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Academic literature on the topic 'Distribution Shift'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 25 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Distribution Shift"

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Lameris, Thomas K., Jeroen Hoekendijk, Geert Aarts, Aline Aarts, Andrew M. Allen, Louise Bienfait, Allert I. Bijleveld, et al. "Migratory vertebrates shift migration timing and distributions in a warming Arctic." Animal Migration 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 110–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ami-2020-0112.

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Abstract Climate warming in the Arctic has led to warmer and earlier springs, and as a result, many food resources for migratory animals become available earlier in the season, as well as become distributed further northwards. To optimally profit from these resources, migratory animals are expected to arrive earlier in the Arctic, as well as shift their own spatial distributions northwards. Here, we review literature to assess whether Arctic migratory birds and mammals already show shifts in migration timing or distribution in response to the warming climate. Distribution shifts were most prominent in marine mammals, as expected from observed northward shifts of their resources. At least for many bird species, the ability to shift distributions is likely constrained by available habitat further north. Shifts in timing have been shown in many species of terrestrial birds and ungulates, as well as for polar bears. Within species, we found strong variation in shifts in timing and distributions between populations. Ou r review thus shows that many migratory animals display shifts in migration timing and spatial distribution in reaction to a warming Arctic. Importantly, we identify large knowledge gaps especially concerning distribution shifts and timing of autumn migration, especially for marine mammals. Our understanding of how migratory animals respond to climate change appears to be mostly limited by the lack of long-term monitoring studies.
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Klopčič, Matija, Andrej Rozman, and Andrej Bončina. "Evidence of a Climate-Change-Induced Shift in European Beech Distribution: An Unequal Response in the Elevation, Temperature and Precipitation Gradients." Forests 13, no. 8 (August 17, 2022): 1311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13081311.

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Climate is a strong predictor of the geographic distribution of tree species, and thus climate change may trigger shifts in the distribution of a tree species and/or its demographic structure. In the study, we aim to comprehensively compare the distributions of four life stages of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) (i.e., regeneration, recruitment, young trees and mature trees) in forests in Slovenia, Central Europe, which are characterized by strong gradients of elevation (ELV), temperature (TEMP) and precipitation (PREC) to detect possible shifts in distribution and demography. Beech life stages were surveyed on 3366 plots. To depict disparities between ELV, TEMP and PREC distributions of beech life stages, we applied several non-parametric methods: basic statistical tests to study differences in medians, means, and 1st and 9th deciles; generalized additive models to study shifts in the optimum; and extreme value analysis to study shifts at the trailing and leading edges. A substantial shift in juvenile beech stages upward and toward colder sites was detected. However, the shift was not uniform along the distributions; the most significant shift was detected at the leading edge of ELV (+73 m) and TEMP (−2.6 °C), but surprisingly there was no beech movement identified at the trailing edge. The observed shift may be a result of the interplay between climate change, high spatial variability in microclimate, unexceptional droughts in the recent past, changes in forest use and possible limitations in the migration ability of beech and its adaptation capacity.
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Takesue, Hiroki, Toshimori Honjo, Kiyoshi Tamaki, and Yasuhiro Tokura. "Differential phase shift-quantum key distribution." IEEE Communications Magazine 47, no. 5 (May 2009): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2009.4939284.

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Yuki, Kazuhiro. "SECTORAL SHIFT, WEALTH DISTRIBUTION, AND DEVELOPMENT." Macroeconomic Dynamics 12, no. 4 (September 2008): 527–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100508070296.

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Two phenomena are widely observed when an economy departs from an underdeveloped state and starts rapid economic growth. One is the shift of production, employment, and consumption from the traditional sector to the modern sector, and the other is a large increase in educational levels of the population. The question is why some economies have succeeded in such structural change, but others do not. To examine the question, an overlapping generations (OLG) model that explicitly takes into account the sectoral shift and human capital accumulation as sources of development is constructed. It is shown that, for a successful structural change, an economy must start with a wealth distribution that gives rise to an adequate size of the “middle class.” Once the economy initiates the “take-off,” the sectoral shift and human capital growth continue until it reaches the steady state with high income and equal distribution. However, when the productivity of the traditional sector is low, irrespective of the initial distribution and the productivity of the modern sector, it fails in the sectoral shift and ends up in one of steady states with low income and high inequality. Thus, sufficient productivity of the traditional sector is a prerequisite for development.
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Laine, Ilpo. "Zero distribution of some shift polynomials." Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 469, no. 2 (January 2019): 808–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmaa.2018.09.036.

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Butt, Mehwish, Hafiza Farwa Amin, Javed Iqbal, Maqbool Hussain Sial, Najam-ul Hassan, and Mueen-ud-Din Azad. "Homogeneously Weighted Moving Average Control Chart for Rayleigh Distribution." Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) 12, no. 3 (November 24, 2023): 366–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.61506/01.00043.

