Journal articles: 'Distance runners'

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Wang, Li Ping, Qi Chang Mei, Yao Dong Gu, Yang Shu, and Justin Fernandez. "Foot Morphological Difference between Habitually Unshod Runners and Shod Runners through Inverse Modelling." Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering 26 (February 2016): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbbe.26.19.

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With the increasing popularity of barefoot running, the difference of foot morphology between habitually unshod runners and shod runners is becoming one concern leading to running injuries. The purpose of this study was to analyze the foot skeletal morphological characteristics between habitually unshod runner and shod runner through inverse modelling. A total of eight subjects, including four habitually unshod runners and four habitually shod runners participated in the Computed Tomography (CT) foot scanning test and Mimics was utilized to rebuild foot model and the Inter-Metatarsal Angle (IMA), Metatarsal-Phalangeal Angle (MPA), and Inter-Phalangeal Distance (IPD) were measured to illustrate the morphology difference. The results showed that the Inter-Phalangeal Distance and Inter-Metatarsal Angle of unshod runners were obviously bigger than those of habitually shod feet. And the difference of Inter-Metatarsal Angle between unshod runner and shod runner was also distinct. Not only can this finding be proven of foot morphology variations, but also it can confirm the development of nature foot from unshod running to shod running.

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EVERMAN, SARAH, JAMES W. FARRIS, R. CURTIS BAY, and JACK T. DANIELS. "Elite Distance Runners." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 50, no. 1 (January 2018): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000001407.

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Aziz, Ali Awadd, and Eman Abdulameer Zaoon. "Specifying Resistance Distance and Ratio for Special Strength Test in 1500 m Youth Running." Journal of Physical Education 33, no. 2 (June 28, 2021): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.37359/jope.v33(2)2021.1143.

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The research aimed at specifying distance and ratio of resistance for special strength endurance in 1500m youth running. The researchers used the descriptive method on (30) youth runners from the national center for gifted in Athletics. Three tests were specified and a pilot study was applied to come up with the conclusions and recommended generalizing the distances and ratios specified to test and train special strength endurance for 1500m youth running as well as using these tests for special strength endurance for continuous evaluation of runners and for runner’s selections.

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Rauh, Mitchell J., Adam S. Tenforde, Michelle T. Barrack, Michael D. Rosenthal, and Jeanne F. Nichols. "Sport Specialization and Low Bone Mineral Density in Female High School Distance Runners." Journal of Athletic Training 55, no. 12 (November 11, 2020): 1239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-0547.19.

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Context Sport specialization may contribute to sport injury and menstrual dysfunction in female high school distance runners. Despite the recent growth in sport specialization, including among high school–aged runners, the association of sport specialization with bone mineral density (BMD) remains poorly described. Objective To evaluate whether sport specialization was associated with BMD in female high school distance runners. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Six high schools. Patients or Other Participants Sixty-four female runners (age = 15.6 ± 1.4 years) who competed in cross-country or track distance events and were not currently on birth control medication. Main Outcome Measure(s) Each runner completed a survey on menstrual history and sport participation. Height and weight were measured, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry was used to measure whole-body, spine, and hip BMD. Each runner was assigned a sport specialization status: low (participation in ≥1 nonrunning sport and distance-running sport(s) for ≤8 mo/y); moderate (participation in both distance-running sport(s) ≥9 mo/y and ≥1 nonrunning sport(s) or limited to distance-running sport(s) for ≤8 mo/y); or high (participation only in distance-running sport(s) for ≥9 mo/y). Multivariable logistic regression was performed to determine the adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval for sport specialization to BMD values, adjusting for body mass index and gynecological age. Results Overall, 21.9%, 37.5%, and 40.6% of participants were high, moderate, or low sport specializers, respectively. Low BMD (spine or whole-body BMD z score < −1.0 [standardized by age and sex normative values]) was present in 23 (35.9%) runners. Compared with low sport specializers, high sport specializers were 5 times more likely (adjusted odds ratio = 5.42, 95% confidence interval = 1.3, 23.3; P = .02) to have low BMD. Conclusions A high level of sport specialization in high school female distance runners may be associated with a heightened risk for low BMD. Further investigation of this association is warranted due to the health concerns about low BMD in adolescent female runners.

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Wang, Xiang Hong, Hong Wei Hu, Yi Min Shao, and Jun Qing Fu. "The Distance Attenuation of Acoustic Emission Signals in Turbine Runners." Applied Mechanics and Materials 103 (September 2011): 262–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.103.262.

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Initiation of blade cracks in Francis turbine runners endangers the safety operation of power stations, so it is crucial to detect the cracks before emergencies happen. This article is a preliminary study of applying acoustic emission (AE) technique to detecting the large-scale turbine runners. A series of experiments had been carried out on an HLA286a-LJ-800 Francis turbine runner. The attenuation characteristics due to propagation distance were studied. From the tests, it is concluded that AE signals are detectable after propagating at a distance of 6 m. The propagation distance is the major factor of attenuation. As a result, although attenuation is incurred, it is feasible to apply AE technique to monitoring crack signals in runners. However, it depends on the understanding of background noise and extraction of right signals.

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Nudel, Dov B., Irene Hassett, Anita Gurian, Shmuel Diamant, Elliott Weinhouse, and Norman Gootman. "Young Long Distance Runners." Clinical Pediatrics 28, no. 11 (November 1989): 500–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000992288902801103.

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Noakes, Tim. "Hyponatremia in Distance Runners." Current Sports Medicine Reports 1, no. 4 (August 2002): 197–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00149619-200208000-00003.

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Hullfish, Todd J., Kenton L. Hagan, Ellen Casey, and Josh R. Baxter. "Achilles tendon structure differs between competitive distance runners and nonrunners despite no clinical signs or symptoms of midsubstance tendinopathy." Journal of Applied Physiology 125, no. 2 (August 1, 2018): 453–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00012.2018.

