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1

Yilmaz, Yavuz Salim. "Restoration Project Of A Traditional House In Camiserif District 5227 Str. No:14 Mersin." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606336/index.pdf.

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The subject of this thesis is to prepare the restoration project of a traditional house in CamiSerif District, Mersin, where has the most dense traditional house tissue, in order to handle the subject as a case study on the traditional houses of Mersin for the later conservation movements in the region. Within the context of the study, the present states of the site and the building are studied in detail and the original state of the building is investigated through historical and comparative study of the building with other examples of traditional residential architecture. The study ends with a proposal for a restoration project according to the evaluation of the information gathered.
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2

Kamali, Aslan. "Developing a Decision Making Approach for District Cooling Systems Design using Multi-objective Optimization." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-208228.

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Energy consumption rates have been dramatically increasing on a global scale within the last few decades. A significant role in this increase is subjected by the recent high temperature levels especially at summer time which caused a rapid increase in the air conditioning demands. Such phenomena can be clearly observed in developing countries, especially those in hot climate regions, where people depend mainly on conventional air conditioning systems. These systems often show poor performance and thus negatively impact the environment which in turn contributes to global warming phenomena. In recent years, the demand for urban or district cooling technologies and networks has been increasing significantly as an alternative to conventional systems due to their higher efficiency and improved ecological impact. However, to obtain an efficient design for district cooling systems is a complex task that requires considering a wide range of cooling technologies, various network layout configuration possibilities, and several energy resources to be integrated. Thus, critical decisions have to be made regarding a variety of opportunities, options and technologies. The main objective of this thesis is to develop a tool to obtain preliminary design configurations and operation patterns for district cooling energy systems by performing roughly detailed optimizations and further, to introduce a decision-making approach to help decision makers in evaluating the economic aspects and environmental performance of urban cooling systems at an early design stage. Different aspects of the subject have been investigated in the literature by several researchers. A brief survey of the state of the art was carried out and revealed that mathematical programming models were the most common and successful technique for configuring and designing cooling systems for urban areas. As an outcome of the survey, multi objective optimization models were decided to be utilized to support the decision-making process. Hence, a multi objective optimization model has been developed to address the complicated issue of decision-making when designing a cooling system for an urban area or district. The model aims to optimize several elements of a cooling system such as: cooling network, cooling technologies, capacity and location of system equipment. In addition, various energy resources have been taken into consideration as well as different solar technologies such as: trough solar concentrators, vacuum solar collectors and PV panels. The model was developed based on the mixed integer linear programming method (MILP) and implemented using GAMS language. Two case studies were investigated using the developed model. The first case study consists of seven buildings representing a residential district while the second case study was a university campus district dominated by non-residential buildings. The study was carried out for several groups of scenarios investigating certain design parameters and operation conditions such as: Available area, production plant location, cold storage location constraints, piping prices, investment cost, constant and variable electricity tariffs, solar energy integration policy, waste heat availability, load shifting strategies, and the effect of outdoor temperature in hot regions on the district cooling system performance. The investigation consisted of three stages, with total annual cost and CO2 emissions being the first and second single objective optimization stages. The third stage was a multi objective optimization combining the earlier two single objectives. Later on, non-dominated solutions, i.e. Pareto solutions, were generated by obtaining several multi objective optimization scenarios based on the decision-makers’ preferences. Eventually, a decision-making approach was developed to help decision-makers in selecting a specific solution that best fits the designers’ or decision makers’ desires, based on the difference between the Utopia and Nadir values, i.e. total annual cost and CO2 emissions obtained at the single optimization stages
Die Energieverbrauchsraten haben in den letzten Jahrzehnten auf globaler Ebene dramatisch zugenommen. Diese Erhöhung ist zu einem großen Teil in den jüngst hohen Temperaturniveaus, vor allem in der Sommerzeit, begründet, die einen starken Anstieg der Nachfrage nach Klimaanlagen verursachen. Solche Ereignisse sind deutlich in Entwicklungsländern zu beobachten, vor allem in heißen Klimaregionen, wo Menschen vor allem konventionelle Klimaanlagensysteme benutzen. Diese Systeme verfügen meist über eine ineffiziente Leistungsfähigkeit und wirken sich somit negativ auf die Umwelt aus, was wiederum zur globalen Erwärmung beiträgt. In den letzten Jahren ist die Nachfrage nach Stadt- oder Fernkältetechnologien und -Netzwerken als Alternative zu konventionellen Systemen aufgrund ihrer höheren Effizienz und besseren ökologischen Verträglichkeit satrk gestiegen. Ein effizientes Design für Fernkühlsysteme zu erhalten, ist allerdings eine komplexe Aufgabe, die die Integration einer breite Palette von Kühltechnologien, verschiedener Konfigurationsmöglichkeiten von Netzwerk-Layouts und unterschiedlicher Energiequellen erfordert. Hierfür ist das Treffen kritischer Entscheidungen hinsichtlich einer Vielzahl von Möglichkeiten, Optionen und Technologien unabdingbar. Das Hauptziel dieser Arbeit ist es, ein Werkzeug zu entwickeln, das vorläufige Design-Konfigurationen und Betriebsmuster für Fernkälteenergiesysteme liefert, indem aureichend detaillierte Optimierungen durchgeführt werden. Zudem soll auch ein Ansatz zur Entscheidungsfindung vorgestellt werden, der Entscheidungsträger in einem frühen Planungsstadium bei der Bewertung städtischer Kühlungssysteme hinsichtlich der wirtschaftlichen Aspekte und Umweltleistung unterstützen soll. Unterschiedliche Aspekte dieser Problemstellung wurden in der Literatur von verschiedenen Forschern untersucht. Eine kurze Analyse des derzeitigen Stands der Technik ergab, dass mathematische Programmiermodelle die am weitesten verbreitete und erfolgreichste Methode für die Konfiguration und Gestaltung von Kühlsystemen für städtische Gebiete sind. Ein weiteres Ergebnis der Analyse war die Festlegung von Mehrzieloptimierungs-Modelles für die Unterstützung des Entscheidungsprozesses. Darauf basierend wurde im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit ein Mehrzieloptimierungs-Modell für die Lösung des komplexen Entscheidungsfindungsprozesses bei der Gestaltung eines Kühlsystems für ein Stadtgebiet oder einen Bezirk entwickelt. Das Modell zielt darauf ab, mehrere Elemente des Kühlsystems zu optimieren, wie beispielsweise Kühlnetzwerke, Kühltechnologien sowie Kapazität und Lage der Systemtechnik. Zusätzlich werden verschiedene Energiequellen, auch solare wie Solarkonzentratoren, Vakuum-Solarkollektoren und PV-Module, berücksichtigt. Das Modell wurde auf Basis der gemischt-ganzzahlig linearen Optimierung (MILP) entwickelt und in GAMS Sprache implementiert. Zwei Fallstudien wurden mit dem entwickelten Modell untersucht. Die erste Fallstudie besteht aus sieben Gebäuden, die ein Wohnviertel darstellen, während die zweite Fallstudie einen Universitätscampus dominiert von Nichtwohngebäuden repräsentiert. Die Untersuchung wurde für mehrere Gruppen von Szenarien durchgeführt, wobei bestimmte Designparameter und Betriebsbedingungen überprüft werden, wie zum Beispiel die zur Verfügung stehende Fläche, Lage der Kühlanlage, örtliche Restriktionen der Kältespeicherung, Rohrpreise, Investitionskosten, konstante und variable Stromtarife, Strategie zur Einbindung der Solarenergie, Verfügbarkeit von Abwärme, Strategien der Lastenverschiebung, und die Wirkung der Außentemperatur in heißen Regionen auf die Leistung des Kühlsystems. Die Untersuchung bestand aus drei Stufen, wobei die jährlichen Gesamtkosten und die CO2-Emissionen die erste und zweite Einzelzieloptimierungsstufe darstellen. Die dritte Stufe war ein Pareto-Optimierung, die die beiden ersten Ziele kombiniert. Im Anschluss wurden nicht-dominante Lösungen, also Pareto-Lösungen, erzeugt, indem mehrere Pareto-Optimierungs-Szenarien basierend auf den Präferenzen der Entscheidungsträger abgebildet wurden. Schließlich wurde ein Ansatz zur Entscheidungsfindung entwickelt, um Entscheidungsträger bei der Auswahl einer bestimmten Lösung zu unterstützen, die am besten den Präferenzen des Planers oder des Entscheidungsträgers enstpricht, basierend auf der Differenz der Utopia und Nadir Werte, d.h. der jährlichen Gesamtkosten und CO2-Emissionen, die Ergebnis der einzelnen Optimierungsstufen sind
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3

Pham, Khanh Huy, and Pham Hong Lien Nguyen. "Study on treatment of domestic wastewater of an area in Tu Liem district, Hanoi, by water hyacinth." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-190387.

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Domestic wastewater is one of the most interested environmental issues in Vietnam, especially in big cities and suburban residential areas. Most of the wastewater was not treated in the right way before discharging to environment. In this research, the author used water hyacinth as a main aquatic plant in aquatic pond model to treat wastewater. The experiment was operated continuously in 1 year with hydraulic retention time (HRT) is 11 and 18 days. Hydraulic loading rate (HRL) is 300 and 500 m3/ha/day, respectively. Treatment efficiency of the model for TSS is 90% (remaining 6 -12mg/l); COD, BOD5 is 63 - 81% (remaining 10 - 48mg/l); TP is 48 – 50% (remaining 3.5 - 9.8mg/l); TKN is 63 - 75% (remaining 8 - 17mg/l). Polluted parameters in effluent were lower than A and B levels of Vietnam standard QCVN 14: 2008/BTNMT and QCVN 40: 2011/BTNMT. The doubling time of water hyacinth in summer is 18days, and in autumn and winter is 28.5 days. Experiment results showed that we can use water hyacinth in aquatic pond to treat domestic wastewater with medium scale. We can apply this natural treatment method for residential areas by utilizing existing natural ponds and abandoned agricultural land with capacity up to 500m3/ha day. However, to get better efficiency we should combine with other aquatic plant species to treat wastewater and improve environmental landscape
Nước thải – xử lý nước thải sinh hoạt hiện đang là một trong những vấn đề môi trường được quan tâm tại Việt Nam nhất là tại các thành phố lớn và các khu dân cư. Hầu hết lượng nước thải chưa được xử lý đúng cách trước khi thải ra môi trường. Trong nghiên cứu này, tác giả sử dụng mô hình hồ thủy sinh và sử dụng cây Bèo lục bình để xử lý nước thải sinh hoạt của một khu dân thuộc huyện Từ Liêm, tại khu vực này nước thải bị thải trực tiếp vào sông Nhuệ. Thực nghiệm đã được tiến hành trong khoảng thời gian một năm, trải qua các mùa của khu vực miền Bắc với hai chế độ vận hành HRT là 18 và 11 ngày, tương ứng với tải trọng thủy lực HRL là 300 và 500 m3/ha/ngày. Kết quả cho thấy mô hình thủy sinh sử dụng cây bèo lục bình cho kết quả tốt, hiệu suất xử lý với các chất ô nhiễm đạt được như sau: chất rắn lơ lửng đạt 90%, COD, BOD5 đạt 63 - 81%, Phốt pho tổng giảm tới 48 -50%, Nitơ tổng giảm tới 63 - 75%. Hàm lượng các chất ô nhiễm trong nước thải đầu ra của mô hình đều thấp hơn ngưỡng A và B của các tiêu chuẩn QCVN 14: 2008/BTNMT và QCVN 40: 2011/BTNMT. Bên cạnh đó tác giả cũng đã xác định định được tốc độ sinh trưởng của cây bèo tại khu vực miền Bắc là 18 ngày vào mùa hè và 28.5 ngày vào mùa thu đông. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy có thể sử dụng bèo lục bình để xử lý nước thải sinh hoạt, với qui mô vừa và nhỏ và nên áp dụng cho các khu vực ven đô, nông thôn nơi có diện tích đất rộng hoặc tại các hồ sinh thái của các khu đô thị. Tuy nhiên, để hiệu quả tốt hơn ta cần kết hợp với nhiều loại thực vật thủy sinh khác để ngoài tác dụng xử lý nước thải mà còn tạo cảnh quan môi trường xung quanh
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Nguyen, Thi Hue, and Dinh Nghiem Ha. "Research on the status of chemical pesticide uses in agricultural activities in Phan Me commune, Phu Luong district, Thai Nguyen province." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-190448.