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In this paper, we have proposed Homogeneously Weighted Moving Average (HWMA) control chart for Rayleigh distribution. The Average Run Length (ARL1) is used to evaluate the performance of the proposed HWMA control charts. The ARL1 performance of HWMA control chart is compared to the Exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) control charts with respect to the different shift size (i.e. 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40% increase and decrease in shift). The results are calculated using sample size n=5. It is observed that with the increase in shift proposed HWMA chart shows more efficient results i.e. ARL1 values decrease with the increase in shifts. It is found that the proposed HWMA chart for Rayleigh distribution outperforms the existing EWMA control chart.
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Yu, Xu, Miao Yu, Li-xun Xu, Jing Yang, and Zhi-qiang Xie. "Training Classifiers under Covariate Shift by Constructing the Maximum Consistent Distribution Subset." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/302815.

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The assumption that the training and testing samples are drawn from the same distribution is violated under covariate shift setting, and most algorithms for the covariate shift setting try to first estimate distributions and then reweight samples based on the distributions estimated. Due to the difficulty of estimating a correct distribution, previous methods can not get good classification performance. In this paper, we firstly present two types of covariate shift problems. Rather than estimating the distributions, we then desire an effective method to select a maximum subset following the target testing distribution based on feature space split from the auxiliary set or the target training set. Finally, we prove that our subset selection method can consistently deal with both scenarios of covariate shift. Experimental results demonstrate that training a classifier with the selected maximum subset exhibits good generalization ability and running efficiency over those of traditional methods under covariate shift setting.
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A Hassan, Mohamed, and Samia SA Hassan. "pp Coulomb Phase Shift for Different Proton Charge Distributions." Australian Journal of Physics 45, no. 5 (1992): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ph920635.

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The dependence of the pp Coulomb phase shift on the form of the proton charge distribution function is studied and discussed. The uniform, exponential and Gaussian distributions are used. The dependence- on the form of the charge distribution for impact parameter values less than the radius of the proton is clear. The charge distribution effect leads to a decrease in the absolute value of the Coulomb phase shift.
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Ye, Nanyang, Lin Zhu, Jia Wang, Zhaoyu Zeng, Jiayao Shao, Chensheng Peng, Bikang Pan, Kaican Li, and Jun Zhu. "Certifiable Out-of-Distribution Generalization." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 37, no. 9 (June 26, 2023): 10927–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v37i9.26295.

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Machine learning methods suffer from test-time performance degeneration when faced with out-of-distribution (OoD) data whose distribution is not necessarily the same as training data distribution. Although a plethora of algorithms have been proposed to mitigate this issue, it has been demonstrated that achieving better performance than ERM simultaneously on different types of distributional shift datasets is challenging for existing approaches. Besides, it is unknown how and to what extent these methods work on any OoD datum without theoretical guarantees. In this paper, we propose a certifiable out-of-distribution generalization method that provides provable OoD generalization performance guarantees via a functional optimization framework leveraging random distributions and max-margin learning for each input datum. With this approach, the proposed algorithmic scheme can provide certified accuracy for each input datum's prediction on the semantic space and achieves better performance simultaneously on OoD datasets dominated by correlation shifts or diversity shifts. Our code is available at https://github.com/ZlatanWilliams/StochasticDisturbanceLearning.
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Inoue, Kyo. "Differential Phase-Shift Quantum Key Distribution Systems." IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 21, no. 3 (May 2015): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstqe.2014.2360362.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Distribution Shift"

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Zennaro, Fabio. "Feature distribution learning for covariate shift adaptation using sparse filtering." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/feature-distribution-learning-for-covariate-shift-adaptation-using-sparse-filtering(67989db2-b8a0-4fac-8832-f611e9236ed5).html.

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This thesis studies a family of unsupervised learning algorithms called feature distribution learning and their extension to perform covariate shift adaptation. Unsupervised learning is one of the most active areas of research in machine learning, and a central challenge in this field is to develop simple and robust algorithms able to work in real-world scenarios. A traditional assumption of machine learning is the independence and identical distribution of data. Unfortunately, in realistic conditions this assumption is often unmet and the performances of traditional algorithms may be severely compromised. Covariate shift adaptation has then developed as a lively sub-field concerned with designing algorithms that can account for covariate shift, that is for a difference in the distribution of training and test samples. The first part of this dissertation focuses on the study of a family of unsupervised learning algorithms that has been recently proposed and has shown promise: feature distribution learning; in particular, sparse filtering, the most representative feature distribution learning algorithm, has commanded interest because of its simplicity and state-of-the-art performance. Despite its success and its frequent adoption, sparse filtering lacks any strong theoretical justification. This research questions how feature distribution learning can be rigorously formalized and how the dynamics of sparse filtering can be explained. These questions are answered by first putting forward a new definition of feature distribution learning based on concepts from information theory and optimization theory; relying on this, a theoretical analysis of sparse filtering is carried out, which is validated on both synthetic and real-world data sets. In the second part, the use of feature distribution learning algorithms to perform covariate shift adaptation is considered. Indeed, because of their definition and apparent insensitivity to the problem of modelling data distributions, feature distribution learning algorithms seems particularly fit to deal with covariate shift. This research questions whether and how feature distribution learning may be fruitfully employed to perform covariate shift adaptation. After making explicit the conditions of success for performing covariate shift adaptation, a theoretical analysis of sparse filtering and another novel algorithm, periodic sparse filtering, is carried out; this allows for the determination of the specific conditions under which these algorithms successfully work. Finally, a comparison of these sparse filtering-based algorithms against other traditional algorithms aimed at covariate shift adaptation is offered, showing that the novel algorithm is able to achieve competitive performance. In conclusion, this thesis provides a new rigorous framework to analyse and design feature distribution learning algorithms; it sheds light on the hidden assumptions behind sparse filtering, offering a clear understanding of its conditions of success; it uncovers the potential and the limitations of sparse filtering-based algorithm in performing covariate shift adaptation. These results are relevant both for researchers interested in furthering the understanding of unsupervised learning algorithms and for practitioners interested in deploying feature distribution learning in an informed way.
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Ingram, Douglas Russell. "Starlight correlated with damped Lyman alpha absorbers /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5435.

