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1
Saraceno, Benedetto. "The WHO World Health Report 2001 on mental health." Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale 11, no. 2 (June 2002): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1121189x00005546.
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RIASSUNTOScopo – La OMS stima che 450 milioni di persone soffrano di disturbi psichiatrici o neurologici e che fra il 10 e il 20% della popolazione infantile presenti qualche disturbo mentale o comportamentale. I disturbi mentali e neurologici rappresentano il 31% di tutte le disabilita. Tuttavia meno del 25% di coloro che soffrono di epilessia ricevono un trattamento e in paesi in via di sviluppo solo un quarto di coloro che soffrono di schizofrenia riceve un trattamento. Sono urgenti e necessarie misure per diminuire il gap nei trattamenti e per superare le barriere che impediscono l'accesso alle cure. I governi devono agire in coUaborazione con altri partner affinche tali barriere siano superate e l'assistenza per la salute mentale sia resa disponibile. Risultati – Il Rapporto Mondiale sulla Salute propone ai governi 10 raccomandazioni per l'azione. Le azioni suggerite sono classificate secondo tre scenari/paesi: a basso, medio e alto livello di risorse. Conclusioni – Il Rapporto rappresenta per i paesi uno strumento che consente di riconoscersi in uno dei tre scenari e di avviare azioni correttive conseguenti.
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Costici, Pierfrancesco. "La chirurgia ortopedica nelle gravi disabilitŕ." CHILD DEVELOPMENT & DISABILITIES - SAGGI, no. 3 (April 2012): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/cdd2010-003019.
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Nei pazienti affetti da disturbi neurologici gravi si riscontrano frequentemente deformitŕ ortopediche, spesso evolutive, dovute a disturbi del tono muscolare, alla difficoltŕ di controllo, all'assunzione di atteggiamenti scorretti. Esiste pertanto la necessitŕ di attuare trattamenti riabilitativi e chirurgici atti a prevenire e curare la comparsa delle deformitŕ ortopediche e a migliorare la funzionalitŕ di tali pazienti. L'autore riporta la propria esperienza sulla chirurgia ortopedica e il trattamento con pompa di baclofen, illustrando le varie tecniche chirurgiche e sottolineando la necessitŕ di valutare scrupolosamente le indicazioni all'intervento per evitare possibili danni ulteriori al paziente.
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De Benedittis, Giuseppe. "Ipnobioma: una nuova frontiera dell'ipnositerapia? Uno studio pilota e una revisione della letteratura." IPNOSI, no. 2 (January 2022): 5–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ipn2021-002001.
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Una crescente evidenza suggerisce che l'asse intestino-cervello possa svolgere un ruolo chiave nelle condizioni di salute e malattia attraverso una rete di comuni-cazioni bidirezionali che coinvolge percorsi neurali e immunoendocrini. Questa complessa interazione influenza profondamente sia il microbiota intestinale che il comportamento del cervello. La disbiosi del patobioma intestinale è rilevante per la patogenesi di disturbi gastrointestinali funzionali, sindromi dolorose croniche, disturbi neurologici e mentali. Di conseguenza, il targeting del microbiota intestina-le sta emergendo come una nuova, efficace prospettiva terapeutica. Tra le molte opzioni di trattamento, gli interventi psicologici, inclusa l'ipnosi, sono stati utilizzati per modulare lo Psicobioma e il suo analogo ipnotico, l'Ipnobioma. Oltre a una revisione della letteratura recente, viene riportato uno studio pilota su una paziente con Sindrome del colon irritabile (IBS) trattata con successo con ipnosi simil-quantica. L'esito positivo del trattamento è stato associato a una significativa di-minuzione di taxa microbici patologici concomitante con un aumento di taxa fi-siologici. Questi risultati preliminari suggeriscono che l'Ipnobioma può rappresentare una nuova promettente frontiera dell'ipnositerapia.
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Missonnier, Sylvain. "John, World of Warcraft e Second Life." SETTING, no. 30 (June 2012): 79–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/set2010-030004.
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Nella comunitŕ dei professionisti delle cure psicologiche prevale la paura nei confronti delle tecnologie dell'informazione e della comunicazione. Cosa ancor piů dannosa, molti psicoterapeuti evitano l'"ambiente non umano" (H. Searles) dei loro pazienti e vi proiettano le loro percezioni negative e difensive. In un simile contesto, i videogames diventano una caricatura. Infatti, i videogames sono dei veri e propri test proiettivi per i professionisti, che riportano i dati dell'inevitabile pericolositŕ di questa attivitŕ: disturbi neurologici, dipendenza e violenza.. La storia clinica di John si propone di contestare sul piano clinico questa posizione oscurantista e di difendere un'autentica psico(pato)logia psicoanalitica del virtuale quotidiano.
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Alboreo, Carlo, Rossella Carneade, Annalisa Della Monica, Tatiana Bolgeo, Angela Carpentiere, and Lucia Di Nardo. "Il nuovo codice colore per la valutazione della priorità nel triage infermieristico: studio pilota." Dissertation Nursing 2, no. 1 (January 30, 2023): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.54103/dn/19427.
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INTRODUZIONE:Stante come il numero degli accessi dei pazienti in un dipartimento di emergenza (ED) non possa essere pianificato con precisione, le risorse disponibili possono essere talvolta sovraccariche ("affollamento"), con conseguenti rischi per la sicurezza dei pazienti. OBIETTIVO:L’obiettivo del presente studio è stato quello di valutare l’efficacia di nuovo sistema di valutazione di triage presso il Pronto Soccorso di un’azienda ospedaliera italiana. MATERIALI E METODI: Studio pilota a due bracci; assegnazione ai due gruppi (valutazione standard –codice a 4 vs valutazione sperimentale – codice 5 colori) attraverso randomizzazione semplice. Sono state confrontate le valutazioni infermieristiche al momento del triage di ammissione con quelle al momento della dimissione.RISULTATI:Sono stati arruolati 1060 soggetti con “dolore toracico non traumatico” e 960 inquadrati come “disturbi neurologici acuti”; l’adozione del nuovo codice colore ha permesso una valutazione corretta del grado di gravità in oltre l’86% dei casi “cardiologici” e il 93% dei casi “neurologici”; il metodo standard ha permesso una valutazione corretta inferiore all’83% nei casi cardiologici e al 77% in quelli neurologici.CONCLUSIONI:I risultati emersi depongono a favore del nuovo sistema valutazione in triage infermieristico a cinque livelli; approfondimenti su campioni più ampi sono auspicabili.
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Chiuini, Emilia, and Ketty Savino. "Impatto del Long COVID sulla medicina di genere." CARDIOLOGIA AMBULATORIALE 30, no. 3 (December 31, 2022): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17473/1971-6818-2021-3-3.
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Nei mesi successivi alla diffusione della pandemia da SARS-COV-2 molti pazienti hanno cominciato a riferire persistenza di sintomi dopo la guarigione dalla fase acuta, in prevalenza affaticamento, affanno, disturbi neurologici e psicologici. L’attenzione della comunità scientifica e delle strutture sanitarie si è dovuta quindi rivolgere a questa larga popolazione di individui con prolungamento della sintomatologia per analizzare l’impatto e le conseguenze del fenomeno, denominato “Long COVID”. I risultati delle raccolte dati a livello internazionale hanno mostrato una prevalenza netta del genere femminile in questa popolazione con sintomi persistenti. Il presente articolo passa in rassegna le caratteristiche del Long COVID, analizzando la sua incidenza sulla popolazione generale, la sua probabile eziologia, le differenze di genere e le conseguenze della pandemia in campo non solo sanitario ma anche socio-economico.
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Zito, M. P., S. Maldone, I. Capelli, F. Centofanti, and C. Raimondi. "Impiego della dialisi peritoneale nell'encefalopatia mitochondriale neurogastrointestinale (MNGIE): un Caso Clinico." Giornale di Clinica Nefrologica e Dialisi 23, no. 2 (January 24, 2018): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33393/gcnd.2011.1429.