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Phan Me is a midland-mountainous commune of Phu Luong district, Thai Nguyen province, Vietnam where the agricultural activities are predominant occupation. The investigation on the use of plant protection products in here showed that chemical pesticides have been commonly used in agricultural activities. Although some local people have a good attitude in using plant protection products, the status of using chemical pesticides that were not recommended (like Vofatox) has been quite popular due to the old cultivation customs. The local people have not applied any measures for wastewater treatment, or plant protection product package treatment. Besides, the use of plant protection products in higher concentration than recommendation for vegetables or crops caused the residues of toxics in agricultural products as well as in cultivation soil. The accumulation of toxic residues in the environment is a serious matter of concern because of their significant impact on the environment, agricultural ecosystem and human health
Phấn Mễ là một xã trung du miền núi của huyện Phú Lương, tỉnh Thái Nguyên, Việt Nam với hoạt động sản xuất nông nghiệp là chủ yếu. Qua thực tế điều tra tình hình sử dụng thuốc bảo vệ thực vật (BVTV) tại đây cho thấy hầu hết các loại hình sản xuất nông nghiệp đều sử dụng thuốc BVTV. Một số người dân đã có ý thức trong việc sử dụng thuốc BVTV tuy nhiên do tập quán canh tác từ lâu đời nên việc sử dụng các loại thuốc bị khuyến cáo, chẳng hạn như Vofatox, vẫn còn khá phổ biến. Người dân chưa tiến hành các biện pháp để xử lý nước thải, bao bì, vỏ chai thuốc BVTV sau khi sử dụng. Bên canh đó, họ còn sử dụng thuốc BVTV không đúng liều lượng cho một số loại cây rau để lại dư lượng thuốc trên nông sản cũng như đất canh tác. Sự tích lũy dư lượng của những chất độc hại này trong môi trường là vấn đề đáng lo ngại do sự ảnh hưởng nghiêm trọng của chúng đối với môi trường sống, hệ sinh thái nông nghiệp và sức khỏe con người
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Wirths, Andreas. "Zur Bewertung der Energieeffizienz von Fernwärmesystemen unter Berücksichtigung des Fernwärmetemperaturniveaus." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-147981.

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Bei der Auslegung und Überprüfung der Betriebsweise von Fernwärmesystemen (FWS) ist eine Analyse der gesamten Prozesskette eines FWS – Erzeugung, Verteilung und Übergabe – notwendig, um eine bestmögliche Gestaltung derselben zu erreichen. Einen Ansatz zur Optimierung der Betriebsweise bietet die Modifikation des Fernwärmetemperaturniveaus, dem in der Fernwärmebranche bezüglich der Wirtschaftlichkeit des Gesamtsystems eine große Bedeutung beigemessen wird. Allgemeingültige Aussagen zur Höhe dieses Einflusses lassen sich aufgrund der unterschiedlich gestalteten FWS, insbesondere für Teillastbedingungen, nicht treffen. Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt den Einfluss des Fernwärmetemperaturniveaus auf die Effizienz thermodynamischer Prozesse in Anlagen der Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung (KWK-Anlagen) mit Dampfturbinen sowie auf den Transportaufwand des Fernwärmewassers. Zu diesem Zweck werden die Grundlagen und der Stand des Wissens sowie wesentliche Zusammenhänge zwischen den Optimierungsstrategien und dem Fernwärmetemperaturniveau formuliert. Zur Ermittlung des elektrischen Eigenbedarfs für den Transport des Fernwärmewassers wird eine hydraulische Untersuchung vorgestellt und anhand unterschiedlicher Wärmenetzstrukturen diskutiert. Für die weitere Analyse von KWK-Anlagen mit Dampfturbinen werden methodische Hinweise und Grundlagen zur Modellierung ausgearbeitet, die anschließend auf real existierende typische KWK-Anlagen angewendet werden. Dies sind eine Gegendruckanlage, ein Kombikraftwerk und eine Entnahme-Kondensations-Anlage. Zur Modellüberprüfung werden Mess- und Simulationswerte von ausgewählten Lastgängen sowie für den gesamten Lastbereich gegenübergestellt. Zur Bewertung der Energieeffizienz von FWS unter Berücksichtigung des Fernwärmetemperaturniveaus werden zwei Methoden abgeleitet. Eine differentielle, auf den Lastpunkt bezogene Bewertung mittels temperaturabhängiger Kraftwerkskennlinien und eine integrative Bewertung, bei der unterschiedliche Betriebsweisen über einen definierten Zeitraum einbezogen werden. An ausführlichen Beispielen werden deren Anwendung und Eignung sowie der Einfluss des Fernwärmetemperaturniveaus diskutiert. Abschließend wird die Wirtschaftlichkeit von 3 ausgewählten Maßnahmen durch Anwendung der integrativen Bewertung vorgestellt
In order to achieve the best possible end-to-end design of a district heating system, any dimensioning and examining of operating regimes of district heating systems requires an analysis of the entire process chain ranging from generation via distribution to heat delivery. One of the options to optimise an operating regime is to modify the district heating temperature level, a parameter to which great importance is attached in the district heating industry with a view to the economics of the overall system. The differences in the design of district heating systems do not allow issuing any universally valid statements on how strong this influence is, especially for conditions of part load. The present paper looks into the influence of the district heating temperature level on the efficiency of thermodynamic processes in combined heat and power (CHP) plants using steam turbines, and on the expenditure of district heating water transport. For this purpose, it states the fundamentals and current level of knowledge, as well as important connections between the optimisation strategies used and the district heating temperature level. In view of calculating the auxiliary power required to transport district heating water, a hydraulic analysis will be presented and discussed, with several different structures of district heating systems being used for illustration. For a more advanced analysis of CHP plants using steam turbines, methodological information and modelling basics will be described and then applied to typical CHP plants existing in reality. These are a backpressure plant, a combined-cycle gas turbine plant and an extraction condensing plant. To validate the model, measured and simulated data of selected load cycles as well as the entire load range will be compared. Two methods of assessing the energy efficiency of district heating systems in consideration of the district heating temperature level will be derived: a differential assessment related to the duty point and using temperature-dependent power plant characteristic curves, and an integrative assessment where several different operating regimes are included over a pre-defined period of time. Detailed examples will be discussed to illustrate the application and suitability of these assessments as well as the influence of the district heating temperature level. Finally, the economics of selected steps applying the integrative assessment will be highlighted
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Nguyen, Hoang Khanh Linh, and Bich Ngoc Nguyen. "Management current land use of perennial industrial crops by NDVI index: A case study in Chu Se District, Gia Lai Province, Vietnam." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-190588.

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Remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) - an effective tool for managing naturalresources, is quite common application in establishing thematic maps. However, the application of this modern technology in natural resource management has not yet been popular in Vietnam, particularly mapping the land use/cover. Currently, land use/cover map is constructed as traditional methods and gets limitations of management counting due to time-consuming for mapping andsynthesis the status of land use/cover. Hence, information on the map is often outdated and inaccurate.The main objective of this study is to upgrade the accuracies in mapping current perennialcrops in Chu Se District, Gia Lai Province in Vietnam by interpreted NDVI index (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) from Landsat 8-OLI (Operational Land Imager). The results of studyis satisfied the urgent of practical requirement and scientific research. There are 3 types of perennial industrial plants in the study area including rubber, coffee, and pepper, in which most coffee isgrown, with an area of over 10,000 hectares. The results also show that integration of remote sensing and GIS technology enables to map current management and distribution of perennial industrialplants timely and accurately. This application is fully consistent with the trend of the world, and in accordance with regulations of established land use/cover map, and the process could be appliedat other districts /towns or in higher administrative units
Viễn thám và hệ thông tin địa lý (GIS) là công cụ hữu hiệu để quản lý tài nguyên thiên nhiên, được ứng dụng khá phổ biến để thành lập các loại bản đồ. Tuy nhiên, việc áp dụng công nghệ hiện đại này trong lĩnh vực quản lý tài nguyên thiên nhiên ở Việt Nam chưa phổ biến, nhất là công tác xây dựng bản đồ hiện trạng sử dụng/độ phủ đất. Việc xây dựng bản đồ hiện trạng hiện nay vẫn theo phương pháp truyền thống, thường gặp nhiều hạn chế do thời gian tổng hợp và xây dựng bản đồ hiện trạng kéo dài, dẫn đến thông tin trên bản đồ bị lạc hậu và không chính xác. Mục tiêu chính của nghiên cứu này là nâng cao độ chính xác kết quả giải đoán ảnh viễn thám Landsat 8 bằng chỉ số NDVI (chỉ số khác biệt thực vật) để thành lập bản đồ hiện trạng sử dụng đất cây công nghiệp lâu năm ở huyện Chư Sê, tỉnh Gia Lai, Việt Nam. Từ đó quản lý hiện trạng sử dụng loại đất này phù hợp yêu cầu cấp bách thực tiễn sản xuất và nghiên cứu khoa học. Kết quả của nghiên cứu cho thấy có 3 loại hình cây công nghiệp trên địa bàn nghiên cứu gồm cây cao su, cà phê và hồ tiêu, trong đó cây cà phê được trồng nhiều nhất, với diện tích hơn 10.000 ha. Nghiên cứu cũng cho thấy, tích hợp công nghệ viễn thám và GIS cho phép quản lý hiện trạng và phân bố cây công nghiệp trong không gian một cách hiệu quả và nhanh chóng. Ứng dụng này hoàn toàn phù hợp với xu hướng của thế giới, đồng thời theo đúng quy định thành lập bản đồ hiện trạng sử dụng đất, và quy trình này có thể thực hiện được ở cấp huyện/thị xã hoặc đơn vị hành chính cấp cao hơn
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Duong, Duc Hieu, Thi Thu Nga Bui, Thi Diem Thuy Tran, Thi Minh Phuong Nguyen, Huu Hung Nguyen, and Vu Thanh Nguyen. "Analysing the characteristics of soil nematode communities at pepper (Piper nigrum L.) cultivation area in Loc Hung commune, Loc Ninh district, Binh Phuoc province." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-99484.

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Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) is a high economic value plant species that brings the main income to the people at Loc Hung commune. So the pepper’s yield plays a significant role in people’s life in this region. To assess the influence of environmental factors on the growth and development of pepper, we need to analyse the structural characteristics of soil nematode communities in order to promptly detect the levels of parasitic nematodes infection as well as assessment of soil environment status based on nematode communities. Study results at five sampling stations are analyses of 30 genera of nematodes belonging to 6 major trophic groups (bacterial feeders, fungal feeders, algal feeders, omnivores, carnivores and plant parasites). Calculation results of indices such as SMI, SMI2-5, MI and PPI showed that soil nematodes community is very little affected by the bacteria feeder group and the rate of parasitic nematode pepper quite severe. Analysis of correlation between trophic groups showed that nematodes are sensitive to environmental factors. This means the potential use of nematodes as a biological indicator for soil quality is possible
Hồ tiêu (Piper nigrum L.) là cây trồng có giá trị kinh tế cao và là nguồn thu nhập chính của người dân tại xã Lộc Hưng. Do đó, năng suất cây tiêu có ý nghĩa rất lớn đối với đời sống người dân trong vùng. Để đánh giá ảnh hưởng của các yếu tố môi trường lên sự sinh trưởng và phát triển của cây tiêu, cần phải phân tích đặc trưng cấu trúc quần xã tuyến trùng đất của vùng nhằm phát hiện kịp thời mức độ nhiễm tuyến trùng ký sinh trên hồ tiêu cũng như đánh giá nhanh hiện trạng môi trường đất dựa trên quần xã tuyến trùng. Kết quả nghiên cứu tại 5 điểm thu mẫu phân tích được 30 giống tuyến trùng thuộc 6 nhóm dinh dưỡng chính (ăn vi khuẩn, ăn nấm, ăn tảo, ăn tạp, ăn thịt và ký sinh thực vật). Kết quả tính toán các chỉ số ΣMI, ΣMI2-5, MI và PPI cho thấy quần xã tuyến trùng đất ở đây rất ít chịu ảnh hưởng của nhóm ăn vi khuẩn và tỷ lệ hồ tiêu nhiễm ký sinh khá nặng. Phân tích tương quan giữa các nhóm dinh dưỡng cho thấy tuyến trùng khá nhạy cảm với các yếu tố môi trường, điều này cho thấy tiềm năng sử dụng tuyến trùng như một sinh vật chỉ thị cho chất lượng môi trường đất
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8

Otto, Andreas. "Von Downtown zum Arts and Crafts District. Entwicklung des Einzelhandels in den Stadtzentren von Kleinstädten im ländlichen Raum der USA am Beispiel von Ohio." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-ds-1212327221172-78285.

