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1
Metcalf, Gilbert E. A distributional analysis of an environmental tax shift. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1998.
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2
World Data Center A for Rockets and Satellites., ed. A compilation of redshifts and velocity dispersions for Abell clusters (Struble and Rood 1987): Documentation for the machine-readable version. Greenbelt, Md: National Space Science Data Center, World Data Center A for Rockets and Satellites, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center, 1989.
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3
United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Extended X-ray emission around quasars at intermediate redshift: NASA grant NAG5-2476, annual report for the period 1 December 1995 through 30 November 1997. Cambridge, Mass: Smithsonian Institution, Astrophysical Observatory, 1998.
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4
United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Extended X-ray emission around quasars at intermediate redshift: NASA grant NAG5-2476, annual report for the period 1 December 1995 through 30 November 1997. Cambridge, Mass: Smithsonian Institution, Astrophysical Observatory, 1998.
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5
United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Extended X-ray emission around quasars at intermediate redshift: NASA grant NAG5-2476, annual report for the period 1 December 1995 through 30 November 1997. Cambridge, Mass: Smithsonian Institution, Astrophysical Observatory, 1998.
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6
Language shift among schoolchildren in Gaeltacht areas, 1974-1984: An analysis of the distribution of £10 grant qualifiers. Baile Átha Cliath [Dublin]: Linguistics Institute of Ireland, 1990.
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7
Krueger, Alan B. Labor market shifts and the price puzzle revisited. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1997.
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8
ubker, Malte Lu. Assessing the impact of past distributional shifts on global poverty levels. Geneva: International Labour Office, 2002.
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9
Radner, Daniel. Shifts in the aged-nonaged income relationship, 1979-85. Washington: Social Security Administration, Office of Policy, Office of Research and Statistics, 1988.
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10
Walls, Margaret A. Distributional impacts of an environmental tax shift: The case of motor vehicle emissions taxes. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future, 1996.
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11
Waldman, Cliff. Forecasting shifts in the distribution of taxable wages in unemployment insurance employer tax tables. Trenton, NJ: State of New Jersey, Dept. of Labor, Division of Program Analysis and Evaluation, 1992.
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12
Noorani, Mohd Salmi Md. Spectral and distributional problems for homogeneous extensions of dynamical systems and the rate of mixing of two-dimensional Markov shifts. [s.l.]: typescript, 1993.
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13
Brannen, Ted Roe. Culture Shift. Xlibris Corporation, 2004.
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14
Brannen, Ted Roe. Culture Shift. Xlibris Corporation, 2004.
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15
Sudbury, David Tatham. The distribution shift in the grocery industry and its effect upon the movement of goods. Bradford, 1987.
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16
Soroka, Stuart N. Gatekeeping and the Negativity Bias. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.43.
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Research on media gatekeeping is focused on the factors leading to a distribution of information in media content that is systematically different from the “real world.” Early gatekeeping work examined editorial decisions, and emphasized the effect that a single editor’s preferences and beliefs could have on the content new consumers receive. The literature has gradually shifted to focus on more generalizable factors, however. These include organization-level assessments of newsworthiness and commercial/economic considerations; broader system-level factors including the impact of dominant ideologies and political and social norms; and common individual-level factors, including a range of cognitive and psychological biases.The tendency for humans to prioritize negative over positive information is one such cognitive bias—and the growing literature on the negativity bias is discussed here as one example of a set of organization-, system-, and individual-level “gates” that have a systematic impact on news content. Negativity is just one example, however. Sensationalism, violence, geographic proximity, availability of visuals, prominence of celebrities—all of these tendencies in media content can and have been examined effectively using the gatekeeping metaphor. Some of this work is reviewed here, alongside some recent trends in gatekeeping work, including the “distributional” approach to gatekeeping, and the shift in gatekeeping brought on by the “new media” environment.
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Grubb, W. Norton. Distribution of Wages and Salaries, 1960-1980: The Contributions of Gender, Race, Sectoral Shifts and Regional Shifts. Univ Texas at Austin Lyndon B, 1987.
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18
Attanasio, John. Distributive Autonomy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190847029.003.0002.