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L'Encefalomiopatia Mitocondriale Neurogastrointestinale (MNGIE) è una rara malattia autosomica recessiva causata da mutazioni del gene ECGF1 che codifica per l'enzima Timidina-Fosforilasi, il quale regola il catabolismo della timidina e della desossiuridina. Tali mutazioni causano la perdita della funzione dell'enzima, conseguente aumento dei livelli plasmatici di timidina e de-ossiuridina e alterazione dei meccanismi di riparazione e replicazione del DNA mitocondriale. La MNGIE è caratterizzata da deficit neurologici (neuropatia periferica, leucoencefalomiopatia), oftalmoplegia bilaterale, ptosi palpebrale, dismotilità/atonia gastrointestinale con malassorbimento e malnutrizione. Riportiamo un caso di trattamento combinato con Dialisi Peritoneale (DP) e Nutrizione Parenterale (NP) in una paziente affetta da MNGIE e severa malnutrizione, con disturbi gastrointestinali e dolori addominali complicati da occlusioni intestinali recidivanti e severo quadro di malnutrizione. È stata quindi iniziata una NP e, un trattamento mediante DP La scelta del tipo di soluzioni da utilizzare e delle modalità di scambio si è basata sul concetto di miglioramento della rimozione dei soluti nelle soste lunghe e del riassorbimento di glucosio e acqua dal liquido peritoneale, che, in questo caso, era auspicabile. La scelta della soluzione Nutrineal PD4 è stata fatta su base empirica e sulle esperienze effettuate nei pazienti con insufficienza renale cronica e MIA sindrome.
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Salvi, Elisa, Vincenzo Guideti, and Andrea Lo Noce. "Temperamento, cefalea e psicopatologia in etŕ evolutiva." QUADERNI DI PSICOTERAPIA COGNITIVA, no. 31 (December 2012): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/qpc2012-031003.
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Lo scopo di questo studio e stato quello di indagare il rapporto tra cefalea, temperamento, e comportamento in un campione di bambini reclutati presso gli ambulatori di Neuropsichiatria di Roma. Si tratta di 150 bambini, 90 maschi e 60 femmine, di eta compresa tra i 6-11 anni, durante il 2011-2012. I problemi di comportamento sono stati valutati attraverso la Child Behaviour Check List (CBCL) e le dimensioni temperamento attraverso il "Questionario Italiano del Temperamento" (QUIT). QUIT e CBCL sono state somministrate ai genitori dei bambini. La diagnosi e stata effettuata in base ai criteri della Classificazione Internazionale della Cefalea (ICHD II). Emicrania e cefalea tensiva hanno mostrato punteggi simili per quanto riguarda le scale principali della CBCL, con differenze significative nella scale dei problemi internalizzanti, dove hanno riportato punteggi peggiori i bambini con cefalea tensiva, e in quella dei problemi esternalizzanti punteggi peggiori per i soggetti emicranici. La cefalea e uno dei sintomi neurologici piu comuni riportati durante l'infanzia, che porta ad alti livelli di assenze scolastiche e si associa a diverse patologie. In generale, emicrania e cefalea tensiva sono associate a depressione, disturbi d'ansia, e ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder). I risultati, confermati dalla letteratura, sembrano sostenere l'ipotesi che ci sia una relazione tra cefalea e comportamenti psicopatologici. Lo sviluppo di una psicopatologia in soggetti con determinati profili temperamentali non e una regola. Dobbiamo porre attenzione nel lavoro quotidiano ad identificare i soggetti a rischio, sia per temperamento o fattori ambientali. L'identificazione precoce di questi fattori di rischio potrebbe dare la possibilita di interventi precoci che potrebbero tenere i bambini lontani dalla patologia.
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Webster, Ted. "Prefazione." Epidemiologia e psichiatria sociale. Monograph Supplement 11, S4 (March 2002): 17–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1827433100000472.
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L'esame generale sulla salute mentale delle popolazioni indigene effettuato dal dr. Alex Cohen si inserisce a pieno titolo tra gli sforzi dell'Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità nel promuovere la salute mentale, prevenire i principali disturbi mentali e neurologici, assicurare l'offerta di cure appropriate particolarmente ai soggetti più vulnerabili e bisognosi di servizi sanitari.Presentando questo lavoro in un contesto più ampio può essere utile richiamare uno dei principi costitutivi dell'OMS, che “il godimento del più elevato standard di salute raggiungibile è uno dei diritti fondamentali di ogni essere umano senza distinzione di razza, religione, fede politica, condizione economica o sociale”. L'Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità considera la salute come “uno stato di completo benessere fisico, mentale e sociale e non meramente l'assenza di malattia o infermità”.Inoltre questo resoconto giunge a noi nel punto centrale dello svolgimento del programma International Decade of the World's Indigenuos People. Tale programma è patrocinato dall'Alto Commissariato per i diritti umani delle Nazioni Unite e dal Gruppo di Lavoro sulle Popolazioni Indigene (Working Group on Indigenous Populations-WGIP) che riferiscono i risultati raggiunti all'Assemblea Generale delle Nazioni Unite attraverso la ECOSOC, la Commissione sui Diritti Umani e la sub-Commissione sulla Prevenzione della Discriminazione e Protezione dei Minori. Al WGIP è assegnato il compito di analizzare gli sviluppi riguardanti le attività di promozione e protezione dei diritti umani e fondamentalmente la libertà delle popolazioni indigene, ponendo particolare attenzione all'evoluzione degli standard relativi ai diritti di queste popolazioni. Al WGIP è stata richiesta la stesura della Dichiarazione sui diritti delle Popolazioni Indigene del mondo che al momento è in discussione e la cui conclusione è attesa nel corso del programma decennale.
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Mucci, Clara, and Andrea Scalabrini. "Sé e altri nel sistema mente-cervello-corpo: verso un'organizzazione intersoggettiva del Sé." SETTING, no. 44 (March 2021): 79–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/set2020-044004.
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Il concetto di Sé sta assumendo un interesse sempre maggiore nelle Neuroscienze. Parecchi autori hanno approfondito i correlati neurologici del Sé ed affermato che il Sé potrebbe svolgere un ruolo central nell'architettura neurale del cervello (Panksepp, 1998; Northoff e Bermpohl, 2004; Northoff e Panksepp, 2008); ad esempio, nel porre a confronto gli stimoli Sé-specifici e non Sé-specifici, essi hanno scoperto le modificazioni principali nella struttura corticale mediana (CMS) e in quella sub-corticale mediana (SCMS). Il concetto di Sé sembra costituire una predisposizione alle differenze individuali di comportamenti, cognizioni, emozioni, ecc., ossia del profilo di personalità del singolo. La posizione teorica secondo la quale la relazionalità interpersonale e le caratteristiche della definizione del Sé sono determinanti nei disturbi di personalità e nello sviluppo della personalità è stata fortemente influenzata dalla Teoria dell'Attaccamento (Fonagy & Luyten, 2009; Fonagy et al., 2010; Levy, 2005) e dalle formulazioni dell'approccio contemporaneo interpersonalista (Pincus, 2005). Teoria e ricerca in questo campo hanno affermato il ruolo delle relazioni primarie di accudimento nello sviluppo delle rappresentazioni di sé e degli altri, sia nello sviluppo normale sia in quello non lineare (Blatt, Auerbach e Levy, 1997). Questa concettualizzazione ha un alto grado di concordanza con più formulazioni psicoanalitiche che evidenziano come esperienze di accudimento relativamente soddisfacenti siano potenzialmente facilitanti lo sviluppo di un senso del Sé differenziato e coeso, la capacità di una relazionalità interpersonale progressivamente sempre più matura e la capacità di intimità (Blatt & Blass, 1996; Kernberg, 1975; Kohut, 1971). Intersoggettività e concetto di Sé sembrano strettamente in relazione tra loro. Noi ci volgiamo agli altri come a simili a noi, cioè come dotati di esperienze mentali e corporee (sentimenti, sensazioni simili alle nostre e diverse da quelle del mondo inanimate). Stiamo andando verso un nuovo modello, che può sviluppare un ponte tra le neuroscienze, le formulazioni della Psicoanalisi e la prassi clinica. Il concetto neuroscientifico relazional-costruttivistico di Sé e lo studio della Resting State Activity nei test di laboratorio possono illuminare l'importanza dell'inter-soggettività e della risonanza intenzionale (Gallese, Eagle, Migone, 2007) tra soggetti. Il nostro intento è di proporre le nostre scoperte empiriche sulla relazione tra Resting State Activity e prove sperimentali basate sul tatto (intenzione di toccare la mano umana animata versus la mano inanimata di un manichino), assodato che il tatto gode di uno statuto privilegiato nel rendere possibile l'attribuzione sociale di una personalità viva agli altri. I nostri risultati indicano che il nostro cervello, durante lo stato di riposo, sembra essere inevitabilmente relazionale, di default: esso è dotato dell'autocoscienza necessaria alla relazione con gli altri soggetti ma non con gli oggetti inanimati. Specificatamente, queste scoperte riguardano la corteccia somato-sensoriale, un'area-chiave del cervello implicata nell'empatia e nella sensazione tattile.