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Achilles tendinopathy affects many running athletes and often leads to chronic pain and functional deficits. Although changes in tendon structure have been linked with tendinopathy, the effects of distance running on tendon structure are not well understood. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to characterize structural differences in the Achilles tendons in healthy young adults and competitive distance runners using quantitative ultrasound analyses. We hypothesized that competitive distance runners with no clinical signs or symptoms of tendinopathy would have quantitative signs of tendon damage, characterized by decreased collagen alignment and echogenicity, in addition to previous reports of thicker tendons. Longitudinal ultrasound images of the right Achilles tendon midsubstance were acquired in competitive distance runners and recreationally active adults. Collagen organization, mean echogenicity, and tendon thickness were quantified using image processing techniques. Clinical assessments confirmed that runners had no signs or symptoms of tendinopathy, and controls were only included if they had no history of Achilles tendon pain or injuries. Runner tendons were 40% less organized, 48% thicker, and 41% less echogenic compared with the control tendons ( P < 0.001). Young adults engaged in competitive distance running have structurally different tendons than recreationally active young adults. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study, we quantified the Achilles tendon substructure in distance runners, and a control group of young adults, to determine whether distance running elicits structural adaptations of the tendon. We found that competitive distance runners have structurally compromised Achilles tendons despite not showing any clinical signs or symptoms of tendon injury. These findings suggest that distance running may stimulate structural changes as a protective mechanism against tendon pain and dysfunction.

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Li, Xin. "Real-Time Collection of Training Distance of Long-Distance Runners Based on Wireless Sensor Network." Security and Communication Networks 2021 (May 20, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9992239.

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The real-time and accurate collection of long-distance runners’ training distance can provide real-time scientific basis for long-distance runners’ physical training. Therefore, the real-time collection method of long-distance runners’ training distance based on wireless sensor network is studied in this paper. In this model, the position tracking algorithm of long-distance runners based on wireless sensor network is introduced to collect the training distance of long-distance runners. When collecting the training distance, the energy balanced clustering routing algorithm based on energy and location is used to optimize and balance the energy consumption distribution of nodes and prolong the network life cycle, so that the training distance of long-distance runners can be collected in real time. Through the test, in the straight line and curve training path, this method has significant accuracy in collecting the training distance of single and multiple long-distance runners and can collect the training distance of long-distance runners in real time, which has significant application value.

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Rauh, Mitchell J., Micah C. Garcia, David M. Bazett-Jones, Jason T. Long, Kevin R. Ford, Mark V. Paterno, and Jeffery A. Taylor-Haas. "Comparison of Y-Balance Test Performance by maturation status in youth distance runners." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 7_suppl3 (July 1, 2021): 2325967121S0008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121s00084.

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Background: Distance running is a popular interscholastic sport, but also has an associated high risk of running-related injuries. Recent literature suggests that functional tests may help to identify athletes at increased risk of injury. The Y-Balance Test (YBT) is an objective measure used to assess functional muscle strength and balance and to expose asymmetries between tested limbs. Purpose: To determine if YBT performance was associated with maturation status in healthy, youth distance runners. We hypothesized that mid-pubertal (MP) runners would demonstrate less functional reach distance than pre-pubertal (PrP) or post-pubertal (PoP) runners. Methods: A convenience sample of 142 (Females: n=79, Males: n=63) uninjured youth runners (ages 13.5±2.7 years; weekly running distance: 18.2±20.4 km) were recruited from the local community. All runners met inclusion criteria, indicating that they were between 9 and 19 years old and participated in long-distance running activities such as school/club track and field, cross country, road races, trail running, and/or soccer. The runners completed a modified Pubertal Maturational Observation Scale (PMOS), then were screened for right (R) and left (L) anterior (ANT), posteromedial (PM) and posterolateral (PL) reach distances (cm) normalized by lower limb length (cm). Composite reach distance was calculated by the sum of the three reach distances divided by three times the limb length multiplied by 100 for R and L limbs. ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc tests were used to compare maximum normalized reach distances for the three directions and composite reach distance by maturation status and sex. Results: Overall, 31.7% were classified as PrP status, 26.1% as MP, and 42.3% as PoP, with similar percentages by sex ( p=0.84). The only significant mean difference was found for R ANT maximum normalized reach distance between PrP and PoP ( p=0.02), indicating a greater normalized reach in PrP athletes. No significant mean differences were found for R or L PM and PL maximum normalized reach distances, or for R or L composite reach distances, by maturation status or when stratified by maturation and sex ( p>0.05). Conclusions: In this sample of youth runners, the YBT was only a discriminator of anterior reach distance between pre-pubertal and post-pubertal runners. As decreased anterior reach is associated with reduced quadriceps muscle strength and anterior knee pain, reduced anterior reach in post-pubertal runners may potentially signify an increased risk of sustaining a running-related injury. Thus, preventive efforts to ensure good functional quadriceps muscle strength may be merited.

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Sullivan, Stephen N. "Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Distance Runners." Sports Medicine 3, no. 1 (1986): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-198603010-00001.

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Berning, J., C. F. Sanborn, S. M. Brooks, and w. W. Wagner. "CALORIC DEFICIT IN DISTANCE RUNNERS." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 17, no. 2 (April 1985): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198504000-00270.

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Rowland, T. W., and C. A. Walsh. "CHARACTERISTICS OF CHILD DISTANCE RUNNERS." Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics 6, no. 1 (January 1986): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01241398-198601000-00074.

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Giles, Audrey R., Breanna Phillipps, Francine E. Darroch, and Roisin McGettigan-Dumas. "Elite Distance Runners and Breastfeeding." Journal of Human Lactation 32, no. 4 (August 20, 2016): 627–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890334416661507.

