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Journal articles on the topic 'Distinct charge density wave'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Hall, R. P., and A. Zettl. "Distinct current-carrying charge density wave states in NbSe3." Solid State Communications 57, no. 1 (January 1986): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-1098(86)90664-2.

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2

Miao, H., J. Lorenzana, G. Seibold, Y. Y. Peng, A. Amorese, F. Yakhou-Harris, K. Kummer, et al. "High-temperature charge density wave correlations in La1.875Ba0.125CuO4 without spin–charge locking." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 47 (November 7, 2017): 12430–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1708549114.

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Although all superconducting cuprates display charge-ordering tendencies, their low-temperature properties are distinct, impeding efforts to understand the phenomena within a single conceptual framework. While some systems exhibit stripes of charge and spin, with a locked periodicity, others host charge density waves (CDWs) without any obviously related spin order. Here we use resonant inelastic X-ray scattering to follow the evolution of charge correlations in the canonical stripe-ordered cuprate La1.875Ba0.125CuO4 across its ordering transition. We find that high-temperature charge correlations are unlocked from the wavevector of the spin correlations, signaling analogies to CDW phases in various other cuprates. This indicates that stripe order at low temperatures is stabilized by the coupling of otherwise independent charge and spin density waves, with important implications for the relation between charge and spin correlations in the cuprates.

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3

Malliakas, Christos D., Maria Iavarone, Jan Fedor, and Mercouri G. Kanatzidis. "Coexistence and Coupling of Two Distinct Charge Density Waves in Sm2Te5." Journal of the American Chemical Society 130, no. 11 (March 2008): 3310–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja7111405.

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4

YUE, SONG. "ELECTRIC FIELD-ASSISTED RELAXATION OF THE CHARGE DENSITY WAVES IN K0.3MoO3." Modern Physics Letters B 21, no. 27 (November 20, 2007): 1863–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021798490701422x.

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The evolution of the current-voltage characteristic in K 0.3 MoO 3 was observed intuitively with the presence of current cycling. No variation of the ohmic conductivity was distinguished, while the threshold field for the charge density waves depinning exhibited distinct enhancement with the current cycling. These results were attributed to the electric field-assisted metastable states' relaxation of the charge density waves.

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5

EFTHIMION, PHILIP C., ERIK GILSON, LARRY GRISHAM, PAVEL KOLCHIN, RONALD C. DAVIDSON, SIMON YU, and B. GRANT LOGAN. "ECR plasma source for heavy ion beam charge neutralization." Laser and Particle Beams 21, no. 1 (January 2003): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034602211088.

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Highly ionized plasmas are being considered as a medium for charge neutralizing heavy ion beams in order to focus beyond the space-charge limit. Calculations suggest that plasma at a density of 1–100 times the ion beam density and at a length ∼0.1–2 m would be suitable for achieving a high level of charge neutralization. An Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) source has been built at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) to support a joint Neutralized Transport Experiment (NTX) at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) to study ion beam neutralization with plasma. The ECR source operates at 13.6 MHz and with solenoid magnetic fields of 1–10 gauss. The goal is to operate the source at pressures ∼10−6 Torr at full ionization. The initial operation of the source has been at pressures of 10−4–10−1 Torr. Electron densities in the range of 108 to 1011 cm−3 have been achieved. Low-pressure operation is important to reduce ion beam ionization. A cusp magnetic field has been installed to improve radial confinement and reduce the field strength on the beam axis. In addition, axial confinement is believed to be important to achieve lower-pressure operation. To further improve breakdown at low pressure, a weak electron source will be placed near the end of the ECR source. This article also describes the wave damping mechanisms. At moderate pressures (> 1 mTorr), the wave damping is collisional, and at low pressures (< 1 mTorr) there is a distinct electron cyclotron resonance.

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6

Kandhakumar, Gopal, Chinnasamy Kalaiarasi, and Poomani Kumaradhas. "Structure and charge density distribution of amine azide based hypergolic propellant molecules: a theoretical study." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 94, no. 2 (February 2016): 126–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2015-0416.