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Monaco, F. "Neuropsichiatria I disturbi del comportamento tra neurologia e psichiatria." Neurological Sciences 25, no. 5 (December 2004): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10072-004-0359-4.
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Merrot, O., M. Guatterie, and P. Fayoux. "Patologia neurologica della faringe e disturbi della deglutizione nel bambino e nell’adulto." EMC - Otorinolaringoiatria 11, no. 2 (June 2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1639-870x(12)60932-5.
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Thurber, Steven, and David K. Hollingsworth. "Neurological Impairment and Hypersensitivity Among Psychiatrically Disturbed Adolescents." Journal of Counseling & Development 73, no. 1 (September 10, 1994): 85–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1994.tb01715.x.
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MERCHANT, NAZAKAT, and DENIS AZZOPARDI. "HYPOXIC ISCHAEMIC ENCEPHALOPATHY IN NEWBORN INFANTS." Fetal and Maternal Medicine Review 21, no. 3 (May 19, 2010): 242–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0965539510000069.
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Neonatal encephalopathy has been defined as “a clinically defined syndrome of disturbed neurological function in the earliest days of life in the term infant, manifested by difficulty with initiating and maintaining respiration, depression of tone and reflexes, sub normal level of consciousness and often seizures”. It occurs in about 2–3 per 1000 births in developed countries. In developing countries, neonatal encephalopathy accounts for the largest number of deaths in infancy and childhood – approximately 1 million per year worldwide. Neonatal encephalopathy is associated with significant morbidity and mortality and is an important predictor of long term neurodevelopmental disability in near- and full-term newborn infants. Fifteen to 20 percent of infants with neonatal encephalopathy die in the neonatal period, and a further 25 percent have permanent neurologic deficits.
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Huang, Qin, Fang Yu, Di Liao, and Jian Xia. "Microbiota-Immune System Interactions in Human Neurological Disorders." CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets 19, no. 7 (November 26, 2020): 509–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871527319666200726222138.
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: Recent studies implicate microbiota-brain communication as an essential factor for physiology and pathophysiology in brain function and neurodevelopment. One of the pivotal mechanisms about gut to brain communication is through the regulation and interaction of gut microbiota on the host immune system. In this review, we will discuss the role of microbiota-immune systeminteractions in human neurological disorders. The characteristic features in the development of neurological diseases include gut dysbiosis, the disturbed intestinal/Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) permeability, the activated inflammatory response, and the changed microbial metabolites. Neurological disorders contribute to gut dysbiosis and some relevant metabolites in a top-down way. In turn, the activated immune system induced by the change of gut microbiota may deteriorate the development of neurological diseases through the disturbed gut/BBB barrier in a down-top way. Understanding the characterization and identification of microbiome-immune- brain signaling pathways will help us to yield novel therapeutic strategies by targeting the gut microbiome in neurological disease.
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Bishir, Muhammed, Abid Bhat, Musthafa Mohamed Essa, Okobi Ekpo, Amadi O. Ihunwo, Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan, Surapaneni Krishna Mohan, et al. "Sleep Deprivation and Neurological Disorders." BioMed Research International 2020 (November 23, 2020): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5764017.
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Sleep plays an important role in maintaining neuronal circuitry, signalling and helps maintain overall health and wellbeing. Sleep deprivation (SD) disturbs the circadian physiology and exerts a negative impact on brain and behavioural functions. SD impairs the cellular clearance of misfolded neurotoxin proteins like α-synuclein, amyloid-β, and tau which are involved in major neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. In addition, SD is also shown to affect the glymphatic system, a glial-dependent metabolic waste clearance pathway, causing accumulation of misfolded faulty proteins in synaptic compartments resulting in cognitive decline. Also, SD affects the immunological and redox system resulting in neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Hence, it is important to understand the molecular and biochemical alterations that are the causative factors leading to these pathophysiological effects on the neuronal system. This review is an attempt in this direction. It provides up-to-date information on the alterations in the key processes, pathways, and proteins that are negatively affected by SD and become reasons for neurological disorders over a prolonged period of time, if left unattended.
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Tamás, Gertrúd, Jan Raethjen, Muthuraman Muthuraman, Anikó Folhoffer, Günther Deuschl, Ferenc Szalay, Annamária Takáts, and Anita Kamondi. "Disturbed post-movement beta synchronization in Wilson's disease with neurological manifestation." Neuroscience Letters 494, no. 3 (May 2011): 240–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2011.03.024.
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I. D. Shkrobanets, Y. M. Nechytailo, and O. A. Andriets. "The factors influencing neurological pathology forming in children." Bukovinian Medical Herald 17, no. 2 (66) (May 2, 2013): 192–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.24061/2413-0737.xvii.2.66.2013.99.
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The paper presents a scientific analysis of correlations between the mother’s factors and the forming of children’s neurological disorders. According to the obtained data a conclusion can be arrived at about a high incidence of perinatal pathology in preterm newborns whose number increases, resulting from a disturbed forming of women’s reproductive health during the period of puberty.
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Ayache, Samar S., and Moussa A. Chalah. "Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Migraine—The Beginning of a Long Journey." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 4 (April 22, 2020): 1194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041194.
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Nesic, Ljiljana, Biljana Popovska-Jovicic, Ivana Rakovic, Sara Petrovic, Dusan Todorovic, and Zeljko Mijailovic. "Encephalopathy During H1N1 Influenza a Virus Infection / Encefalopatija Kod Infekcije Virusom Influence A Podtip H1N1." Serbian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research 17, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sjecr-2015-0054.
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Abstract Influenza virus type A is known for its capacity to transform its antigenic structure and create new viral subtypes. The clinical picture varies from non-febrile, mild upper respiratory tract infection to severe or fatal pneumonia. Neurological complications include encephalitis, encephalopathy, Reye’s syndrome and other neurological diseases. Patients with encephalopathy exhibit a disturbed state of consciousness lasting more than 24 hours, and patients with encephalitis exhibit high temperature, focal neurological signs and pathological CSF results in addition to disturbed state of consciousness. A 54-year old, previously healthy male farmer was hospitalized at the Clinic for Infectious Diseases of the Clinical Centre Kragujevac on the fifth day of disease. In addition to general symptoms of the disease, the clinical picture was dominated by a disturbed state of consciousness (Glasgow Coma Scale score <8). The aetiological agent was an H1N1 influenza A virus, which was isolated from nasopharyngeal secretions. No other causes of infection were demonstrated from both serum and cerebrospinal fluid specimens. Interstitial pneumonia was detected by radiographic examination of the chest. There were also some changes present in the EEG. The patient was cured without consequences. Because our country is in a whirlwind of pandemic H1N1 virus activity, we should think of all the possible complications that this virus can produce regardless of the epidemiological data and the clinical picture.