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Nodet, Pierre. "Biquality learning : from weakly supervised learning to distribution shifts." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASG030.

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Le domaine de l'apprentissage avec des faiblesses en supervision est appelé apprentissage faiblement supervisé et regroupe une variété de situations où la vérité terrain collectée est imparfaite. Les étiquettes collectées peuvent souffrir de mauvaise qualité, de non-adaptabilité ou de quantité insuffisante. Dans ce mémoire nous proposons une nouvelle taxonomie de l'apprentissage faiblement supervisé sous la forme d'un cube continu appelé le cube de la supervision faible qui englobe toutes les faiblesses en supervision. Pour concevoir des algorithmes capables de gérer toutes supervisions faibles, nous supposons la disponibilité d'un petit ensemble de données de confiance, sans biais ni corruption, en plus de l'ensemble de données potentiellement corrompu. L'ensemble de données de confiance permet de définir un cadre de travail formel appelé apprentissage biqualité. Nous avons examiné l'état de l'art de ces algorithmes qui supposent la disponibilité d'un petit jeu de données de confiance. Dans ce cadre, nous proposons un algorithme basé sur la repondération préférentielle pour l'apprentissage biqualité (IRBL). Cette approche agnostique du classificateur est basée sur l'estimation empirique de la dérivée de Radon-Nikodym (RND), pour apprendre un estimateur conforme au risque sur des données non fiables repesées. Nous étendrons ensuite le cadre proposé aux décalages de jeu de données. Les décalages de jeu de données se produisent lorsque la distribution des données observée au moment de l'apprentissage est différente de celle attendue au moment de la prédiction. Nous proposons alors une version améliorée d'IRBL, appelée IRBL2, capable de gérer de tels décalages de jeux de données. Nous proposons aussi KPDR basé sur le même fondement théorique mais axé sur le décalage de covariable plutôt que le bruit des étiquettes. Pour diffuser et démocratiser le cadre de l'apprentissage biqualité, nous rendons ouvert le code source d'une bibliothèque Python à la Scikit-Learn pour l'apprentissage biqualité : biquality-learn
The field of Learning with weak supervision is called Weakly Supervised Learning and aggregates a variety of situations where the collected ground truth is imperfect. The collected labels may suffer from bad quality, non-adaptability, or insufficient quantity. In this report, we propose a novel taxonomy of Weakly Supervised Learning as a continuous cube called the Weak Supervision Cube that encompasses all of the weaknesses of supervision. To design algorithms capable of handling any weak supervisions, we suppose the availability of a small trusted dataset, without bias and corruption, in addition to the potentially corrupted dataset. The trusted dataset allows the definition of a generic learning framework named Biquality Learning. We review the state-of-the-art of these algorithms that assumed the availability of a small trusted dataset. Under this framework, we propose an algorithm based on Importance Reweighting for Biquality Learning (IRBL). This classifier-agnostic approach is based on the empirical estimation of the Radon-Nikodym derivative (RND), to build a risk-consistent estimator on reweighted untrusted data. Then we extend the proposed framework to dataset shifts. Dataset shifts happen when the data distribution observed at training time is different from what is expected from the data distribution at testing time. So we propose an improved version of IRBL named IRBL2, capable of handling such dataset shifts. Additionally, we propose another algorithm named KPDR based on the same theory but focused on covariate shift instead of the label noise formulation. To diffuse and democratize the Biquality Learning Framework, we release an open-source Python library à la Scikit-Learn for Biquality Learning named biquality-learn
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Chen, Xiaojun. "Multiple Scattering from Bubble Clouds." Scholarly Repository, 2010. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_theses/36.

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Multiple scattering effects from bubble clouds are investigated in this study. A high performance, general purpose numerical tool for multiple scattering calculations is developed. This numerical tool is applied in three computational scenarios in this study. The total scattering cross section of a bubble cloud is investigated. Numerical results indicate that the resonant frequency of the bubble cloud is much lower than that of a single bubble. The variation of resonant frequency of multiple scattering is also studied. It is found that the resonant frequency decreases as the number of bubbles increases, or as the void fraction of the bubble cloud decreases. Phase distributions of bubble oscillations in various multiple scattering scenarios are presented. It is found that, at resonance, the bubbles synchronize to the same phase, which is indicative of the lowest mode of collective oscillation. At wave localization, half of the bubbles oscillate at phase 0 while the other half oscillate at phase Pi. An intuitive interpretation of this behavior is given.
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Ho, Yo-Bin. "Modeling the distribution and shift of Chinese Americans in the United States : an analysis by trend surface expansion /." The Ohio State University, 1995. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487861796820923.