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Sutherland, W. H. F., E. R. Nye, D. J. Macfarlane, S. A. Williamson, and M. C. Robertson. "Cholesterol metabolism in distance runners." Clinical Physiology 12, no. 1 (January 1992): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-097x.1992.tb00291.x.

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Kusy, Krzysztof, and Jacek Zieliński. "Sprinters versus Long-distance Runners." Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 43, no. 1 (January 2015): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/jes.0000000000000033.

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Rowland, Thomas W., and Coleen A. Walsh. "Characteristics of Child Distance Runners." Physician and Sportsmedicine 13, no. 9 (September 1985): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00913847.1985.11708877.

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Xia, Xu. "Analysis of Feasibility Modeling of Multimode Physical Fitness Training for Long-Distance Runners." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2021 (August 13, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5817396.

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Because the traditional multimode feasibility modeling analysis method of physical fitness training for long-distance runners has the problems of long modeling time and low modeling accuracy, a new multimode feasibility modeling analysis method for physical fitness training of long-distance runners is proposed. The improved LLE (local linear embedding) method is used to reduce the dimensionality of the training data for the physical fitness of long-distance runners. According to the processing results, the information theory is used to analyze the information content of the physical fitness training features of the long-distance runners, the information entropy of each feature is calculated, and the long-distance runners are extracted. Athlete’s physical fitness enhancement training characteristics, combined with quantitative regression analysis method to carry out the information regression analysis of the long-distance runners’ physical fitness training multimode statistical sequence, construct the feasibility evaluation model of the long-distance runners’ physical fitness training multimode and complete the feasibility of the long-distance runners’ physical fitness training multimode feasibility study Mode analysis. The simulation experiment results show that the proposed method has higher accuracy and shorter modeling time for multimode feasibility modeling of physical fitness training for long-distance runners.

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Tweed, Jo L., Jackie A. Campbell, and Steven J. Avil. "Biomechanical Risk Factors in the Development of Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome in Distance Runners." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 98, no. 6 (November 1, 2008): 436–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/0980436.

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Background: We investigated the relationship between functional and static foot posture and medial tibial stress syndrome in distance runners. Methods: Twenty-eight runners with a clinical diagnosis of medial tibial stress syndrome and 12 asymptomatic runners were assessed with the Foot Posture Index to measure static overpronation. Range of motion was measured at the talocrural joint, with the knee extended and flexed as was range of motion at the first metatarsophalangeal joint and the angular difference between the neutral and relaxed calcaneal stance positions. Each participant was then videotaped while running on a treadmill shod and unshod. This videotape was analyzed using freeze frame to identify abnormal or mistimed pronation at each phase of gait. The results were analyzed using logistic regression to give the probability that a runner is likely to experience medial tibial stress syndrome, predicted from the static measurements and dynamic observations. Results: Variables identified as being significant predictors of medial tibial stress syndrome were the difference between the neutral and relaxed calcaneal stance positions, range of motion of the talocrural joint with the knee extended, early heel lift and abductory twist during gait, and apropulsive gait. Conclusion: Runners with suspected symptoms of medial tibial stress syndrome should be assessed dynamically and statically for abnormal or mistimed pronation. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 98(6): 436–444, 2008)

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Raisbeck, Louisa, Masa Yamada, and Jed A. Diekfuss. "Focus of attention in trained distance runners." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 13, no. 6 (September 4, 2018): 1143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954118798396.

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The superiority of using an external focus of attention for learning and performance benefits has been documented in distance running. However, there is limited research examining the actual attentional focus strategies adopted by distance runners. The purpose of this study was to describe the focus of attention used by distance runners in practice and competition and to better understand where these athletes seek information about improving performance. Sixteen distance runners (32.1 ± 10.0 yr) who run at least 20 mile/week (37.7 ± 10.8 mile/week) completed a questionnaire examining information related to attentional focus during training and competition and where athletes go for educational resources. Results indicate that distance runners do not solely adhere to external focus of attention, rather utilize multiple forms of attentional focus strategies that are not examined in laboratory research. Further, it seems that most training advice is received from coaches or training partners and not scientific literature.

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Sutker, Allan N., F. Alan Barber, Douglas W. Jackson, and John W. Pagliano. "Iliotibial Band Syndrome in Distance Runners." Sports Medicine 2, no. 6 (1985): 447–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-198502060-00005.

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Fox, IM. "Iliac apophysitis in teenage distance runners." Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association 76, no. 5 (May 1, 1986): 294–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.7547/87507315-76-5-294.

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Rosado, Joana, João P. Duarte, Paulo Sousa-e-Silva, Daniela C. Costa, Diogo V. Martinho, João Valente-dos-Santos, Luís M. Rama, et al. "Body composition among long distance runners." Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira 66, no. 2 (February 2020): 180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.66.2.180.

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SUMMARY OBJECTIVE The current study aimed to examine the body composition of adult male ultra-trail runners (UTR) according to their level of participation (regional UTR-R, vs. national UTR-N). METHODS The sample was composed of 44 adult male UTR (aged 36.5±7.2 years; UTR-R: n=25; UTR-N: n=19). Body composition was assessed by air displacement plethysmography, bioelectrical impedance, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. In addition, the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) was applied. A comparison between the groups was performed using independent samples t-test. RESULTS Significant differences between groups contrasting in the competitive level were found for chronological age (in years; UTR-R: 38.8±8.2 vs. UTR-N: 33.5±4.1); body density (in L.kg-1; UTR-R: 1.062±0.015 vs. UTR-N: 1.074±0.009); and fat mass (in kg; UTR-R: 12.7±6.8 vs. UTR-N: 7.6±2.7). CONCLUSION UTR-N were younger, presented higher values for body density, and had less fat mass, although no significant differences were found for fat-free mass. The current study evidenced the profile of long-distance runners and the need for weight management programs to regulate body composition.