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This chapter first explores the logical imperative that if autonomy is valuable for all, there must be rights for each person to have at least some baseline of autonomy. This baseline imposes duties on each person in society to do her part, including giving up some of her own autonomy to make a minimal amount of autonomy available to all. But once one accepts these duties, one accepts some kind of theory of bounded rather than unfettered individual liberty. The theory of bounded autonomy is more of a justification for the principle of distributive autonomy rather than a principle itself. This chapter articulates a first approximation of the principle of distributive autonomy. This first approximation provides a context for discussing the campaign finance cases in subsequent chapters. To further sketch the initial contours of the principle, the discussion shifts to how key autonomy and liberty theorists have approached this problem.
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Wójcik, Dariusz. The Global Financial Networks. Edited by Gordon L. Clark, Maryann P. Feldman, Meric S. Gertler, and Dariusz Wójcik. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198755609.013.27.
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The chapter outlines the concept of the global financial networks, defined as networks of the financial and business services firms, and their activities linking financial centres, offshore jurisdictions, and the rest of the world. It is a concept that helps to map finance, place it on the map of the world economy, and analyse the latter in a dynamic framework accounting for the forces of globalization and financialization. At the core of the global financial networks lies the global network of securities centres, focused on the creation, distribution, and circulation of securities, which contributed to the recent global financial crisis. Major trends reshaping the global financial networks include the rise of regulation and public finance, technologies connecting investors, borrowers and lenders with each other, and a potential geo-financial shift towards Asia.
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Tenney, James. The Chronological Development of Carl Ruggles’s Melodic Style. Edited by Larry Polansky, Lauren Pratt, Robert Wannamaker, and Michael Winter. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038723.003.0008.
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James Tenney presents the results of some statistical analyses that he carried out with the aid of a computer to study the chronological development of Carl Ruggles's melodic style. Certain aspects of Ruggles's music—the general shape of the melodic lines, the ever-present dissonant sonorities—are so consistent throughout all of his compositions that they give an impression of singular stylistic homogeneity. Tenney's results suggest just the opposite conclusion—at least with respect to his melodic writing. He goes on to examine significant changes in Ruggles's melodic style that are manifested in three ways: a gradual shift in the distribution of interval frequencies; a more and more effective avoidance of early recurrences of pitch classes; and an increase in the frequency and proximity of dissonance relations within his melodic lines.
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Parks, Lisa, and Nicole Starosielski. Introduction. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039362.003.0012.
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This introductory chapter provides an overview of signal traffic in the contemporary era of media globalization—an era characterized by contradictory global mediascapes and multiple media infrastructures. Signal traffic refers to the movement of electronic media across various parts of the planet. Today, broadcasting, cable, satellite, Internet, and mobile telephone systems are used simultaneously, and sometimes in coordinated ways, to route signal traffic to and from sites around the world. The content and form of contemporary media—whether television programs or online games—are shaped in relation to the properties and locations of these distribution systems. As a suggestive concept, then, signal traffic demarcates a critical shift away from the analysis of screened content alone and toward an understanding of how content moves through the world and how this movement affects content's form.
22
Trusts in the new millennium: A paradigm shift in drafting, distributing & investing trusts. [Mechanicsburg, Pa.]: Pennsylvania Bar Institute, 1998.
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23
Kikusawa, Ritsuko. Ergativity and Language Change in Austronesian Languages. Edited by Jessica Coon, Diane Massam, and Lisa Demena Travis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198739371.013.23.
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The focus of this chapter is change that takes place in the case-alignment patterns found in pronominal systems in Austronesian languages. Three sets of changes that resulted in a shift from an ergative to a different alignment system are described, namely, a case from an ergative to an inverse system that was probably triggered by a word order change; one from an ergative to an accusative system as a result of a merger of two pronominal sets; and an ergative to accusative change as a result of change in the distribution of morphological forms. For each, the mechanisms by which the changes took place and their preconditions are described. Since the methodology for morphosyntactic comparison and reconstruction is not yet well established, how the changes described here relate to the general principles of comparative (historical) linguistics is also explained.
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Osberg, Lars. Canada’s Middle Class—Forever Further Behind? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807032.003.0005.