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A quantum chemical calculation and charge density analysis of some amine azide based propellants (DMAZ, DMAEH, ADMCPA, AMCBA and ACPA) have been carried out to understand the geometry, bond topological, electrostatic, and energetic properties. The topological properties of electron density of the molecules were determined using Bader’s theory of atoms in molecules from the wave functions obtained from the density functional method (B3LYP) with the 6-311G** basis set. The electron density distribution of these molecules reveals the nature of chemical bonding in the molecules. The azide group attached C−N bonds of all molecules exhibit the electron density of ρbcp(r) ∼1.639 e Å−3 and the Laplacian of electron density ∇2ρbcp(r) is ∼–14.0 e Å−5, in which the corresponding values of the ADMCPA molecule are relatively high, 1.725 e Å–3 and –15.2 e Å−5 respectively, whereas for the methylamine group attached C–N bonds, these values are found to be higher (1.824 e Å–3 and –17.25 e Å−5). The Laplacian of terminal N–N bonds of the azide group is highly negative, indicating that these charges are highly concentrated, whereas the charge concentration of the dimethylamine group attached N–N bond of DMEAH is very much less, confirming that the bond is the weakest bond among the molecules. The energy density has been calculated for each bond of the molecules, which insights the energy density distribution of the molecules. Relatively, the molecules exhibit distinct electrostatic properties that are related to different charge distribution in the molecules. Large negative electrostatic potential regions are found at the vicinity of the amine and azide groups of the molecules. The charge imbalance parameter of the molecules has been determined and shows that the DMAEH molecule is the least sensitive molecule in this series.

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7

Zhang, Xiaoxiao, Jun Hou, Wei Xia, Zhian Xu, Pengtao Yang, Anqi Wang, Ziyi Liu, et al. "Destabilization of the Charge Density Wave and the Absence of Superconductivity in ScV6Sn6 under High Pressures up to 11 GPa." Materials 15, no. 20 (October 21, 2022): 7372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15207372.

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RV6Sn6 (R = Sc, Y, or rare earth) is a new family of kagome metals that have a similar vanadium structural motif as AV3Sb5 (A = K, Rb, Cs) compounds. Unlike AV3Sb5, ScV6Sn6 is the only compound among the series of RV6Sn6 that displays a charge density wave (CDW) order at ambient pressure, yet it shows no superconductivity (SC) at low temperatures. Here, we perform a high-pressure transport study on the ScV6Sn6 single crystal to track the evolutions of the CDW transition and to explore possible SC. In contrast to AV3Sb5 compounds, the CDW order of ScV6Sn6 can be suppressed completely by a pressure of about 2.4 GPa, but no SC is detected down to 40 mK at 2.35 GPa and 1.5 K up to 11 GPa. Moreover, we observed that the resistivity anomaly around the CDW transition undergoes an obvious change at ~2.04 GPa before it vanishes completely. The present work highlights a distinct relationship between CDW and SC in ScV6Sn6 in comparison with the well-studied AV3Sb5.

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8

Shi, Xun, Wenjing You, Yingchao Zhang, Zhensheng Tao, Peter M. Oppeneer, Xianxin Wu, Ronny Thomale, et al. "Ultrafast electron calorimetry uncovers a new long-lived metastable state in 1T-TaSe2 mediated by mode-selective electron-phonon coupling." Science Advances 5, no. 3 (March 2019): eaav4449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav4449.

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Quantum materials represent one of the most promising frontiers in the quest for faster, lightweight, energy-efficient technologies. However, their inherent complexity and rich phase landscape make them challenging to understand or manipulate. Here, we present a new ultrafast electron calorimetry technique that can systematically uncover new phases of quantum matter. Using time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, we measure the dynamic electron temperature, band structure, and heat capacity. This approach allows us to uncover a new long-lived metastable state in the charge density wave material 1T-TaSe2, which is distinct from all the known equilibrium phases: It is characterized by a substantially reduced effective total heat capacity that is only 30% of the normal value, because of selective electron-phonon coupling to a subset of phonon modes. As a result, less energy is required to melt the charge order and transform the state of the material than under thermal equilibrium conditions.

