Journal articles on the topic 'Diversification indicator'
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Baruah, Ujjal Deka, Nitashree Mili, Manjil Basumatary, and Anup Saikia. "Assessment of Spatial Pattern And Distribution Of Major Crops in Assam, India." Space and Culture, India 7, no. 4 (March 29, 2020): 92–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.20896/saci.v7i4.583.
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Various indicators such as production, yield, mechanisation of farms, workforce engaged in farming are generally used for the evaluation of the status of the agricultural sector in a region. Of these, the cropping pattern is one such indicator that signifies how developed the farming system of a region is. To assess the cropping pattern, a number of statistical indices are available—cropping intensity, crop combination, crop concentration, and crop diversification. This research seeks to evaluate the cropping pattern in Assam, India and examines the status of its agricultural sector. It was found that the cropping intensity increased at a gradual rate of 3% per decade. A total of nine statistical indices were used to estimate crop diversification. These indices were compared amongst themselves to determine the most optimal method for the study area. It was found that the ogive and entropy methods were best suited to Assam in an evaluation of its crop diversification. Further, these crop diversification values were ranked and thereafter, a composite score (Kendall’s method) was derived. The composite score indicated that much of western and northern Assam had a high degree of crop diversification.
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Duflot, R., K. Eyvindson, and M. Mönkkönen. "Management diversification increases habitat availability for multiple biodiversity indicator species in production forests." Landscape Ecology 37, no. 2 (November 29, 2021): 443–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-021-01375-8.
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Abstract Context Forest biodiversity is closely linked to habitat heterogeneity, while forestry actions often cause habitat homogenization. Alternative approaches to even-aged management were developed to restore habitat heterogeneity at the stand level, but how their application could promote habitat diversity at landscape scale remains uncertain. Objectives We tested the potential benefit of diversifying management regimes to increase landscape-level heterogeneity. We hypothesize that different styles of forest management would create a diverse mosaic of forest habitats that would in turn benefit species with various habitat requirements. Methods Forest stands were simulated under business-as-usual management, set-aside (no management) and 12 alternative management regimes. We created virtual landscapes following diversification scenarios to (i) compare the individual performance of management regimes (no diversification), and (ii) test for the management diversification hypothesis at different levels of set-aside. For each virtual landscape, we evaluated habitat availability of six biodiversity indicator species, multispecies habitat availability, and economic values of production. Results Each indicator species responded differently to management regimes, with no single regime being optimal for all species at the same time. Management diversification led to a 30% gain in multispecies habitat availability, relative to business-as-usual management. By selecting a subset of five alternative management regimes with high potential for biodiversity, gains can reach 50%. Conclusions Various alternative management regimes offer diverse habitats for different biodiversity indicator species. Management diversification can yield large gains in multispecies habitat availability with no or low economic cost, providing a potential cost-effective biodiversity tool if the management regimes are thoughtfully selected.
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Fesenmaier, Daniel R., and Stanley R. Lieber. "Destination diversification as an indicator of activity compatibility: An exploratory analysis." Leisure Sciences 10, no. 3 (January 1988): 167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01490408809512187.
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Espoir, Lukau Matezo. "Determinant of export diversification." International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 9, no. 7 (December 12, 2020): 130–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v9i7.942.
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The main objective of this work is to identify the explanatory factors determining the diversification of exports in SADC countries during the period 1990-2018. We regress the indicator of export diversification, measured successively by the Herfindahl-Hirschman index on a set of explanatory variables. Using a next-generation panel data approach is applied, such as panel unit root, panel cointegration, fully modified OLS (FMOLS), and Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS). The result of unit root tests for all these variables are stationary at their first difference and integrated of order one. Our results show that there is a long-term relationship between export diversification and GDP, openness to trade, accumulation of human and physical capital, foreign direct investment. All of its variables are the main explanatory factors for the diversification of exports in SADC countries.
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Namyślak, Beata. "Regional diversification of cultural sector potential in Poland." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 45, no. 45 (September 22, 2019): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bog-2019-0026.
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AbstractThe article presents an assessment of the potential of the cultural sector in Poland from a regional perspective. The author analysed statistical data from 2005–2017 on changes in demand for selected cultural products and services. A conclusion was reached using linear sequencing, which aimed to establish a value for a synthetic indicator showing the situation of the cultural sector in the regions. This indicator was calculated on the basis of characteristics referring to cultural infrastructure resources, cultural activities, cultural expenditure and income in the cultural sector. In the obtained list of regions, the highest places were achieved by the Lubelskie, Zachodniopomorskie and Dolnośląskie voivodships. The weakest result was achieved by the Świętokrzyskie Voivodship. However, the scores obtained were generally low – none of the regions achieved high scores in all partial values. Considering the relatively small differences between the values of the indicator, it is possible that the obtained picture will change due, among others, to the high dynamics of changes in expenditures being incurred in the cultural sector.
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Kovrizhnykh, Olga, Irina Vyachina, and Regina Makarenko. "Improving the methodology for selecting projects for diversified development of single-industry towns." Scientific notes of the Russian academy of entrepreneurship 19, no. 1 (March 25, 2020): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.24182/2073-6258-2020-19-1-82-90.
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The article deals with the problems of diversified development of single-industry towns and the selection of projects for priority financing. The authors propose a method for selecting the best diversification projects and calculating an integral indicator of the effectiveness of diversification using an analytical hierarchical procedure.
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Nazarkul Ugli, Odinaev Namozjon. "The Role Of Export Diversification In Providing Sustainable Economic Growth." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 02, no. 10 (October 31, 2020): 372–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume02issue10-60.
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Sustainable economic growth is the key to a prosperous life. Therefore, the country is paying more and more attention to attracting large investments, increasing the pace of production and thereby strengthening the export and import processes. This is because efficient and high-quality production is a key indicator of economic growth. As a result, the country will be able to export its products to foreign markets and improve the balance of payments. This article also discusses the role of exports and its diversification in the sustainable economic growth of our country
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Bielienkova, O. Yu. "Аlgorithm of diversification management of the enterprise activity." Ways to Improve Construction Efficiency 2, no. 47 (January 29, 2021): 132–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2707-501x.2021.47(2).132-144.
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The algorithm of management of diversification of the enterprise which is based on unity of three main spheres of activity, namely: operational, investment and financial is offered. This combination allows to take into account the comprehensive support of diversification programs and eliminate imbalances and imbalances in the development of enterprises that may arise during the diversification of production. The analysis and generalization of theoretical preconditions of formation of programs of diversification is carried out, the review of sources in the field of management of production programs at the enterprise level, diversification of production, balanced development is carried out.
The research methods are comparative analysis and synthesis, reproductive method, modeling.
As an indicator of the feasibility of diversification used the excess of future return on capital of the enterprise over its value. A diversification program should be adopted when such a ratio is the maximum of the alternatives for a given development option, and should be rejected if it is not supported in different diversification options.
It is revealed that diversification of production activity is one of the ways of development, which affects the investment, financial, operational spheres, leading to sustainable qualitative and quantitative changes of the enterprise. This method of development, acting as a way to reduce risks, helps to increase the financial stability of the enterprise, and hence increase its potential. The created algorithm allows to carry out management of diversification of activity of the enterprise taking into account such important components as cost of the capital and its profitability.
The use of the proposed algorithm article is only one of the ways to manage diversification, which should be combined with budgeting, economic and mathematical modeling, methods of expert evaluation, the creation of simulation models and more. Today there is a need to develop indicators of the effectiveness of diversification programs, assess the feasibility of their implementation and develop models that take into account the peculiarities of the functioning of enterprises in different sectors of the economy.