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This chapter highlights Canada’s distinctive trajectory of inequality and living standards. Inequality rose markedly because real incomes grew strongly at the very top but stagnated for most of the rest of the income distribution until the resource-led boom of the 2000s. The importance of macroeconomic policy is brought out, in particular the role of monetary policy in choking off growth in order to keep inflation low, at the cost of substantial unemployment. The growth in incomes at the very top may be underestimated by the available estimates, while the weakening of redistribution via the tax and transfer systems has accentuated the trend to greater inequality. The consequences of a sustained ‘squeeze’ on middle incomes and living standards are spelled out and the implications for the future, in the absence of a major shift in the growth strategy, are discussed.
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Dalziell, Tanya. The Colonial Romance Novel to 1950. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199609932.003.0014.
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This chapter discusses the colonial romance novel. For an author such as Scottish-born Hume Nisbet, who was living in London during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, desperately trying to ward off crushing poverty, writing romance fiction was one means to generate a modest income. Having toured Australia and the Pacific in 1886, Nisbet tapped into what was a growing literary market: the colonial romance novel. The colonies not only lent themselves as exotic locales for ‘old’ stories; they were also envisioned as the sites at which values of empire—sexual, economic, epistemological, racial—were, at times, not entirely secure, and romance could be re-imagined. Developments in printing and distribution of the written word and the shift away from the lending libraries that promoted and relied upon the triple-decker novel structure of the Victorian romance were also important in the formation of the colonial romance novel.
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Lee, Chirstoph I. Imaging-Guided Biopsy for Diagnosing Prostate Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190223700.003.0030.
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This chapter, found in the abdominal and pelvic pain section of the book, provides a succinct synopsis of a key study examining the use of ultrasound and magnetic resonance fusion imaging-guided biopsy for diagnosing prostate cancer. This summary outlines the study methodology and design, major results, limitations and criticisms, related studies and additional information, and clinical implications. Researchers found that this method of biopsy among men with suspected prostate cancer, compared to standard extended-sextant ultrasound-guided biopsy, is associated with higher detection of high-risk prostate cancer and lower detection of low-risk prostate cancer. In addition, targeted biopsy may significantly shift the distribution of risk in men newly diagnosed with prostate cancer toward more high-risk disease. In addition to outlining the most salient features of the study, a clinical vignette and imaging example are included in order to provide relevant clinical context.
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Mukherjee, Joia S. Reversing the Tide. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190662455.003.0002.
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This chapter focuses on the emergence of the AIDS pandemic. It covers the emergence of symptoms associated with HIV, the discovery of the virus, and the understanding of its transmission. It emphasizes the importance of AIDS activists in acceleration of the development of drugs that changed the disease from a terminal to chronic disease. AIDS activists throughout the world then worked together to fight for equitable distribution of AIDS treatment. The movement drew an explicit connection between the AIDS pandemic and the right to health and succeeded in garnering novel funding for global health delivery. AIDS changed many things in global health, from patient-led activism to drug discovery to the long-term provision of care. In this book, the global health era is defined as the period after 2000, when AIDS activism helped shift the health paradigm in impoverished countries from prevention only to the delivery of health care.
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Sinfield, Adrian. Unemployment and Its Wider Impact. Edited by Ute-Christine Klehe and Edwin van Hooft. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764921.013.030.
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Higher unemployment affects many more people than those currently out of work. A society with unemployment remaining high for many years is very different from one providing adequate opportunities for all who want work. The lack of jobs can be a major obstacle to preventing and reducing poverty and exclusion not simply among the unemployed but also among single parents, older people, and those with disabilities. Equal opportunity programs and rehabilitation services also encounter particular difficulties. The level of unemployment has wider implications for the distribution of resources, power, and opportunity across society. But analysis and research into this wider impact remain limited. The reasons lie in part in a general shift away from structural analyses. Yet more and better understanding of the broader impact of unemployment on society may help us to take account of and respond to the experiences of those currently out of work and to the wider repercussions.
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DeFino, Dean J. The HBO Effect. Bloomsbury Publishing Inc, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798765100691.
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No advertisers to please, no censors to placate, no commercial interruptions every eleven minutes, demanding cliffhangers to draw viewers back after the commercial breaks: HBO has re-written the rules of television; and the result has been nothing short of a cultural ground shift. The HBO Effect details how the fingerprints of HBO are all over contemporary film and television. Their capability to focus on smaller markets made shows like Sex and the City, The Sopranos, The Wire, and even the more recent Game of Thrones and Girls, trigger shows on basic cable networks to follow suit. HBO pioneered the use of HDTV and the widescreen format, production and distribution deals leading to market presence, and the promotion of greater diversity on TV (discussing issues of class and race). The HBO Effect examines this rich and unique history for clues to its remarkable impact upon television and popular culture. It's time to take a wide-angle look at HBO as a producer of American culture.