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9

Shimano, Ryo, and Naoto Tsuji. "Higgs Mode in Superconductors." Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics 11, no. 1 (March 10, 2020): 103–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031119-050813.

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When the continuous symmetry of a physical system is spontaneously broken, two types of collective modes typically emerge: the amplitude and the phase modes of the order-parameter fluctuation. For superconductors, the amplitude mode is referred to most recently as the Higgs mode as it is a condensed-matter analog of a Higgs boson in particle physics. Higgs mode is a scalar excitation of the order parameter, distinct from charge or spin fluctuations, and thus does not couple to electromagnetic fields linearly. This is why the Higgs mode in superconductors has evaded experimental observations for over a half century after the initial theoretical prediction, except for a charge-density-wave coexisting system. With the advance of nonlinear and time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy techniques, however, it has become possible to study the Higgs mode through the nonlinear light–Higgs coupling. In this review, we overview recent progress in the study of the Higgs mode in superconductors.

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10

Yu, Fang-Hang, Xi-Kai Wen, Zhi-Gang Gui, Tao Wu, Zhenyu Wang, Zi-Ji Xiang, Jianjun Ying, and Xianhui Chen. "Pressure tuning of the anomalous Hall effect in the kagome superconductor CsV₃Sb₅." Chinese Physics B 31, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 017405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/ac3990.

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Controlling the anomalous Hall effect (AHE) inspires potential applications of quantum materials in the next generation of electronics. The recently discovered quasi-2D kagome superconductor CsV3Sb5 exhibits large AHE accompanying with the charge-density-wave (CDW) order which provides us an ideal platform to study the interplay among nontrivial band topology, CDW, and unconventional superconductivity. Here, we systematically investigated the pressure effect of the AHE in CsV3Sb5. Our high-pressure transport measurements confirm the concurrence of AHE and CDW in the compressed CsV3Sb5. Remarkably, distinct from the negative AHE at ambient pressure, a positive anomalous Hall resistivity sets in below 35 K with pressure around 0.75 GPa, which can be attributed to the Fermi surface reconstruction and/or Fermi energy shift in the new CDW phase under pressure. Our work indicates that the anomalous Hall effect in CsV3Sb5 is tunable and highly related to the band structure.

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11

Ruggieri, Roberta, and Fabio Trippetta. "Petrophysical properties variation of bitumen-bearing carbonates at increasing temperatures from laboratory to model." GEOPHYSICS 85, no. 5 (August 17, 2020): MR297—MR308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2019-0790.1.

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Variations in reservoir seismic properties can be correlated to changes in saturated-fluid properties. Thus, the determination of variation in petrophysical properties of carbonate-bearing rocks is of interest to the oil exploration industry because unconventional oils, such as bitumen (HHC), are emerging as an alternative hydrocarbon reserve. We have investigated the temperature effects on laboratory seismic wave velocities of HHC-bearing carbonate rocks belonging to the Bolognano Formation (Majella Mountain, central Italy), which can be defined as a natural laboratory to study carbonate reservoir properties. We conduct an initial characterization in terms of porosity and density for the carbonate-bearing samples and then density and viscosity measurements for the residual HHC, extracted by HCl dissolution of the hosting rock. Acoustic wave velocities are recorded from ambient temperature to 90°C. Our acoustic velocity data point out an inverse relationship with temperature, and compressional (P) and shear (S) wave velocities show a distinct trend with increasing temperature depending on the amount of HHC content. Indeed, samples with the highest HHC content show a larger gradient of velocity changes in the temperature range of approximately 50°C–60°C, suggesting that the bitumen can be in a fluid state. Conversely, below approximately 50°C, the velocity gradient is lower because, at this temperature, bitumen can change its phase in a solid state. We also propose a theoretical model to predict the P-wave velocity change at different initial porosities for HHC-saturated samples suggesting that the velocity change mainly is related to the absolute volume of HHC.