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Johnson, Ronald E., Timothy J. Quinn, Robert Kertzer, and Neil B. Vroman. "Strength Training in Female Distance Runners." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 11, no. 4 (November 1997): 224–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/00124278-199711000-00004.

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Beidleman, B. A., J. L. Puhl, and M. J. De Souza. "Energy balance in female distance runners." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 61, no. 2 (February 1, 1995): 303–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/61.2.303.

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EISENMANN, JOEY C., CHRISTOPHER J. WOMACK, MAT J. REEVES, JAMES M. PIVARNIK, and ROBERT M. MALINA. "Blood lipids in young distance runners." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 33, no. 10 (October 2001): 1661–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200110000-00008.

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FG, Shellock, and Mink JH. "Knees of trained long-distance runners." Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 1, no. 4 (October 1991): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042752-199110000-00027.

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Witham, Bethany Rolfe, and Keven Babbitt. "Cardiovascular Risks in Long Distance Runners." Journal of Christian Nursing 34, no. 2 (2017): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/cnj.0000000000000371.

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Kovacs, L., C. Zamboni, T. Lourenço, and D. Macedo. "Sulfur status in long distance runners." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 630 (July 15, 2015): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/630/1/012009.

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Annu, Annu, Vijay Kumar, Malkeet Kaur, Neha Sharma, and Dr Dinesh P. Sharma. "Personality Assessment of The Elite Women Long Distance Runners of India." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 5 (October 1, 2011): 561–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/may2014/179.

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Burns, Geoffrey T., Jessica M. Zendler, and Ronald F. Zernicke. "Step frequency patterns of elite ultramarathon runners during a 100-km road race." Journal of Applied Physiology 126, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 462–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00374.2018.

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Step frequency (SF) in running has received substantial interest from researchers, coaches, therapists, and runners. It has been widely studied in controlled settings, but no published study has measured it continuously in elite-level competition. The present study used wrist-based accelerometers in consumer-grade watches to monitor SF and SF variability of competitors in the 2016 100-km World Championship road race. Using linear mixed-model regression, SF and SF variability were assessed across the race. The average SF (steps-per-minute) of competitors ( n = 20) was 182.0 spm (range: 155.4–203.1 spm). Race fluctuations in SF were influenced only by the speed the competitors were running, with faster speeds being associated with greater SF (5.6 spm/m·s−1, P < 0.001). Independently of this speed relation, SF did not significantly change over the course of the race. SF was further linked to the runner's stature (−123.1 spm/m, P = 0.01) but not significantly related to sex, weight, age, or years of experience. The SF coefficient-of-variation was inversely associated with running speed and distance covered, with runners demonstrating decreasing variability both at faster speeds and as the race progressed. Together, these results add ecological evidence to observations of a speed dependency of SF in a highly trained, elite population of runners and suggest that in road race conditions, SF changes only with speed and not fatigue. Furthermore, it presents evidence that the variability of an elite runner's SF is linked to both speed and fatigue but not to any other characteristics of the runner. The current findings are important for runners, clinicians, and coaches as they seek to monitor or manipulate SF. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Stride frequency (SF; or the synonymous “cadence”) has become a popular point of monitoring and manipulation in runners. Advances in wearable technology have enabled continuous monitoring of SF. This study is the first to examine SF and SF variability patterns throughout an entire road race in elite ultramarathon runners. This adds ecological, normative data to the field's understanding of SF and demonstrates how it relates to running speed, fatigue, and individual characteristics.

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Takai, Kazuo. "Cognitive Strategies and Recall of Pace by Long-Distance Runners." Perceptual and Motor Skills 86, no. 3 (June 1998): 763–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1998.86.3.763.

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The purpose of this study was to examine whether long-distance runners with high or low performance of recalling running pace differed in their use of cognitive strategies in a race Recalling pace means the accuracy which runners have to approach their self-set target pace in a race. 60 male competitive runners who participated in a 20-km intercollegrate race were categorized as either runners with high recall of pace (accurate) or the runners with low recall of pace (inaccurate) on the basis of the discrepancy between a self-set target time and actual time. Analysis showed that the 30 accurate recallers used the attention strategies more frequently for recalling running pace, used the strategy of following other runners less frequently, and set a more appropriate finish time in accordance with their running ability than the 30 inaccurate recallers. The accurate recallers, who monitored their running pace and fatigue by using attention strategies, would reproduce more accurate self-set target times in accordance with their running ability.

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Chase, Laura Frances. "Running Big: Clydesdale Runners and Technologies of the Body." Sociology of Sport Journal 25, no. 1 (March 2008): 130–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.25.1.130.

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This article explores the cultural construction of Clydesdale runners and large or fat running bodies. I draw from Michel Foucault’s theoretical work and in-depth, semistructured interviews, primary source materials, and my experiences as a Clydesdale runner to examine the ways in which certain runners and their bodies are constructed as fat, unacceptable, and undisciplined. I begin with an overview of the development of distance running and associated weight divisions in the U.S. This is followed by an exploration of the ways in which large or fat runners and their bodies are constructed. I conclude with a discussion of the ways in which the “large” or “fat” running body is both a site of control and a site of resistance.

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Bhamidipati, K. R., N. C. Shah, and M. C. Connaughton. "A Rare Congenital Heart Disease in an Elderly Long-Distance Runner: A Case Report." Case Reports in Cardiology 2012 (2012): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/690418.

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Introduction. Cor triatriatum is a rare congenital heart disease found incidentally in children. Although cor triatriatum can be an incidental finding in asymptomatic adults; it is extremely rare to find elderly patients without symptoms and is unique in a long distance runner.Case Presentation. We present the case of an 83-year-old long-distance runner with cor triatriatum sinistrum and atrial fibrillation who continues to be asymptomatic and has continued to run long distances, retaining his excellent functional capacity.Conclusion. Cor triatriatum sinistrum is a rare congenital disease, which is often found incidentally in children. Although it is also seen in adults without symptoms at normal exertion, it is rare to have this condition in long-distance runners especially in elderly people with other structural heart disease, that is, atrial fibrillation and mitral regurgitation.