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Fatboots, Malcolm. This Electricity Distribution Worker Gets Shit Done 2021 Diary: Funny Full Year 2021 Diary Planner for Hard Working Electricity Distribution Workers. Independently Published, 2020.
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31
Wilson, Robert H., and W. Norton Grubb. Distribution of Wages and Salaries, 1960-1980: The Contribution of Gender, Race, Sectoral Shifts, and Regional Shifts (Working Paper, No 39). Univ Texas at Austin Lyndon B, 1987.
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32
Salverda, Wiemer, and Stefan Thewissen. How Has the Middle Fared in the Netherlands? A Tale of Stagnation and Population Shifts. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807032.003.0009.
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This chapter sets out how inequality and real incomes across the distribution evolved in the Netherlands from the late 1970s through the economic Crisis. Inequality grew, though not dramatically, while wages showed remarkably little real increase. This meant that real income increases for households relied for the most part on the growth in female labour-force participation and in dual-income couples. The chapter highlights the major changes in population and household structures that underpinned the observed changes in household incomes at different points in the distribution. It also sets out key features of the institutional structures in the labour market and broader welfare state, and the centrality of the priority given to wage moderation and the maintenance of competitiveness in the growth model adopted throughout the period.
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Colloff, Matthew. Flooded Forest and Desert Creek. CSIRO Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643109209.
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The river red gum has the most widespread natural distribution of Eucalyptus in Australia, forming extensive forests and woodlands in south-eastern Australia and providing the structural and functional elements of important floodplain and wetland ecosystems. Along ephemeral creeks in the arid Centre it exists as narrow corridors, providing vital refugia for biodiversity.
The tree has played a central role in the tension between economy, society and environment and has been the subject of enquiries over its conservation, use and management. Despite this, we know remarkably little about the ecology and life history of the river red gum: its longevity; how deep its roots go; what proportion of its seedlings survive to adulthood; and the diversity of organisms associated with it.
More recently we have begun to move from a culture of exploitation of river red gum forests and woodlands to one of conservation and sustainable use. In Flooded Forest and Desert Creek, the author traces this shift through the rise of a collective environmental consciousness, in part articulated through the depiction of river red gums and inland floodplains in art, literature and the media.
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Thomson, C. Claire. A Free Hand: The Art Film versus the Art of Documentary. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474424134.003.0009.
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This chapter focuses on the short art film, a genre which emerged around 1950 to mediate the visual and plastic arts, often for international exchange. Danish films about national cultural heritage and the applied arts were the focus for state-sponsored film. These often circulated very widely: the production and distribution of Shaped by Danish Hands (Hagen Hasselbalch, 1948) and Thorvaldsen (Carl Th. Dreyer, 1949) are detailed as examples of Danish films seen by millions of international viewers. The chapter also highlights the artistry of the informational filmmakers themselves, as institutional practice: the principle that the director should have a ‘free hand’ to interpret the brief. An example of an alternative circuit for the screening of art films in Denmark is detailed: art film screening series at Thorvaldsen’s Museum. Debate about the extent to which state-sponsored filmmaking should pursue art and to what extent documentary itself was an art form marks the late 1950s, as changes in leadership and funding shift practice and priorities within Dansk Kulturfilm. The chapter ends with a discussion of one of the agency’s final productions, Herning 65, which captures a site-specific artwork in a factory in the town of Herning.
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Hirsch, Christine L. Seasonal shifts in redband trout use of pools and their microhabitats in three central Oregon streams. 1995.
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36
Karnam, Gayithri. Public Expenditure in India. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192857569.001.0001.