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Brodén, Daniel. "Analysis of Demand Response Solutions for Congestion Management in Distribution Networks." Thesis, KTH, Industriella informations- och styrsystem, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-138575.

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According to the 20-20-20 targets set by the European Union, 50 percent of the Swedish electricity share is to be provided by renewable energy sources by 2020. The Smart Grid Gotland (SGG) project has emerged as a response to this target. The project aims at demonstrating a proof of concept on how smart grid solutions can be used to integrate large quantities of renewable energy sources in an existing network. The outcomes of the project are intended to pave the way for future renewable energy integration projects in Sweden. The Thesis focuses on one of the technical objectives of the SGG project, i.e. to increase the hosting capacity of wind power on Gotland from 195 MW to 200 MW by using Demand-Response (DR) from households and industries. DR consist of shifting peak-loads to peakproduction hours. The integration of additional wind power causes a risk of exceeding the transmission capacity of the power export cable between Gotland and the Swedish mainland. The approach considered for this Thesis is to use an Ancillary Service (AS) toolbox scheme based on multi-agent systems. The AS toolbox consist of flexibility tools such as DR on long-term, short-term, a battery energy storage system and a wind curtailment scheme. The DR activity includes space heating and domestic hot water consumption from detached houses on Gotland. The simulation results indicate that 1900 household participants are sufficient to balance the additional 5 MW for worst case scenarios. Furthermore, it is shown that the DR participation from industries contributes in some cases to a reduction of 700 household participants. The findings helped conclude that using an AS toolbox solution on Gotland is fully possible from a technical perspective. However, barriers that stand against its realisation are of economical nature and need to be investigated in future studies.
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Figueiredo, Cláudia Cerqueira de Souza Machado Vieira. "Repartição funcional do rendimento no Brasil : uma abordagem setorial." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/19042.

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Mestrado em Economia Internacional e Estudos Europeus
Neste trabalho faz-se uma análise da evolução da repartição funcional do rendimento no período contemporâneo Brasileiro, entre 2000 e 2016. A alteração da parte do trabalho no rendimento gerado na economia (VAB ou PIB), o chamado labour share, resulta da combinação de duas tendências importantes, a saber, a evolução da produtividade do trabalho e a do salário médio. Por sua vez, a alteração global (ou média) destas variáveis resulta das tendências verificadas em cada setor da economia em causa, cada um com as suas peculiaridades. Depois de um breve enquadramento teórico e revisão da literatura relevante, para a análise empírica da evolução do caso brasileiro será dada atenção à imputação do rendimento misto a "salários" e "lucros". Com isto pretende-se observar as relações existentes entre a evolução da participação do trabalho na economia e as transformações registadas na estrutura produtiva. Faz-se ainda a aplicação de uma análise shift-share, através da qual é possível distinguir/quantificar o chamado efeito "intra-sectorial" ou "within" (evolução do labour share de cada setor) do efeito "inter-setorial" ou "between" (ou de mudança estrutural, i.e., alterações no peso relativo de cada setor).
This paper analyzes the evolution of the functional distribution of income in the contemporary Brazilian period between 2000 and 2016. The change in the share of labor in the income generated in the economy (GVA or GDP), the so-called labor share, results from the combination of two important trends, namely the evolution of labor productivity and that of the average wage. In turn, the overall (or average) change in these variables results from trends in each sector of the economy concerned, each with its own peculiarities. After a brief theoretical framework and review of the relevant literature, for the empirical analysis of the evolution of the Brazilian case, attention will be given to the imputation of mixed income to "wages" and "profits". With this it is intended to observe the existing relations between the evolution of the participation of the work in the economy and the transformations registered in the productive structure. A shift-share analysis is also applied, whereby it is possible to distinguish / quantify the so-called "intra-sectoral" or "within" effect (evolution of each sector's labor share) from the "inter-sectoral" or "inter-sectoral" effect. "Between" (or structural change, ie, changes in the relative weight of each sector).
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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Ryckebusch, Gaëlle. "Analysis of Demand-Response Participation Strategies for Congestion Management in an Island Distribution Network." Thesis, KTH, Industriella informations- och styrsystem, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-169220.

