Academic literature on the topic 'Distribution des films – Suède – 2000-'
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Journal articles on the topic "Distribution des films – Suède – 2000-"
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Teo, Lay-Lian, Sau-Leng Sin, and Chee-Yan Chan. "ESCA and TOF-SIMS Study on Oxidised and Reduced Polypyrrole-Poly(Vinylsulfonic Acid, Sodium Salt) Films Synthesized on Ti Electrodes." Journal of Nanomaterials 2010 (2010): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/385617.
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We had previously reported on a surface analysis investigation of electrochemically synthesized, both oxidized and reduced, polypyrrole-poly-4-styrenesulfonate free-standing films (Sin et al., 2000). We apply the same techniques that we used earlier (Sin et al., 2000) to study polypyrrole-poly(vinylsulfonic acid, sodium salt) (PPy-PVS) free-standing films. Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA) and Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) were used in the surface morphology study of oxidized and reduced PPy-PVS composite films. ESCA spectra seem to indicate that the CO and C–OH structures reduced to C–C bonds during the reduction process and also seem to reveal interesting charge transfer behavior, namely.NH+and N–H bonds to imine group (N=C) at reduced PPy-PVS free standing films. Furthermore, TOF-SIMS ion mapping also provided some interesting surface distribution of elements on PPy-PVS composite films. A comparison of surface conductivities between the two sides of both types of films was made,with conductivity measurements being carried out using the four-point probe technique.
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Lewicki, Arkadiusz. "The Rating System as Part of the American Film Industry (1970–2019)." Images. The International Journal of European Film, Performing Arts and Audiovisual Communication 37, no. 46 (December 23, 2024): 43–53. https://doi.org/10.14746/i.2024.37.46.3.
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The article is an attempt to indicate what role the rating system introduced in 1968 plays in the American film industry. The first part provides an introduction to the history of American film censorship and presents the reasons why the Production Code was replaced by a system of restrictions related to the age of viewers. The second part of the text is analytical in nature. First, the distribution of individual rating categories in the 500 most popular films from 1970–2019 is checked, and it is revealed how the understanding of individual categories has changed and how the US film industry itself has changed. The second study, based on statistical data, shows the distribution of rating categories among all films distributed in the US in the years 2000–2019. This allows us to indicate the growth in the importance of the PG and PG-13 categories and also the increase in both the number and market share of films that are not subject to the system introduced by the MPA.
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Glahn, A., M. F. Blair, K. L. Allard, S. Busam, O. Scha¨fer, and S. Wittig. "Disintegration of Oil Films Emerging From Radial Holes in a Rotating Cylinder." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 125, no. 4 (October 1, 2003): 1011–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1586311.
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A fundamental study has been performed to examine the disintegration of oil films emerging from radial holes in a rotating hollow cylinder. The configuration investigated is an abstraction of one of the droplet generation sources in an aeroengine bearing compartment; similar configurations may also occur inside gearboxes. The paper aims to contribute to both the determination of directly applicable droplet characteristics and the establishment of a database that can be used for the development of droplet generation models. Similar to a prior paper on droplet generation processes at the rim of a rotating disk (Glahn, A. et al., 2000, “Droplet Generation by Disintegration of Oil Films at the Rim of a Rotating Disk,” ASME Paper No. 2000-GT-0279.) the near-term objectives of the study are (i) to determine droplet sizes under relevant aeroengine bearing compartment operating conditions, and (ii) to measure individual droplet diameter/velocity relationships. The long-term objective is to incorporate this information into advanced CFD-based design tools. Therefore, special emphasis has been directed towards a correlation of test results that enables determination of boundary conditions for a two-phase (oil droplets/air) simulation of lubrication system components. Based on the results of the present paper, droplet flow boundary conditions in terms of mean diameter, standard deviation of the diameter distribution, starting velocity, and flow angle are available for oil droplets generated by disintegration of oil films emerging from rotating radial holes and rotating disks.
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Kawski, A., P. Bojarski, and B. Kuklinski. "Local Temperature of Fluorescent Centres in Polymer Films Determined from Universal Kennard-Stepanov Relation between Absorption and Fluorescence Spectra." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 55, no. 3-4 (April 1, 2000): 444–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-2000-3-411.