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Government is a major player in the development of an economy. Government’s public financial operations involving raising of revenue and its spending have considerable implications on the growth, distribution, and stability, necessitating a careful study to enable informed mid-course policy corrections to the macroeconomic developments. A critical review of public expenditure is imperative in ensuring optimal use of public resources for the maximization of welfare. The present book provides an empirical understanding of historical trends and composition of public expenditure at the central and the sub-national levels; the effectiveness of public expenditure control systems and accountability issues; the political economy of spending decisions; public expenditure reforms undertaken in India; and international best options that can guide the corrective process in India. Given the global shift in focus from ‘outlays’ to ‘outcomes’, it is important to put in place a sound framework to track the results of government expenditure programs to guide the informed expenditure decision-making process. The book documents the features of useful frameworks and steps involved in adopting a robust results framework. Fiscal management of Covid-19 is an important component of the book. The purpose of this volume is to reach out a comprehensive and updated understanding of empirical issues in public expenditure and its management in India to the students of public finance.
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Engelman, Peter C. A History of the Birth Control Movement in America. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400665523.
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This narrative history of one of the most far-reaching social movements in the 20th century shows how it defied the law and made the use of contraception an acceptable social practice—and a necessary component of modern healthcare. A History of the Birth Control Movement in America tells the extraordinary story of a group of reformers dedicated to making contraception legal, accessible, and acceptable. The engrossing tale details how Margaret Sanger’s campaign beginning in 1914 to challenge anti-obscenity laws criminalizing the distribution of contraceptive information grew into one of the most far-reaching social reform movements in American history. The book opens with a discussion of the history of birth control methods and the criminalization of contraception and abortion in the 19th century. Its core, however, is an exciting narrative of the campaign in the 20th century, vividly recalling the arrests and indictments, banned publications, imprisonments, confiscations, clinic raids, mass meetings, and courtroom dramas that publicized the cause across the nation. Attention is paid to the movement's thorny alliances with medicine and eugenics and especially to its success in precipitating a profound shift in sexual attitudes that turned the use of contraception into an acceptable social and medical practice. Finally, the birth control movement is linked to court-won privacy protections and the present-day movement for reproductive rights.
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Berg, John C. Leave It in the Ground. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400677960.
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Employing scientific explanations and hard data, this book shows why coal is such a problem, how the pro-coal forces got to be so powerful, and how those forces might be defeated through political activism. Coal provided the energy to build modern civilization. This energy source raised standards of living, multiplied the earth's population, and enabled people in developed countries to enjoy leisure time. Today, we know that if we burn all the coal available, climate change will continue to increase. But the use of coal isn't purely an environmental issue; there are also political and economic forces at play. This book examines the politics and environmental impact of coal production and distribution, presenting a clear point of view—that we must shift away from coal use—backed by hard data and supplying specific prescriptions for opposing and regulating the coal industry. Author John C. Berg explains how ending the burning of coal (and of oil and natural gas) is a political problem rather than a technical one; explodes the "clean coal" myth, providing scientific documentation of how burning coal emits more greenhouse gases per unit of energy than any other fuel; and describes how controlling coal use in the United States will also serve to restore the possibility of a meaningful international climate agreement. Additionally, readers will understand the critical importance of activism—from local to international—in spurring government regulation to control the coal industry, which can only be defeated politically.
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Lézine, Anne-Marie. Vegetation at the Time of the African Humid Period. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.530.
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An orbitally induced increase in summer insolation during the last glacial-interglacial transition enhanced the thermal contrast between land and sea, with land masses heating up compared to the adjacent ocean surface. In North Africa, warmer land surfaces created a low-pressure zone, driving the northward penetration of monsoonal rains originating from the Atlantic Ocean. As a consequence, regions today among the driest of the world were covered by permanent and deep freshwater lakes, some of them being exceptionally large, such as the “Mega” Lake Chad, which covered some 400 000 square kilometers. A dense network of rivers developed.What were the consequences of this climate change on plant distribution and biodiversity? Pollen grains that accumulated over time in lake sediments are useful tools to reconstruct past vegetation assemblages since they are extremely resistant to decay and are produced in great quantities. In addition, their morphological character allows the determination of most plant families and genera.In response to the postglacial humidity increase, tropical taxa that survived as strongly reduced populations during the last glacial period spread widely, shifting latitudes or elevations, expanding population size, or both. In the Saharan desert, pollen of tropical trees (e.g., Celtis) were found in sites located at up to 25°N in southern Libya. In the Equatorial mountains, trees (e.g., Olea and Podocarpus) migrated to higher elevations to form the present-day Afro-montane forests. Patterns of migration were individualistic, with the entire range of some taxa displaced to higher latitudes or shifted from one elevation belt to another. New combinations of climate/environmental conditions allowed the cooccurrences of taxa growing today in separate regions. Such migrational processes and species-overlapping ranges led to a tremendous increase in biodiversity, particularly in the Saharan desert, where more humid-adapted taxa expanded along water courses, lakes, and wetlands, whereas xerophytic populations persisted in drier areas.At the end of the Holocene era, some 2,500 to 4,500 years ago, the majority of sites in tropical Africa recorded a shift to drier conditions, with many lakes and wetlands drying out. The vegetation response to this shift was the overall disruption of the forests and the wide expansion of open landscapes (wooded grasslands, grasslands, and steppes). This environmental crisis created favorable conditions for further plant exploitation and cereal cultivation in the Congo Basin.