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12

Raghav, Anil, Omkar Dhamane, Zubair Shaikh, Naba Azmi, Ankita Manjrekar, Utsav Panchal, Kalpesh Ghag, et al. "First Analysis of In Situ Observation of Surface Alfvén Waves in an ICME Flux Rope." Astrophysical Journal 945, no. 1 (March 1, 2023): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acb93c.

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Abstract Alfvén waves (AWs) are ubiquitous in space and astrophysical plasma. Their crucial role in various physical processes has triggered intense research in solar–terrestrial physics. Simulation studies have proposed the generation of AWs along the surface of a cylindrical flux rope, referred to as surface AWs (SAWs); however, the observational verification of this distinct wave has been elusive to date. We report the first in situ observation of SAWs in a flux rope of an interplanetary coronal mass ejection. We apply the Walén test to identify them. We have used Elsässer variables to estimate the characteristics of SAWs. They may be excited by the movement of the flux rope’s footpoints or by instabilities along the boundaries of the plasma magnetic cloud. Here, the change in plasma density or field strength in the surface-aligned magnetic field may trigger SAWs.

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13

Gupta, Naman K., Christopher McMahon, Ronny Sutarto, Tianyu Shi, Rantong Gong, Haofei I. Wei, Kyle M. Shen, et al. "Vanishing nematic order beyond the pseudogap phase in overdoped cuprate superconductors." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 34 (August 19, 2021): e2106881118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2106881118.

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During the last decade, translational and rotational symmetry-breaking phases—density wave order and electronic nematicity—have been established as generic and distinct features of many correlated electron systems, including pnictide and cuprate superconductors. However, in cuprates, the relationship between these electronic symmetry-breaking phases and the enigmatic pseudogap phase remains unclear. Here, we employ resonant X-ray scattering in a cuprate high-temperature superconductor La1.6−xNd0.4SrxCuO4 (Nd-LSCO) to navigate the cuprate phase diagram, probing the relationship between electronic nematicity of the Cu 3d orbitals, charge order, and the pseudogap phase as a function of doping. We find evidence for a considerable decrease in electronic nematicity beyond the pseudogap phase, either by raising the temperature through the pseudogap onset temperature T* or increasing doping through the pseudogap critical point, p*. These results establish a clear link between electronic nematicity, the pseudogap, and its associated quantum criticality in overdoped cuprates. Our findings anticipate that electronic nematicity may play a larger role in understanding the cuprate phase diagram than previously recognized, possibly having a crucial role in the phenomenology of the pseudogap phase.

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14

Kolotkov, Dmitrii Y., Valery M. Nakariakov, Guy Moss, and Paul Shellard. "Fast magnetoacoustic wave trains: from tadpoles to boomerangs." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 505, no. 3 (June 3, 2021): 3505–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab1587.

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ABSTRACT Rapidly propagating fast magnetoacoustic wave trains guided by field-aligned plasma non-uniformities are confidently observed in the Sun’s corona. Observations at large heights suggest that fast wave trains can travel long distances from the excitation locations. We study characteristic time signatures of fully developed, dispersive fast magnetoacoustic wave trains in field-aligned zero-β plasma slabs in the linear regime. Fast wave trains are excited by a spatially localized impulsive driver and propagate along the waveguide as prescribed by the waveguide-caused dispersion. In slabs with steeper transverse density profiles, developed wave trains are shown to consist of three distinct phases: a long-period quasi-periodic phase with the oscillation period shortening with time, a multiperiodic (peloton) phase in which distinctly different periods co-exist, and a short-lived periodic Airy phase. The appearance of these phases is attributed to a non-monotonic dependence of the fast wave group speed on the parallel wavenumber due to the waveguide dispersion, and is shown to be different for axisymmetric (sausage) and non-axisymmetric (kink) modes. In wavelet analysis, this corresponds to the transition from the previously known tadpole shape to a new boomerang shape of the wave train spectrum, with two well-pronounced arms at shorter and longer periods. We describe a specific previously published radio observation of a coronal fast wave train, highly suggestive of a change of the wavelet spectrum from a tadpole to a boomerang, broadly consistent with our modelling. The applicability of these boomerang-shaped fast wave trains for probing the transverse structuring of the waveguiding coronal plasma is discussed.