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The Master Thesis is part of the Smart Grid Gotlandproject. This project aims at implementing smart grid solutionson the island of Gotland in order to be able to efficientlyintegrate large quantities of renewable energy production.In situations of high wind power production and lowconsumption, energy export problems may occur betweenGotland and the mainland. A novel approach to manageanticipated congestions, compared to traditional gridreinforcements, consists of using flexibility from demandresponse(DR) resources. However, such an approach presentschallenges as it requires both technical and economic considerations.This Master Thesis proposes and analyses twomarket-based strategies applied to detached houses for dayaheadcongestion management. The strategies are implementedin an Ancillary Service toolbox developed in theMATLAB programming environment.The first strategy involves using a dynamic network tariffwhile the second uses spot price optimization. Simulationsare performed for seasonal worst-case congestion scenarioswhile satisfying comfort and economic constraints ofthe DR participants. A sensitivity analysis is carried out toassess the impact of different spot price profiles and windpower production prognosis errors on the results.Results show that congestions are managed with a feasiblenumber of participants, but that their savings are negligiblefor both strategies (between 2 and 40 SEK/participant).Moreover, using a dynamic network tariff strategy impliesa DSO cost in the range of 1700-89000 SEK. These resultsapply for a 3-days congestion period, which is estimated tooccur 5-6 times a year if the maximum hosting capacity isincreased by 5 MW.To conclude, an AS toolbox with economic constraintsis feasible for Gotland conditions with a reasonable numberof DR participants. However, the simple cost-benefitanalysis that was carried out showed that the AS toolboxapproach was still much more costly than traditional gridreinforcement.
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Slove, Davidson Jessica. "The plasticity and geography of host use and the diversification of butterflies." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Zoologiska institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-69573.

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Our world is changing rapidly and factors like urbanisation, changed agricultural practices and climate change are causing losses in butterfly diversity. It is therefore of importance to understand the source of their diversity. Given the remarkable diversity of herbivorous insects compared to their non-herbivorous sister groups, changes in host use have been implicated as a promoter of speciation. This thesis looks at geographical aspects of host range evolution and the plasticity of host use. We show that butterflies in the subfamily Nymphalinae that feed on a wide range of host plants have larger geographic ranges than species with narrower host ranges. Although tropical butterflies appear to be more specialised than temperate species, this effect is lost when controlling for the differences in geographic range. Geographic variation in host plant use within Polygonia faunus, related to morphologically distinct subspecies, did not show any genetic differentiation. This suggests that the observed variation in host plant use is a plastic response to environmental differences. Reconstructing host use for the Polygonia-Nymphalis and Vanessa group shows that plasticity is also important for understanding host use at the level of butterfly genera. Using unequal transition costs and including larval feeding ability revealed that frequent colonisations of the same plant genus can often be explained by non-independent processes, such as multiple partial losses of host use, recolonisation of ancestral hosts, and parallel colonisations following a preadaptation for host use. These processes are further reflected in the conservative use of host plant orders within the butterfly family Nymphalidae. Few taxa feed on more than one host plant order, and these expansions occur at the very tips of the tree, which we argue is evidence of the transient nature of generalist host use. These insights improve our understanding of how host range evolution may promote diversification.
At the time of the doctoral defence,the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Submitted; Papers 4 and 5: Manuscripts
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Fisco, Dana. "Reef Fish Spatial Distribution and Benthic Habitat Associations on the Southeast Florida Reef Tract." NSUWorks, 2016. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/408.

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The Florida Reef Tract (FRT) extends from the tropical Caribbean up the southeast coast of Florida into a temperate environment where tropical reef assemblages diminish with increasing latitude. This study used data from a three-year comprehensive fishery-independent survey to quantify reef fish spatial distribution along the Southeast FRT and define where the assemblage shifts from tropical to temperate. A total of 1,676 reef fish visual census samples were conducted to assess the populations on a stratified-random selection of sites of marine hardbottom habitats between the Miami River and St. Lucie inlet. Multivariate analyses were used to investigate differences in assemblages among sites. Depth (m), general habitat (reef or hardbottom), and slope (high or low) strata were examined to explain the dissimilarities between assemblages. A general trend of cold-tolerant temperate fish dominated the northern assemblages and more tropical species dominated further south. Seven reef fish assemblage biogeographic regions were determined. In shallow habitats the data clustered in three spatial regions: One south of Hillsboro inlet, one in Northern Palm Beach south of Lake Worth inlet, and one north of Lake Worth inlet. The assemblage in deep habitats mainly split in close proximity to the Bahamas Fracture Zone south of Lake Worth Inlet. The presence of reef habitat aided in splitting the southern assemblage regions from the northern all-hardbottom assemblage regions in both the shallow and deep habitats. Substrate relief was significantly correlated with the differences in the northernmost deep assemblages but did not appear to affect the remainder of the shallow and deep assemblages. This bioregional study creates a baseline assessment of reef fish assemblages of the Southeast FRT for future analyses.
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Books on the topic "Distribution Shift"

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Metcalf, Gilbert E. A distributional analysis of an environmental tax shift. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1998.

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World Data Center A for Rockets and Satellites., ed. A compilation of redshifts and velocity dispersions for Abell clusters (Struble and Rood 1987): Documentation for the machine-readable version. Greenbelt, Md: National Space Science Data Center, World Data Center A for Rockets and Satellites, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center, 1989.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Extended X-ray emission around quasars at intermediate redshift: NASA grant NAG5-2476, annual report for the period 1 December 1995 through 30 November 1997. Cambridge, Mass: Smithsonian Institution, Astrophysical Observatory, 1998.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Extended X-ray emission around quasars at intermediate redshift: NASA grant NAG5-2476, annual report for the period 1 December 1995 through 30 November 1997. Cambridge, Mass: Smithsonian Institution, Astrophysical Observatory, 1998.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Extended X-ray emission around quasars at intermediate redshift: NASA grant NAG5-2476, annual report for the period 1 December 1995 through 30 November 1997. Cambridge, Mass: Smithsonian Institution, Astrophysical Observatory, 1998.