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Die historischen Stadtzentren (Downtowns) ländlicher Kleinstädte in den USA unterlagen in den letzten Jahrzehnten des 20. Jahrhunderts einem allgemeinen ökonomischen Niedergang und verloren ihre ursprünglich zentrale Funktion, primäre Einzelhandelsstandorte einer Stadt und ihres Umlands zu sein. Ursachen dafür sind vor allem in der Entstehung attraktiver Einzelhandelsstandorte am Stadtrand zu suchen. Ein genereller ökonomischer Aufschwung der Stadtzentren konnte trotz vielfältiger Bemühungen um eine Revitalisierung bisher nicht erreicht werden. Allerdings bestehen Anzeichen eines in erster Linie qualitativen Wandels und einer Spezialisierung ihrer Einzelhandelsfunktion. Auf der Grundlage des Forschungsstands wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit der Einzelhandel in Stadtzentren ländlicher Kleinstädte untersucht. Dadurch soll der in der Literatur angedeutete, aber weder vertiefend beschriebene noch beurteilte Wandel umfassend charakterisiert werden. Folgende Ziel- und Aufgabenstellungen sind damit verbunden: Erstens sollen der Einzelhandel in den Stadtzentren beschrieben und Typen des Einzelhandels abgeleitet werden. Zweitens geht es um die Kennzeichnung von Einflussfaktoren der Entwicklung unter Herausstellung des Wirkens von Stakeholdern. Drittens sollen Schlussfolgerungen zum funktionalen und strukturellen Wandel der Stadtzentren gezogen werden. Im Besonderen wird die Entwicklung des Arts and Crafts Einzelhandels berücksichtigt, der ein im weiteren Sinne kunsthandwerklich orientiertes Warensortiment mit dekorativem Charakter vorhält. Aus Voruntersuchungen kann von einer hohen Bedeutung dieses Einzelhandelssegments ausgegangen werden. Die konzeptionellen Grundlagen dieser Arbeit werden durch die Diskussion standorttheoretischer Ansätze sowie durch die Analyse der Literatur zur Entwicklung des Einzelhandels und der Stadtzentren in den USA gelegt. Daraus werden Annahmen zur Entwicklung des Einzelhandels und der Stadtzentren als Ausgangspunkte der empirischen Untersuchung abgeleitet. Diese besteht aus drei Teilen. Erstens wird eine auf ganz Ohio bezogene Untersuchung zur Lage des Einzelhandels in ländlichen Kleinstädten durchgeführt. Zweitens geht es um die Analyse des Downtown-Einzelhandels in ausgewählten Städten Ohios. Drittens werden im Rahmen von Fallstudien die Strukturen und Einflussfaktoren der Entwicklung zweier Stadtzentren untersucht. Die Methoden der Datenerhebung umfassen Kartierungen, leitfadengestützte Experteninterviews, teilstandardisierte Befragungen von Händlern sowie Dokumenten- und Datenanalysen. Im Hinblick auf den Downtown-Einzelhandel ist festzuhalten, dass (1) kleine Betriebsformen vorherrschen und Filialen von Mehrbetriebsunternehmen weitgehend fehlen, (2) Anzeichen der weiteren Ausdünnung traditionell in Downtown ansässiger Branchen bestehen, (3) zahlreiche Kleinstbetriebe mit geringwertigem Warensortiment (marginal business) vorkommen, (4) der Anteil des spezialisierten Einzelhandels hoch, aber ein weiteres Wachstum unsicher ist und (5) sich der Arts and Crafts Einzelhandel in den Stadtzentren konzentriert. Aus der Untersuchung von mehr als 100 Betrieben werden neun Typen des Einzelhandels in den Stadtzentren abgeleitet. Die Typenbildung erfolgt zunächst anhand der Sortimentsbreite sowie der Zugehörigkeit zum Arts and Crafts bzw. sonstigen Einzelhandel. Darüber hinaus werden Merkmale des Qualitätsniveaus (Low Quality Stores), der Absatzwege (Delivery Stores), der ökonomischen Rationalität (Self-Realization Stores) und der Betriebsgröße (Downtown Anchor Stores) als Vergleichsdimensionen herangezogen. Im Resultat der Untersuchung von Einflussfaktoren der Einzelhandelsentwicklung können als grundlegend benannt werden: (1) die entscheidende Bedeutung lokaler Faktoren, (2) die bestimmende Funktion des Wettbewerbs als Barriere der Entwicklung, (3) die hohe Bedeutung von Kostenfaktoren und der Kostenminimierung, (4) die grundsätzliche Präferenz der Konsumenten für Standorte mit größerer Angebotsvielfalt und (5) die dezidierte Rolle von Stakeholdern. Die letzte Aussage wird durch die Beschreibung und Beurteilung besonderer Entwicklungsfaktoren weiter untersetzt. Dazu zählen die Tätigkeit von Downtown-Managern, das Wirken privater Investoren sowie das Engagement der kommunalen Politik und Verwaltung für die Entwicklung der Stadtzentren. Schlussfolgerungen zum strukturellen und funktionalen Wandel der Stadtzentren als Einzelhandelsstandorte betreffen (1) die Gefahr der wirtschaftlichen Marginalisierung der Stadtzentren, (2) die Bestätigung einer fortgeschrittenen Standortspezialisierung, (3) die Funktion des Stadtzentrums als „Experimentierfeld“ für den nicht-filialisierten Einzelhandel mit lokalem Ursprung, (4) die Ausrichtung physischer Strukturen an historischen Vorbildern und (5) die weitgehende Stabilität soziokultureller Funktionen von Downtown. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse zu Einzelhandelstypen und Einflussfaktoren werden schließlich aufgegriffen, um stabilisierende und destabilisierende Effekte für die Standortentwicklung zu beurteilen
Historic town centers (downtowns) of rural small cities in the U.S. underwent a process of economic downgrading in the later decades of the 20th century. In consequence, they lost their originally central function as being the primary retail location of a small town and its surroundings. Reasons for this development, particularly, can be found in the emergence of attractive shopping centers at the suburban edge. In spite of manifold revitalization activities, a true and overall economic recovery of downtown cannot be stated. However, there are signs of further change in downtown, mainly linked to qualitative transitions and to the specialization of its retail functions. On the basis of the current state of research this dissertation aims at a comprehensive analysis of downtown retail in rural small cities. Potential developments and changes that have only been mentioned in the literature will be characterized in detail. Three objectives and tasks are connected to this statement: First, the downtown retail shall be described in detail and types of retail businesses shall be derived. Second, impact factors shall be identified, specifically considering impacts of stakeholder activities. Third, conclusions shall be drawn with regard to the functional and structural change of downtown as a retail location. Special attention of this dissertation is connected to the emergence and possible growth of arts and crafts retail businesses selling goods with mainly decorative character. This interest originates from previous research, naming the importance of arts and crafts retail as a possible growth segment of downtown retail. The conceptual foundation of this dissertation contains a discussion on location theory as well as analyses of empiric and further theoretic studies on the development of retail and downtowns in the U.S. In a preliminary conclusion, assumptions are drawn as starting points for the empiric part of this study. The empiric research contains: first, a survey on the location of retail businesses in rural and exurban small cities throughout Ohio; second, an analysis of downtown retail in several chosen small cities in Ohio; and third, an examination of detailed case studies on the structures and development factors of two Ohio small city downtowns. Methods of data collection contain mapping, expert interviews, semi-structured surveys of retail businesses, and data analysis. From the characterization of downtown retail it can be concluded that there are: (1) high percentages of small retail formats in downtown and almost no chain stores, (2) clear indications of further decreasing “traditional” downtown trade-lines, (3) high percentages of very small “marginal businesses” with assortments of lower value, (4) high percentages of specialized retail stores but without considerable signs of further growth, and (5) concentrations of arts and crafts shops in downtown. Furthermore, nine different types of downtown retail businesses can be derived from an investigation of more than 100 stores. For this purpose, downtown businesses are rated by the range of products they offer and by their belonging to arts and crafts or other retail sectors. In addition, further dimensions lead to special types of downtown retail considering specific characteristics of retail stores such as the quality level (“low quality store”), the means of distribution (“delivery store”), questions of economic rationality (“self-realization store”) and the size of a store (“downtown anchor store”). The analysis of impact factors identifies the importance of: (1) local factors against non-local factors causing differences among downtowns, (2) competition as a barrier for downtown retail development, (3) cost factors and the minimization of costs for downtown stores, (4) the consumers’ general preferences for larger locations with a wider range of supplies, and of (5) stakeholder activities as being decisive for downtown development. The latter fact receives further attention in this research by assessing specific constellations of stakeholder activities. Among them are the effects of downtown manager action, the impact of private investors, and the commitment of local administration and politics to downtown. Conclusions on the structural and functional change of downtown as commercial location pertain to (1) the danger of marginalization of downtown’s economic role, (2) the affirmation of an advanced specialization of downtown locations, (3) the incubator or laboratory function of downtown for locally-based retail, (4) the orientation of physical structures towards historic ideals, and (5) the widely stable situation of socio-cultural functions of downtown. Finally, the types of downtown retail and impact factors that have been generated in this dissertation are subject to further assessments. They are rated with regard to potential effects on the stabilization or destabilization of downtown’s role as a commercial location
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9

Tufaro, Rossana <1989&gt. "Labor and conflict in pre-war Lebanon (1970-1975) : a retrival of the political experience of factory commitees in the industrial district of Beirut." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/15564.

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While having played a crucial role in the development of the macro-events the whole country was involved in, workers as consciously active collective subjects have found no space in the historical writing of and on Lebanon. At the base of this remotion, the hegemony of an eminently elitist and, above all, sectarian-oriented eye in reading the Lebanese events, that has reduced the history of the country to the history of their religious communities and their (often conflicting) interactions. The following research, by reconstructing the history of Lebanese grassroots labor movements and mobilizations in the decade preceding the outbreak of the Civil War, and by trying to recuperate the silenced voice of workers' agency and discourse, aims at actively contribute to bith fill a crucial gap in Lebanese history (putting into discussion the sectarian-based paradigms through which the latter is still narrated) and also, on a theoretical point of view, to try to move a step forward in the question of the historiographical treatment of the “subaltern subject.”
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10

Arnold, Dieter. "LiterARTurtage." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-ds-1237559442584-66563.

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Da Leseförderung und aktive Literaturvermittlung zu den wichtigsten Aufgaben unserer Bibliotheken zählen, sind Autorenlesungen stets Höhepunkte der Bibliotheksarbeit, gleichsam das Salz in der Suppe einer lebendigen Kultureinrichtung. Im Jahre 2003 richtete der damalige Kulturraum Zwickauer Raum gemeinsam mit dem Sächsischen Literaturrat die 3. Sächsischen Literaturtage aus. Die Resonanz in den Landkreisen Chemnitz und Zwickau war groß. Deshalb planten die fünfzehn beteiligten Bibliotheken eine Neuauflage und wandten sich an den Kulturraum als Förderer.
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11

Groß, Sebastian. "Untersuchung der Speicherfähigkeit von Fernwärmenetzen und deren Auswirkungen auf die Einsatzplanung von Wärmeerzeugern." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-107812.

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Fernwärme ist aufgrund der verstärkten Förderung der Bundesregierung in den letzten Jahren wieder stärker in den Fokus der Energiewirtschaft gerückt. In Hinblick auf einen wirtschaftlich und energetisch effizienten Betrieb von Fernwärmesystemen ist nicht nur der Einsatz der Wärmeerzeuger mittels einer Einsatzplanung sorgfältig zu organisieren, sondern auch das Betriebsverhalten des Wärmeverteilnetzes selbst zu berücksichtigen. So führen ständig auftretende Änderungen der thermischen Last, der Vorlauftemperatur am Einspeisepunkt oder der Rücklauftemperaturen der Abnehmer zu instationären Betriebszuständen im Fernwärmenetz. Die damit verbundene zeitliche Entkopplung der zentralen Wärmeeinspeisung von der dezentralen Wärmeentnahme induziert eine Speicherung thermischer Energie in dem in den Rohrleitungen befindlichen Wasser und in den Rohren selbst. In den seltensten Fällen wird dieser Vorgang der Wärmespeicherung aktiv genutzt, er tritt vielmehr als eher unerwünschter Nebeneffekt auf. Bei Kenntnis der thermodynamischen Zusammenhänge hingegen lässt sich das Fernwärmenetz durch zielgerichtete Steuerung der Vorlauftemperatur analog einem thermischen Heißwasserspeicher als Wärmespeicher nutzen. Dies ist wiederum für die Betriebs- und Gewinnoptimierung interessant, da so weitere Speicherkapazitäten nutzbar gemacht werden können, um Lastspitzen zu verschieben und KWK-Anlagen zu betreiben ohne zusätzliche Investitionen tätigen zu müssen. In dieser Arbeit wird eine Methode vorgestellt, in der die Netzspeicherleistung mit Hilfe eines thermo-hydraulischen Simulationsprogrammes bestimmt wird, wobei dynamische Effekte wie die veränderliche Vorlauftemperaturen am Einspeisepunkt oder die stark schwankenden Lastanforderungen der Abnehmer in der Berechnungsmethodik realitätsnah abgebildet werden. Für eine aktive Nutzung des Fernwärmenetzes als Wärmespeicher muss der Verlauf der Vorlauftemperatur an die jeweilig gewünschte Netzspeicherleistung angepasst werden. Dazu wird in dieser Arbeit ein vereinfachter Funktionsansatz für die Netzspeicherleistung bestimmt, der zunächst mittels Regressionsanalyse aus den Ergebnissen gezielter thermo-hydraulischer Simulationen ermittelt und anschließend so in eine Einsatzplanung integriert wird, sodass die Vorlauftemperatur als zu optimierende Variable in die Gesamtoptimierung einfließt. Anhand eines realen Anwendungsfalls werden die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der aktiven Nutzung der Speicherfähigkeit von Fernwärmenetzen aufgezeigt. Insbesondere werden monetäre Gewinnpotentiale bei Anwendung der aktiv gesteuerten Netzspeicherung in durch KWK-Anlagen versorgten Fernwärmenetzen bei gleichzeitigem Stromhandel auf dem Spotmarkt abgeschätzt.
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12

PAVANI, ARTURO. "ACCRA AIRPORT CITY. A Phronetic Study of Urban Development Theory, Practices and Forms at the Intersection of Global and Local: the Case of a West African Central Business District." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2669686.