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Borkowsky, William, Elizabeth J. McFarland, Ram Yogev, Yonghua Li, and Paul Harding. "Correlation of HIV-Specific Immunity, Viral Control, and Diversification following Planned Multiple Exposures to Autologous HIV in a Pediatric Population." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 18, no. 10 (August 3, 2011): 1628–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.05176-11.
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ABSTRACTRepeated controlled exposure to autologous virus was previously shown to result in increased CD8 T lymphocyte response to HIV antigens and accompanying reduction in viremia. We attempted to see if this immunity contributed to virologic control by correlating the immune response with quasispecies envelope diversification, an indicator of immune selection. The greatest diversification was seen in those with the greatest reduction in viremia but was unrelated to the frequency of Env-specific gamma interferon-producing cells. There was a trend toward correlation between the response to multiple HIV antigens and diversification.
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Vasilyeva, R. I., V. A. Voitenkov, and A. R. Urazbaeva. "Modelling of the Influence of Regional Determinants on Export Diversification in Russia." Journal of Applied Economic Research 21, no. 1 (2022): 79–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/vestnik.2022.21.1.004.
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The dependence of Russian exports on hydrocarbon products negatively affects the country's economy due to the high volatility of oil and gas prices. The purpose of the study is to assess the degree of export diversification of Russia's regions and to determine the main determinants of export diversification. The hypothesis of the study is that in order to increase the number of exporters and the volume of international trade, the regions of Russia need to balance the structure of exports and actively develop small and medium-sized businesses. To identify regional determinants of export diversification in Russia, we use panel data for 83 entities of the Russian Federation for the period from 2001 to 2019. Within the analysis, we calculate the indicator of export diversification at the regional level using the Herfindahl and Theil indices and implement the quantile regression approach, which allows us to solve the heteroscedasticity problem and identify regions with high, medium, and low levels of export diversification. The study considers such regional characteristics as small and medium-sized businesses, the index of business potential and risk, the region's openness to international trade, the natural resources endowment, and also take into account the impact of sanctions imposed against Russia. The results of the study show that regions with the lowest level of export diversification have more opportunities to reduce the export concentration. The most significant factor contributing to export diversification is the number of small and medium enterprises in the region. At the same time, the analysis revealed that the vast majority of regional characteristics increase export concentration, for example, the extraction of natural resources, the import of technologies, the indicator of openness, risk and potential of companies. The results obtained complement the existing literature on export diversification in Russia and can be used to develop recommendations for improving government policy in terms of the reduction of oil and gas share in the overall exports structure.
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Juchniewicz, Małgorzata, and Magdalena Łada. "Diversification of the competitive position of the advanced technology sector in EU." International Journal of Management and Economics 56, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ijme-2020-0006.
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Abstract The high-technology sector has a particular importance in the development of modern national economies. It affects both the level of competitiveness and innovation. This was a prerequisite for the study to assess the competitive position of the advanced technology sector in the European Union (EU) countries. The starting point of the discussion was the definition of the concept of competitiveness, the competitive position of the advanced technology industry, and the classification of the high-tech sector. Based on the selected indicators, the competitive position and the rank of countries have been established. As for this, the indicators of the export share of the advanced technology sector in the intra-export market, the profitability of the high-tech sector, and the degree of export–import coverage were used. Based on the adopted indicators, a synthetic indicator of a competitive position has also been calculated which enabled determination of the most competitive country in the EU in reference to the industry. This enabled the identification of factors influencing the competitive position of the advanced technology sector in the EU member countries.
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Vidyarthi, Harishankar. "Dynamics of income diversification and bank performance in India." Journal of Financial Economic Policy 12, no. 3 (November 17, 2019): 383–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfep-05-2019-0084.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the dynamics between income diversification and performance (cost, profit, revenue, technical, pure technical and scale efficiency) for 38 listed Indian banks within panel data framework during the period 2004-2005 to 2015-16. Design/methodology/approach This study computes bank’s cost, profit, revenue, technical, pure technical and scale efficiency within intermediation approach with data envelopment analysis (DEA) as a performance indicator, followed by exploring the association between income diversification and bank performance using truncated Tobit regression within panel data framework. Findings Tobit regression results revealed inverted U-shaped relationship between the income diversification and estimated efficiency parameters for the overall panel. Size and bank intermediation ratio seems to be a major factor in exploiting the potential benefits of income diversification. The author reconfirmed the inverted U-shaped relationship with these efficiency parameters for exclusive subsamples consisting of government-owned and private sector banks. Research limitations/implications Inverted U-shaped relationship between the income diversification and estimated efficiency parameters suggest that banks should go for limited diversification to improve performance. Thus, regulators and banks should pursue limited diversification strategy for improving banking efficiency. Originality/value This study computes bank performance (cost, profit, revenue, technical, pure technical and scale efficiency) based on DEA followed by exploring the association between performance and income diversification for 38 Bombay stock exchange listed banks.
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Titova, A. V., and V. I. Golik2. "On Diversification of Ore Mining Complex as Direction for Development of Depressive Economic System." Mining Industry (Gornay Promishlennost), no. 6/2020 (December 29, 2020): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.30686/1609-9192-2020-6-112-117.
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The priorities for the development of the industrial complex are to compensate for market risks by dispersing activities into several types of business with the development of new products, the cost of which is reduced due to the use of the existing infrastructure. The prospects of mining enterprises of the North Caucasus in the implementation of production diversification are outlined. The results of substantiating the effectiveness of diversification at various volumes of ore mining in the conditions of the unprofitable Sadonsky lead-zinc plant with a graphical interpretation of economic calculations are given. The results of calculating the efficiency of involving substandard technogenic ores in the development, obtained by comparing alternative options that differ in the size of reserves, are given. An equation for the balance of values is proposed, which establishes the relationship between the volume of production and the completeness of extraction of reserves of deposits during the development of reserves of substandard ores and wastes. To assess the effectiveness of actions during diversification, an integral indicator of flexibility is proposed and the method of marginal analysis is used to reduce the uncertainty of situations. A graph of the relationship between the volume of ore production, economic indicators and the break-even point is shown. Okha-characterized the mineral resource base of diversified enterprises and diversification products for consumption by related industries. It is shown that the diversification of the ore mining complex is still a little used reserve for the development of the economic system of the depressive type.
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Rytko, Anna. "The Economic Development in the Context of the Development of Foreign Trade in Poland – a Comparison to some EU Countries." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 17(32), no. 4 (December 29, 2017): 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2017.17.4.103.
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The themes of the impact of foreign trade on economic growth has been repeatedly assumed by investigators and were most often related to various aspects: the openness of the economies, economic prosperity, competitiveness and diversification of export. The objective of the research was the evaluation of changes in economic development and the development of foreign trade in Poland comparing them with the EU and some EU countries. Particular attention was given to the issue of diversification and competitiveness of exports by putting the hypothesis that the greater product diversification of Polish export, the greater its competitiveness, which leads to economic growth. The work uses the following test methods: descriptive methods, statistical methods, the indexing methods of which Indicator of the Absolute Deviations and Revealed Comparative Advantages were calculated. Export diversification can lead to speeding up the pace of economic growth. By analyzing in detail the situations in Poland can conclude that it is advisable to diversify of the export structure.
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Aronica, Martina, Maria Francesca Cracolici, Debora Insolda, Davide Piacentino, and Salvatore Tosi. "The Diversification of Sicilian Farms: A Way to Sustainable Rural Development." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (May 28, 2021): 6073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116073.
