Academic literature on the topic 'District electric grid'
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Journal articles on the topic "District electric grid"
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Gupta, Sanjay Kumar. "Smart Grid System in India." Indian Journal of Energy and Energy Resources 1, no. 4 (August 30, 2022): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.54105/ijeer.c1018.081422.
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The smart grid system is very useful in our India. Over electrical supply system is upgrade when use this technology. In this work introduce to smart grid system in India. This is new generation grid system for save our power energy. It reduces the black out when the power consuming higher than the produce of the electricity. The smart grid system also balances the generate power and consume power. The numbers of sensors for collect the data and produce electricity according to its requirement so we can save larger amount of electricity. It also shows the real time price of electricity so we can use our heavy electric equipment when the electric price low. It’s also found the default in electric supply system with the help of sensors so we can easily solve the electricity default. The smart metering also collects the real time-consuming data for the consumer. It also helps for billing the electricity bill with the help of sensors. When the smart gride system install all our in the India then the power supply system easy to be handle. The smart gride system collect the data easily for any district.
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Causone, Francesco, and Martina Pelle. "Building stock simulation to support the development of a district multi-energy grid." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 06027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911106027.
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The urbanization process is constantly increasing worldwide. Today over 50 % of the population resides in urban areas and this value is expected to grow up to 68 % by 2050. In this scenario, the development of district scale energy grids and management systems has become crucial to optimize energy use and to balance energy flows within the cities, encouraging the use of renewable sources and self-consumption. This study focusses on a district under development in the city of Milan, involving an urban area of about 920 000 m2, which, once completed, will count for about 4 500 apartments, a school and a few other commercial uses. The existing energy systems consist of an electric grid, including a small photovoltaic field, a district heating system and a local district cooling system exploiting groundwater via heat pumps. They serve, at present, seven residential tower buildings (400 apartments). The overarching aim of the research is to evolve the existing grid into a smart energy grid able to guarantee an intelligent management of the district, empowering eventually people to apply for demand-response schemes, electric mobility and other innovative services. In order to perform such an improvement and extension of the exiting grid, it is necessary to evaluate and simulate the profiles and dynamics of the final energy uses for the residential buildings, that will represent the major load on site. Since monitoring data are not yet available for the district, the evaluation of the energy performance of the existing buildings has been developed through dynamic energy simulations via the definition of profile loads of the most frequent apartment typologies, that allow, moreover, to simulate further developments in the districts. Besides, a monitoring plan for the existing systems has been developed and implemented. Monitoring data will be used at first for validating the developed load profiles; then, they will be analysed to develop optimisation algorithms for the management of the upgraded energy grid. In this paper, the case study is presented and the results of the analysis, via energy simulation, on the existing building stock are reported.
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Masaev, S. Kh, U. Kh Makaev, and M. V. Debiev. "The basic stages of improving the power grid complex functioning of the Chechen Republic." Power engineering: research, equipment, technology 22, no. 4 (November 15, 2020): 43–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.30724/1998-9903-2020-22-4-43-53.
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The article considers the state of the electric power industry functioning of the Chechen Republic. Comparative data on the reception in the network and useful electricity supply of the Chechen Republic in recent years are presented. The total transformer capacity structure of all substations, as well as the power lines total length of Chechenenergo JSC, is considered. The main electric power industry problems of the Chechen power system, which are the lack of own generating capacities, the transformer capacities shortage of substations 110 and 35 kV and the main production assets high level wear of the electric grid economy, are studied. The tasks to reduce the Chechen energy system electric energy losses are considered. The values and causes of the electric energy losses in different district electric networks (RES) of JSC "Chechenenergo" are determined. A comparative analysis of the electrical energy losses in recent years has been performed. Issues related to reactive power in electrical networks are considered. An analysis was carried out to determine the reactive power values in different district electric networks of Chechenenergo JSC. Measures are proposed that contribute to the reactive power normalization and the improvement of technical and economic indicators in electric networks. The networks electrical circuits improvement analysis was carried out to ensure the power supply stability and reliability to consumers in the republic. The production process control system and diagnostics is proposed, which will allow to regulate and coordinate the activities to manage the technical condition, as well as the power system reliability.
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Khomutov, Stanislav O., and Nikolay A. Serebryakov. "Creation of a short-term load forecasting neural network model of electrical engineering complex of section regional electric grid 6-35 kV." Transportation Systems and Technology 6, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 80–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/transsyst20206180-91.