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Smyth, Barry. "How recreational marathon runners hit the wall: A large-scale data analysis of late-race pacing collapse in the marathon." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 19, 2021): e0251513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251513.

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Introduction In the marathon, how runners pace and fuel their race can have a major impact on race outcome. The phenomenon known as hitting the wall (HTW) refers to the iconic hazard of the marathon distance, in which runners experience a significant slowing of pace late in the race, typically after the 20-mile mark, and usually because of a depletion of the body’s energy stores. Aim This work investigates the occurrence of significant late-race slowing among recreational marathoners, as a proxy for runners hitting the wall, to better understand the likelihood and nature of such slowdowns, and their effect on race performance. Methods Using pacing data from more than 4 million race records, we develop a pacing-based definition of hitting the wall, by identifying runners who experience a sustained period of slowing during the latter stages of the marathon. We calculate the cost of these slowdowns relative to estimates of the recent personal-best times of runners and compare slowdowns according to runner sex, age, and ability. Results We find male runners more likely to slow significantly (hit the wall) than female runners; 28% of male runners hit the wall compared with 17% of female runners, χ2(1, N = 1, 928, 813) = 27, 693.35, p < 0.01, OR = 1.43. Such slowdowns are more frequent in the 3 years immediately before and after a recent personal-best (PB) time; for example, 36% of all runners hit the wall in the 3 years before a recent PB compared with just 23% in earlier years, χ2(1, N = 509, 444) = 8, 120.74, p < 0.01, OR = 1.31. When runners hit the wall, males slow more than females: a relative slowdown of 0.40 vs. 0.37 is noted, for male and female runners, when comparing their pace when they hit the wall to their earlier race (5km-20km) pace, with t(475, 199) = 60.19, p < 0.01, d = 0.15. And male runners slow over longer distances than female runners: 10.7km vs. 9.6km, respectively, t(475, 199) = 68.44, p < 0.01, d = 0.17. Although, notably the effect size of these differences is small. We also find the finish-time costs of hitting the wall (lost minutes) to increase with ability; r2(7) = 0.91, p < 0.01 r2(7) = 0.81, p < 0.01 for male and female runners, respectively. Conclusions While the findings from this study are consistent with qualitative results from earlier single-race or smaller-scale studies, the new insights into the risk and nature of slowdowns, based on the runner sex, age, and ability, have the potential to help runners and coaches to better understand and calibrate the risk/reward trade-offs that exist as they plan for future races.

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Schröder, Sandra, Alexandra Fischer, Christina Vock, Mike Böhme, Constance Schmelzer, Myriam Döpner, Olaf Hülsmann, and Frank Döring. "Nutrition Concepts for Elite Distance Runners Based on Macronutrient and Energy Expenditure." Journal of Athletic Training 43, no. 5 (September 1, 2008): 489–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-43.5.489.

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Abstract Context: Elite distance runners (EDR) must optimize their nutrition to maintain their demanding training schedules. Objective: To develop a nutrition concept for EDR based on energy and macronutrient expenditures. Design: This theoretical study provides calculations for macronutrient and energy expenditures of EDR. Anthropometric and metabolic characteristics of EDR were assumed based on average real EDR. Setting: University of Kiel. Patients Or Other Participants: Three prototypic types of male EDR described in the literature as type I (TI; body mass = 72 kg, respiratory quotient = 0.9 at rest, fast-twitch muscle fibers = 60% to 70%), type II (TII; body mass = 67 kg, respiratory quotient = 0.82 at rest, fast-twitch muscle fibers = 50%), and type III (TIII; body mass = 60 kg, respiratory quotient = 0.75 at rest, fast-twitch muscle fibers = 30% to 40%). Main Outcome Measure(s): We calculated the macronutrient and energy expenditures of the 3 types of EDR according to body mass, respiratory quotient, and percentage of fast-twitch muscle fibers. Results: We found that the average energy expenditure was 3750 kcal · d−1 for TI runners, 3463 kcal · d−1 for TII runners, and 3079 kcal · d−1 for TIII runners. The carbohydrate (CHO) expenditure reached an average value of 10.0 g · kg−1 · d−1 for TI runners, 8.0 g · kg−1 · d−1 for TII runners, and 4.7 g · kg−1 · d−1 for TIII runners. When the EDR accomplished running sessions at a pace ≥100% of maximum oxygen consumption, all types of runners had a CHO demand of about 10 g · kg−1 · d−1. The TI and TII runners need a CHO intake of 8 to 10 g · kg−1 · d−1. For the TIII runners, a CHO intake >6 g · kg−1 · d−1 is necessary during anaerobic training sessions. Conclusions: Nutrition concepts must be differentiated for EDR according to metabolic and anthropometric characteristics of the runners and their special training emphases.

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Gorrell, Sasha, and Drew A. Anderson. "Athlete Identity and Eating Pathology in Distance Runners: When Compulsive Exercise Matters." Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 12, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 647–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2018-0016.

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Purpose: The current study evaluated associations between exercise identity (Exercise Identity Scale; EIS), compulsive exercise (Compulsive Exercise Test; CET), and their association with Eating Disorder Examination – Questionnaire (EDE-Q) scores among adult runners registered for mid- and long-distance races (N = 282, 48.2% male). Methods: Runners of half and full marathon races completed the EIS, CET, and EDE-Q. Results: Regression analyses indicated that increased EIS, b = −.21, and CET, b = −3.25, scores contribute to decreased eating pathology amongst half-marathon runners; a significant interaction effect emerged for EIS × CET scores, b = .08, such that relations between EIS and EDEQ scores were significant among runners reporting either lower or higher CET scores. These associations were not demonstrated in marathon runners. Conclusions: Results suggest that it is beneficial to consider running status when addressing the effect that exercise identity and compulsive exercise may have on eating pathology in competitive runners.

