Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Distribution spatiale de la bourgeoisie'
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Dettori, François. "La bourgeoisie messine à l'aune de ses espaces et de ses caractéristiques socio-économiques : homogénéité ou disparité ?" Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0055.
Full textAlthough the "Beaux quartiers” are less subject to sociological investigation, they remain prominent segregated spaces in France. Studies and research on the bourgeoisie and on specific spaces of the bourgeoisie are often focused on large French cities such as Paris, Lyons or Marseilles. A smaller city such as Metz has never been studied solely in terms of its bourgeois population.The objective of this dissertation is to examine the socioeconomic characteristics of the Metz bourgeoisie and the way in which it is distributed within the Metz urban area. The latter encompasses the central city of Metz and also its suburbs and suburban ring. Our research is based on empirical material consisting of semi-structured interviews conducted with representative members of the Metz bourgeoisie or highly regarded bourgeois and aristocratic Metz families, as well as with various specialists (real estate agents specialising in prestigious properties, art historians, etc.). In order to grasp the complexity of the Metz bourgeoisie, various statistical and cartographic indicators but also photographic material were used.Firstly, the study presents a state of the art on social and territorial fragmentation in France so as to highlight upward ghettoization.Secondly, the study sheds light on the main benchmarks of wealth and its estimation, while specifying the representational and multidimensional aspects. In addition, the challenges and difficulties of studying wealth and the bourgeoisie are also explained.The Metz bourgeoisie is then studied through the fourfold prism of its residential distribution, its sociability spaces, its socio-economic and socio-electoral characteristics, but also the prism of some of the city's great emblematic families – after a historical perspective.Finally, the study describes and comparatively analyses a particular space of the Metz bourgeoisie – the “Nouvelle Ville” neighbourhood – by showing elements of urban and social morphology and by explaining the criteria of residential selection and the forms of sociability specific to the inhabitants of this rich self-segregated neighbourhood
Villeneuve, Benoît. "Étude de la distribution spatiale des étoiles sdB." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/nq21526.pdf.
Full textZacaï, Axelle. "Propriétés macroécologiques des ammonites : distribution spatiale, phylogénie et similarité faunique." Thesis, Dijon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016DIJOS036/document.
Full textThe present work, which lies between macroecology and macroevolution, focuses on the spatio-temporal dynamics of early Pliensbachian ammonites of the western Tethys. Two main questions are addressed: how does inter-assemblage compositional similarity decrease with geographical distance? What is the relationship between species range size and phylogeny, species duration and latitudinal position?Ammonite dispersal dynamics are studied through a multi-scale Similarity Distance Decay analysis. We show that their long-distance dispersal is facilitated when the environment is more homogeneous and that it is not related to their morphology. This suggests that their long-distance dispersal occurred essentially through a passive planktonic drift during the first juvenile stages.We also show that ammonite geographical range size is neither stable, nor clade-specific. Indeed, its phylogenetic heritability depends on the spatio-temporal stability of the environment and it varies according to the range variable chosen, the temporal interval considered, and among contemporary species of the same group. Furthermore, the size of their geographical range has no effect on species duration. In fact, this lack of correlation seems to prevail among ammonoids, as this group is well-known for showing both large geographical distributions and short species durations. Finally, species latitudinal ranges tend to be maximal at low latitudes and to increase from middle to high latitudes during the early Pliensbachian, in accordance with the Rapoport’s rule. This suggests that these ammonites were probably temperature-dependent and that a latitudinal gradient of sea-surface temperature occurred in the NW European province during the early Pliensbachian
Sitzia, Luca. "CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHIE ET DISTRIBUTION SPATIALE DES DÉPÔTS ÉOLIENS QUATERNAIRES DU BASSIN AQUITAIN." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01009617.
Full textCappi, Alberto. "Analyse statistique de la distribution spatiale des galaxies et des amas." Paris 11, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA112104.
Full textBouchon-Navaro, Yolande. "Les peuplements ichtyologiques recifaux des antilles. Distribution spatiale et dynamique temporelle." Antilles-Guyane, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AGUY0030.
Full textBarone, Visigalli Eglé. "Céramologie de Cahuachi, site Nasca du Pérou : distribution spatiale, iconographie et chronologie." Paris, EHESS, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000EHES0136.
Full textPéron, Clara. "IMPACT DES CHANGEMENTS CLIMATIQUES ET DISTRIBUTION SPATIALE DES OISEAUX MARINS DE L'OCÉAN AUSTRAL." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00660322.
Full textBavouzet, Nicolas. "Les galaxies infrarouges : distribution spatiale, contributions au fond extragalactique et distributions spectrales d'énergie." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00363975.