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In the field of African urban studies, contemporary authors tend to agree upon the fact that current research should focus on its ability to have ‘a real impact’ on the urban environment. Academic research has in fact the power to provide better analytical tools for its quantitative and/or qualitative understanding, which would enable the practitioners and stakeholders in charge of its development to make better-informed decisions. In time, the academic world and the world of practice seem to have grown farther apart, something that is evident from the instruments that they utilize. The market reports upon which Real Estate developers and governments base their decisions use first-hand data and interviews to give a ‘feel’ of the market, while academic literature mostly relies upon theory and abstraction. Scientific research has the power to shed the light on otherwise inexplicable trends and dynamics, but it somehow seems fail to connect with the decision makers that have the actual power to affect the evolution of the contemporary urban environment. Recognizing the values of both worlds, this thesis attempts to counter this phenomenon by reversing the traditional deductive approach of urban research. Here, the forms and dynamics that shape the urban environment are investigated by combining the instruments of market analysis and academic research, using a problem-driven and phronetic approach that starts from local practices and later reframes them within scientific literature. This thesis first analyzes the scientific theory about African and Global cities and then, a specific case study, the Airport City business district in Accra (Ghana) to investigate what are the specific characteristics that influence its urban and architectural development, starting from the analysis of its practices and forms. These are elaborated to form what Clifford Geertz’ conceptualized as a ‘thick description’, which is used to contextualize the issues that emerge from the analysis within its specific social and cultural context. Interviews, photographs, first-hand data and documents are utilized to illustrate the characteristics of the case study, outlining its specificities and the power dynamics behind them. The themes that emerge from the analysis of theory, practices and forms are successively integrated within the broader scientific discourse. Ultimately, they are evaluated according to the phronetic planning research method with the goal to elaborate proposals for practical action towards their improvement. This research’ purpose is to expose, understand and effectively communicate these issues, improving on the specific knowledge about African cities, Accra, and the implications that the local dynamics that it unearths might have within the global urban picture.
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13

Robbi, Steffen. "LowEx-Fernwärme." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-129762.

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Vor dem Hintergrund zunehmender Wärmedämmmaßnahmen im Wohnungsbau, das heißt sinkender Heizlasten, und gleichzeitigem Bestreben nach Netzausbau und –verdichtung steht die Fernwärmeversorgung neuen Problemstellungen gegenüber. Es gilt Lösungsansätze für das Spannungsfeld niedriger Liniendichten, steigender Brennstoffpreise und der Forderung nach erneuerbaren Energien in der Wärmeversorgung zu entwickeln. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht in einer vergleichenden Simulationsstudie diverse Fahrweisen der Fernwärmeversorgung auf unterschiedlichen Temperaturniveaus. Befindet sich die Fernwärmevorlauftemperatur unter der aus Gründen des Legionellenschutzes notwendigen Temperatur der Trinkwassererwärmung, erfolgt eine dezentrale Nacherwärmung. Diese geschieht innerhalb der sogenannten LowEx-Fahrweise mittels elektrischen Heizstabs oder einem Wärmepumpen-Speicherladesystem mit Wärmequelle Fernwärme. Als Referenzsysteme finden die als Konventionelle-Fahrweise mit Speicherladesystem und die als Niedertemperatur-Fahrweise mit Wohnungsanschlussstation im Durchflussprinzip bezeichneten Betriebsweisen Anwendung. Neben der Senkung der Netzwärmeverluste und ggf. einer Steigerung der Erzeugungswirkungsgrade ermöglicht die LowEx-Fahrweise die dezentrale Einspeisung von Abwärme oder erneuerbaren Energien bei effizientem Betrieb der Energiebereitstellungsanlagen. Das Fernwärmenetz dient damit der gekoppelten Wärmeversorgung und auch Wärmeentsorgung. Beispielhaft wird die Abwärmeeinspeisung von Klimakälteprozessen mit sowohl Kompressionskälteanlagen als auch Absorptionskältenlagen untersucht. Anhand Solarthermie wird das Für und Wider der Einspeisung erneuerbarer Energien hinsichtlich der Senkung des Primärenergiebedarfs und der Verdrängung von Kraft-Wärme-Kopplungsanlagen diskutiert. Die Analysen erfolgen mit Hilfe modifizierter und neu entwickelter Modelle in der Simulationsumgebung TRNSYS-TUD.
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14

Schomburg, Kay. "Untersuchung zur Überlagerung von Förderprogrammen in der Städtebauförderung der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (nach Art. 104b des Grundgesetzes)." Master's thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-153409.

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Diese Arbeit betrachtet ausschließlich die Überlagerung von Förderprogrammen im Rahmen der Städtebauförderung nach Art. 104b GG. Die Einbeziehung von anderen Förderungsmöglichkeiten wie Fach-, Landes- sowie EU-Förderung wird im Rahmen dieser Arbeit nicht untersucht, da die Komplexität der Zusammenhänge den Umfang der Arbeit beträchtlich erhöhen würde. In der weiterführenden Perspektive wird dennoch darauf Bezug genommen. Ebenso komplex wird das Thema, wenn die Überlagerung der Städtebauförderprogramme nicht nur als räumliche Überlagerung betrachtet wird, sondern als inhaltliche (z. B. in den Maßnahmen), finanzielle (z. B. als Mittelbündelung) oder verwaltungsstrukturelle Überlagerung. Als Ausgangsbasis wird die räumliche Überlagerung im Mittelpunkt stehen. In der Analyse sowie Bewertung werden die anderen Aspekte einbezogen, wenn sie von Bedeutung sind. Bei der Betrachtung einer räumlichen Überlagerung ist nur das jeweilige Programm nicht das festgelegte Gebiet von Interesse. In Abhängigkeit vom Programm sind verschiedene Gebietsfestlegungen möglich. In der Analyse werden die rechtlichen Vorgaben sowie der Umgang mit der Überlagerung von Förderprogrammen untersucht. Dabei wird für alle Länder eine Systematik der jeweiligen Regelungen und Positionen erstellt. Die Perspektiven des Bundes und ausgewählter Gemeinden bilden den Rahmen der Untersuchung. Die näheren Gründe für die bisherige Handhabung auf Landes- und Gemeindeebene werden genauer beleuchtet. Insgesamt ergibt sich ein Bild über die bestehenden bundesweiten Regelungen und Praktiken zur Überlagerung von Förderprogrammen sowie deren Genese. Die zweite Zielstellung betrifft die Bewertung der existierenden Verfahren zur Überlagerung von Förderprogrammen. Die Bewertung erfolgt auf drei Ebenen: die rechtliche Ebene, die Zielebene sowie die Ebene der Rahmenbedingungen. Als Grundlage dienen die Analysen aus den vorangegangenen Kapiteln sowie weiteren Quellen. Abschließend werden Handlungsempfehlungen zur Überlagerung von Städtebauförderprogrammen erstellt, die den Nutzen erhöhen bzw. die Kosten verringern.
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15

Wortmann, Sabine. "Lebensstilkonflikte sozialer Minderheiten im Berliner Quartiersmanagementgebiet Schöneberger Norden." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philosophische Fakultät III, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/15755.

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Die Arbeit über Lebensstilkonflikte sozialer Minderheiten im Berliner Quartiersmanagement Schöneberger Norden widmet sich einem Konflikt zwischen zwei Gruppen in einem Quartier. Es handelt sich um die Angriffe vor allem arabischer Jugendlicher gegen Homosexuelle und Einrichtungen von Homosexuellen-Initiativen im Schöneberger Norden. Im Kontext der Diskussion um kulturelle Desintegrationstendenzen steht hier die Frage im Mittelpunkt, wie ein konfliktfreies Zusammenleben von sozialen Gruppen mit extrem unterschiedlichen Auffassungen zur sexuellen Freiheit gelingen kann. Simmels Theorie einer gleichgültigen Toleranz als Garant eines friedlichen Nebeneinanders verschiedener Individuen mit unterschiedlichen Lebensstilen in Großstädten wird als Basiskonzept der Untersuchung angenommen. Lebensstile als Integrationsmomente werden darüber hinaus zum zentralen theoretischen Bezugsrahmen der Arbeit. Die an Fallbeispiele geknüpfte These, dass die Integration der Stadtgesellschaft im Untersuchungsgebiet nicht länger gelingt, wird in Bezug auf die o.g. Minderheiten mit Hilfe von Experteninterviews qualitativ überprüft. Die Auswertungen der Experteninterviews und eines Gruppeninterviews mit arabischen Jugendlichen führt zum Ergebnis, dass das hier zu konstatierende Misslingen des Integrationsprozesses vor allem an eine stark akzeptierte Gewaltanwendung der sozial benachteiligten Jugendlichen mit Migrationshintergrund geknüpft ist. Verschiedene niedrig schwellige Angebote zur Förderung wechselseitiger Akzeptanz gewaltfreier Kommunikation der unterschiedlichen Minderheiten folgen der Ergebnisdarstellung.
This dissertation, about lifestyle-related problems in the Berlin district of “Schöneberger Norden,” addresses the conflict between two culturally very different groups within the neighbourhood. It concerns primarily the offences by mainly Arabic young men against homosexuals and homosexual initiatives in Schöneberger Norden. In the debate over cultural disintegration, the question arises how these different groups can manage to live together in peaceful coexistence, given their radically different attitudes towards sexual freedom. The theoretical context of this research is informed: by Simmel´s urban theory that an indifferent tolerance is the guarantor of peaceful coexistence among individuals with different lifestyles; and by the idea that lifestyles form moments of integration. The thesis relates three different case studies and shows that the peaceful coexistence in “Schöneberger Norden” is under threat for the above mentioned minorities. This assumption is tested and verified through the qualitative analysis of expert interviews. An evaluation of the interviews and of a group discussion with young Arabic men showed that the failure of the integration process was correlated to a strong common acceptance of the use of violence among socially disadvantaged youth with migration backgrounds. Various proposals to promote mutual acceptance among the minority groups through modes of non-violent communication conclude the presentation of the results.
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16

Carnoy, Juliet M. "Proposition 14 and its Affect on Local Democracy in California State Assembly Districts: An Explanatory Study of Voter Turnout in California State Assembly Districts in the 2012 Primary and General Election." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/281.

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Elections are a core element in democracy, and a number of analysts have identified electoral participation of eligible voters as an important indicator of how well democracy is functioning at a particular time in a particular place (see, for example, Burnham, Elections as Democratic Institutions, 1987). In such studies, a major lament about U.S. democracy has been the decline in citizens’ participation in elections. In 2010, California voters passed Proposition 14. Proposition 14 enforces an open primary in which the top two candidates who garner the highest vote totals proceed to the general election, regardless of party. Supporters of Proposition 14 believe that a Top-Two primary will create more moderate candidates, which will appeal to a larger cross section of the electorate and increase competition and voter turnout. Opponents of Proposition 14 claimed the opposite, and believe that the constitutional amendment will decrease voter turnout due to lack of plurality, as write-ins will be eliminated and only two candidates will contend in the general election.
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17

Gaffron, Anne. "Grundwasseranreicherung unter den geologischen, hydrochemischen und geografischen Bedingungen des Distrito Federal, Brasilien." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-157650.