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Ferreira, Iago Oliveira, and Marcus Aurélio de Freitas Barros. Um novo paradigma para o controle das políticas públicas prestacionais: Tutela estrutural em foco. Brazil Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-172-1.
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This book addresses the judicial review on social public policies, intending to propose a new approach to its exercise in Brazil, based on the standards and instruments consolidated in the structural remedies practice. The review approach championed by Brazilian courts creates illegitimate, anti-isonomic and ineffective decisions, which derives from the reliance on a traditional form of adjudication, bipolar and adversarial, that is inadequate to the polycentric and distributive features of the conflicts involving the delivery of public services by the government. Inspired on pioneering experiences in both foreign and domestic jurisdictions, the work outlines a theory of structural remedies applied to public policy issues that seeks to address the shortcomings of the mainstream approach, resulting in a paradigmatic shift in three main aspects of adjudication, regarding legal reasoning (distributive and dialogical), remedial practice (experimentalist, prospective and consensual) and the characteristics of the adjudication process (flexible and cooperative). Besides sustaining the merits of the described methodological shift, the author’s efforts are also aimed at formulating interpretative constructions to allow for its implementation in the Brazilian legal system. By exploring practical solutions towards a more legitimate and effective judicial review, and arranging them in a coherent theoretical framework, the book contributes to the academic debate and also gives valuable input to the public law practitioners entrusted with the duty to oversee the public administration activities in Brazil.
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Salazar-Carrillo, Jorge, and Bernadette West. Oil and Development in Venezuela during the 20th Century. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400692796.
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This book advances the theory that a potential leading export sector—in this case, the oil sector—is capable of inducing economic growth even in peripheral countries where the product line is primary in nature. In Venezuela the oil sector has contributed directly and indirectly to the development of the country’s overall economy, particularly from 1936 to 1973, when that sector met the criteria of a leading sector, i.e., one that expands rapidly and obtains a large specific size relative to the economy as a whole. Oil investment in Venezuela contributed to the fiscal sector, the foreign sector, GDP, income, backward and forward linkages, the multiplier and accelerator effects, and the retained value of total expenditures. In spite of recent efforts to diversify the production and export mix, the Venezuelan economy continues to remain heavily dependent on oil production for export. During the midcentury decades of solid growth, it became evident that government oversight was needed to ensure that the numerous contributions flowing from the oil sector would be put to good use. Overall, it appears that the contributions were well utilized by the Venezuelan government, although there was plenty of room for improvement. Income distribution problems and other social inequities continued to beset the development process, leaving the economy rigid and inflexible. Consequently, when the oil sector faltered (1974 to 2000), Venezuela was unable to shift into other product lines. Political disarray soon followed, and with it a pervasive aura of economic uncertainty that persists to this day.
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McCabe, Joshua T. The Fiscalization of Social Policy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190841300.001.0001.
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This book challenges the conventional wisdom on American exceptionalism, offering the first and only comparative analysis of the politics of child and in-work tax credits. This comparative approach, analyzing the US, Canada, and the UK, upends everything we thought we knew about the politics of tax credits, accounting for both the timing of their development and the distribution of their benefits among families across liberal welfare regimes. Rather than attributing these changes to antiwelfare attitudes, mobilization of conservative forces, shifts toward workfare, or racial antagonism, the book argues that the growing use of tax credits for social policy was a strategic adaptation to austerity in all three countries but that the historical absence of family allowances in the US left the country with a policy legacy that institutionalized a distinct “logic of tax relief,” ensuring that the poorest American families would be ineligible for tax credits. Focusing on the twin puzzles of the growth and distribution of new tax credits across the three countries, the book explains both their convergence on the use of these tax credits and the US’ divergence from the UK and Canada on the distribution of these tax credits’ benefits.