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Aim: Is developing of short-term load forecasting math model of the electrical engineering complex of the district regional electric grid 6-35 kV with the use of artificial neural networks.
Methods: The tools of regression analysis and deep machine learning were used in the work.
Results: The neural network model for short-term load forecasting of the electrical engineering complex of section regional electric grid 6-35 kV, which considered factors of time, meteorological conditions, disconnections of individual power transmission lines, the operation mode of electricity consumers with a capacity of over 670 kW, the fact of the availability of central heating and water supply, has been obtained.
Conclusion: The developed neural network math model reduces the problem of short-term load forecasting to the search of matrix free coefficients through training on the available statistical data.
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Arnaudo, Monica, Monika Topel, and Björn Laumert. "Vehicle-To-Grid for Peak Shaving to Unlock the Integration of Distributed Heat Pumps in a Swedish Neighborhood." Energies 13, no. 7 (April 3, 2020): 1705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13071705.
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The city of Stockholm is close to hitting the capacity limits of its power grid. As an additional challenge, electricity has been identified as a key resource to help the city to meet its environmental targets. This has pushed citizens to prefer power-based technologies, like heat pumps and electric vehicles, thus endangering the stability of the grid. The focus of this paper is on the district of Hammarby Sjöstad. Here, plans are set to switch from district heating to heat pumps. A previous study verified that this choice will cause overloadings on the electricity distribution grid. The present paper tackles this problem by proposing a new energy storage option. By considering the increasing share of electric vehicles, the potential of using the electricity stored in their batteries to support the grid is explored through technical performance simulations. The objective was to enable a bi-directional flow and use the electric vehicles’ (EVs)’ discharging to shave the peak demand caused by the heat pumps. It was found that this solution can eliminate overloadings up to 50%, with a 100% EV penetration. To overcome the mismatch between the availability of EVs and the overloadings’ occurrence, the minimum state of charge for discharging should be lower than 70%.
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Bracco, Stefano, Federico Delfino, Michela Longo, and Silvia Siri. "Electric Vehicles and Storage Systems Integrated within a Sustainable Urban District Fed by Solar Energy." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2019 (December 12, 2019): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9572746.
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In this paper, an optimization model is defined for the design of a smart energy infrastructure integrating different technologies to satisfy the electrical demand of a given site. The considered smart energy infrastructure includes a photovoltaic plant, electrical storage systems, electric vehicles (EVs), and charging stations. The objective function of the optimization model considers the costs related to the installation and maintenance of the considered technologies, as well as the costs associated with the energy exchanges with the external grid. A very extensive numerical analysis is reported in the paper, referred to a test case in a real site in Liguria Region, in the north of Italy. Many scenarios are analyzed and discussed, with specific attention to evaluate the role of electric mobility within a smart energy infrastructure and a focus on EVs acting as mobile storage systems.
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Xu, Dan, Wei Liu, Tao Wei, and Wei Zong. "Considering the Demand Side Response of Electric Vehicle to Grid." Advanced Materials Research 953-954 (June 2014): 1342–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.953-954.1342.
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When electric vehicles switch on power grid largely, it will impact on the operation of power system if there aren’t any management and control. This paper compared different characteristics of electric vehicles in charge and discharge from different regions. It divided the situations into three areas: residential area, commercial district, industrial zone; And established avoidable load model, transferable load model and combined load model based on different types of users. Through the analysis of the examples, verified that different load model can effect on loads from different regions, and finally concluded that, the models can play the role of “cut a peak to fill valley”. Therefore, it is very important to transfer part of the electro-demand from the peak period to low period through reasonable price guide.
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Castillo-Calzadilla, Tony, Ainhoa Alonso-Vicario, Cruz E. Borges, and Cristina Martin. "E-Mobility in Positive Energy Districts." Buildings 12, no. 3 (February 24, 2022): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12030264.