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Rural areas still suffer from a lack of sustainable development, and the diversification of farms may be a step in the right direction. The paper provides a detailed picture of the diversification of Sicilian farms into tourism services. Specifically, we propose a simple indicator of localization intensity of agritourism farms and explore their spatial distribution at municipality level. Our study highlights that Sicilian farms rarely diversify into tourism services, despite being situated in attractive areas. That said, some significant spatial clusters of municipalities where agritourism farms are highly concentrated do emerge from the study.
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LESBIREL, S. HAYDEN. "Diversification and Energy Security Risks: The Japanese Case." Japanese Journal of Political Science 5, no. 1 (May 2004): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s146810990400129x.
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This article explores the relationship between diversification and energy security risks. It uses portfolio theory to conceptualise energy security as an insurance mechanism against disruptions to energy import markets. It provides quantitative measures of systematic and specific risks associated with Japanese energy imports during the period 1970—99. It suggests that Japan's policy of diversification of energy import sources has reduced specific risks, although fundamental changes in the political and economic structure of international energy and, in particular, oil markets have also significantly reduced systematic risks. The article concludes that, despite their limitations, portfolio measures provide a much more theoretically and methodologically robust indicator of energy import security than traditional measures of dependence.
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Sadriev, A. R., and B. N. Kamaev. "Modeling the directions of export diversification." Economic Analysis: Theory and Practice 19, no. 11 (November 27, 2020): 2154–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ea.19.11.2154.
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Subject. We consider the impact of export diversification on economic growth rates. Objectives. The study aims to develop a forecast for export diversification for the BRICS countries. Methods. The research rests on the product space conceptual platform. The International Trade Data (HS, 92) serve as the information resource of the study. Results. We developed a multiple regression model for export diversification of BRICS countries. The evaluation metrics for control samples of models are presented with a fairly strong functional link of factorial features, which confirms a high level of relevance of chosen predictors. The paper underpins the anticipated behavior of export diversification in Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. Conclusions. Only China and India have an upward trend in the projected values of the analyzed indicator. However, in the model for India, this trend can not be called stable, as it contains numerous fluctuations with rather serious amplitude. The trend for China, by contrast, shows a strictly monotonic trajectory of growth. A similar trend for South Africa demonstrates a stagnation at the level of 25 points. The projected behavior of export diversification in Russia and Brazil has comparable features and is characterized by a certain decline with short periods of fluctuations.
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Ginevičius, Romualdas. "QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF UNRELATED DIVERSIFICATION OF ENTERPRISE ACTIVITIES." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 15, no. 1 (March 31, 2009): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1392-3730.2009.15.105-111.
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Diversification of activities is one of the main strategies of an enterprise. This is a complicated and controversial process. Some consider it to be a perspective approach, while others think that it is too risky and, therefore, unreliable. To solve this problem, diversification of enterprise activities should be measured. A survey of the methods of diversification measurement shows that they are not accurate and do not reflect the real situation. With the increase of diversification of enterprise activities, two parameters, the number of divisions and the relationship between their activities, vary. The indicator of diversification should assess and integrate both parameters. In this process, the effect of each of the above parameters on the organisational structure, determining the outcome of diversification, should be examined. In this environment, the variation in the number of enterprise activities (or their directions) is more important because the establishment of new divisions depends on it. The variation in the relationships between the particular activities does not necessarily lead to the emergence of a new division. The calculations based on the data obtained from Lithuanian construction enterprises show that the indicator of enterprise diversificiation offered in the present paper satisfies all the considered requirements, while the calculations of its values for actual enterprises demonstrate that it may be successfully used in practice. Santrauka Viena iš pagrindinių įmonių plėtros strategijų – jų veiklos diversifikacija. Šis fenomenas pasižymi dideliu kompleksiškumu, todėl yra gana prieštaringas. Vienais atvejais manoma, kad tai perspektyvus būdas, kitais – kad diversifikacija yra per daug rizikinga, todėl vargu ar prasminga. Norint atsakyti į šiuos klausimus, veiklos diversifikaciją reikia išmatuoti. Matavimo būdų apžvalga rodo, kad jie yra netikslūs ir neatspindi realios padėties. Stiprėjant įmonės veiklos diversifikacijai, kinta du įmonės parametrai – padalinių skaičius ir jų atliekamų darbų santykis. Diversifikacijos rodiklis turi abu šiuos parametrus tinkamai įvertinti ir sujungti. Tai atliekant reikia atsižvelgti į kiekvieno iš šių parametrų įtaką organizacinei įmonės struktūrai, svarbiausiam įmonės veiklos diversifikacijai padariniui. Svarbesnis yra įmonės veiklos krypčių skaičiaus kitimas, nes nuo jo priklauso naujų padalinių atsiradimas. Verslo variacija dar ne visada gali būti naujo padalinio atsiradimo priežastis. Pateikiamas įmonių veiklos diversifikacijos rodiklis atitinka visus šiuos reikalavimus. Jo reikšmių skaičiavimas realioms įmonėms parodė, kad jis gali būti taikomas praktiškai.
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Mironov, V. "Economic Growth and Competitiveness in Russia: Price and Non-price Factors of Analysis." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 3 (March 20, 2006): 42–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2006-3-42-61.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of economic growth perspectives and dynamics of competitiveness indicators of the Russian economy on macro-level (including main industry branches). The indicators of real effective exchange rate are analyzed along with unit labor cost indicators for estimating investment potential of the Russian economy in its relation to the main trade partners. Additionally, opportunities of parallel analysis of integral (price and non-price) and partial competitiveness indicators are examined with the aim to isolate the effects of various parameters of competitiveness on the integral indicator registered by surveys. The classical technique of the financial portfolio analysis for quantitative estimation of the Russian industry’s portfolio diversification in 1999—2004 is applied as a measure of structural competitiveness.
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Liu, Hongbo, Hanho Kim, Shuanglu Liang, and Oh-Sang Kwon. "Export Diversification and Ecological Footprint: A Comparative Study on EKC Theory among Korea, Japan, and China." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (October 12, 2018): 3657. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103657.
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This study examines the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis by adopting a country’s ecological footprint as an indicator of environmental degradation in three East Asian countries: Japan, Korea, and China. During the development process, countries intend to balance between stabilizing export demand and maintaining sustainable economic improvement in the context of deteriorating global warming and climate change. The Environmental Kuznets Curve (henceforth, EKC) was originally developed to estimate the correlation between environment condition and economic development. In this paper, we started from the EKC model and adopted an Error Correction Methodology (henceforth, ECM) to estimate the EKC relationships in Japan, Korea (two developed countries), and China (a developing country) over the period of 1990 to 2013. Besides this, instead of only using Gross Domestic Product (henceforth, GDP), two subdivisions of trade diversification—export product diversification and export market diversification—are introduced as proxy variables for economic development in rectification of the EKC. The results demonstrate that both Korea and Japan satisfy the EKC theory by demonstrating an inverted U-shaped relationship between economic development and ecological footprint, while analysis based on data from China does not display the same tendency. For both export product diversification and market diversification, the more diversified the country’s export is, the bigger its ecological footprint. The policy implications of this econometric outcome are also discussed.
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Sun, Wenbin, and Rahul Govind. "Product market diversification and market emphasis." European Journal of Marketing 51, no. 7/8 (July 11, 2017): 1308–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-09-2016-0510.