Full textLa première partie de ce travail porte sur l'étude de la
distribution spatiale des galaxies infrarouges. Nous avons introduit une nouvelle méthode pour mesurer la fonction de corrélation angulaire des galaxies. Cette méthode a été validée sur des simulations et des données. Nous avons également montré comment les effets de corrélation spatiale pouvaient biaiser les mesures de flux moyen réalisées par la méthode d'empilement. De plus, la
fonction de corrélation angulaire mesurée pour les sources sélectionnées à 3.6 microns et 24 microns montre un excès de corrélation aux petites échelles angulaires. Ceci pourrait être lié à l'interaction des galaxies à l'intérieur d'un meme halo de matière noire qui favoriserait alors les mécanismes d'émission infrarouge.
Dans un second temps, nous nous sommes attachés à mieux caractériser le fond diffus infrarouge (CIB) en déterminant la contribution à ce fond des sources détectées à 3.6 microns et en la comparant à celle des sources sélectionnées à 24 microns. Nous avons également estimé la contribution au CIB à 3.6 et 24 microns des sources sélectionnées à 3.6 microns en fonction de leur taux de formation stellaire spécifique.
Enfin, nous avons étudié les distributions spectrales d'énergie d'un grand nombre de galaxies situées entre z=0 et z=2 : nous avons montré d'une part que les luminosités à 8 et 24 microns étaient de bons traceurs de la luminosité totale infrarouge (et donc du taux de formation stellaire) et, d'autre part, que les propriétés de ces galaxies ne semblaient pas évoluer entre entre z=0 et z=1. Nous avons également étudié de façon détaillée le spectre infrarouge de 17 galaxies sélectionnées à 70 microns et nous avons montré que la luminosité relative des PAHs diminuait lorsque le champ de rayonnement
augmentait.
Meunier, Nadège. "Diagnostics observationnels du champ magnetique solaire : distribution spatiale, dynamique et processus de generation." Paris 7, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA077055.
Full textSome, Yelezouomin. "Modélisation de la distribution spatiale de formes moléculaire M et S d'Anopheles gambiae au Burkina Faso avec les SIG et l'analyse spatiale." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00581100.
Full textSomé, Yélézouomin. "Modélisation de la distribution spatiale de formes moléculaire M et S d'Anopheles gambiae au Burkina Faso avec les SIG et l'analyse spatiale." Thesis, Orléans, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ORLE1108/document.
Full textThe anti-vectorial fight is an important constituent for vectorial borne diseases control. The knowledge of the vectors populations as well as their specific composition and spatiotemporal distribution is fundamental for the conception of the strategies of fight against this type of disease.This thesis modeled the spatial distribution of the molecular forms M and S of Anopheles gambiae s.s., major vectors of malaria in Burkina Faso. The modeling was made from the analysis of a series of observations concerning both the vectors and the environment.It proceeds of a combination of concepts and methods of biogeography with techniques and tools of spatial analysis, data analysis and the geographical information systems.We retain of this research work that the abundance of the molecular form S of Anopheles gambiae s.s., decreases as we move from wet regions of the south and the southwest to those the driest of the north and the northeast. The NDVI, the ETP, and the sunshine are the most determining factors of its spatial distribution.In contrast, the abundance of the molecular form M of Anopheles gambiae s.s. increases from the wet regions of the South and the southwest to those drier of the north and the northeast. The temperatures, the pressure, the sunshine and the NDVI are the most determining factors of this spatial distribution.Of these results, were diverted two models which we use to elaborate the Maps of distribution of the molecular forms M and S of Anopheles gambiae s.s.This thesis highlights also the role of the geographical approach in the reflection on health issues and its methodology could be tested on the other sites and for the other vectors of diseases. This methodology could be improved by multi-scale analysis and of temporal variability modeling
Saada, Estelle. "Différenciation du produit et concurrence spatiale : contributions au modèle de la ville-circulaire." Aix-Marseille 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX24008.
Full textFleury, Danielle. "Évaluation de la distribution granulométrique de fragments rocheux par analyse de leur fréquence spatiale." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/mq25577.pdf.
Full textLégaré, Anne. "Détection de la dégénérescence du cartilage articulaire par la distribution spatiale des potentiels d'écoulement." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0034/MQ38691.pdf.
Full textTournant, Pierline. "Impact du paysage sur la distribution spatiale et génétique des colonies de petits rhinolophes." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00949390.
Full textTournant, Pierline. "Impact du paysage sur la distribution spatiale et génétique des colonies de petit rhinolophe." Thesis, Besançon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BESA2047.