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de Vrieze, Erik, Sandra M. W. van de Wiel, Jan Zethof, Gert Flik, Peter H. M. Klaren, and Francisco J. Arjona. "Knockdown of Monocarboxylate Transporter 8 (mct8) Disturbs Brain Development and Locomotion in Zebrafish." Endocrinology 155, no. 6 (June 1, 2014): 2320–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2013-1962.
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Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome (AHDS) is an inherited disorder of brain development characterized by severe psychomotor retardation. This X-linked disease is caused by mutations in the monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8), an important thyroid hormone transporter in brain neurons. MCT8-knockout mice lack the 2 major neurological symptoms of AHDS, namely locomotor problems and cognitive impairment. The pathological mechanism explaining the symptoms is still obscure, and no cure for this condition is known. The development of an animal model that carries MCT8-related neurological symptoms is warranted. We have employed morpholino-based gene knockdown to create zebrafish deficient for mct8. Knockdown of mct8 results in specific symptoms in the thyroid axis and brain. The mct8-morphants showed impaired locomotor behavior and brain development. More specifically, we observed maldevelopment of the cerebellum and mid-hindbrain boundary and apoptotic clusters in the zebrafish brain. The mRNA expression of zebrafish orthologs of mammalian TSH, thyroid hormone transporters, and deiodinases was altered in mct8 morphants. In particular, deiodinase type 3 gene expression was consistently up-regulated in zebrafish mct8 morphants. The thyroid hormone metabolite tetrac, but not T3, partly ameliorated the affected phenotype and locomotion disability of morphant larvae. Our results show that mct8 knockdown in zebrafish larvae results in disturbances in the thyroid axis, brain, and locomotion behavior, which is congruent with the clinical aspect of impaired locomotion and cognition in patients with AHDS. Taken together, the zebrafish is a suitable animal model for the study of the pathophysiology of AHDS.
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Talaeizadeh, Ziba, Mozhgan Zaeimdar, Morteza Kashefi Alasl, Reza Marandi, and Seyyed Ali Jozi. "Review of recent researches on air pollution effects on human cognitive functions." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.13 (April 15, 2018): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.13.11867.
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Air pollution is of factors leading to disturbance in nervous system while its acute neurological effects have not been completely studied. In metropolis, communities experience various social problems caused by air pollution such as retardate, academic disability, and increasing crime rate due to disturbed cognitive functions of children and vulnerable generation without being aware of the effect of air pollution on perception power of human. In this research, the published researches in 2017 available in database and publishers of valid scientific publications such as PubMed and Elsevier were reviewed then 11 related papers were selected to check and criticize their methodology, research instruments and results.Results indicated that the review researches employed various tests and instruments to assess cognitive functions, but most of them obtained similar results introducing disturbing and preventive effect of air pollution on mental functions; however, these studies did not determine the prominent effect of each air pollutant factor on specific area of brain and effect of genetic and environmental background of individuals. Moreover, valid and authentic tests were not employed in many of these papers to assess cognitive function and perception power, while validity and reliability of each of cognitive function tests have been determined and proved to assess the function of specific part of brain.
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Ueda, Takahiro, Emmanuel Compe, Philippe Catez, Kenneth H. Kraemer, and Jean-Marc Egly. "Both XPD alleles contribute to the phenotype of compound heterozygote xeroderma pigmentosum patients." Journal of Experimental Medicine 206, no. 13 (November 23, 2009): 3031–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20091892.
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Mutations in the XPD subunit of the DNA repair/transcription factor TFIIH result in the rare recessive genetic disorder xeroderma pigmentosum (XP). Many XP patients are compound heterozygotes with a “causative” XPD point mutation R683W and different second mutant alleles, considered “null alleles.” However, there is marked clinical heterogeneity (including presence or absence of skin cancers or neurological degeneration) in these XPD/R683W patients, thus suggesting a contribution of the second allele. Here, we report XP patients carrying XPD/R683W and a second XPD allele either XPD/Q452X, /I455del, or /199insPP. We performed a systematic study of the effect of these XPD mutations on several enzymatic functions of TFIIH and found that each mutation exhibited unique biochemical properties. Although all the mutations inhibited the nucleotide excision repair (NER) by disturbing the XPD helicase function, each of them disrupted specific molecular steps during transcription: XPD/Q452X hindered the transactivation process, XPD/I455del disturbed RNA polymerase II phosphorylation, and XPD/199insPP inhibited kinase activity of the cdk7 subunit of TFIIH. The broad range and severity of clinical features in XP patients arise from a broad set of deficiencies in NER and transcription that result from the combination of mutations found on both XPD alleles.
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Madonna, Raffaella, Marco Valenti, Giovanna Borrelli, Renato Cerbo, Manlio De Lellis, Giorgia Sprovera, Marisa Massaro, et al. "Epidemiological monitoring of psychological, neurological and sensorial handicaps in the 0-24 years population of the Abruzzo region (Italy). Preliminary results." Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale 7, no. 3 (December 1998): 188–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1121189x00007387.
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RIASSUNTOScopo - Descrivere Pimplementazione epidemiologica nella Regione Abruzzo di un servizio di prevenzione degli handicap psiconeurosensoriali dell'eta evolutiva; presentare i dati di prevalenza delle patologie osservate e i modelli di regressione esplicativi deU'occorrenza, discutere i dati di accesso ai servizi in termini di risposta alle necessità sociosanitarie. Setting e disegno - Sono stati utilizzati i dati forniti da un sistema informativo regionale, costituito da fonti informative primarie operanti presso le aziende USL (Servizio di Medicina scolastica, Medicina di base, Pediatria di base, Consultori familiari, Servizio di Riabilitazione) e da strutture specializzate di individuazione diagnostica (Équipe Multidisciplinari, Divisione Clinicizzata di Neuropsichiatna Infantile, Servizi Territoriali di NPI). Il modello di gestione dei dati è il registro epidemiologico di popolazione. La popolazione target e la popolazione abruzzese di eta inferiore ai 25 anni. Principali misure utilizzate - Vengono utilizzate in questo studio misure epidemiologiche di prevalenza, standardizzate per età, assumendo come standard la popolazione regionale (0-24 anni). La definizione delle patologie è stata effettuata sulla base delle nosografie standard 1CD-9 e ICD-10; la definizione di handicap sulla base della classificazione OMS (1981). Sono state esaminate le associazioni tra le variabili esplicative di tipo sociodemografico e anamnestico e le diverse tipologie di esito clinico attraverso modelli di regressione logistica. Risultati - Le stime di prevalenza per le principali patologie neuropsichiatriche infantili e per le patologie organiche e/o congenite generatrici di handicap nella popolazione dell'Abruzzo sono paragonabili a quelli riscontrati in letteratura in setting analoghi, ad eccezione dei disturbi ipercinetici che sembrerebbero indicare per I'Abruzzo un'alta occorrenza in entrambi i sessi. La riabilitazione risulta essere la necessita sanitaria maggiormente richiesta per tutti gli assi diagnostici; neH'ambito delle necessita sociali risulta relativamente poco rilevante il ricorso all'assistenza scolastica e, soprattutto, domiciliare. L'analisi di regressione logistica indica lo stato socioeconomico e la presenza di handicap in famiglia come fattori associati, rispettivamente, in modo negativo all'occorrenza di disturbi ipercinetici, e in modo positivo alFoccorrenza di ritardo mentale. Inoltre, lo stato di convivenza in famiglia naturale e associato negativamente aU'occorrenza di disturbi evolutivi. Conclusioni - Lo studio riporta i risultati preliminari dell'attivita di un registro specializzato per l'handicap psiconeurosensoriale in eta evolutiva. Tra le prime indicazioni operative emerge con chiarezza l'utilita della standardizzazione delle procedure diagnosu'che, della definizione di linee guida gestionali comuni nelle diverse aree territoriali, e, comunque, l'importanza della conoscenza epidemiologica del fenomeno handicap per una corretta impostazione di strategie di prevenzione e programmazione.