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The Distrito Federal in Western Central Brazil is characterized by a high share of urban population and a predicted growth of population. The corresponding increasing water consumption is associated with a falling groundwater table. The existing wastewater treatment plants could reach their capacity limits due to further increasing amounts of urban wastewater in conjunction with heavy precipitation events. During these events, untreated wastewater can become a contamination source for protected resources such as soil and water. This problem can be solved by soil aquifer recharge. This is a unique technique to take the load off the treatment plants, to store the water in the aquifer, and to improve the water quality during the soil passage. The controlled infiltration of pretreated municipal wastewater in the tropical soils can ensure the regional groundwater balance and backup high quality water as a suitable drinking water resource. The objective of the present thesis was to define suitable soils and areas for a soil aquifer treatment in the Distrito Federal to support the decentralized wastewater treatment management. For the identification of suitable soils, representative samples were taken. The soil samples were examined with respect to their pedological and geochemical properties. For the characterization of the unsaturated hydraulic conditions, in situ infiltration tests and a 3D infiltration monitoring were performed. Additionally, the retention potentials for sewage ingredients were determined for each soil with unsaturated, hydrochemical and geoelectrical column tests. Thus, it was possible to calculate the retention potentials of each soil against the wastewater content of an artificial wastewater. The artificial wastewater with known composition was infiltrated through the soil columns. The retention potentials of the soils were calculated by balancing the hydrochemical data. Afterwards, for the implementation of the hydraulic data and the data from the column tests, a utility analysis was performed to merge all parameters. Finally, the field and laboratory studies were combined within a GIS-based usability analysis to blend the determined parameter with geo-data to identify suitable areas for a soil aquifer treatment. Parameters as slope, land use and land cover were included in this analysis. After the evaluation of the hydrochemical balances, predominantly the younger soils turn out as suitable for an artificial recharge with water of impaired quality because of their high retention potential for TOC. The Gleissolo featured a retention potential of almost 100 % for TOC. However, a high hydraulic conductivity in the soils is necessary to ensure an effective artificial recharge. The Gleissolo featured the lowest measured hydraulic conductivity in the field test with 1,12 x 10-8 m/s. Due to the consideration of the determined hydraulic and hydrochemical data in the utility analysis, each parameter was weighted to embrace the requirement of an effective artificial recharge. The results of the laboratory and field tests have shown that the soil group of Latossolos is suitable for a soil aquifer treatment. These soils offer the best infiltration characteristics and a good retention potential against sewage ingredients for an effective artificial groundwater recharge with pretreated wastewater. Additional to that, slope, land use/land cover, depth of soil, and a defined distance to conservation area were considered in a GIS-based usability analysis. Additionally, the categorized soils from the utility analysis were included to identify suitable regions. The outcome of the thesis is a GIS-based usability analysis map which shows suitable areas for a soil aquifer treatment ranked by their category of suitability. Additionally, the thesis provides crucial evidences for soil parameters which have positive effects on wastewater infiltration. In addition, the 3D infiltration monitoring and the measured resistivity distribution showed that the gravitatively controlled infiltration influences only the soil zone immediately beneath the irrigation. Furthermore, it was found that the proxy of the geoelectrical resistivity is not (sufficiently) conclusive for the sorption potential of conductive wastewater ingredients
O Distrito Federal, localizado no Centro-Oeste Brasileiro, é caracterizado por um intenso processo de urbanização o qual deve aumentar ainda mais nas próximas décadas. O correspondente crescimento no consumo de água está, também, associado ao rebaixamento dos níveis das águas subterrâneas. O atual sistema de tratamento de efluentes pode atingir seu limite de operação diante do crescimento demográfico e aumento de eventos extremos de chuva. Durante esses eventos, efluentes não tratados podem tornar-se uma fonte de contaminação aos recursos hídricos e solos. Uma solução é recarga artificial de águas subterrâneas. A mesma armazena o efluente pré-tratado nas águas subterrâneas e melhora a qualidade do mesmo durante o processo de percolação no solo. A infiltração controlada em solos tropicais pode contribuir para a qualidade das águas subterrâneas e balanço hídrico, servindo assim como fonte para o abastecimento de água. Essa tese tem como objetivo a identificação de áreas e solos propícios à recarga artificial de águas subterrâneas no Distrito Federal a fim de dar suporte à gestão decentralizada de tratamento de efluentes. Para a identificação dessas áreas, amostras representativas à diferentes tipos de solos foram obtidas. As amostras foram examinadas de acordo com suas propriedades pedológicas e geoquímicas. Para a caracterização das condições hidráulicas não saturadas, realizaram-se diversos testes de infiltração in situ, bem como o monitoramento 3D. Ainda, determinou-se para cada solo o potencial de retenção de poluentes através de testes de coluna insaturados, hidroquímico e geoelétricos. Dessa forma foi possível calcular os potenciais de retenção para cada solo quando utilizados efluentes sintéticos. Com base na contabilização de todos os dados hidroquímicos, calculou-se os potenciais de retenção de poluentes para o determinado efluente de composição conhecida. Mais a frente, para a implementação de dados hidráulicos e dados dos testes de coluna, utilizou-se uma análise de utilidade considerando todos os parâmetros. Finalmente, estudos de laboratório e campo foram combinados em uma análise baseada em sistema de informação geográfica (SIG). O mesmo permite o cruzamento de um determinado parâmetro obtido com uma base de dados georeferenciados (p. ex. classes de solos) a fim de identificar as áreas mais propícias. Parâmetros tais como declividade, uso e cobertura de solo foram incluídos nessa análise. Após a avaliação dos balanços hidroquímicos, identificou-se que os solos jovens possuem um alto potencial de retenção de carbono orgânico total (COT). Os mesmos mostraram-se adequados para recarga de águas subterrâneas com efluente residuário pré-tratado. Como exemplo, o Gleisolo apresentou um potencial de retenção de aproximadamente 100% de COT. No entanto, é importante lembrar que, a fim de garantir uma retenção efetiva, a condutividade hidráulica do solo deve ser alta. Nesse caso, o Gleisolo apresentou baixos valores no teste de campo com uma condutividade hidráulica de 1,12 x 10-8 m/s. Ainda, os dados hidráulicos e hidroquímicos medidos foram integrados à uma análise de uso-benefício. No caso, cada parâmetro recebe um peso de modo a atender às demandas de uma recarga efetiva de águas subterrâneas. Resultados mostram que o grupo de solo classificado com Latossolo é propício para a recarga de águas subterrâneas. O mesmo oferece a melhor característica de infiltração e potencial de retenção de contaminantes para uma recarga artificial com efluentes pré-tratados. Declividade, uso e ocupação de solo, profundidade do solo e uma distância devida de áreas de conservação foram contemplados na análise de utilidade baseada em SIG. Além disso, os colos caracterizados pela análise de uso-benefício foram incluídos com o intuito de identificar as regiões mais propícias para a prática. O resultado da tese é uma representação gráfica georeferenciada das áreas propícias para a aplicação de recarga artificial de águas subterrâneas. Ainda, a tese fornece evidências cruciais de parâmetros do solo que tem efeitos positivos na infiltração de efluentes pré-tratados. O monitoramento 3D de infiltração e a distribuição de resistividade medida mostram que infiltração controlada por gravidade influencia apenas a zona do solo imediata à superfície de irrigação. Mas a frente, foi determinado que o proxy da resistividade geoelétrica não é válido para o potencial de retenção de contaminantes condutores
Der Distrito Federal ist durch eine starke Urbanisierung geprägt. Das ohnehin bereits starke Bevölkerungswachstum wird Prognosen zufolge weiter zunehmen. Der damit verbundene Anstieg des Wasserverbrauchs wird auch in absinkenden Grundwasserständen widergespiegelt. Weiterhin ist das westliche Zentralbrasilien aufgrund seiner Lage in den wechselfeuchten Tropen durch eine starke Saisonalität der Niederschläge geprägt. Das erhöhte Abwasseraufkommen in Verbindung mit extremen Niederschlagsereignissen kann zu einer deutlichen Überbelastung der vorhandenen Kläranlagen führen. In Extremsituationen kann ungeklärtes Abwasser in die Bodenzone gelangen und somit Schutzgüter wie Boden und Wasser kontaminieren. Eine effiziente Maßnahme gegenüber der unkontrollierten Versickerung von ungeklärtem Abwasser sowie zur Vorbeugung absinkender Grundwasserspiegel ist die gezielte Infiltration von vorbehandeltem Abwasser in Verbindung mit einer Grundwasseranreicherung. Diese Maßnahme umfasst einen zusätzlichen Reinigungsschritt des vorgereinigten Abwassers und dient zur Vorbeugung gegenüber absinkenden Grundwasserspiegeln. Ziel der Arbeit war es, geeignete Böden und Flächen für eine Grundwasseranreicherung mit vorbehandeltem Abwasser im Distrito Federal auszuweisen. Zur Identifizierung geeigneter Böden wurden repräsentative Bodenproben auf ihre pedologischen und geochemischen Eigenschaften hin untersucht. Zusätzlich wurden in situ Durchlässigkeitstests und ein Versickerungsmonitoring aufgebaut, um zur Klärung der Infiltrationseigenschaften beizutragen. Für die Laboruntersuchungen wurden die Bodenproben im Hinblick auf ihre Schadstoffrückhaltepotentiale untersucht. Dazu wurden kombinierte hydrochemische und geoelektrische sowie ungesättigte Säulenversuche durchgeführt. Dadurch war es möglich, Rückschlüsse auf die Sorptionsleistung der Böden gegenüber den Abwasserinhaltsstoffen einer künstlichen Abwasserlösung schließen zu können. Die Bodensäulen wurden mit einem künstlichen Abwasser mit bekannter Schadstoffzusammensetzung überstaut. Auf der Grundlage der Bilanzierung aller hydrochemischen Daten wurden die Schadstoffrückhaltepotentiale für die Abwasserinhaltsstoffe berechnet. Anschließend wurden die experimentell ermittelten Parameter in einer Nutzwertanalyse zusammengefasst, um so geeignete Böden für eine effiziente Grundwasseranreicherung mit vorbehandeltem Abwasser zu identifizieren. Abschließend wurden die Feld- und Laboruntersuchungen mit einer GIS-basierten Nutzbarkeitsanalyse komplettiert, um die gemessenen Parameter mit weiteren vorliegenden, räumlich aufgelösten Daten verschneiden zu können. In diese Analyse wurden Parameter wie Gefälle, Landnutzung und Landbedeckung einbezogen. Bei der Auswertung der hydrochemischen Bilanzen kristallisierten sich vorwiegend die jungen Böden aufgrund ihrer hohen Schadstoffrückhaltepotentiale als geeignete Böden für eine Grundwasseranreicherung mit vorbehandeltem Abwasser heraus. Exemplarisch wies der Gleissolo ein Sorptionspotential von fast 100 % für den Parameter TOC auf. Allerdings müssen Böden für eine effektive Grundwasseranreicherung mit vorbehandeltem Abwasser zusätzlich zu den hohen Sorptionsleistungen auch hohe hydraulische Durchlässigkeiten aufweisen. Für den Gleissolo wurde im Feldversuch die niedrigste hydraulische Durchlässigkeit von 1,12 x 10-8 m/s bestimmt. Durch die Einbindung der gemessenen hydraulischen und hydrochemischen Daten in eine Nutzwertanalyse konnten diese Parameter gewichtet werden, um so den Ansprüchen einer effektiven Grundwasseranreicherung gerecht zu werden. Im Ergebnis der durchgeführten Untersuchungen hat sich gezeigt, dass sich die Bodengruppe der Latossole besonders gut für eine Grundwasseranreicherung mit vorbehandeltem Abwasser eignet. Diese Böden weisen die besten Infiltrationsbedingungen sowie gute Sorptionseigenschaften für eine effizient gestaltete Grundwasseranreicherung auf. Mit Hilfe der GIS-basierten Nutzbarkeitsanalyse geografischer Parameter wurden Flächen ausgezeichnet, die sich in Bezug auf Gefälle, Landnutzung/Landbedeckung, Bodentiefe und einer adäquaten Distanz zu Schutzgebieten für eine Grundwasseranreicherung mit vorbehandeltem Abwasser eignen. Zusätzlich wurden die mit Hilfe der Nutzwertanalyse kategorisierten Böden in die Flächenidentifizierung einbezogen. Das Resultat dieser Arbeit liegt in Form einer Karte vor, in der die Gebiete, die für eine Grundwasseranreicherung mit vorbehandeltem Abwasser geeignet sind, nach Kategorien geordnet, verzeichnet sind. Zusätzlich dazu liefert die Arbeit entscheidende Hinweise auf Bodeneigenschaften, die sich positiv auf eine Abwasserinfiltration auswirken. Darüber hinaus konnte durch das geoelektrische 3D-Monitoring und der dabei gemessenen Verteilung des spezifischen elektrischen Widerstandes gezeigt werden, dass die Infiltration gravitativ gesteuert nur die Bodenzone direkt unterhalb der Verrieselung beeinflusste. Weiterhin wurde festgestellt, dass das Proxy des geoelektrischen Widerstandes im Labormaßstab nicht aussagekräftig genug ist, um Rückschlüsse auf die Sorption leitfähigkeitsrelevanter Abwasserinhaltsstoffe geben zu können
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18

Borges, de Amorim Pablo. "Development of regional climate change projections for hydrological impact assessments in distrito federal, Brazil." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-171670.