Full textThe lesser horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus hipposideros was formerly widespread and quite common in north-westernEurope, but has undergone a dramatic decline from the 1960s. Habitat reduction and fragmentation have beensuggested as main factors explaining the decline of this species. Following this assumption, we expected habitatconnectivity to influence the spatial distribution of the maternity roosts. We firstly estimated the functionalconnectivity of the bat’s habitat and modeled the distribution of its colonies in Franche-Comté region (France). Weapplied a landscape graph-based approach to extract several patch-level metrics representing the functionalconnectivity of the landscape at different spatial scales. Those metrics were integrated in a predictive model of thematernity roosts presence according to the landscape context which confirms the role of landscape connectivity in thespecies distribution. Results showed that, at the colony local scale, roost’s presence depends on the availability ofwooded elements near small built areas. At the regional scale, roost’s presence depends on their spatial integration intoa connected network allowing exchanges of individuals among them. The second assumption is that restricted geneflows among colonies due to variations of functional connectivity among maternity roosts may lead to geneticdifferentiation between distant colonies. Based on bat droppings sampling and using eight microsatellite loci, wetested this hypothesis by examining the genetic differentiation of maternity colony at regional scale according tolandscape structure. Despite strong female philopatry our results emphasized a weak but structured geneticdifferentiation within maternity colonies. This genetic structure was neither related to isolation by distance nor tolandscape measures. We could conclude that the Franche-Comté region presents a good overall connectivity for thelesser horseshoe bat. Our results also suggest that genetic exchanges occurred between geographically closed colonies,probably due to male dispersal events. Inter-colony gene flows might occur during mating in the fall, just before malesand females gathering in winter roosts
Remond, Barbara. "Les couches diffusantes du golfe de Gascogne : caractérisation acoustique, composition spécifique et distribution spatiale." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066076/document.
Full textFisheries acoustic data are continuously collected during ecosystemic surveys to detect fish schools of commercial species and to quantify the fish abundance. These multifrequency data also contain information about smaller target aggregations producing ubiquitous Sound Scattering Layers (SSLs) on the echograms, with quite diverse shape, frequency responses and taxonomic compositions. In this work, we focus on the SSLs observed in spring in the Bay of Biscay during the PELGAS surveys. The objectives are: i) to classify SSLs, ii) to describe their spatial meso-scale distribution, iii) to investigate their relationships with other ecosystem components, and iv) to investigate the taxonomic composition of resonant SSLs at fine scale. A Multiple Correspondence Analysis based method for non supervised echoes classification is applied to PELGAS multifrequency data to define constrasted and spatially structured “acoustic landscapes”. Acoustic landscapes are dominated by frequency responses of gas-bearing organisms, whose gas inclusion might resonate at the fisheries acoustic frequencies. No correlation is found between the spatial distributions of acoustic landscapes and those of other pelagic ecosystem components indices. The biological composition of resonant SSLs is investigated by jointly applying forward and inverse approaches to fine scale acoustic and biological data collected in the same dense SSL. Results suggest that the dense SSLs may be comprised of fish larvae (e.g. Sardina pilchardus) and larger micronektonic gas-bearing organims that are so far very poorly sampled by non-acoustic devices
Colonna, Marc. "Analyse de la distribution spatiale du cancer : problème posé par l'étude de faibles incidences." Grenoble 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991GRE21002.
Full textThe geographical distribution of cancer in isere is examined using three statistical approaches studying the occurrence of small number of poisson observed cases. The overall population densities are very diverse. The first approach combines results of indirect standardization with examination of a spatial autocorrelation of the phonomenon in the presence of a highly autocorrelated population processing. The link between the standardized morbidity ration and the loglinear model is discribed. Furthermore the results of three autocorrelation statistics are presented. The second approach is the empirical bayesian estimation of relative risks considering the gamma prior distribution and the multivariate normal distribution taking into account of the autocorrelated population processing. Thirdly, the results and particular mcechanisms using huel's and al. (1986) grouping method of the elementary units are presented. The incidence of cancer data in the "departement de l'isere" (france) from 1979 to 1984 are used in the analysis
Egron, Benjamin. "Dynamique temporelle et distribution spatiale des revenus en France : croissance des disparités ou convergence ?" Thesis, Paris 10, 2019. http://faraway.parisnanterre.fr/login?url=http://bdr.parisnanterre.fr/theses/intranet/2019/2019PA100083/2019PA100083.pdf.