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Language shift among schoolchildren in Gaeltacht areas, 1974-1984: An analysis of the distribution of £10 grant qualifiers. Baile Átha Cliath [Dublin]: Linguistics Institute of Ireland, 1990.

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Krueger, Alan B. Labor market shifts and the price puzzle revisited. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1997.

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ubker, Malte Lu. Assessing the impact of past distributional shifts on global poverty levels. Geneva: International Labour Office, 2002.

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Radner, Daniel. Shifts in the aged-nonaged income relationship, 1979-85. Washington: Social Security Administration, Office of Policy, Office of Research and Statistics, 1988.

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Walls, Margaret A. Distributional impacts of an environmental tax shift: The case of motor vehicle emissions taxes. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Distribution Shift"

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Oza, Poojan, Hien V. Nguyen, and Vishal M. Patel. "Multiple Class Novelty Detection Under Data Distribution Shift." In Computer Vision – ECCV 2020, 432–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58571-6_26.

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Hwang, Sehyun, Sohyun Lee, Sungyeon Kim, Jungseul Ok, and Suha Kwak. "Combating Label Distribution Shift for Active Domain Adaptation." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 549–66. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19827-4_32.

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Alexander, Esther. "An Income-Distribution Demand-Shift Model of Inflation." In Soft Order in Physical Systems, 203–21. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2458-8_29.

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Lupart, Simon, Thibault Formal, and Stéphane Clinchant. "MS-Shift: An Analysis of MS MARCO Distribution Shifts on Neural Retrieval." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 636–52. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28244-7_40.

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Yue, Yaojie, Peng Su, Yuan Gao, Puying Zhang, Ran Wang, Anyu Zhang, Qinghua Jiang, Weidong Ma, Yuantao Zhou, and Jing’ai Wang. "Mapping Global Crop Distribution." In Atlas of Global Change Risk of Population and Economic Systems, 131–48. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6691-9_10.

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AbstractThe latest special report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), published in 2018 (Anandhi et al. 2016), estimates a 1.5 °C increase in global temperature in 2040 at the current rate of global warming. Such a rise has serious implications for major cereal crop cultivation: unless crop varieties adapted to higher temperatures become available, the areas suitable for cropping are bound to shift in the future. Therefore, to safeguard food security, we need to predict such changes in spatial and temporal terms, which can intuitively reflect the potential distribution of crops under different climate change scenarios and for different time periods, helping to reduce losses according to local conditions (Deng et al. 2009).
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Dussap, Bastien, Gilles Blanchard, and Badr-Eddine Chérief-Abdellatif. "Label Shift Quantification with Robustness Guarantees via Distribution Feature Matching." In Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases: Research Track, 69–85. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43424-2_5.

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Bardaji, J. B., B. E. J. Bodmann, M. T. Vilhena, and A. C. M. Alvim. "Half-Life Distribution Shift of Fission Products by Coupled Fission–Fusion Processes." In Integral Methods in Science and Engineering, 43–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16727-5_4.

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Zhao, Chenyang, Zihao Zhou, and Bin Liu. "On Context Distribution Shift in Task Representation Learning for Online Meta RL." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 614–28. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-4761-4_52.

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Kumar, Abhinandan, and T. Ghose. "Sensitivity Factor Analysis of Hybrid AC–DC Distribution System and Overload Alleviation Using Modified Generator Shift Distribution Factor." In Advances in Smart Grid Automation and Industry 4.0, 777–85. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7675-1_78.

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Stade, Dawid, and Martin Manns. "Robotic Assembly Line Balancing with Multimodal Stochastic Processing Times." In Advances in Automotive Production Technology – Towards Software-Defined Manufacturing and Resilient Supply Chains, 78–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27933-1_8.

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AbstractIn this paper, a genetic algorithm for the robotic assembly line balancing problem (RALBP) is developed that supports multimodal stochastic processing times and multiple parallel-working robots per workstation. It has the objective to minimize the amount of workstations at a given production rate and probability limit for violating the cycle time (PL). The algorithm is evaluated on the BARTHOLD data set in a range of 1 % to 50 % for PL using an experimentally determined and a normal distribution for the task times. The increase of PL results in a shift of tasks from rear to front stations, because more tasks can be assigned to each station. The shift using normal distributed task times is stronger. This demonstrates the importance of realistic stochastic distribution assumptions. For practical applicability, more constraint types have to be included in the future.
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Conference papers on the topic "Distribution Shift"

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Cao, Tri, Jiawen Zhu, and Guansong Pang. "Anomaly Detection under Distribution Shift." In 2023 IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccv51070.2023.00599.

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Yu, Runpeng, Songhua Liu, Xingyi Yang, and Xinchao Wang. "Distribution Shift Inversion for Out-of-Distribution Prediction." In 2023 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cvpr52729.2023.00350.

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Inoue, Kyo, Hiroki Takesue, and Toshimori Honjo. "Differential-phase-shift quantum key distribution." In Optics East 2007, edited by Yasuhiko Arakawa, Masahide Sasaki, and Hideyuki Sotobayashi. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.733442.