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van der Hart, Onno. "Amnesia dissociativa e trauma: una prospettiva secondo la teoria della dissociazione strutturale." RIVISTA SPERIMENTALE DI FRENIATRIA, no. 2 (July 2012): 121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/rsf2012-002007.
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Nel DSM-IV l'amnesia dissociativa č considerata un'entitŕ clinica distinta che puň prendere le seguenti forme: amnesia localizzata, amnesia continua, amnesia sistematizzata, amnesia generalizzata e amnesia selettiva. In ambito clinico, tuttavia, essa č piů comunemente presente come espressione sintomatica di disturbi piů complessi ed estesi, soprattutto i disturbi dissociativi complessi (e spesso in pazienti che hanno subito traumi acuti e cronici). La dissociazione č il risultato di un'integrazione difettosa, che di solito si produce in occasione di esperienze traumatiche, di quei sistemi neuro-bio-psicologici dalla struttura estremamente complessa costituita dalla personalitŕ. Questo difetto comporta una dissociazione della personalitŕ in due o piů parti scisse - sottosistemi dinamici e attivi, ma rigidi e relativamente chiusi. In base a questo approccio concettuale, alcune di queste parti dissociate possono contenere ricordi traumatici che, se riattivati, riscatenano certi vissuti e certe messe in atto; nel contempo, il resto della personalitŕ rimane relativamente intatto, preso dalla vita quotidiana, in un atteggiamento fobico nei confronti delle parti implicate nei ricordi traumatici. Quindi, la dissociazione č mantenuta da una serie di fobie che nel corso del trattamento necessitano di una particolare attenzione. La cura prevista č un trattamento mirato alla fase, preceduto da un'indagine neurologica completa e dall'impiego di procedure diagnostiche standardizzate, nonché dalle scale per i disturbi dissociativi. Il difficile processo di esplorazione dei ricordi traumatici e della loro integrazione con gli altri aspetti della personalitŕ richiede una sufficiente capacitŕ integrativa nel paziente. Quindi, lo scopo iniziale non č la risoluzione rapida (e forzata) dell'amnesia, ma viceversa l'instaurarsi di una senso di sicurezza e di stabilitŕ nella vita quotidiana e nella terapia.
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Frieling, Thomas, Christian Kreysel, Michael Blank, Dorothee Müller, Ilka Melchior, Philipp Euler, Rita Kuhlbusch-Zicklam, Thomas Haarmeier, and Michael Schemann. "Autoimmune encephalitis and gastrointestinal dysmotility: achalasia, gastroparesis, and slow transit constipation." Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologie 58, no. 10 (October 2020): 975–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1233-2190.
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Abstract Background Neurological autoimmune disorders (NAD) are caused by autoimmune inflammation triggered by specific antibody subtypes. NAD may disturb the gut-brain axis at several levels including brain, spinal cord, peripheral, or enteric nervous system. Case report We present a case with antinuclear neuronal Hu (ANNA-1)- and antiglial nuclear (SOX-1) autoimmune antibody-positive limbic encephalitis and significant gastrointestinal dysmotility consisting of achalasia type II, gastroparesis, altered small intestinal interdigestive motility, and severe slow transit constipation. The autoantibodies of the patient’s serum labeled enteric neurons and interstitial cells of Cajal but no other cells in the gut wall. Achalasia was treated successfully by pneumatic cardia dilation and gastrointestinal dysmotility successfully with prucalopride. Conclusion NAD may disturb gastrointestinal motility by altering various levels of the gut-brain axis.
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Agha, Hala, Mai Mahmoud Hussien, Marian Y. Girgis, Omneya Gamal Eldin Afify, and Mervat Haroun. "Neurological Sequelae Following Pediatric Cardiac Interventions." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 9, B (January 31, 2021): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.5581.
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AIM: The aim of the present study was to assess neurological sequelae within 30 days of surgical or cardiac catheter interventions in infants and children.
METHOD: In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated all patients who developed neurological problems after cardiac interventions either by surgery or by catheter by clinical evaluation, brain imaging, and electrophysiological studies.
RESULTS: Among 1200 procedures were performed; 895 (74.6%) were cardiac catheterizations either diagnostic or intervention, 167 (13.9%) were open-heart surgery, and 138 (11.5%) were closed heart surgery. The overall incidence of post-procedure neurological dysfunction in the studied population was 3.4%. The differences between the three groups were statistically significant (p < 0.0001(. In our series, the neurological complications were in the form of disturbed conscious level in 2/41 (4.9%), impaired motor function in 11/41 (26.8%), impaired mental functions in 6/41(14.6%), hyperreflexia in 27/41 (65.9%), and seizures in 38/41 (92.7%). The most common presentation of seizures was in the form of focal fits 21/41 (51.2%), followed by generalized fits in 15/41(36.6%) and then myoclonic fits 2/41 (4.9%).
CONCLUSION: Seizures are the most common complication following cardiac interventions in pediatric age and the highest percentage following open heart surgery.
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Kashif, Duaa, and Durr e. Samin Tariq. "Pain Assessment and Management of Neurologic Impairments by Pediatric Physical Therapists; A Cross-Sectional Survey." Healer Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.55735/thjprs.v2i1.49.
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Background: Physical therapists indicated the use of standardized pain assessment instruments like subjective measures, self-reported scales, behavioral and physiological measures to assess pain in children with neurological impairments. Indicators such as diminished attention, retreat, and changes in sleeping and feeding patterns were also reported along with facial expression, sobbing, and vocalizations. Therapists' perspectives on behavioral pain expressions may be significantly different from the perspectives of the children's parents or caregivers. Objective: To determine the methods of pain assessment and management for children with neurologic impairments used by pediatric physical therapists. Methods: A cross-sectional survey in which the data was collected from different public hospitals in Faisalabad, Pakistan. Convenient sampling was applied to recruit physiotherapists for this study and data was gathered through a structured questionnaire after taking their written informed consent. Results: Frequently used behaviors included facial expression, vocalizations, and irritability. Cues that were rarely used included changes in sleeping, withdrawal, eating behaviors, and decreased attention. Physiotherapists prefer to use pain interventions that were supported by research like praise and distraction as well as distress-producing potentially harmful measures such as reassurance and procedural talk. About 84% percent of the respondents used subjective measures to assess pain, 60% used self-report scales, and 32% used behavioral and physiological measures. The results regarding procedural explanation showed that 41.1% of physiotherapists had very often done procedural explanation and 58.9% had often done it. Conclusion: A well-structured practice pattern of pain assessment and treatment of neurologic deficits was observed among pediatric physical therapists. Praise, distraction, and procedural explanation were often used to ease discomfort and pain while doing physiotherapy treatment sessions. Overt signs such as vocalizations, weeping and facial expressions were used to measure pain more often than subtle markers such as lower attention, disengagement, and disturbed sleep and feeding habits.
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Császár, N., G. Kapócs, A. Erdöfi-Szabó, and I. Bókkon. "Modern environmental and lifestyle risk factors, oxidative stress, perturbed epigenetic processes, and increasing incidence of neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative and neurological disorders." International Research Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 9, no. 3 (July 2021): 68–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.30918/irjmms.93.21.025.
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Our goal is not to describe a single harmful environmental or lifestyle risk factor in great detail, as most scientific articles do. In contrast, we aim to point out that human beings are continuously and simultaneously exposed to countless kinds of harmful environmental and lifestyle risk factors. First, we briefly review and evaluate several environmental, technological, and lifestyle risk factors. We point out that each of these can be associated with perturbed oxidative and epigenetic processes, and the onset of various diseases, including neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, and neurological disorders, with a worldwide increasing prevalence. In addition, disturbed epigenetic changes by modern technological innovations and lifestyle risk factors can be inheritable to offspring and subsequent generations. Furthermore, disturbed epigenetic changes may also accumulate in the genome. Finally, diverse environmental and lifestyle risk factors may enhance vulnerability and decrease the resilience of modern humans. Keywords: Modern environmental and lifestyle risk factors, oxidative stress, perturbed epigenetic processes, neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative and neurological disorders.