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Based on the Kennard-Stepanov relation between the extinction coefficient and fluorescence inten-sity in their overlapping region, local temperatures T* are determined for several dyes and stilbene de-rivatives in PVA and PVC polymers. It is found that excitation energy excess for ṽexc >ṽ0-0 causes local heating in a rigid polymer, and the temperature difference ΔT= T*-T holds during the emission process. Such a behaviour results from slow geometrical relaxation in a polymer. Excitation energy excess is also evidenced by the fact that the intensity distribution in the emission band depends slightly on the excitation wavelength. This effect is stronger for higher energy excess
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Cabrera, Daniel. "Efecto de la temperatura en la cristalización de películas de perovskita-ch3 nh3 pbi3 -xclx." Alimentos Ciencia e Ingeniería 28, no. 2 (December 30, 2021): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31243/aci.v28i2.1636.
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In the present manuscript, the effect of temperature on crystallisation of perovskite thin films (CH3NH3PbI3-xClx) was analysed (perovskite films are utilized to produce perovskite-based solar cells that appear to be devices with lower production costs and higher efficiency than silicon-based solar cells). To synthesise the perovskite films, four samples with precursor solution were spin coated for 45 s at 2000 rpm. After that, the samples were annealed at three different temperatures. Likewise, samples were characterised by UV/Vis Spectroscopy, Emission Spectroscopy, Fluorescence Microscopy, and ImageJ software were used to analyse crystal size. It was found that the sample annealed at 80 oC presented the highest fluorescence emission with 49539.09 CPS and the best particle size distribution. Band Gap Energy (Eg) was also calculated resulting in 1.60 ± 0.01 eV (An ideal solar cell has a band gap of 1.4 eV to absorb the maximum number of photons from the solar radiation).
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Feng, Haiying, and Victor Squires. "The temporal and spatial scales of arable land loss and its impact in Guangxi, China: A Commentary." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 9, no. 1 (January 13, 2022): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.91.11512.
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Cropland abandonment because of rural depopulation or policy interventions has become a key issue in Chinese mountainous areas. One such region is the Guangxi Karst Mountainous Area (GKMA), a zone where more than 59% of total land area is hilly and arable land of a commercially viable size is almost non-existent. The rugged terrain and land fragmentation in upland karst areas result in the scarcity of land suitable for cultivation. Although depopulation and declining agriculture since 2000 within the GKMA have led to vast areas of abandoned cropland, the spatiotemporal distribution that underlies this pattern as well as its causes remain little understood.
Geomorphic features also bring about differences in the distribution of settlements. Settlements with different degrees of distribution are accompanied by spatial differences in cultivated land resources, which lead to differences in the sufficiency of cultivated land resources. In this paper we provide an overview of the magnitude of the problem of arable land loss.
settlements and analyze the spatial distribution and the spatial agglomeration of the cultivated land.
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Bogatov, Podgursky, Vagiström, Yashin, Shaikh, Viljus, Menezes, and Gershman. "Transition from Self-Organized Criticality into Self-Organization during Sliding Si3N4 Balls against Nanocrystalline Diamond Films." Entropy 21, no. 11 (October 28, 2019): 1055. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21111055.
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The paper investigates the variation of friction force (Fx) during reciprocating sliding tests on nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) films. The analysis of the friction behavior during the run-in period is the focus of the study. The NCD films were grown using microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (MW-PECVD) on single-crystalline diamond SCD(110) substrates. Reciprocating sliding tests were conducted under 500 and 2000 g of normal load using Si3N4 balls as a counter body. The friction force permanently varies during the test, namely Fx value can locally increase or decrease in each cycle of sliding. The distribution of friction force drops (dFx) was extracted from the experimental data using a specially developed program. The analysis revealed a power-law distribution f-µ of dFx for the early stage of the run-in with the exponent value (µ) in the range from 0.6 to 2.9. In addition, the frequency power spectrum of Fx time series follows power-law distribution f-α with α value in the range of 1.0–2.0, with the highest values (1.6–2.0) for the initial stage of the run-in. No power-law distribution of dFx was found for the later stage of the run-in and the steady-state periods of sliding with the exception for periods where a relatively extended decrease of coefficient of friction (COF) was observed. The asperity interlocking leads to the stick-slip like sliding at the early stage of the run-in. This tribological behavior can be related to the self-organized criticality (SOC). The emergence of dissipative structures at the later stages of the run-in, namely the formation of ripples, carbonaceous tribolayer, etc., can be associated with the self-organization (SO).
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Bentley, J., K. C. Walter, and N. D. Evans. "Bonding in Ion-Implanted Diamond-Like Carbon Films Characterized by TEM Spectrum Lines and Energy-Filtered Imaging." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, S2 (August 2000): 154–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600033262.