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Purpose Extant literature indicates that increased product market diversification generates both positive and negative impact on firm performance. This inconclusive pattern hinders the decision-making of deploying a firm’s resources across different markets. This research aims to embed diversification into a moderation-based framework and demonstrates the conditions under which increased diversification produces either beneficial or harmful effects on firm outcomes. The authors introduce another market configuration dimension, viz., market emphasis, and reveal how changes in diversification and in emphasis yield interactive effects on an important firm performance indicator, idiosyncratic risk. An additional moderator, market turbulence, is also incorporated to further enrich the model in a three-way interaction. Results show that when market turbulence is high, and a firm highly skews its resources to some of its markets, diversifying into more market domains will increase firm idiosyncratic risk. A better choice during increased diversification is to evenly emphasize each of its markets. However, in a market displaying low turbulence, the high diversification-high emphasis pattern may be preferred because of lower firm risk. Design/methodology/approach To test the hypotheses, the authors collected a comprehensive archival data that contained a large group of public traded US-based manufacturing companies from three different resources. These were the Compustat Annual Database, the Center for Research in Security Prices database and Compustat Business Segment Database. These databases and the combinatorial approach are widely adopted in marketing and management research involving firm strategies and financial outcomes. Findings When market turbulence is high, simultaneously increasing market diversification and emphasis will more strongly raise firm idiosyncratic risk. However, polarizing into either diversification or emphasis reduces firm risk. When in a low turbulence market, expanding to more product markets and simultaneously emphasizing key markets will decrease idiosyncratic risk. One noticeable fact is that irrespective of whether a firm is in high or low turbulence conditions, choosing a diversification strategy always decreases firm risk when market emphasis is low. However, the impact of this effect however is higher when turbulence is greater. The authors also present the boundary conditions under which the three-way interaction holds. Research limitations/implications First, the extension to the utilization of idiosyncratic risk stretches the understanding of effective ways of reducing firm risks from an angle of marketing management. This view of firm risk also contributes to further analysis of shareholder value. Classic corporate asset valuation focuses more on the financial performance indicators as well as the firm’s strategic domains. This research thus provides a unique and meaningful guideline for the corporate valuation approach from the angle of analyzing the firm’s business segment scope and emphasis in the context of the environment. Practical implications The idea about how many product markets a firm should enter is always one of the primary decisions that contain significant trade-offs. This makes the managers choice difficult during the decision-making processes. The authors suggest that managers should not only consider the scope of product markets but also think carefully about the resources allocated toward each segment. A matrix with dimensions of diversification and emphasis can be explicitly studied during the strategy formulation. The individual blocks within this matrix may have significant outcome differences. Originality/value Previous research focuses on either a firm’s internal assets or external competitive situations when researchers seek the drivers of risk-reduction. This research extends this horizon by adding the interplay between a set of fundamental firm decision areas, diversification and emphasis and the external conditions facing a firm (turbulence).
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Dziekański, Paweł. "Diversification Synthetic Indicator for Evaluating the Financial Capacity of Local Government. The Case of Polish Voivodeships." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 65, no. 2 (2017): 611–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201765020611.
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Financial situation is a fundamental issue for the local government. Financial problems could result in insolvency that is why the analysis of financial situation is essential not only for current management, but also for the protection against side effects of economic downturn. One of the most important determinants of the development of the local government unit is its financial situation, which has an undeniable impact on the whole activities conducted by the local government. The aim of the article is to present the financial situation of the territorial self‑government – the voivodeship, and its changes in the years 2009–2014. The voivodeships which are in good financial situation are more competitive and efficient in conducting development policy. The best voivodeships in 2014 and 2011 were Mazowieckie and Dolnośląskie, in 2009 – Mazowieckie and Łódzkie; in 2014 were Lubuskie and Opolskie, in 2011 – Kujawsko‑pomorskie and Warmińsko‑mazurskie, and in 2009 – Lubuskie and Warmińsko‑mazurskie. The value of the index in 2014 fluctuated between 0.16 and 0.59, in 2011 between 0.22–0.64, and in 2009 – 0.16–0.64. The resulting measure depends on the number and type of variables taken for testing. It allows you to identify weaker areas and improved functioning of the unit, if its own position in relation to competitors. The behavior indicated methodology, and partial variables, allows the assessment of individuals between countries.
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Landes, Xavier. "Building Happiness Indicators Some Philosophical and Political Issues." Les ateliers de l'éthique 10, no. 2 (February 29, 2016): 4–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1035325ar.
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Happiness has become a central theme in public debates. Happiness indicators illustrate this importance. This article offers a typology of the main challenges conveyed by the elaboration of happiness indicators, where happiness can be understood as hedonia, subjective well-being, or eudaimonia. The typology is structured around four questions: (1) what to measure?—i.e., the difficulties linked to the choice of a particular understanding of happiness for building an indicator; (2) whom to include?—i.e., the limits of the community monitored by such an indicator; (3) how to collect the data?—i.e., the difficulties stemming from objective and subjective reporting; (4) what to do?—i.e., the concerns about the use of happiness indicators in public policy. The major points of normative contention are discussed for each of these dimensions. The purpose of this article is to contribute in a constructive manner to happiness research by offering an overview of some major philosophical and political challenges of building happiness indicators. The conclusion underlines the importance of the strategy of diversification- hybridization, which consists in setting a variety of indicators or composite indicators that articulate different understandings of happiness. It is stressed that happiness indicators raise democratic and institutional issues with which normative thinkers should deal.
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Bellows, Alexandra L., Chelsey R. Canavan, Mia M. Blakstad, Dominic Mosha, Ramadhani A. Noor, Patrick Webb, Joyce Kinabo, Honorati Masanja, and Wafaie W. Fawzi. "The Relationship Between Dietary Diversity Among Women of Reproductive Age and Agricultural Diversity in Rural Tanzania." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 41, no. 1 (December 16, 2019): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0379572119892405.
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Background: Agriculture can influence diets through consumption of home-produced foods or increased purchasing power derived from sale of agricultural commodities. Objective: This article explores cross-sectional relationships between agricultural diversification and dietary diversity (a proxy for micronutrient adequacy) among women of reproductive age in rural Tanzania. Methods: Dietary diversity was measured using the women’s minimum dietary diversity score indicator. Data were analyzed from the baseline survey of a cluster randomized control trial in Rufiji, Tanzania. One woman of reproductive age was randomly surveyed from each eligible household, totaling 1006 individuals. Generalized linear mixed-effects models were used to estimate the relationship between agricultural indicators and dietary diversity. Results: Median dietary diversity score for women was 3.00 (interquartile range: 2-3). Approximately 73% of households grew at least 1 crop in the previous year. Women’s dietary diversity score was positively associated with cropping diversity ( P for trend = .04), ownership of livestock (adjusted coefficient: 0.30; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.08-0.44; P = .005), cash crop production (adjusted coefficient: 0.22; 95% CI: 0.03-0.41; P = .02), and production of pulses (adjusted coefficient: 0.50; 95% CI: 0.27-0.74; P < .0001) and other vegetables (adjusted coefficient: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.11-1.17; P = .02). Conclusions: Average dietary diversity is well below the recommended 5 food groups per day, a widely used indicator of micronutrient adequacy. Since the majority of households participate in agriculture, the efforts to promote agricultural diversification and/or specialization and sale of agricultural goods may positively influence dietary diversity and associated health and nutrition outcomes.