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Nemec, Marcel. "Catharsis – Philosophical and Spiritual Aspects of Long-Distance Running." Acta Facultatis Educationis Physicae Universitatis Comenianae 56, no. 1 (May 1, 2016): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afepuc-2016-0004.

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Summary The purpose of the study was to identify and analyze the occurrence of cathartic states in a sample of long-distance runners. Data collected via questionnaires were used to evaluate quantitative variables complemented by heuristics while aiming at qualitatively categorize the areas of cathartic states in the context of philosophical and spiritual aspects of long-distance running. The study findings objectify philosophical and spiritual aspects affecting personalities of long-distance runners. The study findings have shown that catharsis represents a relevant philosophical and spiritual aspect affecting long-distance running. We assume that authentic experience of catharsis and its effects motivates runners to perform regular physical activity. The analysis of philosophical and spiritual aspects of long-distance running has revealed a multi-spectral holistic relevance based on the transfer affecting a specific way of life, spectrum of values, ethical personality traits, and also the quality of long-distance runners’ lives.

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Skurvydas, Albertas, Marius Brazaitis, Tomas Venckūnas, Sigitas Kamandulis, Aleksas Stanislovaitis, and Aurelijus Zuoza. "The effect of sports specialization on musculus quadriceps function after exercise-induced muscle damage." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 36, no. 6 (December 2011): 873–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h11-112.

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The primary aim of the present study was to examine the effect of eccentric exercise-induced (100 submaximal eccentric contractions at an angular velocity of 60° s–1, with 20-s rest intervals) muscle damage on peripheral and central fatigue of quadriceps muscle in well-trained long-distance runners, sprint runners, volleyball players, and untrained subjects. We found that (i) indirect symptoms of exercise-induced muscle damage (prolonged decrease in maximal voluntary contraction, isokinetic concentric torque, and electrically induced (20 Hz) torque) were most evident in untrained subjects, while there were no significant differences in changes of muscle soreness and plasma creatine kinase 48 h after eccentric exercise between athletes and untrained subjects; (ii) low-frequency fatigue was greater in untrained subjects and volleyball players than in sprint runners and long-distance runners; (iii) in all subjects, electrically induced (100 Hz) torque decreased significantly by about 20%, while central activation ratio decreased significantly by about 8% in untrained subjects and sprint runners, and by about 3%–5% in long-distance runners and volleyball players. Thus, trained subjects showed greater resistance to exercise-induced muscle damage for most markers, and long-distance runners had no advantage over sprint runners or volleyball players.

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Burdina, Mariya, and Scott Hiller. "When Falling Just Short is a Good Thing: The Effect of Past Performance on Improvement." Journal of Sports Economics 22, no. 7 (June 24, 2021): 777–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15270025211018247.

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Models of reference-dependent preferences show that an individual’s utility depends on the difference between the outcome and a “neutral” reference point. Our paper investigates how distance from reference points affects future performance. We find that round numbers and personal bests motivate runners and that missing the goal by a small amount improves future performance. For those who achieve their goal, future performance suffers slightly. In empirical analysis, we use an extensive panel of marathon data, which contains a past running history for every runner in our sample and allows us to estimate runners’ ability and experience.

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Wirnitzer, Katharina, Mohamad Motevalli, Derrick R. Tanous, Martina Gregori, Gerold Wirnitzer, Claus Leitzmann, Lee Hill, Thomas Rosemann, and Beat Knechtle. "Supplement Intake in Recreational Vegan, Vegetarian, and Omnivorous Endurance Runners—Results from the NURMI Study (Step 2)." Nutrients 13, no. 8 (August 10, 2021): 2741. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13082741.

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Nutrient deficiency is a common cause of underperformance in endurance athletes, and supplement intake is frequently considered compensatory for vegan and vegetarian athletes specifically. This study aimed to investigate the patterns of supplement intake among vegan, vegetarian, and omnivorous distance (>10 km) runners and its association with age, sex, and race distance. From a total of 317 runners who participated in an online survey, 220 distance runners (mean age: 38.5 years; mean BMI: 21.75 kg/m2) were selected for the final sample after data clearance and assigned to 100 omnivores, 40 vegetarians, or 80 vegans. Sociodemographic information, racing experience, and patterns of supplement intake, including type, frequency, dosage, etc., were collected using a questionnaire. Macronutrient intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. ANOVA and logistic regression were used for data analysis. The prevalence of supplement intake was 51% for total runners and 72% among vegan runners. Age, sex, and race distance had no significant effect on the type of supplement intake (p > 0.05). Compared to omnivores and vegetarians, vegan runners reported consuming more vitamin (but not carbohydrate/protein or mineral) supplements (p < 0.05). Vitamin B12, magnesium, and multivitamin had the most prevalent use amongst micronutrient supplements. This study points to a central role for supplementary nutritional strategies in different groups of distance runners. The present findings may help future investigations by design to identify specific requirements of endurance runners when adhering to specific kinds of diet particularly plant-based diets.

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KEYNO, Aleksandr Yu, Svetlana A. ZAGUZOVA, and Vera B. BOLDYREVA. "Main factors determining the growth of results among middle-distance runners." Medicine and Physical Education: Science and Practice, no. 4 (2019): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2658-7688-2019-1-4-48-55.