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Many of the electrical, mechanical, and electrochemical properties of diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings are determined by the amount of sp3 bonding. Correlations of bonding and properties are important in efforts to optimize coatings for specific applications. DLC thin films were grown at LANL by plasma deposition and subsequently ion implanted with N or Ar. Cross-sectioned TEM specimens were characterized with a Gatan imaging filter (GIF) interfaced to a LaB6 Philips CM30T at the ORNL SHaRE User Facility. For elemental distribution maps the following conditions were used: incident beam divergence α = 2.9 mrad, collection angle β = 4.8 mrad, slit width ΔE = 30 eV, exposure times of typically 5 s, 2x-binned 512×512 images, and TEM magnification ∼2000. The standard 3-window method was used for producing elemental maps with AE-r background extrapolation; 2-window jump-ratio images were also produced.
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Tazhibayev, S. K., A. M. Alekseev, A. K. Aimukhanov, B. R. Ilyassov, M. K. Beisembekov, X. S. Rozhkova, A. K. Mussabekova, and A. K. Zeinidenov. "INFLUENCE OF SPIRO-OMETAD FILM THICKNESS ON THE STRUCTURAL AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF PEROVSKITE SOLAR CELLS." Eurasian Physical Technical Journal 21, no. 4(50) (December 25, 2024): 23–34. https://doi.org/10.31489/2024no4/23-34.
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This work investigates the effect of the hole transport layer (HTL) thickness of Spiro-OMeTAD on the electrical transport properties in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Spiro-OMeTAD films were obtained by the spin-coating method at centrifuge rotation speeds from 2000 to 7000 rpm. The thickness and morphology of the Spiro-OMeTAD films were studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM). From the obtained AFM image data, an increase in the surface root mean square (rms) value is observed with decreasing film thickness. A decrease in film thickness leads to an increase in Energy gap (Eg) from 2.97 eV to 3.01 eV. We observe that at a layer thickness of 260 nm, the efficiency of the cells reaches its maximum value; further increasing the layer thickness reduces the efficiency. Analysis of the impedance spectra of PSCs showed that the optimal layer thickness reduces the HTL resistance and increases the recombination resistance at the perovskite/HTL interface, which increases the effective lifetime of charge carriers. Images of the surface and current distribution of Spiro-OMeTAD on the surface of the perovskite layer were studied. A non-uniform current distribution on the surface of the samples was revealed, the observed spots with high conductivity are interpreted as perovskite quantum dots, which have better photovoltaic characteristics.
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Sarikov, Andrey, M. Voitovych, Igor Lisovskyy, V. Naseka, A. Hartel, D. Hiller, S. Gutsch, and M. Zacharias. "Characteristics of Hydrogen Effusion from the Si-H Bonds in Si Rich Silicon Oxynitride Films for Nanocrystalline Silicon Based Photovoltaic Applications." Advanced Materials Research 854 (November 2013): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.854.69.
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This work is devoted to determination of characteristics of hydrogen effusion from SiH bonds in Si rich silicon oxynitride (SRON) films, obtained by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition, as a result of thermal anneals at temperatures from 400 to 800°C. The values of the concentrations of SiH bonds in HSi (Si3nOn) (0 n 3) complexes contributing to the structure of SRON films are obtained from the analysis of infrared absorption spectra in the range of 2000-2400 cm1. The kinetics of the decrease of SiH concentrations as a result of anneals is described in the framework of a model with distributed activation energy of hydrogen emission. The median value and the mean-square deviation of this distribution as well as the attempt frequencies of SiH bond breaks are determined from the comparison of experimental and calculated SiH concentrations in SRON films. These characteristics are compatible with such characteristics found for the case of the depassivation of PbH centers at the Si/SiO2 interfaces. Obtained results are useful for the controlled formation of the layers of Si nanocrystals in dielectric matrix for Si based tandem solar cells applications.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Distribution des films – Suède – 2000-"
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Berger, Bjursell Aurore. "De toute façon il est sacrément mort. Le cinéma suédois à l'ère numérique : mutations ontologiques et impacts culturels." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2025. http://www.theses.fr/2025SORUL009.