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Facing the urgency of taking actions to guarantee the water supply to Brazil's Capital, the project called IWAS/ÁguaDF aims to provide scientific knowledge for the development of an Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) concept. The project is organized in multiple working groups wherein climate is considered as one of the main drivers. The water supply system of Distrito Federal (DF) is mainly dependent on three major complexes: river basins, waste water and drinking water. Anthropogenic climate change has the potential to affect these water complexes in a number of ways such as by losing storage capacity due to erosion and sedimentation, through altered persistency of dry events and due to increasing water demand. As a contribution to the IWAS/ÁguaDF project, this study focuses on the development of climate change projections for hydrological impact assessments at local/regional scale. The development of proper climate information is a challenging task. The level of complexity corresponds directly to the issues that concern impact modellers as well as technical aspects such as available observational data, human and computational resources. The identification of the needs for water-related issues gives the foundation for deriving proper climate projections. Before making projections, it is necessary to assess the current climate conditions, or baseline climate. Despite a better understanding of the regional aspects of the climate and the ongoing changes, the baseline climate provides the foundation for calibrating and validating climate models and downscaling methods. The General Circulation Models (GCMs) are the most preferred tools in simulating the response of the climate system to anthropogenic activities, like increasing greenhouse gases and aerosol emissions. However, the climate information required for regional impact studies, such as water resources management in DF, is of a spatial scale much finer than that provided by GCMs and therefore often demands a downscaling procedure. Hydrological models are usually sensitive to the temporal variability of precipitation at scales that are not well represented by GCMs. Statistical downscaling methods have the potential to bridge the mismatch between GCMs and impact models by adding local variability that is consistent with both the large-scale signal and local observations. The tool used (i.e., Statistical DownScaling Model - SDSM) is described as a hybrid of regression-based and stochastic weather generator. The systematic calibration adopted provides the appropriated predictors and model parameterization. The validation procedure takes into account the metrics relevant to the requirements of hydrological studies. Moreover, the downscaling approach considers several climate models (i.e., 18 GCMs) and emission scenarios (i.e., SRES A1B, A2, B1) in order to sample the widest sources of uncertainties available. In spite of the elevated level of uncertainties in the magnitude of change, most of the downscaled projections agree with positive changes in temperature and precipitation for the period of 2046-2065 when compared to the reference period (i.e., 1980-1999). Large ensembles are preferable but are often associated with massive amount of data which have limited application in hydrological impact studies. An alternative is to identify subsets of projections that are most likely and projections that have lower likelihood but higher impact. A set of representative climate projections is suggested for hydrological impact assessments. Although high resolution information is preferable, it relies on limited assumptions inherent to observations and coarse-resolution projections and, therefore, its use alone is not recommended. The combination of the baseline climate with large- and local-scale projections achieved in this study provides a wide envelope of climate information for assessing the sensitivity of hydrological systems in DF. A better understanding of the vulnerability of hydrological systems through the application of multiple sources of climate information and appropriate sampling of known uncertainties is perhaps the best way to contribute to the development of robust adaptation strategies
Starkes Bevölkerungswachstum sowie Landnutzungs- und Klimawandel gefährden die Wasserversorgung der Metropolregion Brasília. Vor diesem Hintergrund soll das Projekt IWAS/ÁguaDF die wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen für ein Integriertes Wasserressourcen-Management (IWRM) im Distrito Federal (DF) erarbeiten. Das Projekt gliedert sich in drei klimasensitive Bereiche: Einzugsgebietsmanagement, Abwasseraufbereitung und Trinkwasserversorgung. Klimaänderungen können die Wasserversorgung im DF vielfältig beeinflussen, durch Veränderung der speicherbaren Wassermenge (Wasserdargebot, Speicherkapazität von Talsperren durch Sedimentation), der Dauer von Dürreperioden und des Wasserbedarfs (z.B. für Bewässerung). Klimaprojektionen für regionale hydrologische Impaktstudien stellen jedoch eine große Heraus-forderung dar. Ihre Komplexität richtet sich nach dem Bedarf des Impaktmodellierers und hängt zudem von technischen Voraussetzungen ab, wie der Verfügbarkeit von Beobachtungsdaten sowie von Personal- und Rechenressourcen. Die Ableitung geeigneter Maßnahmen für ein nachhaltiges Wasserressourcenmanagement im DF stellt hohe Ansprüche an die Qualität der zu entwickelnden Klimaprojektionen. Noch vor der Projektion müssen die gegenwärtigen klimatischen Bedingungen (Referenzklima) analysiert und bewertet werden. Die Analyse des Referenzklimas ermöglicht ein besseres Verständnis regionaler Unterschiede und aktueller Tendenzen und bildet die Grundlage für die Kalibrierung und Validierung von Klimamodellen und Downscaling-Methoden. Globale Klimamodelle (GCM) simulieren die Reaktion des Klimasystems auf anthropogene Treibhausgas- und Aerosolemissionen. Ihre räumliche Auflösung ist jedoch meist zu grob für regionale Klimaimpaktstudien. Zudem reagieren hydrologische Modelle meist sehr sensitiv auf zeitlich variable Niederschläge, welche in hoher zeitlicher Auflösung (Tagesschritte) ebenfalls nur unzureichend in GCM abgebildet werden. Statistische Downscaling-Verfahren können diese Inkohärenz zwischen GCM und Impaktmodellen reduzieren, indem sie das projizierte Klimasignal um lokale Variabilität (konsistent gegenüber den Beobachtungen) erweitern. Das in der vorliegenden Arbeit verwendete Tool, Statistical DownScaling Model - SDSM, vereint regressionsbasierte und stochastische Methoden der Wettergenerierung. Geeignete Prädiktoren und Modelparameter wurden durch systematische Kalibrierung bestimmt und anschließend validiert, wobei unter anderem auch hydrologisch relevante Gütekriterien verwendet wurden. Der gewählte Downscaling-Ansatz berücksichtigt zudem eine Vielzahl verschiedener Globalmodelle (18 GCM) und Emissionsszenarien (SRES A1B, A2 und B1) um die mit Klimaprojektionen verbundene hohe Unsicherheit möglichst breit abzudecken. Die Mehrheit der regionalen Projektionen weist auf eine Zunahme von Temperatur und Niederschlag hin (Zeitraum 2046 bis 2065 gegenüber Referenz-zeitraum, 1980 bis 1999), wenngleich die Stärke des Änderungssignals stark über das Ensemble variiert. Große Modellensemble sind zwar von Vorteil, sie sind jedoch auch mit einer erheblichen Datenmenge verbunden, welche für hydrologische Impaktstudien nur begrenzt nutzbar ist. Alternativ können einzelne „wahrscheinliche“ Projektionen verwendet werden sowie Projektionen, die weniger wahrscheinlich, aber mit einem starken Impakt verbunden sind. Ein solcher Satz repräsentativer Klimaprojektionen wurde für weitergehende Impaktstudien ausgewählt. Auch wenn in der Regel hochaufgelöste Klimaprojektionen angestrebt werden, ihr alleiniger Einsatz in Impaktstudien ist nicht zu empfehlen, aufgrund der vereinfachten Annahmen über die statistische Beziehung zwischen Beobachtungsdaten und den Modellergebnissen grob aufgelöster Globalmodelle. Der Vergleich des Referenzklimas mit großräumigen und lokalen Projektionen, wie er in dieser Arbeit durchgeführt wurde, liefert ein breites Spektrum an Klimainformationen zur Bewertung der Vulnerabilität hydrologischer Systeme im DF. Die Einbeziehung einer Vielzahl vorhandener Klimamodelle und die gezielte, den ermittelten Unsicherheitsbereich vollständig abdeckende Auswahl an Projektionen sollte die Entwicklung robuster Anpassungsstrategien bestmöglich unterstützen
Diante do desafio de garantir o abastecimento de água potável da capital federal do Brasil, o projeto denominado IWAS/ÁguaDF tem como objetivo prover conhecimento científico para o desenvolvimento de um conceito de Gestão Integrada dos Recursos Hídricos (PGIRH). Afim de atingir esta proposta, o projeto é organizado em multiplos grupos de trabalho entre os quais o clima é considerado um dos principais fatores de influência. O sistema de abastecimento de água do Distrito Federal (DF) depende praticamente de três complexos: bacias hidrográficas, águas residuais e água potável. Mudanças climáticas causadas por ações antropogênicas apresentam um enorme potencial de impacto a estes complexos, por exemplo através de alterações no regime de chuvas, perda de volume dos reservatórios por assoriamento e aumento na demanda de água. Como contribuição ao projeto IWAS/ÁguaDF, este estudo tem como foco o desenvolvimento de projeções de mudanças climáticas para estudo de impacto nos recursos hídricos na escala local/regional. O nível de complexidade corresponde diretamente às questões levantadas pelos modeladores de impacto, bem como aspecto técnicos como a disponibilidade de dados observados e recursos humanos e computacionais. A identificação das necessidades de questões relacionadas à água no DF dão a base para derivar projeções climáticas adequadas. Antes de qualquer projeção futura, é indispensável avaliar as condições atuais do clima, também chamado de linha de base do clima. Além de fornecer a compreenção dos aspectos regionais do clima e mudaças em curso, a linha de base provê dados para a calibração e validação de modelos globais de clima e técnicas de regionalização (downscaling). Os Modelos de Circulação Geral (GCM) são as ferramentas mais adotadas na simulação da resposta do sistema climático às atividades antropogênicas, tais como aumento de emissões de gases do efeito estufa e aerosóis. No entanto, a informação necessária para estudos regionais de impacto, tais como gestão de recursos hídricos, é de escala espacial mais refinada do que a resolução espacial fornecida pelos GCMs e, dessa forma, técnicas de regionalização são frequentemente demandadas. Modelos hidrológicos são geralmente sensitivos à variabilidade temporal de precipitação em escalas não representadas pelos modelos globais. Métodos estatísticos de ‘downscaling’ apresentam um potencial para auxiliar no descompasso entre GCMs e modelos de impacto através da adição de variabilidade local consistente com o sinal de larga escala e as observações locais. A ferramenta utilizada (Statistical DownScaling Model - SDSM) é descrita como um híbrido entre regressão linear e gerador de tempo estocástico. A calibração sistemática adotada fornece apropriados preditores e uma parameterização consistente. O procedimento de validação do modelo leva em conta as métricas relevantes aos requerimentos dos estudos hidrológicos. Ainda, a abordagem aqui utilizada considera diversos modelos globais (isto é, 18 GCMs) e cenários de emissões (isto é, SRES A1B, A2 e B1) afim de contemplar as mais abrangentes fontes de incertezas disponíveis. Embora o elevado nível de incertezas na magnitude das mudançãs de clima, a grande maioria das projeções regionalizadas concordam com o aumento de temperatura e precipiatação para o período de 2046-2065 quando comparado com o período de referência (isto é, 1980-1999). Grandes conjuntos de projeções são preferíveis, mas são frequentement associados com uma quantidade exorbitante de dados os quais são de aplicação limiatada nos estudos de impacto. Uma alternativa é identificar sub-conjuntos de projeções que são as mais prováveis e projeções que são menos prováveis, porém apresentam maior impacto. Embora altas resoluções são preferíveis, estas baseiam-se em hipóteses inerentes às observações e projeções de larga escala e, dessa forma, não é recomendável o seu uso sozinho. A combinação do clima de base com projeções de resoluções baixas e altas fornece um amplo envelope de imformações climáticas para avaliar a sensitividade dos sistemas hidrológicos no DF. Um compreendimento mais apurado da vunerabilidade dos sistemas hidrológicos através da aplicação de multiplas fontes de informação e apropriada abordagem das incertezas conhecidas é talvez a melhor maneira para contribuir para o desenvolvimento de estratégias robustas de adaptação
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Prada, Boluarte Jianli Nery. "Impacto de los noticieros televisivos de señal abierta en los estudiantes de nivel secundario de 14 a 18 años de la Institución Educativa José Granda del distrito de san Martín de Porres." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2010. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/396.