Full textThis thesis study income disparities from two different and complementary perspectives: (i) between groups of individuals sharing time periods and (ii) between groups of individuals sharing the same territory. Our objective is to analyse the economic mechanisms generating both temporal and spatial income disparities and to study the means available to remedy them. The thesis is divided into three chapters in which we mainly use the statistical tool on the French case to answer the problems raised. The aspect of temporal income disparities will be the subject of the first chapter, where we study the interaction between fiscal multipliers and public debt insofar as they are the two main tools for smoothing income over time and present both short- and long-term challenges. More specifically, we seek to identify the best instruments and the "best" economic context in order to initiate a reduction in the public debt ratio. We highlight that the use of fiscal austerity policies during economic recessions is likely to increase the public debt ratio. The second chapter is devoted to the measurement and characterization of the convergence phenomenon between French territories. In particular, we answer the following questions: (i) is there a convergence phenomenon? (ii) Is the convergence process linear? (iii) Is convergence uniform throughout the country? We answer in the affirmative to these three questions, so this raises questions about the reasons for the spatial heterogeneity of convergence speeds. Finally, the third chapter aims to identify the determinants of spatial convergence. In particular, we would like to highlight the factors that encourage spatial convergence and, on the contrary, those that hinder it. We show that the heterogeneity of the territories in terms of access to the different external markets is an important factor in explaining the different levels of convergence observed across the French territory
Chaplot, Vincent. "Organisation spatiale des sols hydromorphes de fonds de vallee. Modelisation predictive de leur distribution." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NSARD028.
Full textAugé, Jean-Louis. "Corrélation entre électroluminescence et distribution spatiale de charges dans les polymères pour l'isolation électrique." Toulouse 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOU30188.
Full textDechesne, Arnaud. "Distribution spatiale de bactéries indigènes et introduites dans le sol à microéchelle : implications écologiques." Lyon 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LYO10139.
Full textBeaulne, Jean-Sébastien. "Analyse spatiale et multi-échelle de la distribution des bactéries dans le sol et les sédiments." Thesis, Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ECDL0037/document.
Full textThe bacteria have colonized all the niches of the planet. Specifically, soils are home of the largest terrestrial biodiversity, microbial fauna. This great diversity of bacteria and their relative ubiquity make it difficult to idendified variables driving the spatial distribution of bacteria living in the soil. As soil bacteria play a significant role in the main global biogeochemical cycles, it is important to better understand the variables that can influence bacterial composition of soils. In this thesis, we hypothesize that heterogeneity of the bacterial community composition appears at the same scale level as the heterogeneity of soil physicochemical properties. In order to understand the relationship of bacterial composition of soils (from core experiment to field study in large region in the northern France) and soil factors at different spatial scales, we will use an approach coupling GIS tools, soil physico-chemical analysis and 16S rRNA gene NGS. With Three set of experiment we will answer three questions: Can a uniform environmental pressure at a larger scale (cm) overcome microbial micro-scale heterogeneity? Are geographical gradients strong drivers of the microbial community structure at the scale of the gradient? Do large-scale geographical features that integrate groups of parameters model the differences in microbial community structure for an entire region?
Pettorelli, Nathalie. "Variabilité individuelle et dynamique de population : importance de la composante spatiale." Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO10131.
Full textPerrin, Catherine. "Organisation socio-spatiale et distribution des activités chez la marmotte alpine (Marmota marmota Linné 1758)." Paris 7, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA077087.
Full textCompin, Arthur. "Distribution spatiale des invertébrés benthiques du réseau hydrographique Adour-Garonne : modélisation et impact de l'anthropisation." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/3257/.
Full textThe analysis of a large number of published works describing biodiversity at local scales allowed us to identify 1093 species of benthic invertebrates from 631 sampling sites in the Adour-Garonne stream system (South-Western France). Macroinvertebrate distribution revealed spatial patterns in species assemblages from which we derived stream classifications. These classifications showed altitudinal and geographic differences in the specific composition of invertebrate communities reflecting the various physiographical situations encountered by streams at a regional scale. They also provide a useful framework for studying and managing streams in large geographic areas. In an economically developed area, water is a useful resource for many human activities. Macroinvertebrate communities are very sensitive to human modifications on streams and the surrounding land. These modifications induce changes in "natural" spatial patterns of specific and functional diversity. The EU Water framework directive adopted in 2000 (2000/60/EC) defines goals for management and protection of European surface waters in the next years. It clearly states that the best model for a single system of water management is management by river basin. Our work suggest that the understanding of aquatic ecosystems at a river basin scale necessarily relies on the analysis of a large number of local studies, the origin of which is generally diverse. It also emphasized the significance of geographic information systems to compile and organize biotic and abiotic data and make them exploitable through adapted multivariate analysis techniques
Cartier, Valentine. "Chironomus salinarius (KIEFFER) et salinité : structure spatiale, traits d'histoire de vie et dynamique temporelle." Aix-Marseille 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX30031.
