

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Opsal, Scott D. "Timee diversification." Journal of Portfolio Management 12, no. 4 (July 31, 1986): 74–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jpm.1986.409075.

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Lofthouse, Stephen. "International Diversification." Journal of Portfolio Management 24, no. 1 (October 31, 1997): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jpm.1997.409624.

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31

Herrmans, Isabell. "Genre diversification." Indonesia and the Malay World 45, no. 131 (December 21, 2016): 24–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2017.1251760.

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32

De Wit, Dirk P. M. "Naive Diversification." Financial Analysts Journal 54, no. 4 (July 1998): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2469/faj.v54.n4.2201.

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Koren, Miklós, and Silvana Tenreyro. "Technological Diversification." American Economic Review 103, no. 1 (February 1, 2013): 378–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.1.378.

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Economies at early stages of development are frequently shaken by large changes in growth rates, whereas advanced economies tend to experience relatively stable growth rates. To explain this pattern, we propose a model of technological diversification. Production makes use of input-varieties that are subject to imperfectly correlated shocks. Endogenous variety adoption by firms raises average productivity and provides diversification benefits against variety-specific shocks. Firm-level and aggregate volatility thus decline as a by-product of the development process. We quantitatively assess the model's predictions and find that it can generate patterns of volatility and development consistent with the data. (JEL D21, D24, E23, O33, O47)

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Keller, Philipp. "Group Diversification." Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance - Issues and Practice 32, no. 3 (July 2007): 382–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.gpp.2510131.

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35

Clement, Jan P. "Corporate diversification." Health Care Management Review 13, no. 2 (1988): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004010-198813020-00002.

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Simon, James K., and Barbara A. Cohen. "Reorganization/ diversification." Health Care Management Review 14, no. 4 (1989): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004010-198923000-00014.

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37

Smith, Garrett C. C., and Jeffrey M. Coy. "Corporate diversification." Review of Accounting and Finance 17, no. 3 (August 13, 2018): 405–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/raf-11-2016-0172.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is to compare two theories that relate the proportion of diversified firms in the economy and the implied discount for diversified firms: the first is a real-options model predicting a positive relationship between the discount and management’s choice to operate a diversified firm; the second is based on catering theory, in which a negative relationship is predicted, as management is attentive to investor preference concerning diversified firms. Design/methodology/approach This study proposes a new aggregate measure of the diversification discount. The authors’ measure allows for decomposition of the discount into firm-level mispricing, industry-level mispricing and long-run fundamental value components. Findings Results support a catering theory of diversification. The discount appears to be the result of firm-level mispricing. Thus, providing an explanation for why, in light of the observed discount, a large number of diversified firms persist. Originality/value To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to provide evidence that firm-level mispricing may drive the observed diversification discount.

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Girardet, J. P. "Diversification alimentaire." Archives de Pédiatrie 17 (December 2010): S189—S190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0929-693x(10)70924-6.

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Kemper, Kris, Allissa Lee, and Betty J. Simkins. "Diversification revisited." Research in International Business and Finance 26, no. 2 (May 2012): 304–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2011.12.004.

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Montgomery, Cynthia A. "Corporate Diversification." Journal of Economic Perspectives 8, no. 3 (August 1, 1994): 163–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.8.3.163.

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This paper documents the significant presence of diversified firms in the U.S. economy and presents three views on why firms diversify. The market power view argues that firms diversify to wield conglomerate power across markets. The agency view argues that diversification is undertaken by managers pursuing their own interests at the expense of the firm's owners. The resource view argues that firms diversify in response to excess capacity in productive factors. A review of recent empirical research finds little support for the market-power view and a substantial amount of evidence that is consistent with the agency and resource views.

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Müller, Carsten. "Technological Diversification." MTZ worldwide 79, no. 10 (September 10, 2018): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s38313-018-0101-x.

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42

Ibragimov, Rustam, Dwight Jaffee, and Johan Walden. "Diversification disasters." Journal of Financial Economics 99, no. 2 (February 2011): 333–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2010.08.015.

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Balik, Robert, and Jamshid Mehran. "International Diversification." Journal of Finance Issues 8, no. 2 (December 31, 2010): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.58886/jfi.v8i2.2329.

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A fundamental ideal of finance is that investors should hold a diversified portfolio. This usually means a diversified portfolio that is Markowitz mean-variance (or standard deviation) efficient. In practical terms, this means the diversified portfolio should contain international investments. The first phase of this research, which is reported here, uses historic monthly rates of return for ten years from 1997 through 2006 to study four alternative investment categories. The four investment alternatives (portfolios) are (1) 30 U.S. firms with minimal international revenue, (2) 30 U.S. firms with maximum international revenue, (3) 30 closed end country funds and the 30 U.S. firms with minimum international revenue, and (4) 30 ADRs and 30 U.S. firms with minimum international revenue. The 30 firms with minimum international revenue are the benchmark and are the least efficient. The results indicate that portfolio (4), 30 ADRs and 30 U.S. firms with minimum international revenue, has the lowest risk, standard deviation, for a give level of return. The second phase, which is ongoing, follows the same general procedure as the first phase, but (1) Considers additional portfolio groups such as 30 ADRs and 30 U.S. firms with maximum international revenue. (2) Creates two categories of ADRs, those with minimum sales outside the home country and those with maximum sales outside the home country. This research reflects the idea that international diversification should be analyzed using, for instance, sales outside the home country, rather than location of a firm’s headquarters.

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Majocchi, Antonio, and Roger Strange. "International Diversification." Management International Review 52, no. 6 (August 30, 2012): 879–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11575-012-0148-x.

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Sher, Michael G. "Is Country Diversification Still Better Than Sector Diversification?" CFA Digest 33, no. 2 (May 2003): 63–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2469/dig.v33.n2.1279.

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Sun, Sunny Li, Mike W. Peng, and Weiqiang Tan. "Institutional relatedness behind product diversification and international diversification." Asia Pacific Journal of Management 34, no. 2 (February 2, 2017): 339–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10490-016-9498-4.

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Hauser, Thomas, and Daniel Vermeersch. "Is country diversification still better than sector diversification?" Financial Markets and Portfolio Management 16, no. 2 (June 2002): 234–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11408-002-0206-7.

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Brewer, H. L. "Diversification attempts by electric utilities A comparison of potential v achieved diversification achieved diversification." Energy Policy 17, no. 3 (June 1989): 228–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-4215(89)90047-5.

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Rull, V. "Cycad diversification and tropical biodiversity." Collectanea Botanica 31 (December 30, 2012): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/collectbot.2012.v31.008.

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Doroghazi, Robert M. "“Diversification: Part I of II: The Importance of Diversification”." American Journal of Cardiology 154 (September 2021): 118–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2021.03.059.

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