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A rise in the number of EVs (electric vehicles) in Europe is putting pressure on power grids. At an urban scale, Positive Energy Districts (PEDs) are devised as archetypes of (small) urban districts managing a set of interconnected buildings and district elements (lighting system, vehicles, smart grid, etc.). This paper offers a comprehensive analysis of the impact of e-mobility in a PED, simulated using MATLAB-Simulink software. The PED, a small district in northern Spain, is assessed in five scenarios representing varying requirements in terms of energy efficiency of buildings, type of street lighting and number of EVs. The results suggest that the energy rating of the buildings (ranging from A for the most efficient to E) conditions the annual energy balance. A PED with six interconnected buildings (3 residential and 3 of public use) and 405 EVs (as a baseline) only achieves positivity when the buildings have a high energy rating (certificate A or B). In the most efficient case (A-rated buildings), simulation results show that the PED can support 695 EVs; in other words, it can provide nearly 9 million green kilometres. This result represents a potential 71% saving in carbon emissions from e-mobility alone (as compared to the use of fossil-fuel vehicles), thus contributing a reduction in the carbon footprint of the district and the city as a whole.
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Grkovic, Vojin, Dragoljub Zivkovic, and Milana Gutesa. "A new approach in CHP steam turbines thermodynamic cycles computations." Thermal Science 16, suppl. 2 (2012): 399–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci120503178g.
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This paper presents a new approach in mathematical modeling of thermodynamic cycles and electric power of utility district-heating and cogeneration steam turbines. The approach is based on the application of the dimensionless mass flows, which describe the thermodynamic cycle of a combined heat and power steam turbine. The mass flows are calculated relative to the mass flow to low pressure turbine. The procedure introduces the extraction mass flow load parameter ?h which clearly indicates the energy transformation process, as well as the cogeneration turbine design features, but also its fitness for the electrical energy system requirements. The presented approach allows fast computations, as well as direct calculation of the selected energy efficiency indicators. The approach is exemplified with the calculation results of the district heat power to electric power ratio, as well as the cycle efficiency, versus ?h. The influence of ?h on the conformity of a combined heat and power turbine to the grid requirements is also analyzed and discussed.
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Liu, Cun Guo, Yu Peng Wang, Qing Ye, Tao Liu, Bai Chao Shu, Hao Yu, Shu Han Wang, and Jia Yong Chen. "Analytical Study on the Effect of Coordinated Application of Distributed Grid Connection and SVG on Wind Farms to Increase Power Quality in Fuxin Rural Power Grid." Applied Mechanics and Materials 651-653 (September 2014): 1028–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.651-653.1028.
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power quality problems such as high line loss, low voltage exist commonly in rural power grid of China due to few supply points, long power transmission and distribution line. Huge fund is required to increase the quantity of supply points in rural power grid; installation of var compensators on line nodes could not solve power quality problems on the whole line. At the same time, as distributed power supply, wind power is also restricted by peak regulation, insufficient line output capacity and other factors in large scale centralized grid-connected output, wind curtailment often occurs. In order to solve the above-mentioned two problems simultaneously, electric power of wind farm may be output via nearby rural power grid line, thus not only utilization rate of wind power is increased, but also power quality of rural power grid is improved.This paper takes an example of a district in Fuxin City, summarizes power quality change data of relevant rural power grid before and after the distributed grid connection of wind farm is made, the analysis shows that distributed grid connection of wind power could improve load flow distribution of the power system, reduce system transmission loss in this district obviously, increase economical efficiency of the system operation effectively. At the same time, effectiveness of static var generator in substation to overcome the impact of such grid connection mode on power grid is verified.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "District electric grid"
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Єрмоленко, Анатолій Леонідович. "Розвиток районної електричної мережі та визначення місць пошкодження ліній електропередачі." Bachelor's thesis, КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського, 2020. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/43779.
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Дипломний проект складається із пояснювальної записки та графічної частини. Пояснювальну записку виконано на 112 сторінках формату А4, до неї входить 43 таблиці, 34 рисунки та 7 бібліографічних посилань на джерела інформації.
Графічна частина містить креслення і складається із трьох аркушів формату А1.
Метою виконання дипломного проекту є розвиток районної електричної мережі та визначення місць пошкодження ліній електропередачі.