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Los medios de comunicación en el Perú, a lo largo de su historia, han pasado por varias etapas y se ha ido posesionando, efectivamente, como un poder influyente en la conducta humana. Esto se ha podido observar con claridad desde 1990, con la proliferación de periódicos, programas de televisión, programas radiales entre otros. Ya para nadie es secreto la influencia que causa ésta en la población, pero ¿por qué, de todos los receptores, son los adolescentes los más susceptibles a ser impactados e influenciados?, ¿será que su edad no les permite distinguir las intenciones de los medios masivos de comunicación? Aunque el adolescente ya ha pasado la etapa de la infancia, donde la ausencia de criterio al seleccionar la variedad televisiva ocasiona los mayores problemas debido a que el niño aprende por imitación, no deja de ser vulnerable a los mensajes de la televisión, porque se encuentra aún en una etapa de crecimiento y madurez. El adolescente ya distingue la realidad de la fantasía, pero aún no tiene un criterio maduro y una posición definida frente a las cosas que lo hace fácilmente influenciable. Por esta razón, asume nuevas actitudes y conductas, buscando siempre una imagen de sí mismo que se ajuste más a su idea o cosmovisión de vida. Es aquí donde la televisión influye e impacta. Los medios televisivos de señal abierta en el Perú son observados, en gran proporción, por la mayoría de la población y, por ende, la mayoría de los jóvenes del país. Dentro de los programas de televisión, los estudiantes tienen una preferencia por el sensacionalismo y la contemporaneidad. Un sector de adolescentes opta dentro de sus preferencias los programas televisivos noticiosos. Aunque este sector de adolescentes es mínimo, se presume que es el más consciente y con más criterio de ver con objetividad la realidad.
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Tuppia, Sulca Juan Carlos. "Diseño de la línea de impulsión y de las líneas de conducción de agua potable para los sectores a-14, a-15, a-16 de San Juan de Amancaes, distrito del Rimac." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/9093.

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Se trata del diseño de la línea de impulsión y de las líneas de conducción de agua potable para los sectores A-14, A-15 y A-16 del centro urbano de San Juan de Amancaes en el distrito del Rímac, para dar solución a la problemática de la racionalización del servicio de abastecimiento como consecuencia del incremento de la población de la localidad y de la antigüedad de las líneas de impulsión y conducción de los sectores mencionados, los cuales no son capaces de transportar el nuevo caudal de demanda. A fin de proponer una solución a esta problemática se han realizado los cálculos de los diámetros económicos para la nueva línea de impulsión y conducción de agua para los sectores mencionados, determinándose que la tubería de impulsión de hierro dúctil deberá tener un diámetro de 300 mm y una longitud de 860 m, con un desnivel físico de 176 m, medidos desde el reservorio de paso en la zona baja (R-832) hasta el reservorio proyectado (RP-01). Desde este último reservorio se abastecerán con líneas de conducción a los sectores A-14, A-15 y A-16. Las tuberías de conducción han sido proyectadas de hierro dúctil, con diámetros comprendidos entre 100 mm y 200 mm y longitudes variando entre 50 m y 693 m. Asimismo, se ha proyectado la implementación de una electrobomba de tipo turbina de eje vertical de 300 Hp de potencia. Con la implementación de este diseño hidráulico se estará dando solución a la demanda de agua potable del 100% de los sectores afectados.
Trabajo de suficiencia profesional
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Prada, Boluarte Jianli Nery, and Boluarte Jianli Nery Prada. "Impacto de los noticieros televisivos de señal abierta en los estudiantes de nivel secundario de 14 a 18 años de la Institución Educativa José Granda del distrito de san Martín de Porres." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2010. http://cybertesis.unmsm.edu.pe/handle/cybertesis/396.

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Los medios de comunicación en el Perú, a lo largo de su historia, han pasado por varias etapas y se ha ido posesionando, efectivamente, como un poder influyente en la conducta humana. Esto se ha podido observar con claridad desde 1990, con la proliferación de periódicos, programas de televisión, programas radiales entre otros. Ya para nadie es secreto la influencia que causa ésta en la población, pero ¿por qué, de todos los receptores, son los adolescentes los más susceptibles a ser impactados e influenciados?, ¿será que su edad no les permite distinguir las intenciones de los medios masivos de comunicación? Aunque el adolescente ya ha pasado la etapa de la infancia, donde la ausencia de criterio al seleccionar la variedad televisiva ocasiona los mayores problemas debido a que el niño aprende por imitación, no deja de ser vulnerable a los mensajes de la televisión, porque se encuentra aún en una etapa de crecimiento y madurez. El adolescente ya distingue la realidad de la fantasía, pero aún no tiene un criterio maduro y una posición definida frente a las cosas que lo hace fácilmente influenciable. Por esta razón, asume nuevas actitudes y conductas, buscando siempre una imagen de sí mismo que se ajuste más a su idea o cosmovisión de vida. Es aquí donde la televisión influye e impacta. Los medios televisivos de señal abierta en el Perú son observados, en gran proporción, por la mayoría de la población y, por ende, la mayoría de los jóvenes del país. Dentro de los programas de televisión, los estudiantes tienen una preferencia por el sensacionalismo y la contemporaneidad. Un sector de adolescentes opta dentro de sus preferencias los programas televisivos noticiosos. Aunque este sector de adolescentes es mínimo, se presume que es el más consciente y con más criterio de ver con objetividad la realidad.
Tesis
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Bettiol, Alessandra. "Valutazione del management del paziente affetto da leucemia mieloide cronica nella pratica clinica dell'Azienda ULSS 2 marca trevigiana, distretto di Treviso Evaluation of the management of patients affected by chronic myeloid leukemia in the clinical practice of the Health Authority n.2 Marca Trevigiana, Distric of Treviso." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3427172.

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Introduction Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myelodysplastic neoplasia accounting for around 15% of all cases of leukemia in adults. CML treatment is mainly based on tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Current TKIs approved as first line treatments are imatinib or second-generation TKIs such as dasatinib and nilotinib. Overall, TKIs have modified the natural progression of CML, prolonging survival. As CML has progressively switched from a fatal to a “chronic” pathology, time-limited clinical trials may not evaluate such long-term outcomes adequately. On the brink of the commercialization of generic imatinib, this thesis examines a decade of CML management in the real clinical practice, focusing on treatment effectiveness, therapeutic switches, and adverse effects (AEs). Methods A retrospective cohort study was performed on all CML patients followed up in the Local Health Authority of Treviso (Region of Veneto, Italy) between 2005 and 2015. Data were captured integrating both administrative databases and physicians' patient record. The therapeutic pattern was evaluated separately according to CML phase at diagnosis, considering frontline treatments, occurrence of treatment switches and their causes. For patients diagnosed in chronic phase (CP), the effectiveness of different frontline TKIs was assessed using an intention-to-treat approach, considering the achievement of complete hematologic, cytogenetic and molecular response. Occurrence of AEs among different frontline TKIs treatments was compared. All data and statistical analysis were performed using the software STATA version 14. Results A total cohort of 119 CML patients was examined; the majority of them were diagnosed in CP (n=97). 60% of subjects were asymptomatic at diagnosis; even when present, symptoms were mainly unspecific. Imatinib was the most common first line treatment for CP subjects (n=73); among second generation TKIs, only nilotinib was used as first line. Nilotinib proved more effective than imatinib, both considering achievement of responses and treatment switches; 28 CP-CML patients with frontline imatinib needed to switch, mainly due to intolerance but there were no therapeutic switches in patients with frontline nilotinib. AEs were common; in particular, osteoarticular pain was significantly more frequent for imatinib compared to nilotinib (50 out of 73 vs 2 out of 8, respectively; p=0.02). Conclusion Although based on a small population, this study shows the importance of choosing the most appropriate frontline treatment, in order to allow rapid disease control. Results indicate a superiority of nilotinib as first line therapy for CP-CML, both in terms of effectiveness and of treatment switches and AEs occurrence. While this might be seen as an argument to use nilotinib first line, it might also argue strongly for the continued use of imatinib first line, reserving nilotinib for imatinib intolerant or resistant patients. AEs remain a major concern, highlighting the importance of close monitoring of patients. A full health economic evaluation is required to determine the most cost effective care pathways using these expensive drugs.
Introduzione La leucemia mieloide cronica (LMC) è una neoplasia mielodisplastica che rappresenta circa il 15% di tutti i casi di leucemia negli adulti. Il trattamento della LMC è principalmente basato sui farmaci inibitori della tirosin chinasi (TKI); in particolare, i TKI attualmente approvati per il trattamento dei pazienti di nuova diagnosi sono l'imatinib e i TKI di seconda generazione quali dasatinib e nilotinib. Complessivamente, questi farmaci hanno radicalmente modificato la naturale progressione della patologia, prolungando significativamente la sopravvivenza di questi pazienti. Alla luce della progressiva cronicizzazione della LMC, i dati provenienti da trials clinici condotti su brevi periodi di studio risultano inadeguati nella valutazione di outcome a lungo termine. All'alba della commercializzazione dell'imatinib generico, questa tesi si propone di esaminare il management della LMC nella reale pratica clinica, focalizzando l'attenzione sull'effectiveness dei trattamenti, sull'occorrenza di switch terapeutici e sugli effetti avversi (EA). Metodi E'stato condotto uno studio di coorte retrospettivo sui pazienti affetti da LMC e seguiti presso l'Azienda ULSS 2 Marca Trevigiana, distretto di Treviso (Regione del Veneto, Italia), nel periodo compreso tra il 2005 e il 2015. I dati sono stati ottenuti integrando i flussi amministrativi e le informazioni contenute nei diari clinici di reparto. Il pattern terapeutico è stato valutato separatamente a seconda della fase di esordio della LMC, considerando il trattamento di prima linea, l'eventuale occorrenza di switch terapeutici e la relativa motivazione. Per i pazienti esorditi in fase cronica (FC), è stata inoltre valutata l'effectiveness dei diversi TKI prescritti in prima linea, impiegando un approccio intention-to-treat, e considerando il raggiungimento della risposta ematologica completa, citogenetica completa, e molecolare maggiore e completa. Il verificarsi di EAs è stato comparato tra i diversi TKI prescritti in prima linea. Tutte le analisi statistiche sono state condotte impiegando il software STATA versione 14. Risultati La coorte in esame comprendeva 119 soggetti affetti da LMC. La maggior parte era esordita in FC (n=97). Il 60% dei soggetti risultava asintomatico al momento della diagnosi; anche quando presenti, i sintomi erano principalmente aspecifici. L'imatimib era il farmaco di prima linea maggiormente usato nei soggetti in CP (n=73), mentre tra i TKI di seconda generazione solamente il nilotinib era impiegato in prima linea. Il nilotinib risultava più efficace dell'imatinib sia nell'indurre il raggiungimento di risposte profonde sia in termini di switch. Infatti, 28 pazienti esorditi in FC e trattati con imatinib erano andati incontro ad uno switch terapeutico, principalmente a causa di intolleranza al trattamento. Al contrario, non si riscontravano casi di switch tra i pazienti in FC trattati con nilotinib in prima linea. Gli EAs erano comuni; in particolare, il dolore osteoarticolare risultava significativamente più frequente nei soggetti in FC trattati con imatinib rispetto a nilotinib (50 su 73 soggetti in imatinib vs 2 su 8 soggetti in nilotinib, rispettivamente; p=0.02). Conclusioni Nonostante l'esigua coorte di soggetti in esame, questo studio ha messo in luce l'importanza di un'accurata scelta del trattamento farmacologico nei soggetti con nuova diagnosi di LMC, al fine di garantire un rapido controllo della patologia. I risultati di questo studio indicano una superiorità del nilotinib come terapia di prima linea nei soggetti con LMC in FC, in termini di effectiveness, di switch terapeutici, e di occorrenza di EAs. Nonostante questi dati siano a favore di un maggior uso di nilotinib in prima linea, i risultati di questo studio mostrano un ruolo ancora centrale dell'imatinib come trattamento di prima scelta nei soggetti in FC, riservando la terapia con nilotinib ai casi di intolleranza o resistenza all'imatinib. Inoltre, questo studio evidenzia come gli EAs rimangono un problema centrale nella gestione dei soggetti con LMC, sottolineando l'importanza di un attento monitoraggio di questi pazienti. Un'accurata valutazione economica risulta di cruciale importanza al fine di determinare il pattern di trattamento più costo-efficace, alla luce dell'alto costo di questi farmaci.
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Franco, Gonzales César Alejandro. "El Consentimiento en los delitos contra la libertad sexual en adolescentes mayores de 14 años y menores de 18 años, en los pronunciamientos emitidos por parte de los señores fiscales provinciales penales representantes del Ministerio Público del distrito judicial de Lima durante los años 2007 al 2012." Master's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/570.