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The relevance of this topic is due to the constantly increasing level of sports achievements in the middle distance race, which puts new qualitative requirements to physical training of athletes. Running at 800 m refers to submaximal power exercises, where work is performed mainly in anaerobic power supply conditions. A sufficiently high running speed, which must be for about two minutes, leads to significant changes in the activity of the runner's body systems, putting him in extremely unfavourable conditions of functioning. Maintaining a high running speed in such conditions depends on the ability to perform work in conditions of high oxygen debt and significant accumulation of lactic acid in working muscles and blood, i.e. on special endurance. On this basis, the training of runners on 800 m is primarily related to the development of speed and special endurance, which are in contradictory relations. Supposedly that organization of training of runners on 800 m on the basis of fulfillment of factors limiting growth of their achievements at different levels of skill, will contribute to improvement of quality of training of athletes. We carried out the pedagogical experiment in the experimental group, analyzed the results in comparison with the results of the control group (the experiment was in the athletics section of Tambov SSOR no. 2).

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Horga, Laura Maria, Johann Henckel, Anastasia Fotiadou, Anna Di Laura, Anna Hirschmann, and Alister Hart. "3.0 T MRI findings of 104 hips of asymptomatic adults: from non-runners to ultra-distance runners." BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 7, no. 2 (May 2021): e000997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000997.

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ObjectivesTo determine and compare the health status of hip joints of individuals undertaking various lengths of long-distance running and of those who are not running.MethodsFifty-two asymptomatic volunteers underwent bilateral hip 3.0 Tesla MRI: (1) 8 inactive non-runners; (2) 28 moderately active runners (average half a marathon (21 km)/week) and (3) 16 highly active runners (≥ marathon (42 km)/week). Two musculoskeletal radiologists reported the hip MRI findings using validated scoring systems. Study participants completed a Hip disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (HOOS) questionnaire to indicate their perceived hip function.ResultsThe MRI findings show that there were no significant differences among inactive non-runners, moderately active runners and highly active runners in the amount of labral abnormalities (p=0.327), articular cartilage lesions (p=0.270), tendon abnormalities (p=0.141), ligament abnormalities (p=0.519). Bone marrow oedema was significantly more common in moderately active runners than in non-runners and highly active runners (p=0.025), while small subchondral cysts were more common in runners than in non-runners (p=0.017), but these were minor/of small size, asymptomatic and did not indicate specific exercise-related strain. Articular cartilage lesions and bone marrow oedema were not found in highly active runners. HOOS scores indicate no hip symptoms or functional problems among the three groups.ConclusionThe imaging findings were not significantly different among inactive non-runners, moderately active runners and highly active runners, in most hip structures, suggesting that long-distance running may not add further damage to the hip joints.

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Wilmore, J. H., K. C. Wambsgans, M. Brenner, C. E. Broeder, I. Paijmans, J. A. Volpe, and K. M. Wilmore. "Is there energy conservation in amenorrheic compared with eumenorrheic distance runners?" Journal of Applied Physiology 72, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.72.1.15.

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The female distance runner is considered at high risk for secondary amenorrhea and reduced spinal bone mineral, and recent studies have suggested that these disturbances might be nutritionally or metabolically linked. The present study investigated 1) whether there is a physiological basis by which the amenorrheic runner might maintain weight at a lower than expected caloric intake, i.e., conservation of energy, and 2) the potential interactions of reduced energy intake, secondary amenorrhea, and reductions in bone density. Subjects included 13 elite female distance runners, 8 amenorrheic and 5 eumenorrheic, and 5 untrained female controls. Body composition by hydrostatic weighing, bone density and mineral content by dual-photon absorptiometry, and blood samples for hormonal analyses (once per week for 4 wk) were obtained, as were duplicate measures for resting metabolic rate, thermic effect of a meal, and the energy cost of specific (treadmill) and nonspecific (cycle ergometer) physical activity. Energy intake and energy expenditure were estimated by 3-day logs. Energy intakes did not differ (1,781, 1,690, and 1,763 kcal), nor did energy expenditures (2,480, 2,314, and 2,268 kcal), for the amenorrheic and eumenorrheic runner and control groups, respectively. The difference between reported energy intake and estimated energy expenditure of 500–700 kcal was likely due to underreporting or restricting intake, inasmuch as there was no evidence of energy conservation. A possible link was suggested between disordered eating, secondary amenorrhea, and bone mineral loss.

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Oborný, Josef. "Opinions of Veteran Runners on The Influence Between Long-Distance Running and Holistically Interpreted Health." Acta Facultatis Educationis Physicae Universitatis Comenianae 56, no. 2 (November 1, 2016): 93–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afepuc-2016-0008.

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Summary The objective of the research was to determine the cognitive basis, the classification and evaluation of the long experience of long-distance runners in the senior category in relation to the perception of running as a factor in their overall health and wellbeing. Research was conducted with a sample of male and female long-distance runners with long experience in domestic and foreign longdistance running events in veteran categories. Oral and written interviews with the same questions were used to acquire information on the correlation between holistically understood health and long-term participation in long-distance running. The interview design allowed respondents to express their opinion on the questions in more detail through additional notes. A quantitative analysis of the acquired data was conducted using standard mathematical operations and the incidence of responses in percentage terms. The hypotheses were tested using a test on the parameter p of a binomial distribution and a median test. Senior-age long-distance runners’ decision to take up running was found to have both heteronomous motivation (encouragement by a sports teacher, admiration for other runners, persuasion by colleagues) and autonomous motivation (an internal need to run, a means for overcoming mental stress and restoring internal balance, the need to lose weight, elimination of health problems, the desire to compete). The majority of runners agreed that long-distance running had a positive effect on their overall health and physical condition. Long-distance runners rated the effect of long-distance running on their social and personal wellbeing to be greater than three on a five-point scale did. There is no statistically significant difference between the number of runners who think that long practice of running has some negative effects on their health and the number of runners who think that it has no negative effects. The majority of runners think that their health is better than that of their peers who do no sport.