Full textChironomus salinarius is a common species living in coastal lagoons, which are characterized by a strong variability of environmental factors, especially salinity. C. Salinarius is well-known because of its nuisances but the knowledge of its ecological preferences remains incomplete. The aim of this study is to highlight the role of salinity on spatial structure, life history traits and population dynamics of C. Salinarius. The first part focuses on the patchy distribution of C. Salinarius in a coastal lagoon, the Bolmon lagoon. This study highlights the existence of chironomid patches, linked to shallow area and high values of dissolved oxygen, in spite of very low density of larvae. We hypothesize that low density values were linked to the salinity. The second part is a laboratory study. Eleven salinities between 0 and 50 have been tested for both survival and time of development. A very low survival rate at intermediate salinity (10) suggests the existence of an alternation between two physiological strategies (osmoconformer or osmoregulator). Moreover too few adults emerge over 40. For others salinities, between 0 and 35, there was a high survival rate but the time of development increased with the salinity level. In the third part, the population dynamics of C. Salinarius is studied in the Bolmon lagoon with a multi-scale approach. A between years pattern is highlighted, with the increase of densities. Change of environmental factors can partly explain variations of C. Salinarius population. A synthesis of our results is presented in the conclusion, which emphasises the non-exclusive effect of salinity on C. Salinarius population structure
Ballón, Soto Roberto Michael. "Étude acoustique du macrozooplancton au Pérou : estimation de biomasse, distribution spatiale, impact du forçage physique, et conséquences sur la distribution des poissons fourrage." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20052/document.
Full textThe Northern Humboldt Current system (NHCS) represents less than 0.1% of the world ocean surface but produces more fish, mainly Peruvian anchovy (Engraulis ringens), per unit area than any other region in the world. Although this system produces enough macrozooplankton to feed its high production of forage fish, the paucity of information on zooplankton hampers research in the system. The objective of this study was to investigate the multiscale dynamics of the spatiotemporal distribution of the macrozooplankton biomass off Peru in relation to the physical environment and their fish predators. For that a bi-frequency acoustic method was developed and applied to extract, from historical acoustic data, high-resolution information on the biomass and the patterns of distribution of macrozooplankton, the pelagic red squad 'munida', fish and other marine compartments. This method also allows estimating the vertical extension of this epipelagic community (ZVEEC). We demonstrated that ZVEEC coincide with the upper limit of the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), which allowed both producing high-resolution spatial data of the upper limit of the OMZ and estimating the volume habitat of anchovy. The estimated macrozooplankton biomass was about four times higher than previously reported. This estimate is in agreement with the recent findings on forage fish trophic ecology and supports the current hypotheses explaining the NHCS high fish production. The study of the impacts of the submeso- and mesoscale physical structures on macrozooplankton provided evidence of the bottom-up physical effect on the distribution of macrozooplankton biomass. We also found further evidence of the structuring bottom-up effect that macrozooplankton exert on forage fish. The high-resolution biological and physical data obtained in this study opens new perspective to perform integrated multiscale ecological studies and to calibrate biogeochemical, trophic and End-to-End models
Leprieur, Fabien Brosse Sébastien. "Les introductions d'espèces de poissons d'eau douce distribution spatiale, déterminants et impacts sur les espèces natives /." Toulouse (Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse 3), 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/151.
Full textBoehler, Yann. "Étude du grossissement et de la distribution spatiale des grains de poussière dans les disques protoplanétaires." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14146/document.
Full textThe stars, during the first millions years of their existence, are surrounded by a protoplanetary disk composed of99 % of gas and of 1 % of dust. The dust is initially under the form of sub-micrometric grains but evolves to likelyform planets. Thanks to the Plateau de Bure interferometer, with whom we observed at the millimeter wavelengths, the temporal evolution as well the radial distribution of the dust grains has been bringing to light in several disks.In addition, the important gain in resolution and in sensibility of ALMA, a new interferometer based in Chili, has required the improvement of our transfert radiativ code in order to determine if and how it will be possible to observe the dust settling, preliminary step for the formation of planetesimals
Simon, Marianne. "Diversité, distribution spatiale et dynamique temporelle des petits eucaryotes dans des écosystèmes d'eau douce peu profond." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112200/document.