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Lapteva, Ona, Ugnius Ksanas, and Jelena Scerbak. "Sinking skin flap syndrome in a patient with giant thrombosed posterior cerebral artery aneurysm: a case report." Romanian Neurosurgery 31, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 186–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/romneu-2017-0029.
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Abstract Sinking skin flap syndrome is a rare complication following decompressive craniectomy. The pathogenesis is based on disturbed cerebral autoregulation and as a consequence dicreased CBF and cerebral metabolism. This results in neurologic disturbances, i. e. mental changes and focal deficits. The authors present the patient who developed the motor trephine syndrome after decompressive craniectomy following complicated giant posterior cerebral artery aneurysm clipping.
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Poalelungi, Alina, and Bogdan O. Popescu. "Alzheimer's disease - neurological or psychiatric disorder?" Romanian Journal of Neurology 12, no. 1 (March 31, 2013): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rjn.2013.1.1.
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Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is the most common form of dementia in the elderly. The clinical manifestations of Alzheimer’s disease evolve from an initial discrete impairment of recent memory to severe cognitive loss, in time behavioural and psychiatric symptoms becoming obvious and disturbing. The cause of this complex clinical picture is the gradual functional deterioration and eventually loss of all brain cell types, with severe alteration of neuronal networks supporting cognitive processes. The aim of this paper is to examine different features of AD and to formally establish whether it belongs to the neurological or psychiatric group of disorders. A review of key literature in the field was performed for main attributes of AD neuropathology and pathophysiology. In this respect, we have compared AD with classical psychiatric disorders (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder) and with neurological degenerative disorders (AD, Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington’s disease). In brief, AD pathogenic mechanisms involve protein aggregation, synapse alteration, oxidative stress, neurotransmitter deficit, intracellular calcium dyshomeostasis and mitochondrial dysfunction, all together finally leading to cell death and brain atrophy. To some extent, some of these features are common for both psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. However, from the cellular and molecular pathology perspective, AD seems to be closer to other neurological conditions than to classical psychiatric diseases.
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Mubashra Salim, Mubashra Salim, Maria Shahzeen Maria Shahzeen, Maryam Nasir Khan Maryam Nasir Khan, Rimsha Tariq Rimsha Tariq, Gul Muhammad Gul Muhammad, Ghulam Shabbir Ghulam Shabbir, Laraib Nisar Laraib Nisar, and Muhammad Naeem Ashiq and Furhan Iqbal Muhammad Naeem Ashiq and Furhan Iqbal. "Induction of Selenium Nanoparticles Disturbs Behavior, Blood and Serum Biomarkers and Oxidative Stress Markers from Vital Organs of Male and Female Albino Mice." Journal of the chemical society of pakistan 44, no. 1 (2022): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.52568/000979/jcsp/44.01.2022.
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Current investigation was focused to determine the biological effects of Selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) in mice. Se NPs (50mg/ml saline/Kg body weight) were intraperitoneally injected to 5 week old albino mice (N = 22) for 14 days. Control group was intraperitoneally injected with saline water (N = 22). In all subjects, a series of neurological tests, hematological parameters and markers of oxidative stress in vital organs were determined. We are reporting that rota rod and open field test performance remained unaffected in Se NPs injected mice when compared with saline treated controls. Male mice injected with Se NPs had significantly less line crossing (P = 0.02) while performing light dark box. They approached object A less frequently (P = 0.02) and spent lesser time with it (P = 0.001) during novel object recognition test (trial 1). % lymphocytes were significantly reduced (P = 0.03) in these mice while % monocytes were higher than control (P = 0.03). Concentration of cholesterol (P = 0.02) and LDL (P = 0.003) was significantly decreased in male mice. Female Se NPs treated mice spent less time (P = 0.05) with B object in trial 1 and 2 (P = 0.04) of novel object recognition test. They had significantly reduced cholesterol level (P = 0.02) and significantly increased catalase activity in the liver (P = 0.01) than control. Remaining parameters of behavior, blood chemistry and markers of oxidative stress from vital organs were non-significantly different upon their comparison between Se NPs and saline injected mice.
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Batool, Syeda Faiza, and Faizan Mirza. "Assessing BDNF correlations with non-invasive indicators of neurological decline in different age groups." Annals of Psychophysiology 9, no. 2 (December 1, 2022): 106–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.29052/2412-3188.v9.i2.2022.106-115.
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Background: Health is the prime concern of the modern world, and with the increasing life span, both the physical and mental health of human being decline, eventually affecting the cognitive abilities of a person, which may be due to normal aging processes or neuropathological reasons. A cross-sectional study investigated the relationship between BDNF level, neurological disturbance, and aging.
Methodology: Cognitive assessment is done through verbal fluency test (FAS, DSST, and 6CIT) and BDNF level in blood found through HPLC utilizing the ALIZA kit method.
Results: Descriptive statistics were applied for continuous variables. Hence, one-way ANOVA was performed to show the relationship between cognitive parameters and aging.
Conclusion: Our study reports that verbal fluency disturbs as lifetime increases, although sex, education, obesity, or lifestyle does not affect cognition.
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Verhaegen, Julie, Frederik Peeters, Patrick Debois, and Yves Jacquemyn. "Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome as a complication of pre-eclampsia in the early postpartum period." BMJ Case Reports 12, no. 7 (July 2019): e228954. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2018-228954.
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We present the case of a 30-year-old woman with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) as a complication of pre-eclampsia in the early postpartum period. PRES is a rare neurological disorder which causes non-specific neurological symptoms such as headache, seizures and visual disturbances. It generally has a good prognosis, but severe complications can arise. Therefore, early recognition and treatment are paramount. Pre-eclampsia is a multiorgan disease and is associated with both maternal and foetal morbidity and mortality. Neurological symptoms occurring in the postpartum period indicate pre-eclampsia until proven otherwise. This case report was written to stress the attention on this rare complication of pre-eclampsia. When a patient in the postpartum period presents with a combination of seizures, disturbed vision and headache, PRES should always be kept in mind.
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Verhoeven, W. M. A., and S. Tuinier. "Diagnosis and dimensional pharmacotherapy of challenging behaviour in mental retardation." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 11, no. 1 (March 1999): 28–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0924270800036334.
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SUMMARYClassical psychiatric taxonomy appears to be increasingly inadequate in the diagnostic process of mentally retarded subjects. The reasons for this are the atypical presentation of classical psychiatric disorders, special diagnostic entities like cycloid psychosis and unstable mood disorder and the existence of so-called behavioural phenotypes related to syndromes with a known genetic etiology. In addition, disturbed behaviour may be the result of somatic or neurologic comorbidity and induced to adverse drug events.
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Brune, Anthony, and Daniel Gold. "Acute Visual Disorders—What Should the Neurologist Know?" Seminars in Neurology 39, no. 01 (February 2019): 053–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1677007.
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AbstractNormal vision requires coordination of precisely controlled and coordinated eye movements and normal function of a large cortical and subcortical sensory network. Given the required precision of the system and wide anatomic distribution of the motor and sensory visual systems, vision can be disrupted by a variety of central and peripheral nervous system disorders. While many of these may be relatively benign or have no proven therapy, several may be isolated presentations or harbingers of more serious neurologic conditions. Both monocular and binocular vision losses may be isolated presentations of stroke or its equivalent. Other etiologies of monocular vision loss may represent the initial presentation of potentially disabling conditions. Binocular diplopia, caused by impaired movement of one or both eyes, may represent a condition with no acute therapy and a benign natural history, or a progressive potentially life-threatening syndrome. Most people are heavily reliant upon vision, so that even a subtle change in vision due to disturbed afferent or efferent pathways is invariably noticed, and presentation to the emergency department for eye symptoms is common. The accurate evaluation of these patients in the acute setting is essential to identify the patients requiring immediate testing or treatment.