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“La determinación judicial de la pena sigue siendo una práctica insatisfactoria que comparten los operadores del sistema penal en el Perú. El objetivo de aplicar penas justas resulta todavía de muy limitada realización para la comunidad jurídica nacional”3, lograr este propósito, ante la inacción del Congreso, a veces, ante la promulgación de leyes populistas sin el menor criterio científico, demanda una postura activa de nuestros magistrados en salvaguarda de los principios constitucionales; que, sin embargo, provocan a su vez críticas por la generación de una inseguridad jurídica. La doctora MARCILLA CORDOVA, profesora titular de Filosofía del Derecho de la Universidad de Castilla –La Mancha, señala que la falta de certeza del derecho no es sólo el efecto de un legislador poco esmerado, impreciso, y que (…) posterga los problemas dejándolos pendientes de resolución judicial, vía lagunas y conflictos normativos, y abriendo así notables espacios a la discreción judicial. (…) sino que sería una consecuencia intrínsecamente unida a un modo de entender el Estado Constitucional, que al parecer, permite al Juez desvincularse de la Ley y ampararse directamente en los Principios Constitucionales4. Una de las aristas de este complejo fenómeno, que aborda el presente trabajo, se traduce en el Perú, en una pugna de competencias, que ha enfrentado, al Poder Legislativo y la administración de Justicia. Tema que vamos abordar en el marco teórico del presente trabajo. Respecto de este último punto, podemos señalar que en el año 2009, el Congreso de la República, mediante el Proyecto de Ley 14321/2005-CR, trató de recortar las facultades del Tribunal Constitucional, señalando que el mismo, se está convirtiendo en legislador positivo violando el principio de separación de poderes; que sus sentencias constituyen un exceso en el ejercicio de las funciones que le confiere la Ley; que sus pronunciamientos generan una inseguridad jurídica y finalmente que no existe fundamento constitucional para sostener que dicho órgano es el supremo intérprete de la Constitución5. Ante este tipo de afirmaciones la respuesta en la doctrina no se ha hecho esperar y se ha señalado que “la Constitución no es simplemente un nivel más en la pirámide; sino que está pensada como un conjunto plural de valores, a través de los cuales se controla la legislación (…) la oposición entre jurisdicción y legislación se traduce en la juridificación de toda cuestión política: no queda espacio libre para la voluntad del legislador. Con una Constitución que encamina al legislador, que lo guía y dirige, es decir, con una Constitución sustancialmente regulativa, el Poder Legislativo no sirve más que para traducir en normas los principios superiores; en este caso, el Poder Judicial puede sustituirlo sin ninguna usurpación de poder ya que se trata de una mera aplicación. La democracia se expresa –o, más bien, se sublima- a través de la aplicación de los valores enunciados en el texto fundamental”
Tesis
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24

"Restoration Project of A Traditional House in Camiþerif District 5227 Str. No:14 Mersin." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606336/index.pdf.

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25

Radebe, Siphiwe. "The state of information and communication technology implementation in some selected primary schools in central Johannesburg district 14." 2014. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001809.

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M. Tech. Education
This study examines the factors that impacts on the benefits and challenges of Information and Communication Technology in some selected primary schools in central Johannesburg district 14. The study also investigates the level of availability of ICT facilities in these schools, the capacity for using ICT facilities for teaching and learning, the perceived benefits of using ICT and the challenges facing the use of ICT in these schools. The population consisted of all the educators school management teams and principals of these schools.
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26

Green, Allison, and 葛莉珊. "CONSERVATIVE RELIGIOSITY, SEXUAL BEHAVIOURS AND HIV RISK: A STUDY ON HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS AGES 14~21 IN STANN CREEK DISTRICT, BELIZE." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/27134497924047063962.

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碩士
國立政治大學
國際研究英語碩士學位學程 (IMPIS)
104
International aid organizations working to support HIV/AIDS mitigation and elimination have streamlined their grant-making approach. As donor countries are grappling with national and regional issues, pledges to these donors for global development aid has become less of a priority. Now, local, civil society organizations who are recipients are compelled to create and seek value-added and efficiency methodologies to HIV prevention. In Belize, HIV prevention efforts have been ongoing for thirty years since the first case of HIV was identified in 1986, with national achievements fluctuating during this time. The last couple years have seen the burden of HIV infection heaviest in men who have sex with men (MSM), young women 20~24 years and older men 40~49 years (MOH, 2015). And to date, no comprehensive analysis of what has led to the fluctuations in HIV rates in different populations has been conducted. In an effort to begin that analysis, this study looks at the role of religiosity in sexual decision-making and consequent HIV risk. Religiosity can be defined as the way a person animates to his/her religious tradition, how a person gives life to religion in everyday life. For many, religion is a moral gauge that guides decision-making, and sexual activity is one such phenomenon that lies within the spectrum of morality. The research tests how young peoples’ (between 14~21 years in Stann Creek district, Belize) conservative religious beliefs learned in denominational schools affect their sexual behaviours and how those behaviours translate to HIV risk. Findings were that conservative religious beliefs does have a significant effect on religious practices, sexual practices and transmission risk. Religious beliefs, religious practices and sexual practices are positively and significantly correlated. Sexual and religious practices have been found to be mediating variables, variables facilitating the interactions between the independent and dependent variables in the model. The analysis of these results prove just how elusive a one-size-fits-all strategy for young people is and can be. There remains much to be tested, not in the least regarding religion, sexual behaviours and HIV risk for us to resolve Olivier’s (2010) question: will religion be “an irrelevance, an adversary or an ally”?
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Yang, Chia-hui, and 楊佳憓. "The Research on Perpendicularity Unit of Living Space .- A Case Study of a 14 Floors Building at Situn District of Taichung City." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/77184556302493809212.

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28

Würthwein, Ralph P. [Verfasser]. "Measuring the burden of disease, the structure of income and returns to education in rural West Africa : the collection and analysis of mortality, morbidity and socio-economic data in the Nouna Health District in Burkina Faso / Ralph P. Würthwein." 2003. http://d-nb.info/967063078/34.

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Bastos, Vítor Filipe Martins. "Incidência de Lesão em Jovens Basquetebolistas de 14 a 15 Anos do Distrito de Aveiro." Bachelor's thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/10637.

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Disponível em suporte de papel na Biblioteca da FCDEF/UC
Dissertação de Licenciatura em Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física, realizada no âmbito do treino desportivo apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física da Universidade de Coimbra.
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30

LUCHINO, CHIARA. "EcoCina. Eco-city e strategie complementari verso una nuova urbanizzazione cinese." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11573/980020.

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La tesi si inserisce nell’ambito di ricerca sulle città sostenibili, analizzando in particolare il controverso fenomeno delle eco-città in Cina, unico nel suo genere per rapidità di diffusione e estensione. La ricerca fornisce un’analisi sistematica e comparativa delle eco-città nei diversi contesti territoriali cinesi, anche alla luce delle best practices di Masdar (EAU) e Songdo IBD (Sud Corea). Viene pertanto analizzata a tal proposito una nutrita casistica di studio di eco-city da un punto di vista morfologico e ambientale. Il confronto degli interventi evidenzia l’impatto della morfologia degli insediamenti sulla ‘vivibilità urbana’, in alcuni casi talmente compromessa da trasformare le eco-city in vere e proprie ghost town. Da tale analisi si ricavano indicatori (forma urbana, tipologia dell’intervento, stato di realizzazione e fattore di inquinamento) che, mediante l’attribuzione di punteggi ponderati, consentono di elaborare un’approfondita valutazione e classificazione degli interventi. A distanza di dieci anni dai primi interventi di eco-città, questi ancora non riescono a conciliare appieno il crescente fabbisogno abitativo con le esigenze di sostenibilità. Infatti, sebbene i quartieri sostenibili nascano per offrire una soluzione all’inquinamento urbano, spesso rimangono disabitati, mentre le città consolidate continuano ad attrarre residenti essendo i veri principali catalizzatori delle migrazioni dalle aree rurali. Sebbene quindi uno dei presupposti delle eco-city sia quello di (ri)conciliare l’idea della città con quella della natura, nella maggioranza dei casi esse sono promosse dalle autorità locali a fini meramente speculativi, trascurando l’impatto ambientale di urbanizzazioni repentine e sconsiderate. Tali considerazioni si rivelano ancora più attuali alla luce delle previsioni di sviluppo urbano a seguito della nuova regolamentazione degli hukou e delle direttive del 13°Piano Quinquennale cinese (2016-2020).
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31

Martins, Ana Paula Correia. "Concepção de materiais pedagógicos interactivos para jovens sobre a biodiversidade do Parque Natural da Ria Formosa." Master's thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.2/1582.

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Trabalho de Projecto de Mestrado em Cidadania Ambiental e Participação apresentada à Universidade Aberta
A sociedade actual está cada vez mais consciente de que a diversidade de problemas de pobreza, saúde, esgotamento de recursos e catástrofes naturais, entre outros, está interligada com questões ambientais e sustentabilidade. Este facto é evidente nos alertas da comunicação social, nas preocupações veiculadas pelas organizações não governamentais ou pela própria sociedade civil, nas políticas dos países que cada vez mais se uniformizam para uma abordagem integrada, “sem fronteiras”, para a defesa do mundo comum. Contudo, para que este novo paradigma possa funcionar o cidadão deve estar informado, consciente das problemáticas que o assolam e dispor das competências necessárias para ser um sujeito activo de mudança. Este trabalho é um contributo para a consciencialização e aquisição de conhecimentos sobre biodiversidade junto de públicos infanto-juvenis. Toda a pesquisa realizada e os seus resultados servirão de fundamento à construção de materiais pedagógicos digitais. Estes materiais querem-se democráticos e portanto acessíveis a todos num espaço Web. Neste sentido, fez-se uma travessia pelas temáticas que se considera poderem dar consistência às decisões tomadas em relação às metodologias, aos formatos e à adequação dos materiais pedagógicos interactivos por conteúdos aos níveis etários. Essencial neste processo: 1. abordar a biodiversidade nos seus aspectos gerais centrando-nos depois nos valores do Parque Natural da Ria Formosa tomando, por fim como estudo de caso, a zona entre marés ou habitat intertidal; 2. pesquisar sobre os espaços de aprendizagem Web e metodologias aconselhadas para a construção de hiperdocumentos, enquanto objectos de aprendizagem de ambientes online; 3. identificar a teoria de aprendizagem mais adequada no âmbito da construção de hiperdocumentos e seus fundamentos teóricos; 4. perceber o papel da educação ambiental abordando a educação como percurso indispensável para a tomada de consciência e aquisição de competências. Este tema remete para os espaços onde a educação se implementa pelo que nos interessaram os aspectos ligados à educação formal e não formal e a necessidade de transversalidade deste campo relativamente à formação ao longo da vida e aos diferentes públicos. Não poderemos deixar de falar de como o formal e o não formal se articulam e complementam para atingir uma meta comum definida pelos principais documentos orientadores da educação ambiental – cidadãos comprometidos em encontrar soluções para as problemáticas com que se confrontam; 5. pesquisar qual o tipo de adequação que os materiais didácticos deverão ter para o público-alvo através da aplicação de questionários a professores e sua análise. Os professores para além de elementos fundamentais na identificação da adequação dos materiais constituem um grupo de potenciais mediadores na utilização dos recursos pedagógicos finais; 6. finalmente é proposto um modelo para o desenvolvimento de um hiperdocumento para um dos habitats do PNRF em que explanaremos o modo como os materiais se disporão no ambiente de aprendizagem e como poderão ser usados.
The actual society is increasing their conscience about the intercommunication between nowadays problems and environmental problems. This fact is obvious in the alerts of the social communication, in the concerns conveyed non governmental organizations or by civil society itself, in the nation’s policies more and more are standardized for an integrated approach, ignoring countries borders, for a common welfare. So that this new paradigm could work public must be informed and conscious of they own problems and have the necessary abilities for being an active self changes promoter. The aim of this work is to contribute to the consciousness promotion and biodiversity knowledge achievement in young publics. All the research will serve as support for digital pedagogic materials construction for a web environment. So to give consistency to decisions about methodologies formats and pedagogical adjustments for the youngsters it will be taken a “journey” through a diversity of guiding premises. The essential steps for this process are; 1. to approach biodiversity in a wide-ranging then track to the Ria Formosa Natural Park values to finally chose a case study, the intertidal habitat; 2. search about the importance of web learning environments looking into the methodologies for hyper-documents production; 3. be acquainted with the most “popular” learning theories for interactive pedagogical material web design and their theoretical premises; 4. realize the role of environmental education taking the education as a fundamental way for consciousness and environmental abilities. This subject takes us to different educational spaces so we are interested in pursuit the diversity of aspects of formal and non formal education, comprehending lifelong learning and different kind of publics. Yet we should not forget the ways the formal and non formal education are coordinated and harmonized in order that reach the goals defined by the principal documents advisors of environmental education issues – Citizens compromised in finding solutions for the problems with which they are confronted; 5. investigate which type of adaptations the educational materials will have to respect so that they can be well accepted by our target public and efficient for their learning accomplishments. For this we must have the teachers opinion on consideration, taking into account that they will be potential mediators in the use of the pedagogic final resources; 6. finally it will be present a hypothetical model for the development of a hyper document based on one habitat of the PNRF. In this model it will be explained how pedagogic materials will be distributed on the learning environment and how to use them.
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