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Krzyżanowski, Julian. "The Evaluation of Implementation of Agricultural Sustainable Development Policy in the European Union." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego 18(33), no. 2 (July 2, 2018): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/prs.2018.18.2.45.
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Author tries to evaluate two elements of implementation of agricultural sustainable development policy in the European Union. Those elements are: “greening” and European innovation partnership. Greening is carried out by: crop diversification, maintenance of permanent grassland (PG), maintenance of ecological focus areas (EFA). Diversification of crops was carried out for three fourth of areas of arable lands in the EU. Diversification prevents soil erosion. Share of PG in the overall area of agricultural land in the EU is 29 %. The highest indicator is at present in the United Kingdom (90%), and the lowest in Cyprus, Malta, Denmark and Finland. From the set of actions maintaining the pro-environmental areas (EFA), the most popular were: setting aside (27 member states), and the least popular – afforestation (only 11 countries). When it comes to EFA area, the biggest share was the area for legume plants. New pro-environmental instrument is European Innovation Partnership for productive and sustainable agriculture. There has already been some results of this action in the EU countries.
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Calvo, Clara, Carlos Ivorra, Vicente Liern, and Blanca Pérez-Gladish. "Grading Investment Diversification Options in Presence of Non-Historical Financial Information." Mathematics 9, no. 6 (March 23, 2021): 692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9060692.
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Modern portfolio theory deals with the problem of selecting a portfolio of financial assets such that the expected return is maximized for a given level of risk. The forecast of the expected individual assets’ returns and risk is usually based on their historical returns. In this work, we consider a situation in which the investor has non-historical additional information that is used for the forecast of the expected returns. This implies that there is no obvious statistical risk measure any more, and it poses the problem of selecting an adequate set of diversification constraints to mitigate the risk of the selected portfolio without losing the value of the non-statistical information owned by the investor. To address this problem, we introduce an indicator, the historical reduction index, measuring the expected reduction of the expected return due to a given set of diversification constraints. We show that it can be used to grade the impact of each possible set of diversification constraints. Hence, the investor can choose from this gradation, the set better fitting his subjective risk-aversion level.
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Sołek, Karol, and Bożena Sowa. "Diversification of the Social Development of Podkarpackie Province Communes." Economic and Regional Studies / Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne 12, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ers-2019-0005.
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SummarySubject and purpose of work: The aim of the research was to determine the diversity of social development of all communes in the Podkarpackie province in two research periods of 2003 and 2013.Materials and methods: All functions such as LHDI were tested. The variant was used to group communes in the variant, comparing the Hellwig’s Taxonomic Development Meter based on the results analysis. Selection of own diagnostics was done in a natural way using TMR measures.Results: There is a positive decline in the number of communes in the lowest class by two units. At the same time, the number of four of two socially most developed groups decreased, and the number of communes with an average development level for growth. Communes that have maintained the position of socially the strongest in the region for years are: Krosno and Boguchwała. The largest increase over the analyzed years was recorded in Rzeszów, Trzebownisko, Przemyśl and Ostrów communes.Conclusions: The indicator analysis shows that the province is developing. This development is very diverse in a particular society in the Podkarpacie region, central and north-west.
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Verheliuk, Y. "Diversification of investment activity's financial sources in Ukraine." Fundamental and applied researches in practice of leading scientific schools 31, no. 1 (February 28, 2019): 250–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33531/farplss.2019.1.46.
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The article is devoted to the assessment of financing sources of investment activity in Ukraine from the point of view of their diversification. The emphasis is placed on the importance of financial provision of investment activity. In the context of external and internal sources of financing, the components have been evaluated, namely: self-financing, budget financing, bank lending, financing from foreign investments.
In the course of the analysis it was revealed that self-financing dominates in the structure of financing sources of investment activity in Ukraine. The share of other financing sources is rather insignificant, which testifies to their inaccessibility for economic entities. In the course of assessing the dynamics of participation of foreign capital in financing investment activity in Ukraine, a slight increase in the analyzed period was detected, as well as a decrease in the indicator in 2017 due to the influence of a number of negative factors. Foreign investments are mainly directed to export industries or branches with a short production cycle, and a significant proportion of them are made using the technology of "round tripping", which is a negative trend. It was concluded that the uneven participation of funding sources and the concentration of self-financing of investment activity shows low possibilities of diversification of financing. To a greater degree, such a situation with the financing of investment activity is a reflection of the state and opportunities of the economy.
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Salam, Shakila, Siegfried Bauer, and Md Salauddin Palash. "Impact of income diversification on rural livelihood in some selected areas of Bangladesh." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 17, no. 1 (March 28, 2019): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v17i1.40666.
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Diverse set of income generating activities may have varying effect on household’s welfare situation. This study intends to assess the extent of different income diversification strategies on rural household welfare. A total sample of 153 households from three districts of Bangladesh was randomly selected. Considering simultaneous causality between different livelihood strategies and welfare indicators, the Two Stage Least Square (2SLS) methods with instrumental variable was applied to estimate impact of the strategies on household welfare. Household per capita expenditure was treated as the welfare indicator which includes both food and non-food expenditures. The findings show that involving in any type of non-farm activities jointly with farming has a significantly positive effect on the household’s welfare. Among different non-farm activities, participation in wage employment and migration along with agricultural activities ensured significantly higher per capita household expenditure. On the other hand, the impact of currently participation in only agricultural activities on household expenditure is insignificant. Besides, Farm size, higher education and infrastructural facilities also play an important role in improving household’s welfare. Therefore, policy should be directed to create opportunities to participate in non-farm activities through establishment of small and medium industries, especially agro-based industries in the rural areas.
J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 17(1): 73–79, March 2019
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Aguayo, Francisco Zabala, and Beata Ślusarczyk. "Risks of Banking Services’ Digitalization: The Practice of Diversification and Sustainable Development Goals." Sustainability 12, no. 10 (May 14, 2020): 4040. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104040.
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The study aims to investigate threats that might occur in diversification management, operational risks of banking services in the process of digitalization, as well as the impact on customers and banks. The right choice of a risk management model for a bank plays an important role in the sustainable development of competitiveness and the transformation of banking activities in the future. This work assesses bank risks and determines information risks in relation to the total capital of Santander Bank of Spain. The authors adapted an operational risk management (ORM) model to minimize the risks of the bank’s digitalization and upcoming operational risks. The ratio of the total operational risk to the total bank’s capital was 0.65%, which is below the permissible minimum value and is acceptable. Based on this indicator, diversification of business risks can be applied. As a result of the study, the total value of operational risks was calculated and the acceptability of this indicator to the capital of Santander Bank was assessed, which allowed the authors to assess whether the value was critical. In addition, it was also revealed that the main external risk of Santander Bank in 2018 was fraud in the use of online payments. The results might help to more effectively evaluate insurance payments for identified operational risks and effectively make decisions and optimize reporting documents of banks.
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Kurbanov, Nurali Kh, Vera G. Shiyko, Elena I. Sedova, and Vladimir N. Abramov. "THE DIVERSIFICATION OF LABOR RESOURCES IS AN INDICATOR OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL BASIS OF THE REPRODUCTIVE PROCESS." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 4/1, no. 124 (2022): 166–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2022.04.01.019.
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The article studies the dependence of the diversification of labor resources on the level of development of the scientific and technological basis. The authors substantiate that scientific and technological development, relying on the base of economic resources, provides an increase in the efficiency of the reproduction process. Actual tools and practices for increasing labor productivity that ensure innovative development are considered on the example of the leading sectors of the Russian economy in modern conditions.