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Como, David R. The Last Warning. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199541911.003.0017.
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This chapter analyzes the content and context of The Last Warning To all the Inhabitants Of London of March 1646. The Last Warning was the first openly republican tract published during England’s crisis. The chapter analyzes the distribution of the pamphlet—which was produced by the secret press of Richard Overton—and charts the intensive investigation that ensued. The Last Warning furnishes an interpretative window, allowing for observation of shifts in the ideological ambience at the conclusion of the civil war, and revealing England’s future path towards regicide and revolution.
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Ray, Ranjan. The Link between Preferences, Prices, Inequality, and Poverty. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812555.003.0007.
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This paper documents the shift in the literature on prices from being exclusively a macro-topic featuring in the study of inflation, national income accounting, and cross-country income comparisons to one that is firmly rooted in micro-involving economic analysis of household behaviour, welfare, and the distributional implications of changes in relative prices. This paper brings together results from some of the recent studies on Indian National Sample Survey data that examine the effect of price changes on inequality and poverty. It also contains evidence on spatial prices in the context of a large heterogeneous country such as India.
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Lobell, Steven E. How Should the US Respond to a Rising China? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190675387.003.0017.
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Realist Cold War foreign policy approaches emphasize the importance of aggregate measures and metrics of material and military capabilities in the international system. Realists argue that shifts in capabilities and changes in the distribution of power are dangerous and that aggregate power is fungible. These approaches have been carried forward into the post-Cold War period to forecast trends for a declining United States and a rising China or some combination of the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa). The chapter accepts the general logic of balance of power and power transition theories or aggregate power realism (APR) that shifts in capabilities and changes in power are dangerous.1 However, these approaches miss how state leaders assess power trends, the fungibility or usefulness of material capabilities, and that states rarely balance against concentrations of power. This chapter advances components of power theory that recast APR approaches.
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Jacobs, Alan M. Social Policy Dynamics. Edited by Orfeo Fioretos, Tulia G. Falleti, and Adam Sheingate. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199662814.013.20.
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Historical institutionalism (HI) has made vital contributions to our understanding of US social policy by addressing a set of interconnected questions. Why does the United States spend so little on public social programs compared to other rich democracies? Why has the US fashioned such distinctive forms of social protection? How has the peculiar design of the American welfare state shaped the politics of social policy? And what have been the distributive consequences of the rightward shift in politics since the 1970s? Through deeply historical accounts of policy development, HI scholars have explained central features of welfare-state politics that prior frameworks had taken as given—including basic power relations in the American political system.
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Ballon, Paola, and Jorge Dávalos. Inequality and the changing nature of work in Peru. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/925-9.
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This paper identifies the socioeconomic drivers of earnings inequality in Peru in the period 2004–18. Using the ENAHO household surveys and data on routine task content of occupations, we apply inequality decomposition methods to the real earnings distribution, its quantiles, and the Gini index. We find that in this period inequality has reduced, with great improvement attributed to reductions in the gender wage gap and macroeconomic factors. However, we did not find strong evidence for factors related to changes in workers’ attributes or shifts in job characteristics, except for a slight enhancing effect of the task content of occupations, which increases in importance as we move from ‘poorer’ to ‘richer’ deciles.
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Gaiha, Raghav, Raghbendra Jha, Vani S. Kulkarni, and Nidhi Kaicker. Diets, Nutrition, and Poverty. Edited by Ronald J. Herring. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195397772.013.029.