У першому розділі синтезовано п’ять варіантів конфігурації електричної мережі і внаслідок техніко-економічного порівняння варіантів визначено оптимальний. Вибрано трансформатори на підстанціях та перерізи дротів ліній електропередачі. Розраховано режим максимальних навантажень та післяаварійний режим електричної мережі. Вибрано регулювальні відгалуження РПН та ПБЗ силових трансформаторів. У другому розділі виконано аналіз особливостей застосування методів та засобів, що використовуються для визначення місць пошкодження ліній електропередачі.The diploma project consists of an explanatory note and a graphic part. The explanatory note is made on 112 A4 pages, it includes 43 tables, 34 figures and 7 bibliographic references to sources of information. The graphic part contains drawings and consists of three sheets of A1 format. The purpose of the diploma project is to develop the district power grid and determine the location of damage to power lines. The first section synthesizes five options for the configuration of the electrical network and determines the optimal one. Transformers at substations and wire cross sections of power lines are selected. The mode of maximum loads and the post-emergency mode of the electric network are calculated. The control branches of on-load tap-changers and PBZ of power transformers are selected. The second section analyzes the peculiarities of the application of methods and tools used to determine the location of damage to power lines.
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Duquette, Jean. "The potential benefits of combined heat and power based district energy grids." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/7818.
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In this dissertation, an assessment is conducted of the potential benefits of combined heat and power (CHP) based district energy (DE) grids in energy systems of different scale having significant fossil fuel fired electrical generation capacity. Three studies are included in the research.
In the first study, the potential benefits of expanding CHP-based DE grids in a large scale energy system are investigated. The impacts of expanding wind power systems are also investigated and a comparison between these technologies is made with respect to fossil fuel utilization and CO2 emissions. A model is constructed and five scenarios are evaluated with the EnergyPLAN software taking the province of Ontario, Canada as the case study. Results show that reductions in fuel utilization and CO2 emissions of up to 8.5% and 32%, respectively, are possible when switching to an energy system comprising widespread CHP-based DE grids.
In the second study, a high temporal resolution numerical model (i.e. the SS-VTD model) is developed that is capable of rapidly calculating distribution losses in small scale variable flow DE grids with low error and computational intensity. The SS-VTD model is validated by comparing simulated temperature data with measured temperature data from an existing network. The Saanich DE grid, located near Victoria, Canada, is used as the case study for validation.
In the third study, the potential benefits of integrating high penetrations of renewable energy via a power-to-heat plant in a small scale CHP-based DE grid are investigated. The impacts of switching to a CHP-based DE grid equipped with an electric boiler plant versus a conventional wave power system are compared with respect to fossil fuel utilization and CO2 emissions. The SS-VTD model is used to conduct the study. The energy system of the Hot Springs Cove community, located on the west coast of Vancouver Island, Canada is used as the case study in the analysis. Results show that relative to the conventional wave power system, reductions in fuel utilization and CO2 emissions of up to 47% are possible when switching to a CHP-based DE grid.Graduate
Book chapters on the topic "District electric grid"
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Gorges, Tobias, Claudia Weißmann, and Sebastian Bothor. "Small Electric Vehicles (SEV)—Impacts of an Increasing SEV Fleet on the Electric Load and Grid." In Small Electric Vehicles, 115–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65843-4_9.
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AbstractHeading towards climate neutrality, the electrification of the transport sector has significant impact on the electric grid infrastructure. Among other vehicles, the increasing number of new technologies, mobility offers, and services has an impact on the grid infrastructure. The purpose of this case study therefore is to examine and highlight the small electric vehicle (SEV) impact on the electric load and grid. A data-based analysis model with high charging demand in an energy network is developed that includes renewable energy production and a charging process of a whole SEV fleet during the daily electricity demand peak for the city of Stuttgart (Germany). Key figures are gathered and analysed from official statistics and open data sources. The resulting load increase due to the SEV development is determined and the impact on the electric grid in comparison to battery electric vehicles (BEV) is assessed for two district types. The case study shows that if SEVs replace BEVs, the effects on the grid peak load are considered significant. However, the implementation of a load management system may have an even higher influence on peak load reduction. Finally, recommendations for the future national and international development of SEV fleets are summarized.
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Al-khateeb, Mohammed, and Ali Alkhateeb. "Solar-powered water systems for vulnerable rural communities: Alleviating water scarcity in Iraq." In Resilience of Water Supply in Practice: Experiences from the Frontline, 143–60. IWA Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781789061628_0143.