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15

Madden, Jamie M., Simon More, Conor Teljeur, Justin Gleeson, Cathal Walsh, and Guy McGrath. "Population Mobility Trends, Deprivation Index and the Spatio-Temporal Spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Ireland." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 12 (June 10, 2021): 6285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126285.

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Like most countries worldwide, the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has adversely affected Ireland. The aim of this study was to (i) investigate the spatio-temporal trend of COVID-19 incidence; (ii) describe mobility trends as measured by aggregated mobile phone records; and (iii) investigate the association between deprivation index, population density and COVID-19 cases while accounting for spatial and temporal correlation. Standardised incidence ratios of cases were calculated and mapped at a high spatial resolution (electoral division level) over time. Trends in the percentage change in mobility compared to a pre-COVID-19 period were plotted to investigate the impact of lockdown restrictions. We implemented a hierarchical Bayesian spatio-temporal model (Besag, York and Mollié (BYM)), commonly used for disease mapping, to investigate the association between covariates and the number of cases. There have been three distinct “waves” of COVID-19 cases in Ireland to date. Lockdown restrictions led to a substantial reduction in human movement, particularly during the 1st and 3rd wave. Despite adjustment for population density (incidence ratio (IR) = 1.985 (1.915–2.058)) and the average number of persons per room (IR = 10.411 (5.264–22.533)), we found an association between deprivation index and COVID-19 incidence (IR = 1.210 (CI: 1.077–1.357) for the most deprived quintile compared to the least deprived). There is a large range of spatial heterogeneity in COVID-19 cases in Ireland. The methods presented can be used to explore locally intensive surveillance with the possibility of localised lockdown measures to curb the transmission of infection, while keeping other, low-incidence areas open. Our results suggest that prioritising densely populated deprived areas (that are at increased risk of comorbidities) during vaccination rollout may capture people that are at risk of infection and, potentially, also those at increased risk of hospitalisation.

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16

Dixon, J. M., J. A. Tuszyński, and M. L. A. Nip. "The One-Electron Energies of a Neutral Zinc Atom Evaluated Using Nonlinear Field Theoretical Methods: Comparison with Hartree–Fock Calculations." International Journal of Modern Physics B 11, no. 03 (January 30, 1997): 263–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979297000319.

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The Method of Coherent Structures (MCS) has been used, as an example of a sufficiently complex atomic system, to determine the one-electron eigenvalues of a neutral zinc atom. An ensemble procedure is used in MCS to properly account for spatial correlations even for a relatively small number of particles. The MCS is a semiclassical approach, but the essentially Fermionic character of the electrons emerges via physical boundary conditions on the choice of classical field. We interpret the classical field as a coherent state envelope which partly determines the effective potential in which quantum fluctuations take place. We find that three distinct régimes of behaviour of the classical field exist depending on the magnitude of the effective Coulomb repulsion, μ. When μ<μ0, a critical value, those classical fields which correspond to certain discrete values of μ are physically acceptable normalisable bound charge states. When μ<μ0 and does not correspond to the discrete values, classical solutions exhibit a damped oscillatory behaviour typical of charged "ring" waves. For μ>μ0, corresponding to an excess of electronic charge, only a small fraction of the charge, represented by a few oscillations about the nucleus, remains attracted to this centre while the remainder escapes from the nucleus. Parameters representing the repulsive energy strength and energy shifts agree well with trends in the Slater parameter F 0(2s,2p) as a function of atomic number Z and also Moseley's Law. Agreement is also obtained with the first-principles form of charge density at small distances from the nucleus as given by Kato's Theorem and also at large distances as outlined by March. The usefulness and validity of this approach has been shown by comparing such energies with those determined by a Hartree–Fock–Slater (HF) method which is well known to satisfactorily account for many specific details of the level structure of atoms. Good agreement with HF has been obtained for both shell positions and energy ordering of states within a shell.