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Inoue, Kyo, Edo Waks, and Yoshihisa Yamamoto. "Differential phase-shift quantum key distribution." In Photonics Asia 2002, edited by Songhao Liu, Guangcan Guo, Hoi-Kwong Lo, and Nobuyuki Imoto. SPIE, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.483037.

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Sych, Denis, and Gerd Leuchs. "Continuous phase-shift quantum key distribution." In 11th European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/EQEC). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cleoe-eqec.2009.5196231.

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Hiroki Takesue, Toshimori Honjo, Kiyoshi Tamaki, and Yasuhiro Tokura. "Differential phase shift quantum key distribution." In 2008 Innovations in NGN - Future Network and Services, An ITU-T Kaleidoscope Conference (K-INGN). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/kingn.2008.4542270.

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Abrahamsson, H., and M. Bjorkman. "Caching for IPTV distribution with time-shift." In 2013 International Conference on Computing, Networking and Communications (ICNC 2013). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccnc.2013.6504212.

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Saha, Sudipan, Shan Zhao, Muhammad Shahzad, and Xiao Xiang Zhu. "Mitigating Distribution Shift for Multi-Sensor Classification." In IGARSS 2022 - 2022 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss46834.2022.9883596.

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Zhang, An, Jingnan Zheng, Xiang Wang, Yancheng Yuan, and Tat-Seng Chua. "Invariant Collaborative Filtering to Popularity Distribution Shift." In WWW '23: The ACM Web Conference 2023. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3543507.3583461.

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Zhu, Yichen, Jian Yuan, Bo Jiang, Tao Lin, Haiming Jin, Xinbing Wang, and Chenghu Zhou. "Prediction with Incomplete Data under Agnostic Mask Distribution Shift." In Thirty-Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-23}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2023/525.

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Data with missing values is ubiquitous in many applications. Recent years have witnessed increasing attention on prediction with only incomplete data consisting of observed features and a mask that indicates the missing pattern. Existing methods assume that the training and testing distributions are the same, which may be violated in real-world scenarios. In this paper, we consider prediction with incomplete data in the presence of distribution shift. We focus on the case where the underlying joint distribution of complete features and label is invariant, but the missing pattern, i.e., mask distribution may shift agnostically between training and testing. To achieve generalization, we leverage the observation that for each mask, there is an invariant optimal predictor. To avoid the exponential explosion when learning them separately, we approximate the optimal predictors jointly using a double parameterization technique. This has the undesirable side effect of allowing the learned predictors to rely on the intra-mask correlation and that between features and mask. We perform decorrelation to minimize this effect. Combining the techniques above, we propose a novel prediction method called StableMiss. Extensive experiments on both synthetic and real-world datasets show that StableMiss is robust and outperforms state-of-the-art methods under agnostic mask distribution shift.
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Reports on the topic "Distribution Shift"

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K.Y. Ng. Distribution of incoherent space-charge tune shift of bi-Gaussian beam. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/825289.

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Ng, K. Y. Distribution of incoherent space - Charge tune shift of a bi-Gaussian beam. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15020210.

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Sawatzky, Richard, TT Sajobi, L. Russell, OA Awosoga, A. Ademola, JR Böhnke, O. Lawal, et al. A synthesis of response shift effects in quantitative health research: A systematic review and meta-regression protocol. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.9.0033.

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Review question / Objective: The first aim is to descriptively synthesize evidence about response shift results including prevalence and, where possible, distributions of response shift effect sizes, for different subcategories of response shift methods, populations, study designs, and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). The second aim is to identify response shift methods, population characteristics, design characteristics and PROMs that explain variability in: (a) standardized mean differences (for then-test and latent variable methods) and (b) prevalence of response shifts. Condition being studied: The systematic review included all studies on response shifts in PROMs, irrespective of the condition being studied. The type of health condition that each individual study focused on (if applicable), was extracted as a study-level variable.
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Dubeck, Margaret M., Jonathan M. B. Stern, and Rehemah Nabacwa. Learning to Read in a Local Language in Uganda: Creating Learner Profiles to Track Progress and Guide Instruction Using Early Grade Reading Assessment Results. RTI Press, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2021.op.0068.2106.

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The Early Grade Reading Assessment (EGRA) is used to evaluate studies and monitor projects that address reading skills in low- and middle-income countries. Results are often described solely in terms of a passage-reading subtask, thereby overlooking progress in related skills. Using archival data of cohort samples from Uganda at two time points in three languages (Ganda, Lango, and Runyankore-Rukiga), we explored a methodology that uses passage-reading results to create five learner profiles: Nonreader, Beginner, Instructional, Fluent, and Next-Level Ready. We compared learner profiles with results on other subtasks to identify the skills students would need to develop to progress from one profile to another. We then used regression models to determine whether students’ learner profiles were related to their results on the various subtasks. We found membership in four categories. We also found a shift in the distribution of learner profiles from Grade 1 to Grade 4, which is useful for establishing program effectiveness. The distribution of profiles within grades expanded as students progressed through the early elementary grades. We recommend that those who are discussing EGRA results describe students by profiles and by the numbers that shift from one profile to another over time. Doing so would help describe abilities and instructional needs and would show changes in a meaningful way.
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Kaymak, Barış, and Immo Schott. Corporate tax cuts and the decline of the manufacturing labor share. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26509/frbc-wp-202239.