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Tjelta, Leif Inge, and Shaher A. I. Shalfawi. "Physiological factors affecting performance in elite distance runners." Acta Kinesiologiae Universitatis Tartuensis 22 (December 19, 2016): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/akut.2016.22.01.

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Running distances from 3000 m to the marathon (42 195 m) are events dominated by energy contribution of the aerobic energy system. The physiological factors that underlie success in these running events are maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), running economy (RE), the utilization of the maximum oxygen uptake (%VO2max) and velocity at the anaerobic threshold (vAT). VO2max for distance runners competing on an international level has been between 70 and 87 ml/kg/min in men, and between 60 and 78.7 ml/kg/min in women, respectively. Due to lack of air resistance, laboratory testing of RE and vAT are recommended to be conducted on treadmill with 1% slope. %VO2max are in most studies expressed as the average fractional utilization of VO2max at vAT. Much of the current understanding regarding the response to exercise is based on studies of untrained and moderately trained individuals. To use this knowledge to give training recommendations to elite runners is hardly valid. Researchers should therefore exercise caution when giving training recommendations to coaches and elite distance runners based on limited available research.

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Sharma, Pradeep, Annu Annu, Vijay Kumar, Neha Sharma, and Dr Dinesh P. Sharma. "Personality Assessment of Elite Male Long Distance Runners of India on Neuroticism." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 5 (October 1, 2011): 556–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/may2014/177.

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Wirnitzer, Katharina, Mohamad Motevalli, Derrick R. Tanous, Martina Gregori, Gerold Wirnitzer, Claus Leitzmann, Thomas Rosemann, and Beat Knechtle. "Sex Differences in Supplement Intake in Recreational Endurance Runners—Results from the NURMI Study (Step 2)." Nutrients 13, no. 8 (August 13, 2021): 2776. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13082776.

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It has been well-documented that female and male athletes differ in many physiological and psychological characteristics related to endurance performance. This sex-based difference appears to be associated with their nutritional demands including the patterns of supplement intake. However, there is a paucity of research addressing the sex differences in supplement intake amongst distance runners. The present study aimed to investigate and compare supplement intake between female and male distance runners (10 km, half-marathon, (ultra-)marathon) and the potential associations with diet type and race distance. A total of 317 runners participated in an online survey, and 220 distance runners (127 females and 93 males) made up the final sample after a multi-stage data clearance. Participants were also assigned to dietary (omnivorous, vegetarian, vegan) and race distance (10-km, half-marathon, marathon/ultra-marathon) subgroups. Sociodemographic characteristics and the patterns of supplement intake including type, frequency, dosage, and brands were collected using a questionnaire. One-way ANOVA and logistic regression were used for data analysis. A total of 54.3% of female runners and 47.3% male runners reported consuming supplements regularly. The frequency of supplement intake was similar between females and males (generally or across dietary and distance subgroups). There was no significant relationship for sex alone or sex interactions with diet type and race distance on supplement intake (p < 0.05). However, a non-significant higher intake of vitamin and mineral (but not CHO/protein) supplements was reported by vegan and vegetarian (but not by omnivorous) females compared to their male counterparts. In summary, despite the reported findings, sex could not be considered as a strong modulator of supplement intake among different groups of endurance runners.

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Winter, Sara C., Susan Gordon, Sara M. Brice, Daniel Lindsay, and Sue Barrs. "A Multifactorial Approach to Overuse Running Injuries: A 1-Year Prospective Study." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 12, no. 3 (January 29, 2020): 296–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738119888504.

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Background: Because of the complex and multifaceted nature of running injuries, a multifactorial approach when investigating running injuries is required. Hypothesis: Compared with uninjured runners, injured runners would exhibit different running biomechanics, display more fatigue changes, and would run a greater weekly running volume; more injured runners would also report having a previous injury. Study Design: Prospective cohort study. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Methods: At commencement of the study, data were collected on demographics, anthropometrics, training history, previous injury history, and center-of-mass accelerations during a long-distance overground run. Participants completed weekly training diaries and were monitored for 1 year for an injury. Results: A total of 76 runners completed the study, with 39 (22 male; 17 female) reporting an injury. Compared with male uninjured runners, male injured runners were heavier and ran a greater weekly distance. Male runners (injured and uninjured) exhibited increases in mediolateral center-of-mass accelerations during the run. Compared with female uninjured runners, female injured runners were heavier, ran with longer flight times and lower step frequencies, and more of them had reported an injury in the previous year and had increased speed training in the weeks prior to injury. Over 60% of male injured runners and over 50% of female injured runners had increased their weekly running distance by >30% between consecutive weeks at least once in the 4 weeks prior to injury. Conclusion: Factors that may be related to injury for male runners include being heavier, running a greater weekly distance, and exhibiting fatigue changes in mediolateral center-of-mass accelerations. Factors that may be related to injury for female runners include being heavier, having an injury in the previous year, running with longer flight times and lower step frequencies, and increasing speed training prior to injury. Increases in weekly running distance in 1 consecutive week (particularly >30%) needs to be monitored in training, and this along with the other factors found may have contributed to injury development. Clinical Relevance: This study found that multiple factors are related to running injuries and that some factors are sex specific. The findings can aid in injury prevention and management.

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Laasch, Craig. "Cognitive Strategies and Long-Distance Running." Imagination, Cognition and Personality 14, no. 4 (June 1995): 317–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/ukg1-7w12-66a5-7aq7.

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Long-distance runners utilize either a dissociative cognitive strategy, an associative cognitive strategy, or a combination of both of these strategies, one at a time, at various times while training or racing. Although research findings have indicated that these athletes are able to switch between these two strategies depending on their given running situation, no explanation has been offered as to how this switching is achieved. This article suggests that runners use automaticity and parallel processing in order to accomplish this function. The use of association and dissociation for running-induced pain tolerance is also addressed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Distance runners'

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