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17

Visscher, Mark I., and Gerrit E. W. Bauer. "Charge density wave ratchet." Applied Physics Letters 75, no. 7 (August 16, 1999): 1007–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.124580.

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18

Latyshev, Yu I., P. Monceau, O. Laborde, and B. Pannetier. "Charge density wave mesoscopy." Synthetic Metals 103, no. 1-3 (June 1999): 2582–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0379-6779(98)00246-x.

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19

Gill, J. C., and H. H. Wills. "Charge-density wave transport." Contemporary Physics 27, no. 1 (January 1986): 37–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00107518608210997.

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20

Thorne, Robert E. "Charge‐Density‐Wave Conductors." Physics Today 49, no. 5 (May 1996): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.881498.

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21

Dressel, M., A. Schwartz, A. Blank, T. Csiba, G. Grüner, B. P. Gorshunov, A. A. Volkov, G. V. Kozlov, and L. Degiorgi. "Charge-density-wave paraconductivity." Synthetic Metals 71, no. 1-3 (April 1995): 1893–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(94)03095-n.

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22

Gaál, R., S. Donovan, Zs Sörlei, and G. Mihály. "Photoinduced charge-density-wave conduction." Physical Review Letters 69, no. 8 (August 24, 1992): 1244–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.69.1244.

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23

Zant, H. J. S. van der, N. Markovic, and E. Slot. "Submicron charge-density-wave devices." Physics-Uspekhi 44, no. 10S (October 1, 2001): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/1063-7869/44/10s/s12.

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24

Bjeliš, A. "Charge Density Wave Dynamics - Theory." Physica Scripta T29 (January 1, 1989): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/1989/t29/010.

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25

Matsuura, T., J. Hara, K. Inagaki, M. Tsubota, T. Hosokawa, and S. Tanda. "Charge density wave soliton liquid." EPL (Europhysics Letters) 109, no. 2 (January 1, 2015): 27005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/109/27005.

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26

Ong, Nai Phuan, and Pierre Monceau. "Charge‐Density Wave Compound Comment." Physics Today 44, no. 6 (June 1991): 137–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2810159.

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27

DiCarlo, D., R. E. Thorne, E. Sweetland, M. Sutton, and J. D. Brock. "Charge-density-wave structure inNbSe3." Physical Review B 50, no. 12 (September 15, 1994): 8288–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.50.8288.

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28

Gorshunov, B. P., A. A. Volkov, G. V. Kozlov, L. Degiorgi, A. Blank, T. Csiba, M. Dressel, Y. Kim, A. Schwartz, and G. Grüner. "Charge-density-wave paraconductivity inK0.3MoO3." Physical Review Letters 73, no. 2 (July 11, 1994): 308–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.73.308.

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29

Visscher, Mark I., and Gerrit E. W. Bauer. "Mesoscopic charge-density-wave junctions." Physical Review B 54, no. 4 (July 15, 1996): 2798–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.54.2798.

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30

Tomiyoshi, Shoichi, Hiroyuki Ohsumi, Hisao Kobayashi, and Akiji Yamamoto. "Charge Density Wave Accompanied by Spin Density Wave in Mn3Si." Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 83, no. 4 (April 15, 2014): 044715. http://dx.doi.org/10.7566/jpsj.83.044715.

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31

Pretre, A., and T. M. Rice. "Spin-density-wave state in a charge-density-wave domain wall." Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics 19, no. 9 (March 30, 1986): 1363–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3719/19/9/009.