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Dierckx, Tess, Jeroen F. J. Bogie, and Jerome J. A. Hendriks. "The Impact of Phytosterols on the Healthy and Diseased Brain." Current Medicinal Chemistry 26, no. 37 (December 17, 2019): 6750–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867325666180706113844.
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The central nervous system (CNS) is the most cholesterol-rich organ in mammals. Cholesterol homeostasis is essential for proper brain functioning and dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism can lead to neurological problems. Multiple sclerosis (MS) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are examples of neurological diseases that are characterized by a disturbed cholesterol metabolism. Phytosterols (PS) are plant-derived components that structurally and functionally resemble cholesterol. PS are known for their cholesterol-lowering properties. Due to their ability to reach the brain, researchers have started to investigate the physiological role of PS in the CNS. In this review, the metabolism and function of PS in the diseased and healthy CNS are discussed.
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Ilanković, Vera, Andrej N. Ilanković, and Nikola N. Ilanković. "Diagnostic Assessment of Movement Disorders and Psychomotor Deficiency in Residual Schizophrenia." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 2, no. 2 (June 15, 2014): 239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2014.038.
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Movement disorders and motor deficiency is highly represented among patients in Schizophrenia – residual type (DSM IV): 37% of patients examined in our research had psycho‑motor disturbances. Dominant disturbances are the following: disturbed tonus among 65% of patients, abnormal postural reactions among 90%, abnormal voluntary movements among 75%, disturbed speech among 85%, disturbed static and dynamic postures among 90%. Involuntary movements are present among 20% of patients.Classic neurological diagnostics offers general assessment of the motor status. Standardized clinical motor scales only register the presence and intensity of the motor disturbance. Rehabilitation treatment requires individual and up to date functional diagnostics of the motor deficiency.We would like to stress that psychiatric patients in psychotic, (prepsychotic) and postpsychotic states, besides being mentally ill, also suffer from serious movement disorders (psychomotor disturbances and deficits) which put them into the category of disabled persons, who besides requiring psychiatric (neuropsychiatric) treatment, also require systematic psychomotor and speech rehabilitation.
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Lovato, A., D. A. Restivo, G. Ottaviano, G. Marioni, and R. Marchese-Ragona. "Botulinum toxin therapy: functional silencing of salivary disorders." Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica 37, no. 2 (April 2017): 168–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14639/0392-100x-1608.
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La tossina botulinica è una neurotossina prodotta dal batterio anaerobio Clostridium botulinum. Liniezione di tossina botulinica è un trattamento sicuro ed efficace quando viene usata per inibire la funzione delle ghiandole salivari in patologie come gli sialoceli o le fistole salivari di origine post-traumatica o iatrogena. Negli scialoceli e fistole salivari, il trattamento con tossina botulinica può essere preso in considerazione anche dopo il fallimento o in aggiunta ai trattamenti conservativi non chirurgici. La terapia con tossina botulinica si sta dimostrando promettente anche nel trattamento della scialoadenite cronica. La tossina botulinica ha un elevato tasso di risoluzione nella Sindrome di Frey ed è considerata il gold standard nel trattamento di questo disturbo neurologico.
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Frase, Sibylle, Sandra Kaiser, Matti Steimer, Lisa Selzner, Niels Alexander Foit, Wolf-Dirk Niesen, and Nils Schallner. "Patients with Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Exhibit Disturbed Expression Patterns of the Circadian Rhythm Gene Period-2." Life 11, no. 2 (February 5, 2021): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11020124.
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Circadian rhythm gene expression in cerebral pacemaker regions is regulated by a transcriptional-translational feedback loop across the 24-h day-night cycle. In preclinical models of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), cyclic gene expression is disrupted. Stabilization of circadian rhythm gene expression attenuates susceptibility to ischemic damage in both neuronal and myocardial tissues. In this clinical observational study, circadian rhythm gene Period-2 (Per2) mRNA expression levels were determined from blood leukocytes and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cells via real-time PCR on days 1, 7 and 14 after aneurysm rupture in 49 patients with spontaneous SAH. CSF Per2 expression was markedly suppressed immediately after SAH and remained suppressed over the course of two weeks of ICU treatment. Short-term mortality as well as occurrence of delirium was associated with greater extent of Per2 suppression on day 1 after SAH. Patients that developed delayed cerebral ischemia exhibited comparatively lower Per2 expression levels on day 7 after SAH, while presence of vasospasm remained unaffected. However, Per2 expression did not differ in patient groups with favourable or non-favourable functional neurological outcome (modified Rankin Scales 1–3 vs. 4–6). While our findings suggest a potential protective effect of stable circadian rhythm gene expression on the extent of ischemic damage, this effect was confined to the early disease course and was not reflected in patients’ functional neurological outcome.
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Kong, Li, Christina J. Herold, Eric F. C. Cheung, Raymond C. K. Chan, and Johannes Schröder. "Neurological Soft Signs and Brain Network Abnormalities in Schizophrenia." Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, no. 3 (November 27, 2019): 562–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbz118.
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Abstract Neurological soft signs (NSS) are often found in patients with schizophrenia. A wealth of neuroimaging studies have reported that NSS are related to disturbed cortical-subcortical-cerebellar circuitry in schizophrenia. However, the association between NSS and brain network abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia remains unclear. In this study, the graph theoretical approach was used to analyze brain network characteristics based on structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. NSS were assessed using the Heidelberg scale. We found that there was no significant difference in global network properties between individuals with high and low levels of NSS. Regional network analysis showed that NSS were associated with betweenness centrality involving the inferior orbital frontal cortex, the middle temporal cortex, the hippocampus, the supramarginal cortex, the amygdala, and the cerebellum. Global network analysis also demonstrated that NSS were associated with the distribution of network hubs involving the superior medial frontal cortex, the superior and middle temporal cortices, the postcentral cortex, the amygdala, and the cerebellum. Our findings suggest that NSS are associated with alterations in topological attributes of brain networks corresponding to the cortical-subcortical-cerebellum circuit in patients with schizophrenia, which may provide a new perspective for elucidating the neural basis of NSS in schizophrenia.
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Udaipurwala, Iqbal. "Covid-19: A New Cause for Taste and Smell Dysfunction." Journal of Bahria University Medical and Dental College 11, no. 4 (October 12, 2021): 142–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.51985/jbumdc2021071.
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Dysfunction of the sense of smell and taste may have severeimpact on quality of life and overall health. Detection ofbad smell in the local environment is a warning sign for aperson and a good smell is pleasurable in life. Similarlysense of taste is also very important for pleasure and toavoid intake of hazardous meal or drink. Unfortunately,knowledge about the smell and taste dysfunction is verylimited and little work has been conducted in this field.There is a long list of disorders and diseases that can affectand disturb olfactory and gustatory functions, ranging fromthe local to central neurological causes.
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Munirah, Mohd Puad, Noraini Mohamad, Mohd Noor Norhayati, and Azzahra Nurul Azman. "Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: A conundrum of nephrotic syndrome complication." Electronic Journal of General Medicine 20, no. 2 (March 1, 2023): em453. http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/ejgm/12835.
Full textAbstract:
Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disease with proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema. One rare, potentially life-threatening complication of nephrotic syndrome is posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). Sudden episodes of neurological symptoms such as headache, confusion, seizures, or focal neurological deficits with radiological findings of white matter abnormalities in the parietal and occipital lobes characterize it. Multiple factors predispose an individual with nephrotic syndrome to PRES, such as uncontrolled hypertension, reduced serum albumin levels, administration of drugs (cyclosporine, tacrolimus), anasarca, disturbed body fluid status and renal insufficiency. Here, we report a case of PRES in a seven-year-old girl with nephrotic syndrome who presented with high blood pressure while admitted to the ward. Her neurological symptom rapidly recovered after the control of hypertension. Recurrence of acute severe hypertension, nephrotic state (edema/ hypoalbuminemia), and renal insufficiency may lead to recurrent PRES. Thus, early treatment of trigger factors, especially of hypertension, is vital to reduce the episodes of PRES.