Full textThe diversity of very small eukaryotes (<5 µm) has mainly been studied by molecular methods in marine systems or in large lakes. However, that of small shallow systems remains practically unexplored, despite the fact that these systems are extensive and ecologically important in temperate regions. We thus aimed at describing the diversity and community composition of small eukaryotes in shallow freshwater systems, using molecular methods targeting the 18S rRNA gene of planktonic cells in the 0.2-5 µm size range. We first focused on haptophytes, an important group in marine environments but much less known in freshwaters. We explored their diversity using newly designed specific primers to amplify haptophyte 18S rRNA genes, followed by their subsequent cloning and Sanger sequencing in seventeen continental ecosystems and in two marine water columns to allow comparisons between different environments, as well as using 454-pyrosequencing in 4 ponds and one brook during a 2-years monthly survey. Even if freshwater haptophytes were less diverse than marine lineages, we revealed the presence of a divergent lineage belonging to the Isochrysidales never recorded so far, which presented a marked seasonality. Freshwater phylotypes were usually distinct from their marine counterparts, and confirmed the occurrence of multiple marine–freshwater transitions in haptophyte evolution. In a second step, we explored the microbial eukaryote diversity in 5 distinct shallow ecosystems sampled at spring and that differ in size, shape and surrounding environment, by 454-pyrosequencing their 18S rDNA. Diversity was high in the studied systems, with sequences affiliated to the 7 recognized eukaryotic supergroups (Archaeplastida, Stramenopiles, Alveolata, Rhizaria, Excavata, Amoebozoa and Opisthokonta) as well as groups of unresolved phylogenetic position including, among others, Cryptophyta, Haptophyta, Centroheliozoa or Katablepharida. Especially, we detected OTUs affiliated to the previously thought exclusively marine lineage MAST-3 (MArine STramenopiles), and potentially to other MAST groups with no known representative from freshwaters. Small eukaryote community structures were different in the five ecosystems. Differences in community compositions did not correlate with geographical distances (Mantel test), and multivariate statistical analyses did not reveal clear relationships between any group distribution and specific environmental parameters. Then, we conducted a 2-years survey of eukaryotic micro-organisms diversity in the same 5 small ecosystems. To do so, we collected plankton and measured several physical and chemical parameters on a monthly basis, except for two systems when they were totally dry. The total diversity encountered during the 24 months was much broader than that identified in the previous snapshot study. The most abundant detected groups were Cryptophytes, Ciliates, Chrysophytes and Fungi sensu stricto. Community structures and compositions were different in the five systems along the two years. In all systems, communities were highly dynamic, and revealed a marked seasonality, notably with summer and winter communities being always distinct. Multivariate statistical analyses were used to analyze simultaneously physico-chemical data and community compositions. The clearest correlation associated fungi distribution and high conductivity. Finally, we described the dynamics of small-eukaryote communities in a pond and a brook through drought events. We collected sediment on the system beds when they were dry, and plankton the rest of time. Communities in the sediment and in the water presented distinct signatures. Surface water communities presented (a high) resilience, and recovered a planktonic signature within a month after the systems were filled up again with water
Lasseri, Raphaël-David. "Distribution spatiale de fermions fortement corrélés en interaction forte : formalisme, méthodes et phénoménologie en structure nucléaire." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS248/document.
Full textThe atomic nucleus is intrinsically a complex system, composed of strongly correlated non-elementary fermions, sensitive to strong and electroweak interaction. The description of its internal structure is a major challenge of modern physics. In fact the complexity of the nucleon-nucleon interaction generates correlations which are responsible of the diversity of shapes that the nuclei can adopt. Indeed the nuclei can adopt either quasi-homogeneous shapes when nucleons are delocalized or shapes where spatially localized structure can emerge, namely nuclear clusters. This work is an extension of relativistic mean-fields approach (RMF), which allows an universal treatment of nuclear phenomenology. In a first time we will present the necessary formalism to construct such an approach starting with the fundamental interactions underlying nucleons dynamics within the nucleus. However this approach doesn't allow an accurate reproduction of experimental properties: a purely mean-field approach neglects to many correlations. Existing methods to treat both particle-hole (deformation), particle-particle (pairing) correlations will be discussed. First we will propose a new diagrammatic method, which take correlation into account in a perturbative way, the implementation of this approach using combinatory theory will be discussed. Then we will get back to a phenomenological treatment of particle-hole correlations, to focus on the impact of particle-particle. Formation of nucleonic pair will be discussed in the language of graph theory, allowing several formal simplifications and shed a different light on pairing. Pairing correlations will be at first treated using a relativistic Hartree-Bogolioubov approach. Nevertheless this formalism doesn't conserve particle number, and thus we will present a projective approach to restore it. The effect of this restoration will also be studied. Then to describe general nuclear deformation, several implementations and optimizations developed during this PhD will be presented. With this tools, clusterisation will be investigated as phenomenon emerging for certain class of correlations. Localization measure will be derived allowing a clearer understanding of cluster physics. The analysis of theses quantities makes possible a first unified description of cluster formation both for light nuclei (Neon) or for heavy alpha emitters (Polonium). Cluster emergence will be described as a quantum phase transition, an order parameter will be displayed and this formation will be characterized as a Mott transition. The influence of pairing correlations on cluster formation is studied and a detailed study of pairs spatial properties is performed for nuclei from several mass regions. Lastly a method allowing treatment of 4-body correlations (quartteting) is proposed to explain cluster emergence as alpha particle preformation
Tran, Minh Long. "Modélisation instationnaire de la distribution spatiale des phases dans les écoulements diphasiques en régime à bulles." Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO10262.
Full textLeprieur, Fabien. "Les introductions d'espèces de poissons d'eau douce : distribution spatiale, déterminants et impacts sur les espèces natives." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/151/.