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Cette thèse explore les changements esthétiques et culturels résultant de la numérisation du secteur cinématographique suédois. En « pensant avec le post-cinéma suédois », la recherche s'appuie sur trois axes méthodologiques: une analyse des changements ontologiques du cinéma suédois à l'ère numérique, des entretiens postqualitatifs avec les acteurs de l'industrie et une étude documentaire sur les transformations du secteur. La thèse se divise en trois chapitres, abordant la production (2000-2008), la dissémination (2009-2017) et leurs conséquences (2018-2023) sur le cinéma et l'imaginaire suédois. Elle met en évidence la dissolution du cinéma suédois, antérieure à l'épisode viral de la covid-19. Cette recherche suggère que le cinéma suédois pourrait être revitalisé en tant que pratique culturelle grâce à une réforme de la politique culturelle. Elle encourage également davantage de recherches universitaires sur les effets de la numérisation sur les identités culturelles nationales et régionales, contribuant ainsi à réévaluer le rôle du cinéma et des images animées dans les représentations culturelles des petites nationsThis PhD thesis explores the aesthetic and cultural changes resulting from the digitisation of the Swedish film industry. By 'thinking with Swedish post-cinema', the research is based on three methodological axes: an analysis of the ontological changes in Swedish cinema in the digital era, post-qualitative interviews with industry players and a documentary study of the transformations in the sector. This thesis is divided into three chapters, dealing with production (2000-2008), dissemination (2009-2017) and their consequences (2018-2023) on Swedish cinema and imagination. This highlights the dissolution of Swedish cinema before the covid-19 health crisis. This research suggests that Swedish cinema could be revitalised as a cultural practice through cultural policy reforms. It also encourages more academic research into the effects of digitisation on national and regional identities, helping to reassess the role of films and moving images in the cultural representations of small nations
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Cho, Ju-Eun. "Impact de l'internet sur le cinéma : avec des exemples de trois pays : la France, les Etats-Unis et la Corée du Sud." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 8, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA080002.
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Depuis les années quatre-vingt-dix, la propagation de l’internet et de ses périphériques a permis à de nombreux producteurs, distributeurs et spectateurs de cinéma de modifier leurs attitudes vis-à-vis des films. Notre travail a consisté à démontrer que les caractères techniques de l’internet, ainsi que l’hypertextualité et l’interactivité, expliquent les changements des activités liées au cinéma et au film même. Bien que la réception de l’internet de la part du public ait été extraordinairement rapide, la part du marché du film en ligne n’est cependant pas encore notable. Nonobstant cela, la croissance de la génération numérique et la simplification des techniques nous encouragent à confirmer le potentiel de l’internet. La filière de la distribution est davantage influencée par l’internet. La concurrence s’est multipliée et l’évolution de la chronologie des médias était inévitable. Malgré la menace de la piraterie et la formation du réseau interne des méga-médias, il semble que l’internet soit un canal on ne peut plus utile en ce qui concerne les films indépendants. Dans la production, toutes les étapes deviennent participatives. L’interaction entre les cinéastes et les spectateurs et entre ceux-ci et les oeuvres a donné lieu aux films participatifs ainsi que les films en forme de multi-histoires, les films de jeu et les films de relais. Comme l’a montré l’étude des caractères techniques de l’internet, la producion et la distribution ainsi que le visionnage des films sont influencés par l’internet au sens de l’instantanéité et de la massification – qui peut se traduire par la participation du public –. Ces deux principaux effets n’ont pas produit un changement radical dans le domaine mais une transformation qui est, à notre sens, on ne peut plus significativeSince the nineties, the spread of the internet and its devices has enabled many producers, distributors and moviegoers to change their attitudes towards movies. Our work has focused on demonstrating that the technical characteristics of the internet like the easy access, the hypertextuality and the interactivity can explain the changes noticed in the activities linked to the cinematographic field and the film itself.Although the reception of the internet by the public is extraordinarily fast, the market share of online film is still not really significant. Nevertheless, the growth of the digital generation and the simplification of techniques encourage us to believe in the potential of the internet.The distribution sector is the most influenced by the internet. The increased competition and the evolution of media chronology were inevitable. Despite the threat of easy piracy and the formation of the internal network of mega-media, it seems obvious that the internet will be a useful channel for independent films.Concerning the production area, all stages become participatory. The interaction between filmmakers and the audience and between the future audience and the works created new modes of movies as multi-stories movie, game movies, relay movies and movies with subsidiary texts.Glimpsed with the evocation of the technical features of the internet, the production and the distribution and the viewing of films are influenced by the internet in the sense of a popularization – which can result in public participation – and of immediacy. These two main effects were not synonym with a radical change in the area but, according to us, with a significant transformation in the cinematographic field
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Lichaa, Flora. "Le documentaire en Chine (1905-2017) : entre autonomie artistique et enjeux politiques." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCF024.