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We document a strong empirical connection between corporate taxation and the manufacturing labor share, both in the US and across OECD countries. Our estimates associate 30 percent to 60 percent of the observed decline in labor shares with the fall in corporate taxation. Using an equilibrium model of an industry where firms differ in their capital intensities, we show that lower corporate tax rates reduce the labor share by raising the market share of capital-intensive firms. The tax elasticity of the labor share depends on the joint distribution of labor intensities and value added at the micro level. Given the empirical distribution in the US manufacturing sector, our quantitative analysis suggests that corporate tax cuts explain a significant part of the decline in the manufacturing labor share since the 1950s. The shift away from traditionally large, labor-intensive production units raised the concentration of market shares and reduced the concentration of employment.
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Zarillo, Gary, Sara Ramos, Kristopher Effinger, Kristen Becker, Irene Watts, Katherine Brutsché, Brian McFall, and Douglas Krafft. Evaluating cross-shore sediment grain size distribution, sediment transport, and morphological evolution of a nearshore berm at Fort Myers Beach, Florida. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/43780.

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Navigation channels are periodically dredged to maintain safe depths. Dredged sediment was historically placed in upland management areas or in offshore disposal areas. Florida state law prohibits placement of beach fill sediment that contains more than 10% by weight of silt and clay, which is typically a characteristic of dredged material. An alternative is placement in a nearshore berm. Some potential benefits of nearshore berms include wave energy dissipation, reduced cost of dredging and shore protection, and possible onshore movement of the berm material. This study considers sediment distribution, morphological evolution, sediment transport, and shoreline trends along Fort Myers Beach, Florida, related to the nearshore berm constructed in August 2016. Due to timing of the field study, this report also includes information on the influence of a major hurricane that impacted the area. The overall conclusion of this study is that the dredge-sourced sediment in the berm performed as expected. Within 2 years, the berm adjusted to the shoreface environment, maintained a large part of its original volume, and contributed to protection of the beach and shoreline. The impact of Hurricane Irma included a shift in sediment textures and a large but temporary increase in shoreface sediment volumes.
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Aguilar, Glenn, Dan Blanchon, Hamish Foote, Christina Pollonais, and Asia Mosee. Queensland Fruit Fly Invasion of New Zealand: Predicting Area Suitability Under Future Climate Change Scenarios. Unitec ePress, October 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.34074/pibs.rs22015.

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The Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni) is a significant horticultural pest in Australia, and has also established in other parts of the Pacific. There is a significant risk to New Zealand of invasion by this species, and several recent incursions have occurred. The potential effects of climate change on the distribution and impacts of invasive species are well known. This paper uses species distribution modelling using Maxent to predict the suitability of New Zealand to the Queensland fruit fly based on known occurrences worldwide and Bioclim climatic layers. Under current climatic conditions the majority of the country was generally in the lower range, with some areas in the medium range. Suitability prediction maps under future climate change conditions in 2050 and 2070, at lower emission (RCP 2.6) and higher emission (RCP 8.5) scenarios generally show an increase in suitability in both the North and South Islands. Calculations of the shift of suitable areas show a general movement of the centroid towards the south-east, with the higher emission scenario showing a greater magnitude of movement.
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Kostarakos, Ilias, and Petros Varthalitis. Effective tax rates in Ireland. ESRI, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/rs110.

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This article provides estimates of the effective tax rates in Ireland for the 1995-2017 period. We use these aggregate tax indicators to compare the developments in the Irish tax policy mix with the rest of the European Union countries and investigate any potential relation with Ireland’s macroeconomic performance. Our findings show that distortionary taxes, e.g. on factors of production, are significantly lower while less distortionary taxes, e.g. on consumption, are higher in Ireland than most European countries. Thus, the distribution of tax burden falls relatively more on consumption and to a lesser extent on labour than capital; while in the EU average the norm is the opposite. The descriptive analysis indicates that this shift in the Irish tax policy mix is correlated with the country’s strong economic performance.
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Fontanari, Claudia, and Antonella Palumbo. Permanent Scars: The Effects of Wages on Productivity. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp187.

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This paper explores how stagnating real wages may have contributed to the slowdown of US productivity. Through shift-share analysis, we find that after a sharp change in distribution against wages, some historically high-productivity sectors (like manufacturing) switched towards slower productivity growth. This supports our hypothesis that the anemic growth of productivity may be partly due to the trend toward massive use of cheap labor. Our estimation of Sylos Labini’s productivity equation confirms the existence of two direct effects of wages, one acting through the incentive to mechanization and the other through the incentive to reorganize labor use. We also show that labor ‘weakness’ may exert a further negative effect on labor productivity. On the whole, we find that a persistent regime of low wages may determine very negative long-term consequences on the economy.
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Metcalf, Gilbert. A Distributional Analysis of an Environmental Tax Shift. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w6546.

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