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Jezierska-Thöle, Aleksandra, Roman Rudnicki, Łukasz Wiśniewski, Marta Gwiaździńska-Goraj, and Mirosław Biczkowski. "The Agri-Environment-Climate Measure as an Element of the Bioeconomy in Poland—A Spatial Study." Agriculture 11, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11020110.
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The Polish agricultural economy has a chance to dynamically develop and influence the innovation policy in the EU model of bioeconomy. The research aims to assess the spatial diversification of the level and structure of spending funds for two Rural Development Program (RDP) measures: agri-environment-climate measures (AECM) and organic farming scheme (OFS) aimed at supporting proenvironmental forms of agricultural management in the context of bioeconomy development. The EU financial perspective determined the time range for 2014–2020. The study was conducted on the example of Poland in two spatial scales: regional (province) and local (community). The analysis was based on partial indicators, which were then subjected to the standardisation procedure and included in the total as a synthetic indicator of the utilisation of RDP 2014–2020 funds aimed at supporting proenvironmental forms of farming. The following information was included in the evaluation: the number of farms, the size of utilised agricultural area (UAA) covered by support and the amounts of payments made under the two analysed RDP measures. In the research, the size and distribution of farms benefiting from AECM and OFS were determined. Besides, the relationship between funds absorption and socioeconomic development, as well as natural and non-natural conditions, were identified. The synthetic indicator of AECM/OFS usage showed a strong spatial differentiation, determined by the impact of several conditions: the level of socioeconomic development, the level of agriculture development, natural conditions of agriculture, land with significant natural and ecological values, and proenvironmental forms of land use on farms. Spatial diversification is more often the result of the impact of proenvironmental or natural-ecological factors than of socioeconomic conditions, or the level of agricultural development.
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Hou, Yumei, Wasim Iqbal, Ghulam Muhammad Shaikh, Nadeem Iqbal, Yasir Ahmad Solangi, and Arooj Fatima. "Measuring Energy Efficiency and Environmental Performance: A Case of South Asia." Processes 7, no. 6 (June 1, 2019): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7060325.
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When assessing energy efficiency, most studies have frequently ignored environmental aspects even though the concept has been widely used in the past. This study evaluates the energy efficiency and environmental performance of South Asia by using DEA (data envelopment analysis) like mathematical composite indicator. We construct a comprehensive set of indicators, including an energy self-sufficiency ratio, energy production over consumption ratio, energy imports, diversification index of energy imports, energy reserve ratio, GDP productivity, energy intensity, per capita energy consumption index, carbon emission index, carbon emission index per unit of energy consumption and share of renewable energy in order to develop an energy efficiency and environmental performance index. Unlike other studies, this study first examines each indicator and then estimates a combined score for each country. The results reveal that Bhutan as a more secure country and Pakistan showed a decreasing trend, while Sri Lanka and India performed satisfactorily. Remarkably, Bangladesh, Nepal and Afghanistan showed a decreasing trend. This study proposes a policy that increases the cross-border trade of renewable energy for long term energy efficiency and environmental performance.
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Anwar, Javed. "An Analysis of Energy Security Using the Partial Equilibrium Model: The Case of Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 49, no. 4II (December 1, 2010): 925–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v49i4iipp.925-940.
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Restricting energy imports and total primary energy supply are the two direct policy options used for the improvement of energy security. Restricting energy imports directly reduce energy import dependency that leads to diversification of energy resources and ultimately enhances energy security while total energy supply reduction affects the energy security through the diversification of efficient technology mix and energy resources supply mix. As energy is a vital element for sustained economic growth and development, therefore energy consumption is used as a basic indicator of people living standards. Due to technological and industrial development, the demand of energy in Pakistan is increasing more than the total primary energy supply; therefore, it is confronting the severe energy deficit today. So there should be a serious concern for the government about the energy security and should take enough actions for the development of indigenous alternative and renewable energy resources.
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Mukhsimova, Dilafruz. "The impact of the development of manufacturing on economic growth: the experience of Uzbekistan." Economy and forecasting 2020, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 130–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/econforecast2020.04.130.
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The article is devoted to the assessment of the impact of the development of manufacturing on economic growth in developing countries, in particular, the Republic of Uzbekistan. Conclusions for Uzbekistan take into account the peculiarities of the implementation of the Program for Localization of the Production of Finished Products, Components and Materials. To perform the estimates, a regression model was constructed to determine the impact of the factors of sustainable economic growth on per capita GDP (in US dollars of 2010), which indicator is used in the model as a dependent variable characterizing sustainable development. Factors of economic growth are substantiated with the use of well-known theoretical approaches and empirical data. The article presents a cross-country analysis of economic growth indicators in developing countries, which allowed to form a sufficient sample of data for estimates. The article evaluates the impact of the diversification factor on economic growth indicators, analyzes the relationship between the indicators of processing industry development and economic growth. The connection between the volatility of economic growth and the development of the processing industry is demonstrated, as well as a comparative analysis of different types of economic diversification in the developing countries selected for this study. Using correlation and regression analysis, the impact on economic growth of such factors as R&D expenditures, human capital, trade openness, the share of manufacturing in GDP, and employment in industry was analyzed in detail. Based on the author's study of the impact of these factors on economic development, the recommendations have been developed for developing countries, including Uzbekistan.
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Mukhsimova, Dilafruz. "The impact of the development of manufacturing on economic growth: the experience of Uzbekistan." Ekonomìka ì prognozuvannâ 2020, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 137–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/eip2020.04.137.
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The article is devoted to the assessment of the impact of the development of manufacturing on economic growth in developing countries, in particular, the Republic of Uzbekistan. Conclusions for Uzbekistan take into account the peculiarities of the implementation of the Program for Localization of the Production of Finished Products, Components and Materials. To perform the estimates, a regression model was constructed to determine the impact of the factors of sustainable economic growth on per capita GDP (in US dollars of 2010), which indicator is used in the model as a dependent variable characterizing sustainable development. Factors of economic growth are substantiated with the use of well-known theoretical approaches and empirical data. The article presents a cross-country analysis of economic growth indicators in developing countries, which allowed to form a sufficient sample of data for estimates. The article evaluates the impact of the diversification factor on economic growth indicators, analyzes the relationship between the indicators of processing industry development and economic growth. The connection between the volatility of economic growth and the development of the processing industry is demonstrated, as well as a comparative analysis of different types of economic diversification in the developing countries selected for this study. Using correlation and regression analysis, the impact on economic growth of such factors as R&D expenditures, human capital, trade openness, the share of manufacturing in GDP, and employment in industry was analyzed in detail. Based on the author's study of the impact of these factors on economic development, the recommendations have been developed for developing countries, including Uzbekistan.
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Ivanova, Marina V. "Demographic contraction as an indicator of the problems of single-industry municipalities." Population and Economics 5, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 76–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/popecon.5.e65661.
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Migration processes associated with the outflow of the population from single-industry municipalities (monotowns) are becoming one of the components of global demographic changes on the territory of the Russian Federation. One of the tools to curb demographic contraction in the territory of single-industry municipalities can be the strengthening of diversification of the economy of monotowns, which should contribute to improving the quality of life of the population, including through a change in the structure of employment. The article analyzes the existing trends in the socio-economic development of single-industry towns of various types and shows that a significant number of them are characterized by demographic contraction, caused, among other things, by outflow of the working age population. Correlation analysis for a number of indicators characterizing demographic processes in single-industry municipalities showed a weak connection between them. Population survey data for 2016 and 2019 indicate a low assessment of measures to support single-industry towns by the population. The most significant factors for residents, indicating a favourable level of socio-economic development of the single-industry entity, in the opinion of the respondents, are employment opportunities, a decent level of wages, the quality of medical care, the quality of housing and utilities, and the ecological situation.