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Cette thèse se propose d'explorer les enjeux politiques, esthétiques et éthiques du documentaire en Chine. À partir d'une recherche historique depuis la naissance du cinéma chinois en 1905 jusqu'à la fin de l'ère maoïste en 1976, nous montrons que le documentaire est progressivement assujetti aux politiques, soutenant la construction d'une Nation moderne. Ainsi, l'esthétique ne parvient pas à s'affranchir de la politique avant les réformes économiques des années 1980. À partir de cette période, nous analysons les stratégies adoptées par les cinéastes pour se libérer de leur carcan idéologique, en nous appuyant sur des enquêtes de terrain et des analyses filmiques. Si la télévision offre d'abord un cadre propice à une réévaluation du documentaire pour favoriser sa diffusion, nous montrons que le renforcement de la censure, après les manifestations de 1989, incite certains documentaristes à créer des circuits de production et de diffusion alternatifs au secteur audiovisuel. L'analyse consacrée au mode d'organisation de ce réseau met au jour les mécanismes de reconnaissance professionnelle qui amènent les cinéastes à développer leurs activités dans le secteur privé chinois, tout en cherchant à exister sur la scène internationale. Cette autonomie structurelle leur permet de concevoir une éthique visant à garantir leur proximité avec les personnes filmées, souvent issues des couches populaires. Mais en raison de l'ingérence des autorités chinoises, leurs films sont seulement diffusés dans des festivals bénéficiant d'une faible visibilité dans l'espace public. Du fait de leur inscription dans un espace marginalisé, fréquenté essentiellement par des artistes et des intellectuels, leur visée égalitariste se heurte à l'impossibilité de renouer avec le public chinois. Ce paradoxe suggère la difficulté d'établir un dialogue constructif entre les documentaristes et le public, tant que l’État chinois n'autorisera pas la formation d'une sphère réflexive, fonctionnant indépendamment des institutions politiques, permettant de réunir cinéastes, critiques et spectateurs en une communauté concrèteThis thesis proposes to explore the political, aesthetic and ethical issues of documentary in China. Based on a historical research from the birth of Chinese cinema in 1905 to the end of the Maoist era in 1976, I show that documentary was progressively subjected to politics, supporting the construction of a modern nation. Thus, aesthetics could not free itself from politics before the reform of the economic system in the 1980s. From that period onwards, I analyze the strategies adopted by filmmakers to free themselves from their ideological straitjacket, based on field surveys and film analyzes. While television has first enabled the re-evaluation of documentary to promote its diffusion, I show that the strengthening of censorship, following the student protests of 1989, has encouraged some documentary filmmakers to create production and diffusion channels independent from the audiovisual sector. The analysis of this network's organization mode reveals the mechanisms of professional recognition, that lead the filmmakers to develop their activities in the Chinese private sector, while seeking to exist on the international scene. This structural autonomy allows them to develop an ethics aimed at guaranteeing their proximity with the people filmed, who usually belong to the lower classes. However, the interference of the Chinese authorities only allows their films to be shown in festivals which have low visibility in the public space. As they are part of a marginalized space, frequented mainly by artists and intellectuals, their egalitarian aim is hampered by the impossibility of reconnecting with the Chinese audience. This paradox suggests the difficulty of establishing a constructive dialogue between documentary filmmakers and the audience, as long as the Chinese State does not allow the formation of a public sphere, functioning independently of political institutions, bringing together filmmakers, critics and audience members into a concrete community
Books on the topic "Distribution des films – Suède – 2000-"
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Martin, Daniel. Extreme Asia. Edinburgh University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9780748697458.001.0001.
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This book explains and analyses the unprecedented rise in visibility of ‘cult’ Asian cinema in the UK, especially between the years 2000 and 2005. Considering multiple factors behind the cultural, critical and economic success of Asia cinema in the West, this book focuses specifically on the hugely influential and pioneering (if deeply problematic) Tartan Films (formerly Metro-Tartan) Asia Extreme brand. This book is structured as a series of case studies, examining different films, filmmakers and distribution events in order to sketch an historical overview of this developing film cycle, paying attention primarily to the marketing and critical reception of these films. The Asia Extreme brand incorporated multiple genres – primarily horror, action, and erotic thrillers – and also elided the differences between various national cinemas. The role of Orientalism in both the marketing and reception of films from Hong Kong, Japan, and South Korea is also examined in detail.