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Kaundinya, Aditi P., Meena N. Satia, and V. R. Badhwar. "Successful management of a near miss case of eclampsia with intracranial haemorrhage requiring craniotomy." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 8, no. 12 (November 26, 2019): 5039. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20195367.
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Large population-based studies on stroke report that intracerebral haemorrhage is rare in young women however it is a grave and disturbing complication of pregnancy. Preeclampsia is usually clinically silent, but may cause symptoms of neurological dysfunction such as headache, visual disturbances and impairment of consciousness. Eclampsia is in the occurrence of seizures in the context of preeclampsia and is often, but not always, preceded by the above neurological symptoms. Most published data support the view that preeclampsia and eclampsia are important causative factors for pregnancy related ICH. Sparse data is available with respect to the management of such cases. Identification of near miss cases is an important step in reducing mortality. Herein we report a near miss case of eclampsia with intracranial haemorrhage requiring craniotomy.
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Kamal, Manar Ahmed. "Basal ganglia infarction and COVID-19 infection in an elderly patient: A case report." Translational Neuroscience 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 444–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tnsci-2020-0194.
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Abstract Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread rapidly worldwide since the first cases were observed in Wuhan, China. Patients with COVID-19 develop multiple neurological symptoms, including headache, disturbed consciousness, and paresthesia, in addition to systemic and respiratory symptoms. Case presentation We presented a 57-year-old woman admitted to the emergency department – in December 2020 – with complaints of slurred speech, confusion, and left upper limb weakness after one week of positive nasopharyngeal swab sample SARS-CoV-2. Conclusions While the patient had previous comorbidities like hypertension and diabetes, she had no prior history of ischemic stroke or thrombosis, so we conclude that unilateral acute basal ganglia infarction may be a unique neurological manifestation after COVID-19 infection in an elderly patient with previous comorbidities.
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Zhang, Dong, Shu Xu, Hucong Wu, Jiaqi Liu, Yiting Wang, and Guoqiang Zhu. "Melatonin Is Neuroprotective in Escherichia coli Meningitis Depending on Intestinal Microbiota." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 1 (December 24, 2022): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010298.
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Avian meningitis Escherichia coli (E. coli) can cause acute bacterial meningitis which threatens poultry health, causes great economic losses in the poultry industry, and has recently been speculated as a potential zoonotic pathogen. Melatonin can counteract bacterial meningitis-induced disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), neuroinflammation, and reduce mortality. There are increasing data showing that melatonin’s beneficial effects on bacterial meningitis are associated with intestinal microbiota. In this study, our data showed that melatonin alleviated neurological symptoms, enhanced survival rate, protected the integrity of the BBB, reduced the bacterial load in various tissues and blood, and inhibited inflammation and neutrophil infiltration of brain tissue in an APEC TW-XM-meningitis mice model. The results of 16S rRNA showed that melatonin pretreatment significantly maintained the composition of intestinal microbiota in APEC-meningitis mice. The abundance and diversity of intestinal microbiota were disturbed in APEC TW-XM-meningitis mice, with a decreased ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroides and an increased the abundance of Proteobacteria. Melatonin pretreatment could significantly improve the composition and abundance of harmful bacteria and alleviate the decreased abundance of beneficial bacteria. Importantly, melatonin failed to affect the meningitis neurologic symptoms caused by APEC TW-XM infection in antibiotic-pretreated mice. In conclusion, the results suggest that melatonin can effectively prevent meningitis induced by APEC TW-XM infection in mice, depending on the intestinal microbiota. This finding is helpful to further explore the specific target mechanism of melatonin-mediated intestinal microbiota in the prevention of and protection against Escherichia coli meningitis.
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Grigoriev, V. V., M. I. Lavrov, V. L. Zamoyski, T. L. Garibova, V. A. Palyulin, and S. O. Bachurin. "New positive allosteric modulator of AMPA-receptors: in vitro and in vivo studies." Доклады Академии наук 488, no. 2 (September 24, 2019): 217–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-56524882217-220.
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A new derivative of 3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane was studied in electrophysiological experiments, which showed high activity as a positive allosteric modulator of AMPA receptors of the CNS. In doses of 0.01 mg/kg this compound significantly improved the memory of experimental animals disturbed by maximal electric shock. The results indicate that this compound is a promising candidate for preclinical and clinical studies as a treatment for a number of psycho-neurological diseases.
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Ananth, Jambur, and Keh-Ming Lin. "SIADH: A Serious Side Effect of Psychotropic Drugs." International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 16, no. 4 (December 1987): 401–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/wmy8-exkd-n442-erdq.
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In this communication two cases of possibly drug induced hyponatremia secondary to amitriptyline and thioridazine have been reported. What is particularly important is the fact that in one, irreversible neurological symptoms were left as sequelae and in the other, the patient was in a coma and thus suffered from a potentially lethal complication. The physicians should be aware of this disturbing side effect while treating their patients with antidepressant and neuroleptic medications.
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Detweiler, Mark B. "Organophosphate intermediate syndrome with neurological complications of extrapyramidal symptoms in clinical practice." Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice 05, no. 03 (July 2014): 298–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1700340.
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ABSTRACTOrganophosphates (OPs) are ubiquitous in the world as domestic and industrial agricultural insecticides. Intentional poisoning as suicides attempts are clinical phenomena seen in emergency departments and clinics in agricultural areas. Intermediate syndrome with the neurological complication of extra pyramidal symptoms following acute OP ingestion may occur in pediatric and adult cases. While death is the most serious consequence of toxic OP doses, low levels of exposure and nonfatal doses may disrupt the neurobehavioral development of fetuses and children in addition to bring linked to testicular cancer and male and female infertility. These are disturbing. Chronic and acute toxicity from OPs are barriers to the health of our present and future generations. Symptoms and treatment of acute and chronic OP exposure are briefly referenced with inclusion of the intermediate syndrome. Suggestions for local and systemic reduction of the acute and long term consequences of OP ingestion are opined.
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Prieto-Villalobos, Juan, Tanhia F. Alvear, Andrés Liberona, Claudia M. Lucero, Claudio J. Martínez-Araya, Javiera Balmazabal, Carla A. Inostroza, Gigliola Ramírez, Gonzalo I. Gómez, and Juan A. Orellana. "Astroglial Hemichannels and Pannexons: The Hidden Link between Maternal Inflammation and Neurological Disorders." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 17 (September 1, 2021): 9503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179503.
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Maternal inflammation during pregnancy causes later-in-life alterations of the offspring’s brain structure and function. These abnormalities increase the risk of developing several psychiatric and neurological disorders, including schizophrenia, intellectual disability, bipolar disorder, autism spectrum disorder, microcephaly, and cerebral palsy. Here, we discuss how astrocytes might contribute to postnatal brain dysfunction following maternal inflammation, focusing on the signaling mediated by two families of plasma membrane channels: hemi-channels and pannexons. [Ca2+]i imbalance linked to the opening of astrocytic hemichannels and pannexons could disturb essential functions that sustain astrocytic survival and astrocyte-to-neuron support, including energy and redox homeostasis, uptake of K+ and glutamate, and the delivery of neurotrophic factors and energy-rich metabolites. Both phenomena could make neurons more susceptible to the harmful effect of prenatal inflammation and the experience of a second immune challenge during adulthood. On the other hand, maternal inflammation could cause excitotoxicity by producing the release of high amounts of gliotransmitters via astrocytic hemichannels/pannexons, eliciting further neuronal damage. Understanding how hemichannels and pannexons participate in maternal inflammation-induced brain abnormalities could be critical for developing pharmacological therapies against neurological disorders observed in the offspring.