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Abstract Deteriorating water quality and decreasing water quantity are causing a water crisis in Iraq. The crisis is having a profoundly negative impact on people's livelihoods and on the economy. In the most water-stressed areas, vulnerable people have had to move from rural areas where water is scarce to urban areas, placing additional pressure on the water supply. To mitigate the impact of water scarcity on the most vulnerable people in rural areas, the United Nations Children's Fund has worked in partnership with the Iraqi Water Authorities on a programme to increase access to more resilient water services in some highly vulnerable rural and conflict affected areas of Iraq where water services are unreliable. One major contributing factor to the problem of access to water was the unreliability of the electrical supply, particularly in the summer months. The programme identified that an alternative to grid electrical power was needed to achieve a more reliable source of energy for water provision. The programme installed solar-powered water systems in two vulnerable districts in northern Iraq: Shekhan district, Ninewa, and Makhmur, Erbil. These systems are now providing sustainable, predictable and reliable water services to two vulnerable districts which had previously suffered extensively from power shortages and service interruptions. The water from the new solar-powered systems provides access to safe water for refugees and internally displaced people, as well as local communities. Importantly, the programme has increased water conservation and efficiency and helped to strengthen community resilience. It has also highlighted the need for adaptive and innovative technological solutions, which can support more effective disaster response and recovery.
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Kaur Channi, Harpreet. "Techno Economic Feasibility Analysis of Solar PV System in Jammu: A Case Study." In Solar Cells [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98809.
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Renewable sources of energy and related technologies are essential to the generation of energy worldwide. The photovoltaic (PV) is one of the renewable power technologies that support household electricity use. No prior research has studied the sustainability of the off-grid energy generation system in Jammu, India despite the potential of solar photovoltaics and significant amounts of global sun radiation in an area. The present work shown in the chapter is to calculate the residential load of the Patyari Kaltan situated in district Samba of Jammu by energy auditing. The NASA Surface Meteorology is used for the solar resource informationof selected village. The primary sources of electricity generation are fossil fuels. Recently, the energy demand and availability deficit has worsened due to the huge population and fossil fuels cannot fulfill huge energy requirement. Meanwhile they have negative impacts on the environment as well. Therefore, renewable energy offers suitable energy way out to the residents living in remote areas and in the areas near to Borders. In this paper the main aim is to examine the feasibility of solar-battery hybrid energy system to fulfill electrical demand of a residential area in a rural region in Jammu. The research shows that the cost of construction of the project can be repaid or recovered within 1 year 6 months. To accomplish the target, 214 solar panels of 325 watt are estimated to satisfy the demand 100 percent at all times. The findings of this modeling reveal that the off-grid PV system is both technical and economically viable for power generation; they may serve as a model for the successful development of the system for practical use. Furthermore, the model can promote assistance mechanisms for players in the renewable industry to introduce a PV system in residential buildings.
Conference papers on the topic "District electric grid"
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Khaled, Mazen, and Amr Osama Ahmed Elsayed. "Voltage Profile Enhancement in Middle District of Sudan Electric Grid Using Neplan® Software." In 2019 International Conference on Computer, Control, Electrical, and Electronics Engineering (ICCCEEE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccceee46830.2019.9071006.
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Madala, Srikanth, Tim Ramaekers, Adam Herink, Mitch Hyde, Roy Palk, and Dan Brewer. "The Story of a Rural Public Power District – Before and After Distribution Grid Connected Wind Power Generation." In 2019 IEEE Rural Electric Power Conference (REPC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/repc.2019.00018.
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Ancona, M. A., L. Branchini, A. De Pascale, F. Melino, and B. Di Pietra. "Renewable Energy Systems Integration for Efficiency Improvement of a CHP Unit." In ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2017-64193.
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In the next years energy grids are expected to become increasingly complex, due to the integration between traditional generators (operating with fossil fuels, especially natural gas), renewable energy production systems and storage devices. Furthermore, the increase of installed distributed generation systems is posing new issues for the existing grids. The integration involves both electric grids and thermal networks, such as district heating networks. In this scenario, it is fundamental to optimize the production mix and the operation of each system, in order to maximize the renewable energies exploitation, minimize the economic costs (in particular the fossil fuel consumption) and the environmental impact. The aim of this paper is the analysis of different solutions in terms of energy generation mix, in order to define the optimal configuration for a given network. With this purpose, in this study a real district heating network served by a combined heat and power unit and four boilers has been considered. The current mode of operation of the selected network has been simulated, in order to individuate eventual criticism and/or improvement possibility. On the basis of the obtained results, several scenarios have been developed by considering the addition of thermal or electric energy production systems from renewable energy sources and/or heat pumps. For a given scenario, a whole year of operation has been simulated with an in-house developed software, called EGO (Energy Grid Optimizer), based on genetic algorithms and able to define the load distribution of a number of energy systems operating into an energy grid, with the aim to minimize the total cost of the energy production. Further considered constraints have been the avoiding of thermal dissipations and the minimization of the electric energy sale to the national grid (in order to increase the grid stability). The carried out analysis has allowed to evaluate the yearly fuel consumption, the yearly electric energy sold to the network and the yearly electric energy purchased from the network, for each of the developed configurations. In this study the obtained results have been discussed in order to compare the proposed scenarios and to define an optimal solution, which enables to reduce the yearly operation costs of the production plant.