Book chapters on the topic "Distribution des films – Suède – 2000-"
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Lindenfeld, Laura, and Fabio Parasecoli. "Food Films and Consumption." In Feasting Our Eyes. Columbia University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.7312/columbia/9780231172516.003.0002.
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Focuses on restaurants as one of the key spaces in contemporary global food culture that have recently acquired media visibility in the practices imaginary of educated consumers, allowing them to convey their identities in terms of cultural capital, connoisseurship, and cosmopolitanism. Restaurants appear as places where chefs express their skills and creativity, in constant negotiations with their customers’ preferences, media pressure, and business priorities. Big Night (Stanley Tucci and Campbell Scott, 1996) and other movies that focus on restaurants and chefs, like Dinner Rush (Giraldi, 2000), Waiting (McKittrick, 2005), Today’s Special (Kaplan, 2009), Hundred-Food Journey (Lasse Hallström, 2014), and Chef (Jon Favreau, 2014), assume a critical point of view vis-à-vis mainstream U.S. food culture, revealing the tensions, contradictions, and inequalities in food business. However, their distribution and self-representation through marketing reiterate the stereotypes the films appear to target. By focusing on restaurants and the chefs that command them, while playing with the gender, class, and ethnic identities of the protagonists, as well as their social status, food films help to construct notions of good taste and citizenship while defining educated consumers by appealing to their sense of cultural capital.
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Walker, Johnny. "Knowing the Unknown Beyond: ‘Italianate’ and ‘Italian’ Horror Cinema in the Twenty-First Century." In Italian Horror Cinema, 62–78. Edinburgh University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9780748693528.003.0005.
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Since the year 2000, European horror cinema has undergone a major revival. After the 1990s, which saw very few European horror films made, the first fifteen years of the twenty-first century witnessed a groundswell in production from France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, Serbia and the UK. Italy was also part of this ‘new wave’, though its horror films typically did not reach as wide an audience, nor experience the critical recognition, of its continental neighbours. Italian horror during this period also faced a great irony. Whereas several filmmakers from America and Europe pastiched the Italian horror boom of the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s with films that were widely distributed and commercially well received, Italian directors shooting horror films either in Italy or elsewhere typically lacked access to ‘formal’ distribution (Lobato, 2012) and therefore their films were not as widely seen.
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Martin, Daniel. "Introduction." In Extreme Asia, 1–21. Edinburgh University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9780748697458.003.0001.
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This book is a study of the Asia Extreme brand, a DVD and theatrical release label created by British film distribution company Metro-Tartan/Tartan Films. Specifically, this book offers a comprehensive history of the marketing and critical reception of this series of films from Japan, South Korea, Thailand and Hong Kong, focusing on releases in the United Kingdom between 2000 and 2005. The strategies and marketing campaigns used by Tartan Films to promote these films to a wide British audience will be examined, as will the critical and journalistic reception of the films. The following analysis seeks to account for the rise in visibility of this cycle of Japanese horror, Hong Kong action and Korean cult film in the UK, and to chart the changing contexts of their reception. In the process, this research identifies the cinematic debates, assumptions and prejudices that inform the British critical reception of ‘cult’ cinema from the Far East....
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Perriam, Chris. "A Newer Generation." In Stars and Masculinities In Spanish Cinema, 173–200. Oxford University PressOxford, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198159964.003.0008.
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Abstract The late 1990s saw a considerable promotion of new film action and a sudden growth of interest in potential sstars as the prime producers of meanings for audiences of contemporary Spanish films (Fotogramas 1994b; Castellano and Costa 1995). This came in the wake of the Almodóvar phenomenon, and in a context of rising numbers of multiplexes and ticket sales, and big mltimedia distribution and exhibition deals (Jordan and Morgan-Tamosunas 1998: 206). In annual upbeat reviews of the state of Spanish cinema in the glossy press, the names of new wave of directors (as partly represented below) are linked to the fame and faces of their actors in a widespread fashion, and the industry is increasingly dependent on key producers (Fotogramas 2000). The public interest, however, is more in groups and generations (that concept so beloved of the Romance languages) of actors than in individuals, at least where film magazines and publicity are concerned (the more general celebrity glossies, leisure, youth, and lesbian and gay magazines continue to idolize the actors one by one).