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Bortoluzzo, Adriana Bruscato, Antonio Reis Silva Neto, and Maurício Mesquita Bortoluzzo. "Diversification and Property Control Impact on the Performance of Brazilian REITs." Revista Evidenciação Contábil & Finanças 8, no. 1 (May 1, 2020): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22478/ufpb.2318-1001.2020v8n1.44848.
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The Brazilian Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs) had a market capitalization of 20.2 billion dollars on July 31, 2018, and is a constantly growing market, according to the Brazilian Association of Financial and Capital Market Entities (ANBIMA). This paper seeks to analyse property-type diversification and property control management strategies in the performance of Brazilian REITs, measured by Jensen’s Alpha indicator, using a dynamic regression panel data from 110 REITs in the period between 2002 and early 2016. The results suggest that a property control strategy positively affects the performance of Brazilian REITs, indicating that trusts could improve performance by avoiding conflicts of interest with third parties, and perhaps agency problems inside the REIT’s corporate structure by having full control over its properties. When excluding mortgage REITs from the sample, the property-type diversification also presents a positive and statistical relevant impact on performance, surpassing the impacts of a focused strategy. Finally, it is noted that the performance of Brazilian REITs have high persistence, which indicates that managers seek to achieve a target performance and maintain this performance over time.
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Ismailova, Nasiba. "INDICATORS OF STATE FINANCIAL SECURITY IN UZBEKISTAN." INNOVATIONS IN ECONOMY 4, no. 3 (March 30, 2021): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9491-2021-3-2.
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This article is devoted to the description of the socio-economic essence of financial security, indicators of financial security, different opinions on the concept of monetary security, issues of ensuring the financial security of the Republic of Uzbekistan.The aim of the study is to investigate indicators of state financial security and identify threats to financial security at the macro level in Uzbekistan, determine the intensity, content, sources, and causes of the impact of threatening factors, create a unified approach to limiting threats and develop recommendations for its practical application.The scientific novelty of the research:1. It was proposed to abolish the practice of issuing loans at preferential interest rates, giving commercial banks the right to independently set interest rates by introducing mechanisms to compensate for a certain part of interest costs, to improve the diversification of international gold and foreign exchange reserves of Uzbekistan;2. Developed the parameters of the zones that determine the state of each security indicator by studying the indicator of the level of financial security by comparing the current (real) situation with a certain class (nominal) in terms of security;3. The system of indicators and the approach based on threshold values in the study of financial security problems have been analyzed. Developed and grouped program measures to limit and neutralize security threats
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Ferraris, Alberto, Stefano Bresciani, and Manlio Del Giudice. "International diversification and firm performance: a four-stage model." EuroMed Journal of Business 11, no. 3 (September 5, 2016): 362–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/emjb-10-2015-0048.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between international diversification (ID) and performance in multinational firms by proposing a new and unified theory of multinationality that incorporates, integrates and extends previous concepts and hypotheses. Design/methodology/approach The study relies on data concerning the world’s largest companies, derived from the Fortune Global 500. An OLS regression analysis has been carried out in order to test a four-stage relationship between ID and performance. Findings On a final sample of 391 multinationals, this paper provides an empirical evidence that support the existence of a four-stage theory by using a relevant sample of “top” multinational firms. Research limitations/implications This study has two main limitations: first, a single indicator was used to measure ID; second, some potential variables have had to be excluded due to data availability. Practical implications This paper offers some intriguing practical implications, as well: first, it points out to some thresholds where performances are higher at certain level of ID; second, it highlights that performance will face two kinds of decreases due to intra-regional and inter-regional liability of foreignness; finally, it individuates differences with regard to some firms’ characteristics such as home or host country’s behaviors and about the kind of industries in which they operate, as well. Originality/value This is one of the first studies that tests and finds positive evidences about a four-stage theory, regarding to the relationship between ID and performance. Moreover, it proposes other interesting results with regard to the differences between home vs host country-oriented firms and between manufacturing vs services multinational firms.
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Kirkpinar, Ayşegül, and Pınar Evrim Mandaci. "A volatility spillover analysis between bond and commodity markets as an indicator for global liquidity risk." Panoeconomicus, no. 00 (2022): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan180811011k.
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This study aims to analyze the volatility spillover between bond and commodity markets in terms of global liquidity risk. The data covers the daily closing prices of bond markets in specified countries - Brazil, Russia, India, China, and Turkey - and certain commodities - gold and oil - for the period January 2008 to January 2022. We utilized the DCC-GARCH model to analyze volatility spillover between these markets and the Copula DCC-GACRH model to determine dependence structures between them. Additionally, we applied the Hong Causality in Variance Test to determine the direction of the causal relationships between these markets. Our empirical findings indicate the existence of significant volatility spillovers between gold and most of these bond markets (Brazil, China, Russia, and Turkey), and between oil and some of these bond markets (Russia, India and Turkey). Our results indicate a limited diversification benefit for investors and portfolio managers.
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Mamaikin, Oleksandr, Vadym Sotskov, Yurii Demchenko, and Oleksandr Prykhorchuk. "Productive flows control in coal mines under the condition of diversification of production." E3S Web of Conferences 60 (2018): 00008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186000008.
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The objective of the work consists in methodical bases of concept development for control by productive flows in coal mines with the use of cost-effective mechanisms. These mechanisms would provide their stable functioning in conditions of uncertainty and risks, formed by internal and external factors. The theoretic views have been used for the supply system structuring, when assessing the opportunities and reasonability to contract out the diversified production operations. The correlation of industrial factors has been defined, representing the mine as a multi-level system, and a logical interpretation of the obtained dependences. The system of efficiency evaluation has been proposed, which is intended to supplement the existing system of risk management with a kind of control element, an indicator of the positive processes in processing technogenic wastes of mines and dressing plants.
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Fritzsch, Jana. "Is non-farm income diversification a feasible option for small-scale farmers? An assessment using a composite fuzzy indicator." Post-Communist Economies 24, no. 3 (September 2012): 403–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14631377.2012.705473.
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Busygin, Evgeny. "The Impact of Diversification of Production Activities by Major Public Oil Companies on the Value of Their Shares." Journal of Corporate Finance Research / Корпоративные Финансы | ISSN: 2073-0438 13, no. 4 (December 30, 2019): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/j.jcfr.2073-0438.13.4.2019.7-18.
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The studies devoted to the analysis of the diversification of production activities of the largest public oil companies andits impact on their cost do not consider production or financial factors, which are important indicators for assessing thedevelopment prospects of companies.In this article, an econometric analysis will be carried out to identify the external and internal factors affecting thecapitalization of the largest vertically integrated oil companies, and for the first time, profitability ratios for each ofthem will be used to test the hypothesis about the positive impact of diversification of activities on the upstream anddownstream segments.As a result of the study, it was found that an increase in profitability in the upstream segment leads to an increase in thevalue of oil companies shares, while profitability in the downstream segment turned out to be an insignificant factor thatnegatively affects the dependent variable.The obtained results indicate that investors are more oriented to the financial indicator related to the production sector,ignoring the refining segment, which may lead to underestimation of oil companies and subsequent adjustments of stockprices.The final conclusions can be used by investment companies and other stock market participants as part of investmentdecision making process regarding the acquisition/sale of shares of large vertically integrated oil companies.As part of the development of a study on the valuation of oil companies, it could be analyzed the influence of the factorsconsidered in the work on firms that conduct production activities separately in upstream and downstream segments.