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32

Maki, Kazumi. "Spin-density-wave and charge-density-wave fluctuation and electric conductivity." Physical Review B 41, no. 13 (May 1, 1990): 9308–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.41.9308.

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33

Séran, E., H. U. Frey, M. Fillingim, J. J. Berthelier, R. Pottelette, and G. Parks. "Demeter high resolution observations of the ionospheric thermal plasma response to magnetospheric energy input during the magnetic storm of November 2004." Annales Geophysicae 25, no. 12 (January 2, 2007): 2503–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-25-2503-2007.

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Abstract. High resolution Demeter plasma and wave observations were available during one of the geomagnetic storms of November 2004 when the ionospheric footprint of the plasmasphere was pushed below 64 degrees in the midnight sector. We report here onboard observations of thermal/suprathermal plasma and HF electric field variations with a temporal resolution of 0.4 s, which corresponds to a spatial resolution of 3 km. Local perturbations of the plasma parameters at the altitude of 730 km are analysed with respect to the variation of the field-aligned currents, electron and proton precipitation and large-scale electric fields, measured in-situ by Demeter and by remote optical methods from the IMAGE/Polar satellites. Flow monitoring in the 21:00 and 24:00 MLT sectors during storm conditions reveals two distinct regions of O+ outflow, i.e. the region of the field-aligned currents, which often comprises few layers of opposite currents, and the region of velocity reversal toward dusk at sub-auroral latitudes. Average upward O+ velocities are identical in both local time sectors and vary between 200 and 450 m s−1, with an exception of a few cases of higher speed (~1000 m s−1) outflow, observed in the midnight sector. Each individual outflow event does not indicate any heating process of the thermal O+ population. On the contrary, the temperature of the O+, outflowing from auroral latitudes, is found to be even colder than that of the ambient ion plasma. The only ion population which is observed to be involved in the heating is the O+ with energies a few times higher than the thermal energy. Such a population was detected at sub-auroral latitudes in the region of duskward flow reversal. Its temperature raises up to a few eV inside the layer of sheared velocity. A deep decrease in the H+ density at heights and latitudes, where, according to the IRI model, these ions are expected to comprise ~50% of the positive charge, indicates that the thermospheric balance between atomic oxygen and hydrogen was re-established in favour of oxygen. As a consequence, the charge exchange between oxygen and hydrogen does not effectively limit the O+ production in the regions of the electron precipitation. According to Demeter observations, the O+ concentration is doubled inside the layers with upward currents (downward electrons). Such a density excess creates the pressure gradient which drives the plasma away from the overdense regions, i.e. first, from the layers of precipitating electrons and then upward along the layers of downward current. In addition, the downward currents are identified to be the source regions of hiss emissions, i.e. electron acoustic mode excited via the Landau resonance in the multi-component electron plasma. Such instabilities, which are often observed in the auroral region at 2–5 Earth radii, but rarely at ionospheric altitudes, are believed to be generated by an electron beam which moves through the background plasma with a velocity higher than its thermal velocity.

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34

Hinze, Juergen, F. Biegler-Konig, and A. G. Lowe. "Molecular charge density analysis." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 74, no. 6 (June 1, 1996): 1049–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v96-117.

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It is proposed to analyse the first-order reduced density matrix of a molecular wave function in terms of the first-order reduced density matrices of different states of the constituent atoms. With this an unambiguous partitioning of the molecular charge distribution in terms of the atomic charge distributions is obtained. Simple practical formulae are derived, such that in many ab initio molecular wave function calculations the analysis proposed can be carried out routinely. The results obtained should be useful for the interpretation of molecular wave functions in terms of their atomic constituents, as well as for the determination of atomic form factors to be used in X-ray molecular structure determination. Some simple examples are given, and the results obtained are compared with those obtained using other methods of analysis. Key words: charge density, density matrix, goodness-of-fit, correlation coefficient, standard deviation.

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35

Miller, John H., and M. Y. Suárez-Villagrán. "Quantum fluidic charge density wave transport." Applied Physics Letters 118, no. 18 (May 3, 2021): 184002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0048834.