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"In commercial terms, Working Title Films, the production company that Tim Bevan helped found and co-chairs, is the most successful UK outt of its generation. From Bridget Jones’s Diary (2001) to Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994), Notting Hill (1999), and Love Actually (2003), from Nanny McPhee (2005), and Bean (1997) to Atonement (2007), and Shaun of the Dead (2004), their lms have made hundreds of millions of dollars. Working Title Films has also been instrumental in creating British stars (Hugh Grant, Keira Knightley) and in talent-spotting writers and directors (Richard Curtis, Joe Wright). Bevan entered the British lm industry via the world of pop promos in the 1980s. Working Title was formed in 1983. The company’s breakthrough came when he and Sarah Radclyffe (his original partner in the company) produced My Beautiful Laundrette (1985). When Michael Kuhn set up PolyGram Filmed Entertainment (PFE) in 1991 with the ambition of creating a European-based “studio” with the reach and distribution repower of a Hollywood major, he looked to invest in Working Title Films. At this point, Radclyffe stepped aside and Bevan’s current business partner Eric Fellner came on board. Under Bevan and Fellner, Working Title Films quickly blossomed. Both producers targeted the international market. The success of Four Weddings and a Funeral was followed by a string of hits. At the same time, they worked with the Coen brothers on lms such as Fargo (1996) and The Big Lebowski (1998), while also overseeing low-budget British successes such as Billy Elliot (2000). When PFE was closed down in 1999, Working Title came under the ownership of Universal, however, Bevan and his team retain extraordinary autonomy. Universal trusted the company to greenlight their own movies up to a reported budget of $35 million. The Working Title lmography is very varied. Spy thrillers, zombie comedies, period dramas, and kids’ movies sit alongside the romantic comedies that have been their biggest successes. In early 2012, when this interview was conducted, Working Title’s slate was as full and varied as ever, wrapping up Anna Karenina, preparing Les Misérables, discussing a new Bridget Jones, and working full throttle on Ron Howard’s Formula One racing movie, Rush." In FilmCraft: Producing, 23–24. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780240823881-4.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Distribution des films – Suède – 2000-"
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Upadhyay, R. K., and Glen Tryson. "Process Stability in Multilayer Sheet Extrusion." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-1242.
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Abstract Calendering of multi-layer sheets is an excellent process for production of sheets and films for thermoformable feedstocks. The quality of the sheet surface and throughput rate are strongly affected by thermal and adhesive properties of constituent materials and temperatures of individual layers and nip-rolls. We conducted a set of experiments that allows us to relate process conditions to sheet quality and develop mathematical functions for process optimization. In addition, we have developed a physics-based model to calculate transient thermal distribution in the sheet and adhesive strength between rolls and sheet surface. Model predictions of temperature are in good agreement with actual surface temperature measurement. The model can be used to relate quality characteristics to thermal gradients and adhesive strength and can become a useful tool for development the of optimum process envelope for highest throughput.
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Glahn, A., M. F. Blair, K. L. Allard, S. Busam, O. Schäfer, and S. Wittig. "Disintegration of Oil Films Emerging From Radial Holes in a Rotating Cylinder." In ASME Turbo Expo 2001: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2001-gt-0202.
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A fundamental study has been performed to examine the disintegration of oil films emerging from radial holes in a rotating hollow cylinder. The configuration investigated is an abstraction of one of the droplet generation sources in an aero-engine bearing compartment; similar configurations may also occur inside gearboxes. The paper aims to contribute to both the determination of directly applicable droplet characteristics and the establishment of a data-base that can be used for the development of droplet generation models. Similar to a prior paper on droplet generation processes at the rim of a rotating disk (Glahn et al, 2000), the near-term objectives of the study are (i) to determine droplet sizes under relevant aero-engine bearing compartment operating conditions, and (ii) to measure individual droplet diameter/velocity relationships. The long-term objective is to incorporate this information into advanced CFD-based design tools. Therefore, special emphasis has been directed towards a correlation of test results that enables determination of boundary conditions for a two-phase (oil droplets/air) simulation of lubrication system components. Based on the results of the present paper, droplet flow boundary conditions in terms of mean diameter, standard deviation of the diameter distribution, starting velocity, and flow angle are available for oil droplets generated by disintegration of oil films emerging from rotating radial holes and rotating disks.
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Stadtmüller, Peter, Leonhard Fottner, and Andreas Fiala. "Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Wake-Induced Transition on a Highly Loaded LP Turbine at Low Reynolds Numbers." In ASME Turbo Expo 2000: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2000-gt-0269.