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Grímsson, Friðgeir, Paschalia Kapli, Christa-Charlotte Hofmann, Reinhard Zetter, and Guido W. Grimm. "Eocene Loranthaceae pollen pushes back divergence ages for major splits in the family." PeerJ 5 (June 7, 2017): e3373. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3373.
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BackgroundWe revisit the palaeopalynological record of Loranthaceae, using pollen ornamentation to discriminate lineages and to test molecular dating estimates for the diversification of major lineages.MethodsFossil Loranthaceae pollen from the Eocene and Oligocene are analysed and documented using scanning-electron microscopy. These fossils were associated with molecular-defined clades and used as minimum age constraints for Bayesian node dating using different topological scenarios.ResultsThe fossil Loranthaceae pollen document the presence of at least one extant root-parasitic lineage (Nuytsieae) and two currently aerial parasitic lineages (Psittacanthinae and Loranthinae) by the end of the Eocene in the Northern Hemisphere. Phases of increased lineage diversification (late Eocene, middle Miocene) coincide with global warm phases.DiscussionWith the generation of molecular data becoming easier and less expensive every day, neontological research should re-focus on conserved morphologies that can be traced through the fossil record. The pollen, representing the male gametophytic generation of plants and often a taxonomic indicator, can be such a tracer. Analogously, palaeontological research should put more effort into diagnosing Cenozoic fossils with the aim of including them into modern systematic frameworks.
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Klonowska-Matynia, Maria. "EDUCATIONAL COMPETENCIES VS HUMAN CAPITAL DIVERSIFICATION ON RURAL AREAS IN THE ZACHODNIOPOMORSKIE PROVINCE." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XIX, no. 3 (August 22, 2017): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.3234.
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The aim of the paper was to determine the level of differentiation and classification of rural areas in the Zachodniopomorskie province in terms of human capital resources defined in the field of education. The linear ordering method in the study was applied, and as a result, each spatial unit the synthetic indicator was assigned, describing the total level of the resource. It was assumed the uneven spatial distribution of human capital. The obtained results confirm: a higher level of human capital cumulating on highly urbanized areas and the occurrence of deficits on peripheral areas characterized by qualitatively low educational competences (also outside the formal). The study encompasses rural areas defined as rural and rural-urban gminas distinguished according to the GUS administrative criterion. The Regional Examination Board (OKE) in Poznan, the National Census of 2011 (NSP), the Local Data Bank of the CSO and the data of Rural Development Monitoring stage 1 were the main data source.
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Almutairi, Humoud. "Economic Diversification in GCC Economies: A Heaven for Investors." International Journal of Economics and Finance 8, no. 4 (March 23, 2016): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v8n4p84.
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<p>Investors all over the world strive to a heaven for their investments. Strong economies tend to be the most desirable place for investments of all types. As one indicator of stable economies is the economic diversification, this study analyses and highlights improvements in economies of GCC as they strive to move beyond oil and petroleum sectors; grabbing attention of acute investors and global businesses and almost being in noticeable par with the seven largest emerging economies (the E7) that has monopolized the limelight.</p><p>Economic diversification of GCC Economies is analyzed by indirect approaches of measuring dependence of economic activity, budget and external accounts of productions and revenues generated by hydrocarbon sector and non-hydrocarbon sectors.</p><p>Non-Oil growth in GCC is expected to be around 8% in the next 10 years (PwC Middle East Projections, 2013). A number of additional factors like politic stability, macro-economic reform and modernization, enhancement of private sector competitiveness that enhances growth have been noticeable in the GCC. For eg; UAE, Saudi Arabia and Qatar have the least demanding tax framework globally retaining top three positions in overall tax ranking (World Bank and PwC, 2014). In addition to the mentioned, building up of skills in the region by expats and nationals alike creates a huge opportunity, almost at par with the E7 marketing economies.</p><p>The author has cross checked observations based on Figures, tables and analysis with all publically available resources. Authorities like the IMF, the IIF, Central Bank reports and BNP Paribhas findings have been used for conclusions and generation of findings.</p><p>The inference is that GCC Economies have started to diversify from Hydro Carbon sectors at a slow, but steady pace due to depleting resources in various GCC states and Competition from various other countries in eth same field; creating an economic environment for investors and a huge pool of Job Opportunities in the future.</p><p>All data and Figures are taken with reference to publications from IMF, IIF, Central Banks and BNP Parabhas.</p>
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Dańska-Borsiak, Barbara, and Iwona Laskowska. "Selected Intangible Factors Of Regional Development: An Analysis Of Spatial Relationships." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 17, no. 4 (December 30, 2014): 23–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cer-2014-0030.
Full textAbstract:
As spatial diversity of economic development is one of the main problems of modern economies, researchers have attempted to define the conditions and factors influencing this phenomenon. Among others, two intangible factors are suggested: human capital and social capital (Herbst ed. 2007). The primary objective of this work is a spatial and spatio-temporal analysis of the diversification of human and social capital within the Polish NUTS 3 subregions. The two detailed targets are constructing composite indicator of both of the mentioned types of capital as well as examining spatial interactions between human capital, social capital and the GNP level per capita. The large diversification of human and social capital in the Polish subregions has been confirmed. Clusters of regions with low levels of human capital have been indicated, whereas in the case of social capital a grouping of its high values was observed. The research also confirmed the positive correlation between GNP per capita and human capital, with high values of both variables in the larget cities. Additionally, there are some subregions with high levels of economic development surrounded by low levels of human and social capital (Łódź, Szczecin, Wrocław). It is possible that high level of GNPpc in these regions was the incentive causing the relocation of human capital from the neighbouring regions. The correlation between GNPpc and social capital, where significant, is of the low-high type. These subregions are located in the east and south of Poland.
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Jurkowski, Wojciech, and Mateusz Smolarski. "The influence of transport offer on passenger traffic in the railway transport system in a post-socialist country: case study of Poland." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 53, no. 53 (September 1, 2021): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bog-2021-0021.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The study examines factors influencing the number of rail passengers in Poland. The subjects of observation were 62 cities with poviat rights. The main factors influencing demand are the number of connections and the speed of trains. Therefore, we developed an original indicator – weighted number of connections, which takes into account the number of rail connections and the speed of trains. The article can be divided into two main parts: an assessment of the diversification of transport offer and transport demand in spatial terms, and an evaluation of the relationship between the variables. Poland has a large spatial diversity in terms of public rail transport offer and passenger traffic. There are three levels of city hierarchy according to the passenger number indicator: [1] Warsaw, [2] the largest agglomerations [3] other regional cities. Transport offer was found to have a statistically significant impact on transport demand.
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Cao, Xin Yu, and Hong Zhen Yang. "The Research and Design of the Dual-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna." Applied Mechanics and Materials 391 (September 2013): 532–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.391.532.
Full textAbstract:
Microstrip patch antenna, with its diversification of feed method as well as its integration of feed network and the active circuit, become the printed antenna protagonist. In this thesis, it is carried out of single-feed rectangular microstrip patch antenna design and simulation by software. The reflection coefficient is both less than 25dB in two frequency points, of 1.85 and 2.45GHz , the input resistance is approximately 50 ohms and the reactance is small. It achieves a good match. The amount of the radiation field at the frequency points is approximately 2dB and 4dB, consistent with the small size of the indicator.