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36

Araki, Shingo, Yoichi Ikeda, Tatsuo C. Kobayashi, Ai Nakamura, Yuichi Hiranaka, Masato Hedo, Takao Nakama, and Yoshichika Ōnuki. "Charge Density Wave Transition in EuAl4." Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 83, no. 1 (January 15, 2014): 015001. http://dx.doi.org/10.7566/jpsj.83.015001.

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37

Eckern, Ulrich, and Satish Ramakrishna. "Theory of charge-density-wave dynamics." Physical Review B 44, no. 3 (July 15, 1991): 984–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.44.984.

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38

Werner, S. A., T. M. Giebultowicz, and A. W. Overhauser. "Charge Density Wave Satellites in Potassium?" Physica Scripta T19A (January 1, 1987): 266–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/1987/t19a/037.

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39

Gabovich, A. M., A. I. Voitenko, J. F. Annett, and M. Ausloos. "Charge- and spin-density-wave superconductors." Superconductor Science and Technology 14, no. 4 (March 16, 2001): R1—R27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-2048/14/4/201.

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40

Maiti, A., and J. H. Miller. "Theory of charge-density-wave tunneling." Physical Review B 43, no. 15 (May 15, 1991): 12205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.43.12205.

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41

Hundley, M. F., P. Parilla, and A. Zettl. "Charge-density-wave magnetodynamics in NbSe3." Physical Review B 34, no. 8 (October 15, 1986): 5970–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.34.5970.

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42

Liu, Sen, and Leigh Sneddon. "Mixing in charge-density-wave conductors." Physical Review B 35, no. 14 (May 15, 1987): 7745–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.35.7745.

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43

Tucker, J. R., W. G. Lyons, and G. Gammie. "Theory of charge-density-wave dynamics." Physical Review B 38, no. 2 (July 15, 1988): 1148–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.38.1148.

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44

Mihály, G., T. Chen, T. W. Kim, and G. Grüner. "Low-temperature charge-density-wave dynamics." Physical Review B 38, no. 5 (August 15, 1988): 3602–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.38.3602.

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45

Thorne, R. E., J. McCarten, D. A. DiCarlo, T. L. Adelman, and M. P. Maher. "Charge density wave pinning in NbSe3." Synthetic Metals 43, no. 3 (June 1991): 3935–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(91)91712-j.

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46

Brazovskii, S., and S. Matveenko. "Solitons in charge density wave crystals." Synthetic Metals 43, no. 3 (June 1991): 4019–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(91)91732-p.

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47

Sherwin, M. S., and A. Zettl. "Model of charge density wave elasticity." Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena 23, no. 1-3 (December 1986): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-2789(86)90110-7.

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48

Matsuura, Toru, Taku Tsuneta, Katsuhiko Inagaki, and Satoshi Tanda. "Dynamics of charge density wave ring." Physica C: Superconductivity 426-431 (October 2005): 431–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physc.2005.02.141.

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49

XIONG, RUI, QINGMING XIAO, JING SHI, HAILIN LIU, WUFENG TANG, DECHENG TIAN, and MINGLIANG TIAN. "CHARGE DENSITY WAVE INSTABILITY IN TlMo6O17." Modern Physics Letters B 14, no. 10 (April 30, 2000): 345–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984900000483.

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The charge density wave instability in the quasi-two-dimensional conductor thallium purple molybdenum bronze TlMo 6 O 17 was carefully examined by studying the temperature dependence of resistivity, thermoelectric power (TEP) behavior and magnetic susceptibility. A metal-to-metal transition was confirmed near 110 K in TlMo 6 O 17 due to the partial opening of a gap at the Fermi surface and the driving of charge density wave.

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50

Cox, Susan, J. Singleton, R. D. McDonald, A. Migliori, and P. B. Littlewood. "Sliding charge-density wave in manganites." Nature Materials 7, no. 1 (December 2, 2007): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmat2071.

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