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Experimental and numerical results of LP turbine cascade tests performed to investigate wake interaction effects on boundary layer transition are presented. The data obtained at different inlet flow angles, turbulence levels and Mach numbers are compared and discussed with special focus on low Reynolds number conditions. For the boundary layer, calculated propagation velocities of disturbances are introduced to explain the transition process on the suction side of the blade over time. Using a moving bar wake generator and surface-mounted hot films as well as surface pressure tappings, the effects of periodic wake passing were studied in the High-Speed Cascade Wind Tunnel on the aft-loaded LPT profile T106. Blade pitch was increased as compared with design point conditions to achieve a higher blade loading. As a result, a large separation bubble formed on the suction side of the surface and allowed unsteady boundary layer development to be studied in great detail. Starting at a characteristic Reynolds number, massive separation occurred on the suction side under steady state conditions, i.e. the boundary layer was unable to reach the back pressure at the trailing edge. By using the wake generator, it was possible to reduce this separation and thus decrease profile pressure losses by 50%. The primary objective of the study was to provide unsteady ensemble-averaged hot film data together with information on the wake induced path, sufficient for the validation of numerical simulations. Such a simulation of the experiment was conducted using the Unsteady Boundary Layer Interaction Method, which takes into account the influence of boundary layer displacement on the velocity distribution and the time-dependent turbulence level in the outflow. The computations provide a good description of the wall shear stress in the transitional region and are in good agreement with the experimental data. By plotting propagation directions of boundary layer disturbances in space-time diagrams, it is shown that one characteristic direction is deviated around the so-called becalmed region and the temporarily separated region into the wake-induced transitional region.
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Ikegawa, Masato. "Flow and Heat Transfer Problems in the Semiconductor Manufacturing Processes." In ASME 1996 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1996-1044.
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Abstract The integrated circuit (IC) market has been growing rapidly recently with factory sales increasing by an average 20% per year. By the year 2000, it may surpass the automobile, chemical, and steel industries in sales volume. The number of components per IC chips, developed in 1959, grow exponentially year by year. Now ultra large scale integration (ULSI) devices in which components exceed 1,000,000 are produced. Dynamic random access memory (DRAM) has increased the integration by four times in three years. The 4 M (megabit)DRAM and 16 MDRAM are produced in mass production, 64 MDRAM is shipped as samplers, and 256 MDRAM is developed in the laboratory. As chips become more integrated, their line widths (device feature size) are being reduced to submicron dimensions to decrease the cost per bit. Mechanical engineers began to participate in the development of ICs and manufacturing equipment after around 1980 to optimize the processes and the reactors. A main theme in the IC industry is the simultaneous fabrication of hundreds of ICs (or chips) on a wafer of silicon, which is typically 100–200 mm in diameter and 1-mm thick. The wafer size increases as the device feature size decreases. Many individual process steps, which are precisely controlled and carefully sequenced, are required for the fabrication. ICs are built-up from layers of film conducting, insulating, and semiconducting films. Each film has a pattern etched into it so that an exactly registered array of these layers forms individual components such as transistors, resistors, diodes, and capacitors. These components are interconnected by conducting films to yield circuits. Uniformity of these films in device feature size and wafer size is required for the high throughput of chips. Even 1-μm particulates decrease the yield of chips if they adhere to wafers during manufacturing. Many efforts have been made to eliminate the particulate contamination in the manufacturing processes. Unit operations in semiconductor manufacturing are Bulk crystal growth by the Czochralski method, Chemical reactions with surfaces (Etching, Oxidation), Thin-film formation (Sputtering, CVD, Spin coating), Lithography, Semiconductor doping (Diffusion, Ion implantation), Other new techniques. Many problems of flow and heat transfer are found in these processes. These problems are found in two groups of wafer size (a few hundred mm order) and device feature size (μm order). The former is the flow in the manufacturing equipment and the latter is the flow around the submicron trench or holes on the wafers. The control of flow velocity, concentration, and temperature distribution was designed and executed precisely to keep the uniformity of the layers in both sizes. The flows in the CVD reactors show complex phenomena including chemical reactions with the particle contamination. Plasma is often used in the CAD during the lower temperature process and in etching for the smaller scale process. New high-density-plasma reactors have been developed and competed in the market. With the trend towards finer line structures on chips, deposition profiles in small trenches suffer from poor step-coverage. Since poor step-coverage affects production yield and device reliability, several counter-measures have been taken to improve it. The flow and deposition in low-pressure apparatus and around submicron trenches are analyzed as rarefied gas flow using the DSMC method.