Full textAlthough non-native fish species are well identified, the determinants of their spatial distribution and their impacts on biodiversity are poorly documented, especially at large spatial scales. In that context, this thesis aims (i) at improving our knowledge on the potential impacts of non-native fish species and (ii) at identifying the factors controlling their spatial distribution. This was achieved by considering different spatial scales. The local-scale approach (stream reach within a river basin) first shows that local abiotic conditions can influence the spatial distribution of an invasive species (brown trout, Salmo trutta L. ) in a New Zealand river basin and hence can mediate its impact on a native species (Galaxias anomalus Stockell). Especially, anthropogenic disturbances (such as water abstraction for agricultural purposes) do not necessarily promote species invasions as reported by most previous studies. Therefore, the effective conservation of threatened native species implies the implementation of management strategies adapted to the local environmental context. Last, an experimental study reveals that a species considered as invasive (such as brown bullhead, Ameiurus melas Raff. ) should be systematically studied in regards to its impact on native species. This is necessary to set up management strategies that account for the behavioural and ecological characteristics of the impacted native species. The regional-scale approach (river basin) first shows that the introductions of non-native fish species in Europe led to (i) an increase of the size of the regional pool of species (i. E. An increase in alpha diversity) and (ii) a decrease of the taxonomic similarity between river basins (i. E. A decrease in beta diversity corresponding to a taxonomic homogenization). .
Comte, Lise. "Changements globaux et distribution spatiale des espèces de poisson d'eau douce : observations récentes et prédictions futures." Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2258/.
Full textDespite increasing recognition that recent climate changes are influencing biodiversity, the specific impacts of those changes are still largely unknown. This thesis highlights systematic stream fish species shifts towards higher elevation and upstream habitats, consistent with the geographic variation associated with climate change. The results demonstrated, however, that patterns in climate-driven range shifts were less marked than those attributed to non-climatic drivers, suggesting more severe longer-term effects of climate warming on stream fish and profound consequences on the ability of species to cope with future climate modifications. Nevertheless, the results also provide evidence that several mechanisms are linked to species' evolutionary history and some key biological and ecological traits, allowing species to persist in situ or to track their climatic niche through space. These research findings improve our ability to anticipate future climate change-induced impacts and will assist with initiating effective conservation and management strategies, which can no longer be effectively designed without taking into account climate change
GUGLIELMO, FRANCOIS. "Etude de la distribution spatiale des etoiles de la branche asymptotique des geantes de notre galaxie." Paris 7, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA077261.
Full textSeksek, Olivier. "Ph intracellulaire et microspectrofluorimetrie laser. Distribution spatiale dans une cellule isolee et dans un systeme pluricellulaire." Paris 6, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA066330.
Full textHazzab, Abdelkrim. "Etude de la distribution spatiale de la concentration des particules solides en suspension dans une conduite." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987STR13087.
Full textThieltges, Hélène. "Distribution spatiale, stabilité et perception des dialectes chez deux espèces d'oiseaux guyanais (Cacicus cela et Cacicus haemorrhous)." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01002164.
Full textDesenne, Denis. "Etude de la distribution spatiale des espèces moléculaires dans les moteurs par spectrométrie Raman multicanale en impulsions." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37613112k.
Full textFeylessoufi, Abdolhossein. "Contribution à l'étude de l'influence de la distribution spatiale des phases sur la plasticité de métaux biphasés." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37613605p.
Full textDucret, Raphaëlle. "Nouvelles organisations de la distribution urbaine des colis sur le dernier kilomètre : innover par une approche spatiale." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENMP0028/document.
Full textWith the spread of new technologies and the advent of economic and social changes, the volume of parcels has grown in France. Parcel deliveries in cities have similarly experienced an important increase. Deliveries have become more and more complex because of changing client patterns, urban constraints and cities' concerns for sustainability. The growing complexity of the ‘last mile' delivery poses economic, organizational, environmental and political challenges to parcel providers. Putting the spatial organization of cities back at the heart of the creation of new logistics organizations and integrating spatial studies to urban logistics techniques and tools, in particular in modelling, can be means of innovation. Until now spatial studies have been largely under-used in UF. This study will provide an in-depth analysis of the relationships between urban spatial organization, urban form and UF. Based on those results, the thesis provides the first elements of a spatial urban freight modelling approach. The modelling approach will enable the creation of a decision support tool able to identify homogeneous urban zones based on urban form, economic and political characteristics in order to offer the most suitable delivery solution to each zone of a city
Thieltges, Hélène. "Distribution spatiale, stabilité et perception des dialectes chez deux espèces d’oiseaux guyanais (Cacicus cela et Cacicus haemorrhous)." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REN1S169/document.