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Deshmukh, Sachin, Yahia Baghzouz, and Robert F. Boehm. "Design of Grid Connected-PV System for a Hydrogen Refueling Station." In ASME 2006 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2006-99151.
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This paper describes the design of a 14 kW grid-tied photovoltaic system for powering a hydrogen generation and refueling station that is being constructed at the Las Vegas Valley Water District. The fixed array layout is determined by considering the available space, aesthetics and impact of shading on annual energy production. Computer simulations using PV-DesignPro software and area hourly solar radiation data are conducted to simulate the energy flow into and out of the electric utility grid for different profiles of hydrogen use. Stand-alone system operation is also simulated to estimate the maximum amount of hydrogen that can be produced under limited storage.
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Ippolito, Francesco, and Mauro Venturini. "Development of a Simulation Model of Transient Operation of Micro-CHP Systems in a Microgrid." In ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2017-63335.
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This paper presents the development of a simulation tool for modeling the transient behavior of micro-CHP systems, equipped with both thermal and electric storage units and connected with both electric and district heating grid. The prime mover considered in this paper is an internal combustion reciprocating engine, which is currently the only well-established micro-CHP technology. Different users, characterized by different demands of electric and thermal energy, both in terms of absolute value and electric-to-thermal energy ratio, are analyzed in this paper. Both summer and winter hourly trends of electric and thermal energy demand are simulated by using literature data. The results present a comprehensive energy analysis of all scenarios on a daily basis, in terms of both user demand met and energy share among system components. The transient response of the prime mover and the thermal energy storage is also analyzed for the two scenarios with the lowest and highest daily energy demand, together with the trend over time of the state of charge of both thermal and electric energy storage.
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Moore, Larry, Hal Post, Krista Adams, Len Malczynski, Randy Hauck, Tom Jesperson, Rolland Skinner, and Jerry Anderson. "Operation and Maintenance Field Experience With Photovoltaic Water Pumping Systems." In ASME 2005 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2005-76230.
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This paper presents an assessment of the failure modes, operation and maintenance (O&M) costs, and system lifecycle costs for 77 photovoltaic (PV) water pumping systems installed during a fourteen year period from 1990 to 2004. These systems were supplied, installed, operated and maintained through a customer lease program by two rural utilities, Northwest Rural Public Power District in Nebraska and Verendrye Electric Cooperative in North Dakota. Field records have been tracked and analyzed to capture maintenance events, component failure experience, repair/replacement costs and installation cost histories. The results of these analyses including annual O&M cost, failure rates, and economic comparisons with grid extension options are presented and discussed.
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Adebiyi, G. A. "The Thermodynamics of Combined Electrical/Mechanical and Thermal Power Producing Systems." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-82277.
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A combined electrical/mechanical and thermal power generating system is undoubtedly the way to go for optimum overall efficiency in energy conversion. Traditionally, electric power is generated in centralized power stations and subsequently supplied to consumers via extensive grid distribution networks. Waste heat is a by-product that cannot inexpensively be conveyed to meet the demand for thermal power in the communities served. Consequently, the needed thermal power is produced either using the high grade electricity delivered from the grid supply, or by combustion of expensive fuels such as natural gas and oil. Cogeneration and CHP (Cooling, Heating, and Power) systems are designed to utilize waste heat from in-house electrical/mechanical power producing devices such as micro turbines and diesel engines used in industries that are located in the community or district. The generation of mechanical and thermal power from a single fuel input significantly enhances the overall conversion efficiency, which translates to lower CO2 emissions to the environment. Greater stability and reliability in power supply at the community level is achieved via the deployment of CHP systems that provide power on the required scale as well as meet local demand for cooling and/or heating. The magnitude of efficiency gain for CHP systems is often overstated simply because the quality difference between electrical/mechanical power and thermal power is not factored into the equation. This paper focuses on a complete thermodynamic analysis of CHP systems on the basis of the first and second laws of thermodynamics.