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This chapter addresses a persistent tension in current debates over food security, with illustrative data from India. The case allows us to disaggregate concepts in food policy that are often lumped together, so as to better understand what is at stake in rapidly changing economies more generally. Despite rising incomes, there has been sustained decline in per capita nutrient intake in India in recent years. The assertion by Deaton and Dreze (2009) that poverty and undernutrition are unrelated is critically examined. A demand-based model in which food prices and expenditure played significant roles proved robust, while allowing for lower calorie “requirements” due to less strenuous activity patterns, life-style changes, and improvements in the epidemiological environment. This analysis provides reasons for not delinking nutrition and poverty; it confirms the existence of poverty-nutrition traps in which undernutrition perpetuates poverty. A new measure of child undernutrition that allows for multiple anthropometric failures (e.g., wasting, underweight, and stunting) points to much higher levels of undernutrition than conventional ones. Dietary changes over time, and their nutritional implications, have welfare implications at both ends of the income and social-status pyramids. Since poverty is multidimensional, money-metric indicators such as minimum income or expenditure are not reliable, because these cannot adequately capture all the dimensions. The emergent shift of the disease burden toward predominately food-related noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) poses an additional challenge. Finally, the complexity of normative issues in food policy is explored. Current approaches to food security have veered toward a “right-to-food” approach. There are, however, considerable problems with creating appropriate mechanisms for effectuating that right; these are explored briefly. Cash transfers touted to avoid administrative costs and corruption involved in rural employment guarantee and targeted food-distribution programs are likely to be much less effective if the objective is to enable large segments of the rural population to break out of nutrition-poverty traps. The chapter ends by exploring an alternative model, based on the same normative principle: a “right to policies,” or a “right to a right.”
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Mehta, Smith, Alisa Perren, Michael Curtin, Marwan M. Kraidy, Michael Keane, Darrell Davis, Anne Jäckel, et al. The New Screen Ecology in India. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781839025693.
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This book provides an in depth look into the digital transformation of the Indian media industries, arguing that it has primarily been facilitated by the advent of social media platforms and a resulting shift in the creator dynamics of contemporary film and television production. Drawing on first-hand research within three categories of agents: creators, platform and portal executives, and intermediaries (talent agents, and multi-channel networks), Smith Mehta develops the concept of the ‘new screen ecology’ to show how the Indian screen industries are affected by social relations between these actors and how industrial practices blur the amateur-professional divide through creator and content interdependencies. Mehta interrogates the production practices of 13 different platforms and portals, including Hotstar, Netflix, YouTube, and TVFPlay, analyzing the extent to which they benefit from the lack of censorship and restrictive industrial practices characteristic of traditional media structures. In doing so, he examines the dynamics of digital transformation in the screen industries in a region-specific context and contributes to a body of literature on Indian digital production cultures. This book investigates the political, social and economic transactions that led to the digital transformation of the Indian audio-visual industries. It traces the interdependences between two social (YouTube, Facebook) and eleven digital (Hotstar, Spuul, Hoichoi, Addatimes, TVFPlay, Reliance Jio, Zee5, Voot, Netflix, Amazon Prime Video, AltBalaji) video streaming services, in platforming content drawn from both professional and professionalizing-amateur sources. Drawing on approaches from critical media industries studies, political economy and cultural studies, it interrogates the shifting creator dynamics in contemporary Indian film and television production with the advent of internet-based local and global video distribution services. In doing so, it brings to light the contribution of Indian intermediaries such as talent agents and third-party service providers that manage YouTube channels, also referred to as multichannel networks, in facilitating the localisation strategies of global portals such as Netflix and Amazon Prime, enabling the movement of creators from platforms to portals and expanding their value propositions through investments in content and talent-led ventures.
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Bonoli, Giuliano, and Patrick Emmenegger, eds. Collective Skill Formation in the Knowledge Economy. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192866257.001.0001.
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Abstract This book focuses on collective skill formation systems, which are characterized by a strong public commitment to and high involvement of firms in the training effort. These systems have been praised for their capacity to deliver two important socio-economic outcomes: a well-trained workforce and the successful integration of social groups at risk of being sidelined. The current shift to a knowledge economy may endanger their capacity to deliver these desirable outcomes. The book contributions examine how this challenge plays out in different skill formation systems and in a variety of countries, most notably Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Sweden. Together, the contributions to this book show that the shift to a knowledge economy, while representing a formidable challenge, will not mean the end of collective skill formation systems. In fact, we observe an extraordinary capacity of these systems to adapt to changing labour market conditions without giving up their defining features, e.g. the collaboration between employers and the state in the provision of vocational training. What is more uncertain, however, is the distributional consequences of both structural change and adaptation, and the impact on the socially integrative role these systems have played historically. Today, all the countries covered are making an immense effort to preserve this integrating function. The analyses of the various programmes and interventions discussed in this book, however, suggest that there are limitations to the extent to which inclusiveness can be preserved.