Full textNumerous studies of dialects opened new perspectives on the origin, sustained presence and function of dialects in oscine birds. Three hypotheses have been proposed: the historical model (dialects would be by-products of vocal learning), the racial specialization model (dialects would be due to genetic differences between populations) and the social adaptation model (dialects would result from socially adaptive learning processes). Yellow-rumped caciques (Cacicus cela) have been a pioneer model for evidencing social dialects. Paradoxically, dialects have been indicated as absent in the closely related species red-rumped caciques (Cacicus haemorrhous). This study aims to verify the existence of dialects in C. cela, seek after the presence of dialects in C. haemorrrhous, study their spatial distribution and temporal stability, and test experimentally (in C. cela) their differential perception by colony members. The whole study was performed in French Guyana at nesting colonies. We measured timing and frequency acoustic parameters of short songs produced by males of both species during several years. We conducted experiments at colonies where we played back songs from different dialects. We found a colonial “short song” similar to that of C. cela in C. haemorrhous. We confirmed the presence of neighboring colony dialects in C. cela and we demonstrated their presence for the first time in C. haemorrhous. Dialects in both species show a fast temporal variation, with different dialects every year at the same place (difference more pronounced in C. cela). C. cela birds discriminate the dialects of their own colony from those of far distant origin. They notably answer the latter by voicing the first note of their short song. These results are in favor of the hypothesis of social adaptation for dialects in these two Cacicus species
Feylessoufi, Abdolhossein. "Contribution à l'étude de l'influence de la distribution spatiale des phases sur la plasticité de métaux biphasés." Paris 13, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA132007.
Full textDesenne, Denis. "Étude de la distribution spatiale des espèces moléculaires dans les moteurs par spectrométrie Raman multicanale en impulsions." Lille 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LIL10042.
Full textSémécurbe, François. "Analyse de la distribution spatiale des implantations humaines : apports et limites d’indicateurs multi-échelles et trans-échelles." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UBFCC013.
Full textAs human beings, it is easy for us to judge visually whether a distribution is dispersed or concentrated. However, the quantitative formalization of our impressions is problematic. It depends on the scales of the chosen analysis. This dependence of indicators on scales has changed. It is initially considered as a barrier to knowledge, it now reflects the multi-scale organisation of the distributions studied. The central objective of this thesis is to investigate the limits and contribution of multi-scale and trans-scale indicators to the study of the spatial distributions of human settlements.Spatial analysis aims at comparing spatial distributions to a uniform distribution. The way in which spatial distributions move away from this reference is used to characterize the multi-scale organization of the analyzed distributions. The application of these methods to human settlements has not been satisfactory. The use of an exogenous reference is not adapted to distributions that are very unevenly concentrated in space.Fractal analysis used in urban geography considers that the analysed distributions are their own measurement standard. Fractal dimensions measure how the space occupied by them evolves across scales. This type of analysis requires a regularity between scales, the invariance of scale whose existence is not verified on all territories. Trans-scale analysis generalises the principles of fractal analysis to all distributions and makes it possible to characterise the unequal concentration of human settlements in rural and urban territories
ROSSI, JEAN PIERRE. "Role fonctionnel de la distribution spatiale des vers de terre dans une savane humide de cote d'ivoire." Paris 6, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA066313.
Full textArmengaud, Eric. "Propagation et distribution sur le ciel des rayons cosmiques d'ultra haute énergie dans le cadre de l'observatoire Pierre Auger." Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077067.
Full textThe origin of ultra-high energy cosmic rays remains an enigma of modem physics, which the Pierre Auger Observatory, a detector with a hybrid detection mode and an unprecedented size, will try to solve. The direct observation of the sources of those particles, or of large- scale structures in the sky associated to the sources, is one of the main goals of the Observatory. Such observations should also allow to constrain cosmic ray propagation between their sources and thé Earth, which is complicated by interactions with low-energy photon backgrounds and deflections in astrophysical magnetic fields. This thesis is made of two parts, in order to observe and modelize the sources of cosmic rays within the Auger Observatory. We begin with an extensive description of the Pierre Auger Observatory, and study the acceptance of its surface detector in order to build accurate sky exposure maps, an essential tool in order to study anisotropies. Then we present methods to search for anisotropies in the sky, and analyze the first two years of Auger data. After a description of thé phenomena that can influence the propagation and observation of ultra-high energy cosmic ray sources, we present numerical simulations aiming at predicting observables such as the spectrum, anisotropies and composition measurable by Auger as a function of various astrophysical models. We show that extragalactic magnetic fields can play a crucial role in particular if cosmic rays are partly heavy nuclei. Finally, we show that the propagation of these particles from a nearby source generates secondary fluxes of gamma-rays that could be detected by TeV gamma-ray telescopes
Bourret, Audrey. "Divergence régionale et répartition spatiale en mosaïque chez les demoiselles Enallagma hageni et E. ebrium." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28040/28040.pdf.
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