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Ferrari, Mario L., Matteo Pascenti, Alberto Traverso, and Massimo Rivarolo. "Smart Polygeneration Grid: A New Experimental Facility." In ASME Turbo Expo 2012: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-68585.
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This paper presents the development of a new experimental facility for analysis and optimization activities on smart polygeneration grids. The test rig is being designed and built in the framework of the European project “Energy-Hub for residential and commercial districts and transport” (E-HUB), which targets optimal energy management of residential and commercial districts. The experimental rig, named “Energy aNd Efficiency Research Demonstration District” (E-NERDD), is located inside the University campus in Savona, and is based on four different prime movers able to produce both electrical and thermal energy: a 100 kWe micro gas turbine, a 20 kWe internal combustion engine, a 3 kWe Stirling engine, and a 450 kWe fuel cell/gas turbine hybrid system emulator based on the coupling of a micro gas turbine with a modular vessel. While the electrical side is based on the connection with the campus grid (further developments are planned for a local electrical grid including storage units), thermal energy is managed through a dual ring-based water distribution system. The facility is also equipped with thermal storage tanks and fan cooler units to study and optimize different thermal management algorithms generating different thermal load demands. The facility also includes an absorption chiller for cold water generation. As a result, trigeneration operation is possible in a physically simulated urban district. Moreover, the rig is equipped with six photovoltaic panels (significant for the electrical aspects) and 10 kWp of thermal solar panels to be integrated in the grid. Further technologies to be considered for the E-NERDD are power plants based on other renewable resource (e.g. with biomass fuel). These systems are planned to be analyzed through real plants (remote connection with the field) or through virtual models based on real-time dynamic approaches. Experimental tests related to the performance of the micro gas turbine are reported and discussed in this paper. The focus here is on machine correction curves essential to evaluate factors for quantifying ambient temperature influence on machine performance. This analysis is essential for setting the thermal distribution grid and for future optimization tests.
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Bozzo, Maximiliano, Francesco Caratozzolo, and Alberto Traverso. "Smart Polygeneration Grid: Control and Optimization System." In ASME Turbo Expo 2012: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-68568.
Full textAbstract:
This study aims at the development of a software tool for supply and demand matching of electrical and thermal energy in an urban district. In particular, the tool has been developed for E-NERDD, the experimental district that TPG-DIMSET is going to build in Savona, Italy. E-NERDD is an acronym for Energy and Efficiency Research Demonstration District. It is one of the districts that will be used within the project to demonstrate how different software tools and algorithms perform in thermodynamic, economic and environmental terms. The software tool originally developed for and implemented in this work, called E-NERDD Control System, is targeted on enabling the operation of the hardware, when connected in a district mode. Supply and demand are matched to reach a thermoeconomic optimum. An optimization algorithm is organized into two different levels of optimization: a first level that resolves a constrained minimization problem in planning power supply for each generator on the basis of day-before forecasting; and a second level that distributes among the different machines the gap between planned and real-time demand. The algorithm developed is demonstrated in four test cases in order to test it in different working conditions.
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Carraretto, Cristian. "The “Virtual Power Plant” Concept: Coordinating the Management of Fuel Cell Clusters." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-13066.
Full textAbstract:
The fuel cells are interesting energy conversion systems for combined heat and power applications. In particular the proton exchange membrane (PEM) and the solid oxide fuel cells are promising alternatives to other distributed solutions for residential uses. This paper analyzes the feasibility of a fuel cell network in a residential area. A set of fuel cells is installed in different buildings of an urban district, to supply thermal and electric energy to the users. When not required in situ, the electric production of the fuel cells is sold to other neighboring users or traded through the grid. By coordinating the production of the various fuel cells, a sort of "virtual" power plant is hence obtained. Different PEM fuel cells are used here to build the network, extended both to commercial and residential buildings. To investigate the profitability of this solution, a non-linear constrained optimization problem is built. The problem consists in optimizing the power output of each fuel cell over a selected period of time, in order to meet the users' demand and maximize the revenues associated with the trade of the residual production. Preliminary results are discussed for different solutions (fuel cell size, user characteristics, etc.) considering the seasonality of the electric and thermal demands.